Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Jan. 31, 2017

The consolidated financial statements include our financial statements and those of our wholly-owned and majority-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

We do not have off-balance sheet arrangements, financings, or other similar relationships with unconsolidated entities or other persons, also known as special purpose entities. In the ordinary course of business, we lease certain real properties, primarily field sales offices, research and development facilities, and equipment, as described in Note 9. “Commitments and Contingencies.”

Foreign Currency Translation

Local currencies are the functional currencies of our foreign subsidiaries except for certain subsidiaries in Ireland, Singapore, Egypt, and the Netherlands Antilles where the United States (U.S.) dollar is used as the functional currency. We translate assets and liabilities of foreign operations, excluding certain subsidiaries in Ireland, Singapore, Egypt, and the Netherlands Antilles to U.S. dollars at current rates of exchange and revenues and expenses using weighted average rates. We include foreign currency translation adjustments in stockholders’ equity as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. We maintain the accounting records for certain subsidiaries in Ireland, Singapore, Egypt, and the Netherlands Antilles in the U.S. dollar and accordingly no translation is necessary. We include foreign currency transaction gains and losses as a component of other income (expense), net.

Critical Accounting Estimates

U.S. generally accepted accounting principles require management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets, liabilities, and contingencies at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. We believe that accounting for revenue recognition, valuation of trade accounts receivable, income taxes, business combinations, goodwill, intangible assets and long-lived assets, special charges, and stock-based compensation are the critical accounting estimates and judgments used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. These estimates and assumptions are based on our best judgment. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors, including the current economic environment, which we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. We adjust estimates and assumptions as facts and circumstances dictate. Actual results could differ from these estimates. Any changes in estimates will be reflected in the financial statements in future periods.

Revenue Recognition

We report revenue in two categories based on how revenue is generated: (i) system and software and (ii) service and support.

System and software revenues – We derive system and software revenues from the sale of licenses of software products and emulation and other hardware systems. We primarily license our products using two different license types:

1.Term licenses – We use this license type primarily for software sales. This license type provides the customer with the right to use a fixed list of software products for a specified time period, typically three to four years, with payments spread over the license term, and does not provide the customer with the right to use the products after the end of the term. Term license arrangements may allow the customer to share products between multiple locations and remix product usage from the fixed list of products at regular intervals during the license term. We generally recognize product revenue from term license arrangements upon product delivery and start of the license term. In a term license agreement where we provide the customer with rights to unspecified or unreleased future products, we recognize revenue ratably over the license term.

2.Perpetual licenses – We use this license type for software and emulation hardware system sales. This license type provides the customer with the right to use the product in perpetuity and typically does not provide for extended payment terms. We generally recognize product revenue from perpetual license arrangements upon product delivery assuming all other criteria for revenue recognition have been met.

We include finance fee revenues from the accretion of the discount on long-term installment receivables resulting from product sales in system and software revenues. Finance fees were approximately 2.0% of total revenues for fiscal years 2017, 2016, and 2015.

Service and support revenues – We derive service and support revenues from software and hardware post-contract maintenance or support services and professional services, which includes consulting, training, and other services. We recognize support services revenue ratably over the service term. We record professional services revenue as services are provided to the customer.

We determine whether product revenue recognition is appropriate based upon the evaluation of whether the following four criteria have been met:

1.Persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists – Generally, we use either a customer signed contract or qualified customer purchase order as evidence of an arrangement for both term and perpetual licenses. For professional service engagements, we generally use a signed professional services agreement and a statement of work to evidence an arrangement. Sales through our distributors are evidenced by an agreement governing the relationship, together with binding purchase orders from the distributor on a transaction-by-transaction basis.

2.Delivery has occurred – We generally deliver software and the corresponding access keys to customers electronically. Electronic delivery occurs when we provide the customer access to the software. We may also deliver the software on a digital versatile disc (DVD). With respect to emulation hardware systems, we transfer title to the customer upon shipment. Our software license and emulation hardware system agreements generally do not contain conditions for acceptance.

3.Fee is fixed or determinable – We assess whether a fee is fixed or determinable at the outset of the arrangement, primarily based on the payment terms associated with the transaction. We have an established history of collecting on an original contract with installment terms without providing concessions on payments, products, or services. Additionally, for installment contracts, we determine that the fee is fixed or determinable if the arrangement has a payment schedule that is within the term of the license and the payments are collected in equal or nearly equal installments, when evaluated on a cumulative basis. If the fee is not deemed to be fixed or determinable, we recognize revenue as payments become due and payable.

4.Collectibility is probable – To recognize revenue, we must judge collectibility of the arrangement fees on a customer-by-customer basis pursuant to our credit review process. We typically sell to customers with whom there is a history of successful collection. We evaluate the financial position and a customer’s ability to pay whenever an existing customer purchases new products, renews an existing arrangement, or requests an increase in credit terms. For certain industries for which our products are not considered core to the industry or the industry is generally considered troubled, we impose higher credit standards. If we determine that collectibility is not probable based upon our credit review process or the customer’s payment history, we recognize revenue as payments are received.

Multiple element arrangements involving software licenses – For multiple element arrangements involving software and other software-related deliverables, vendor-specific objective evidence of fair value (VSOE) must exist to allocate the total fee among all delivered and non-essential undelivered elements of the arrangement. If undelivered elements of the arrangement are essential to the functionality of the product, we defer revenue until the essential elements are delivered. If VSOE does not exist for one or more non-essential undelivered elements, we defer revenue until such evidence exists for the undelivered elements, or until those elements are delivered, whichever is earlier. If VSOE of all non-essential undelivered elements exists but VSOE does not exist for one or more delivered elements, we recognize revenue using the residual method. Under the residual method, we defer revenue related to the undelivered elements based upon VSOE and we recognize the remaining portion of the arrangement fee as revenue for the delivered elements, assuming all other criteria for revenue recognition are met.

We base our VSOE for certain elements of an arrangement on pricing included in comparable transactions when the element is sold separately. We primarily base our VSOE for term and perpetual support services on customer renewal history where services are sold separately. We also base VSOE for professional services and installation services for emulation hardware systems on the price charged when the services are sold separately.

Multiple element arrangements involving hardware – For multiple element arrangements involving our emulation hardware systems, we allocate revenue to each element based on the relative selling price of each deliverable. In order to meet the separation criteria to allocate revenue to each element we must determine the standalone selling price of each element using a hierarchy of evidence.

The authoritative guidance requires that, in the absence of VSOE or third-party evidence, a company must develop an estimated selling price (ESP). ESP is defined as the price at which the vendor would transact if the deliverable was sold by the vendor regularly on a standalone basis. A company should consider market conditions as well as entity-specific factors when estimating a selling price. We base our ESP for certain elements in arrangements on either costs incurred to manufacture a product plus a reasonable profit margin or standalone sales to similar customers. In determining profit margins, we consider current market conditions, pricing strategies related to the class of customer, and the level of penetration we have at the customer. In other cases, we may have limited standalone sales to the same or similar customers and/or guaranteed pricing on future purchases of the same item.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Valuation of Trade Accounts Receivable

We maintain allowances for doubtful accounts on trade accounts receivable and term receivables, long-term for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments. We regularly evaluate the collectibility of our trade accounts receivable based on a combination of factors. When we become aware of a specific customer's inability to meet its financial obligations, such as in the case of bankruptcy or deterioration in the customer's operating results, financial position, or credit rating, we record a specific reserve for bad debt to reduce the related receivable to the amount believed to be collectible. We also record unspecified reserves for bad debt for all other customers based on a variety of factors including length of time the receivables are past due, the financial health of customers, the current business environment, and historical experience. If these factors change or circumstances related to specific customers change, we adjust the estimates of the recoverability of receivables resulting in either additional selling expense or a reduction in selling expense in the period the determination is made.

Income Taxes

We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, we recognize deferred income taxes for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and tax balances of existing assets and liabilities. We calculate deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted laws and tax rates that will be in effect when we expect the differences to reverse and be applied to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences, net operating loss carryforwards, and credit carryforwards if it is more likely than not that the tax benefits will be realized. Deferred tax assets are not recorded, however, to the extent they are attributed to uncertain tax positions.

For deferred tax assets that cannot be recognized under the more-likely-than-not-standard, we have established a valuation allowance. We have considered future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies in assessing the need for valuation allowances. We have recorded a valuation allowance to reduce our deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. In the event we determine that we are able to realize our deferred tax assets in the future in excess of our net recorded amount, we would reverse the valuation allowance associated with the deferred tax assets in the period the determination was made, which may result in a tax benefit in the statement of income. Also, if we determine that we are not able to realize all or part of our net deferred tax assets in the future, we would record a valuation allowance on the net deferred tax assets with a corresponding increase in expense in the period the determination was made.

We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and in numerous foreign jurisdictions, and in the ordinary course of business there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. While we believe the positions we have taken are appropriate, we have reserves for taxes to address potential exposures involving tax positions that are being challenged or that could be challenged by the tax authorities. We record a benefit on a tax position when we determine that it is more likely than not that the position is sustainable upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. For tax positions that are more likely than not to be sustained, we measure the tax position at the largest amount of benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized when it is effectively settled. We review the tax reserves as circumstances warrant and adjust the reserves as events occur that affect our potential liability for additional taxes.

Business Combinations

When we acquire businesses, we allocate the purchase price, including the fair value of contingent consideration, to acquired tangible assets and liabilities and acquired identifiable intangible assets. Any residual purchase price is recorded as goodwill. The allocation of the purchase price requires us to make significant estimates in determining the fair value of contingent consideration as well as acquired assets and assumed liabilities, especially with respect to intangible assets and goodwill. These estimates are based on information obtained from management of the acquired companies, our assessment of this information, and historical experience. These estimates can include, but are not limited to, the cash flows that an acquired business is expected to generate in the future, the cash flows that specific assets acquired with that business are expected to generate in the future, the appropriate weighted-average cost of capital, and the cost savings expected to be derived from acquiring an asset. These estimates are inherently uncertain and unpredictable, and if different estimates were used, the purchase price for the acquisition could be allocated to the acquired assets and liabilities differently from the allocation that we have made to the acquired assets and liabilities. In addition, unanticipated events and circumstances may occur that may affect the accuracy or validity of such estimates, and if such events occur, we may be required to adjust the value allocated to acquired assets or assumed liabilities.

We also make significant judgments and estimates when we assign useful lives to the definite-lived intangible assets identified as part of our acquisitions. These estimates are inherently uncertain and if we used different estimates, the useful life over which we amortize intangible assets would be different. In addition, unanticipated events and circumstances may occur that may impact the useful life over which we amortize our intangible assets, which would impact our recognition of expense and our results of operations.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill, Intangible Assets and Long-Lived Assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the aggregate purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible assets and other intangible assets acquired in our business combinations. Goodwill is not amortized, but is tested for impairment annually and as necessary if changes in facts and circumstances indicate that the fair value of our reporting unit may be less than the carrying amount. We operate as a single reporting unit for purposes of goodwill evaluation. We completed our annual goodwill impairment test as of January 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015. For purposes of assessing the impairment of goodwill, we estimated the fair value of our reporting unit using its market capitalization as the best evidence of fair value and compared that fair value to the carrying value of our reporting unit. Our reporting unit passed this step of the goodwill analysis. There were no indicators of impairment to goodwill during fiscal years 2017, 2016, and 2015 and accordingly, no impairment charges were recognized during these fiscal periods.

Intangible assets, net primarily includes purchased technology, in-process research and development, backlog, tradenames, and customer relationships acquired in our business combinations. We review long-lived assets, including intangible assets with definite lives, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable. We assess the recoverability of our long-lived assets by determining whether the carrying values of the asset groups are greater than the forecasted undiscounted net cash flows of the related asset group. If we determine the assets are impaired, we write down the assets to their estimated fair value. We determine fair value based on forecasted discounted net cash flows or appraised values, depending upon the nature of the assets. Significant management judgment is required in the forecasts of future operating results that are used in the discounted cash flow method of valuation. The estimates we have used are consistent the plans and estimates that we use to manage our business. It is possible, however, that the plans may change and estimates used may prove to be inaccurate. If our actual results, or the plans and estimates used in future impairment analysis, are lower than the original estimates used to assess the recoverability of these assets, we could incur impairment charges. In the event we determine our long-lived assets are impaired, we would make an adjustment resulting in a charge for the write-down in the period that the determination was made. There were no indicators of impairment to long-lived assets during fiscal years 2017, 2016, and 2015 and accordingly, no impairment charges were recognized during these fiscal periods.

We amortize purchased technology over three to five years to system and software cost of revenues and other intangible asset costs generally over two to six years to operating expenses. We amortize capitalized in-process research and development (resulting from acquisitions) upon completion of projects to cost of revenues over the estimated useful life of the technology. Alternatively, if we abandon a project, in-process research and development costs are expensed to operating expense when that determination is made.

Special Charges

We record restructuring charges in connection with our plans to better align our cost structure with projected operations in the future. We record restructuring charges in connection with employee rebalances based on estimates of the expected costs associated with severance benefits. If the actual cost incurred exceeds the estimated cost, additional expense is recognized. If the actual cost is less than the estimated cost, a benefit is recognized.

We also record within special charges, expenses incurred related to certain litigation costs that are unusual in nature due to the significance in variability of timing and amount. Special Charges may also include costs associated with mergers and acquisitions, excess facility costs and asset related charges.

Special charges generally include expenses incurred related to employee severance, certain litigation costs, mergers and acquisitions, excess facility costs, and asset related charges.

Employee severance and related costs include severance benefits and notice pay. These rebalance charges generally represent the aggregate of numerous unrelated rebalance plans which impact several employee groups, none of which is individually material to our financial position or results of operations. We determine termination benefit amounts based on employee status, years of service, and local statutory requirements. We record the charge for estimated severance benefits in the quarter that the rebalance plan is approved.

Accounting for Stock-based Compensation

Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation

We measure stock-based compensation cost at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and recognize the expense on a straight-line basis over the employee’s requisite service period. For options and stock awards that vest fully on any termination of service, there is no requisite service period and consequently we recognize the expense fully in the period in which the award is granted. We present the excess tax benefit or tax deficiency from the exercise of stock options or vesting of restricted stock units as an operating activity in the statement of cash flows when options are exercised or the restricted stock units vest.

We estimate the fair value of purchase rights under our employee stock purchase plans (ESPPs) using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Black-Scholes option-pricing model incorporates several highly subjective assumptions including expected volatility, expected dividends, and interest rates. The input factors used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model are based on subjective future expectations combined with management judgment. If we were to modify any awards, additional charges could occur. In reaching our determination of expected volatility for purchase rights under our ESPPs, we use the historical volatility of our shares of common stock.

Property, Plant, and Equipment, Net

We state property, plant, and equipment at cost and capitalize expenditures for additions to property, plant, and equipment. We expense maintenance and repairs, which do not improve or extend the life of the respective asset, as incurred. We compute depreciation on a straight-line basis as follows:



	Estimated Useful Lives (in years)
Buildings		40
Land improvements		20
Computer equipment and furniture	3	-	5
Leasehold improvements⁽¹⁾	3	-	10


⁽¹⁾	Amortized over the shorter of the lease term or estimated life.

Net Income Per Share

We compute basic net income per share using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. We compute diluted net income per share using the weighted average number of common shares and potentially dilutive common shares outstanding during the period. Potentially dilutive common shares consist of restricted stock units, common shares issuable upon exercise of employee stock options, purchase rights from ESPPs, and common shares issuable upon conversion of the convertible subordinated debentures using the treasury stock method, if dilutive. Net income used to compute basic and diluted net income per share is increased or reduced for the adjustment of the noncontrolling interest with redemption feature to its calculated redemption value.

Investments

We classify investments with original maturities of 90 days or less as cash equivalents. Additional information regarding cash equivalents is provided in Note 4. “Fair Value Measurement.”

Short-term investments include certificates of deposit with original maturities in excess of 90 days but less than one year at the time of purchase. We determine the appropriate classification of our investments at the time of purchase.

Long-term investments, included in other assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, include investments in equity securities. For investments in equity securities, we use the equity method of accounting when our investment gives us the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the investee. Under the equity method, we record our share of earnings or losses equal to our proportionate share of the earnings or losses of the investee as a component of other income (expense), net, with the exception of our investment in Frontline P.C.B. Solutions Limited Partnership (Frontline) as discussed below. Investments in equity securities of private companies without a readily determinable fair value, where we do not exercise significant influence over the investee, are recorded using the cost method of accounting, carrying the investment at historical cost. We periodically evaluate the fair value of all investments to determine if an other-than-temporary decline in value has occurred.

Investment in Frontline

We have a 50% interest in a joint venture Frontline, which is equally owned by us and Orbotech, Ltd. Frontline is a provider of engineering software solutions for the printed circuit board industry. We use the equity method of accounting for our Frontline investment, which results in reporting our investment as one line within other assets in the consolidated balance sheet and our share of earnings as one line in the consolidated statement of income. Frontline reports on a calendar year basis, therefore, we record our interest in the earnings of Frontline on a one-month lag.

Although we do not exert control, we actively participate in regular and periodic activities with respect to Frontline such as budgeting, business planning, marketing, and direction of research and development projects. Accordingly, we have included our interest in the earnings of Frontline as a component of operating income.

Derivative Financial Instruments

We are exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and have established a foreign currency hedging program to hedge certain foreign currency forecasted transactions and exposures from existing assets and liabilities. Our derivative instruments consist of foreign currency exchange contracts. By using derivative instruments, we subject ourselves to credit risk. If a counterparty fails to fulfill its performance obligations under a derivative contract, our credit risk will equal the fair value of the derivative instrument. Generally, when the fair value of our derivative contracts is a net asset, the counterparty owes us, thus creating a receivable risk. We minimize counterparty credit risk by entering into derivative transactions with major financial institutions and, as such, we do not expect material losses as a result of default by our counterparties. We execute foreign currency transactions in exchange-traded or over-the-counter markets for which quoted prices exist. We do not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for speculative or trading purposes.

To manage the foreign currency volatility, we aggregate exposures on a consolidated basis to take advantage of natural offsets. Our primary exposures are the Japanese yen, where we are in a long position, and the euro, where we are in a short position. Most of our large European revenue contracts are denominated and paid in U.S. dollars while our European expenses, including substantial research and development operations, are paid in local currency causing a short position in the euro. In addition, we experience greater inflows than outflows of Japanese yen as almost all Japanese-based customers contract and pay us in Japanese yen. While these exposures are aggregated on a consolidated basis to take advantage of natural offsets, substantial exposures remain.

To partially offset the net exposures in the euro and the Japanese yen, we enter into foreign currency exchange contracts for a time period of less than one year which are designated as cash flow hedges. Any gain or loss on Japanese yen contracts is classified as product revenue when the hedged transaction occurs while any gain or loss on euro contracts is classified as operating expense when the hedged transaction occurs.

We use an income approach to determine the fair value of our foreign currency contracts and record them at fair value utilizing observable market inputs at the measurement date. We report in the consolidated balance sheet the fair value of derivatives in other receivables, if the balance is an asset, or accrued liabilities, if the balance is a liability. The accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative depends upon whether it has been designated in a hedging relationship and on the type of hedging relationship. To qualify for designation in a hedging relationship, specific criteria must be met and the appropriate documentation maintained. Hedging relationships, if designated, are established pursuant to our risk management policy and are initially and regularly evaluated to determine whether they are expected to be, and have been, highly effective hedges. We formally document all relationships between foreign currency exchange contracts and hedged items as well as our risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking various hedge transactions.

All hedges designated as cash flow hedges are linked to forecasted transactions and we assess, both at inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis, the effectiveness of the foreign currency exchange contracts in offsetting changes in the cash flows of the hedged items. We report the effective portions of the net gains or losses of these foreign currency exchange contracts as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders’ equity. Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) associated with hedges of forecasted transactions is reclassified to the consolidated statement of income in the same period the forecasted transaction occurs or the hedge is no longer effective. We expect substantially all of the hedge balance in accumulated other comprehensive loss to be reclassified to the consolidated statement of income within the next twelve months.

We enter into foreign currency exchange contracts to offset the earnings impact relating to the variability in exchange rates on certain short-term monetary assets and liabilities denominated in non-functional currencies. We do not designate these foreign currency contracts as hedges. The change in fair value of these derivative instruments is reported each period in other income (expense), net, in our consolidated statement of income.

Software Development Costs

We capitalize software development costs beginning when a product’s technological feasibility has been established by either completion of a detail program design or completion of a working model of the product and ending when a product is available for general release to customers. The period between the achievement of technological feasibility and the general release of our products has historically been of short duration. As a result, those capitalizable software development costs are insignificant and have been charged to research and development expense in all periods in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.

Advertising Costs

We expense all advertising costs as incurred. Advertising expense is included in marketing and selling expense in the accompanying consolidated statement of income

Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfer of Financial Assets

We finance certain software license agreements with customers through the sale, assignment, and transfer of the future payments under those agreements to financing institutions on a non-recourse basis. We retain no interest in the transferred receivable. We record the transfers as sales of the related accounts receivable when we are considered to have surrendered control of the receivables. The gain or loss on the sale of receivables is included in general and administration in operating expenses in our consolidated statement of income. The gain or loss on the sale of receivables consists of two components: (i) the discount on sold receivables, which is the difference between the undiscounted balance of the receivables, and the net proceeds received from the financing institution and (ii) the unaccreted interest on the sold receivables. We impute interest on the receivables based on prevailing market rates and record this as a discount against the receivable.

Purchase of remaining noncontrolling interest in majority owned subsidiaries

Noncontrolling Interest with Redemption Feature

In September 2015 we exercised our call option to purchase the remaining noncontrolling interest of Calypto Design Systems, Inc. for $11,088. This transaction was reflected in cash used for investing activities in our statement of cash flows. After this transaction, we acquired 100% of Calypto Design Systems, Inc. We had been party to an agreement that provided us a call option to acquire the noncontrolling interest, and provided the noncontrolling interest holders a put option to sell their interests to us, at prices based on formulas defined in the agreement.

Prior to our purchase, the noncontrolling interest was adjusted for the redemption feature based on the put option price formula and presented on the consolidated balance sheet under the caption “Noncontrolling interest with redemption feature.” Because the exercise of the put option was outside of our control, we presented this interest outside of stockholders’ equity.

The noncontrolling interest with redemption feature was recognized at the greater of:

i. The calculated redemption feature put value as of the balance sheet date; or

ii. The initial noncontrolling interest value adjusted for the noncontrolling interest holders' share of:

a. cumulative impact of net income (loss); and

b. other changes in accumulated other comprehensive income.

Increases (or decreases to the extent they offset previous increases) in the calculated redemption feature put value were recorded directly to retained earnings as if the balance sheet date were also the redemption date. Changes in the redemption feature put value also resulted in an adjustment to net income attributable to shareholders in the calculation of basic and diluted net income per share.

The results of the majority-owned subsidiary were presented in our consolidated results with an adjustment reflected on the face of our statement of income and the face of our statement of comprehensive income for the noncontrolling investors' interest in the results of the subsidiary.