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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒      QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023

or

☐         TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from               to              

Commission File Number: 001-31567

CENTRAL PACIFIC FINANCIAL CORP.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Hawaii99-0212597
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
 
220 South King Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)
 
(808) 544-0500
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, No Par ValueCPFNew York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer", "accelerated filer", "smaller reporting company", and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large Accelerated Filer☐Accelerated filer ☒
Non-accelerated filer ☐
Smaller reporting company 
☐
Emerging growth company☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Securities Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The number of shares outstanding of registrant's common stock, no par value, on October 13, 2023 was 27,043,169 shares.

Table of Contents
CENTRAL PACIFIC FINANCIAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Form 10-Q
 
Table of Contents
 Page
 

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PART I.   FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

CENTRAL PACIFIC FINANCIAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Unaudited)

(dollars in thousands)September 30,
2023		December 31,
2022
Assets  
Cash and due from financial institutions$108,818 $97,150 
Interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions329,913 14,894 
Investment securities:
Available-for-sale debt securities, at fair value625,253 671,794 
Held-to-maturity debt securities, at amortized cost; fair value of: $531,887 at September 30, 2023 and $596,780 at December 31, 2022
640,053 664,883 
Total investment securities1,265,306 1,336,677 
Loans held for sale, at fair value— 1,105 
Loans5,508,710 5,555,466 
Less: allowance for credit losses64,517 63,738 
Loans, net of allowance for credit losses5,444,193 5,491,728 
Premises and equipment, net97,378 91,634 
Accrued interest receivable21,529 20,345 
Investment in unconsolidated entities42,523 46,641 
Mortgage servicing rights8,797 9,074 
Bank-owned life insurance168,543 167,967 
Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines ("FHLB") stock10,995 9,146 
Right-of-use lease assets32,294 34,985 
Other assets107,635 111,417 
Total assets$7,637,924 $7,432,763 
Liabilities  
Deposits:  
Noninterest-bearing demand$1,969,523 $2,092,823 
Interest-bearing demand1,345,843 1,453,167 
Savings and money market2,209,550 2,199,028 
Time1,349,829 991,205 
Total deposits6,874,745 6,736,223 
FHLB advances and other short-term borrowings— 5,000 
Long-term debt (net of debt issuance costs of $506 at September 30, 2023 and $688 at December 31, 2022)
156,041 105,859 
Lease liabilities33,186 35,889 
Other liabilities105,354 96,921 
Total liabilities7,169,326 6,979,892 
Contingent liabilities and other commitments (see Notes 7, 15 and 16)
Equity  
Shareholders' equity:
Preferred stock, no par value, authorized 1,000,000 shares;
issued and outstanding: none at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022
— — 
Common stock, no par value, authorized 185,000,000 shares;
issued and outstanding: 27,043,169 at September 30, 2023 and 27,025,070 at December 31, 2022
405,439 408,071 
Additional paid-in capital102,550 101,346 
Retained earnings110,156 87,438 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(149,547)(143,984)
Total shareholders' equity468,598 452,871 
Total liabilities and equity$7,637,924 $7,432,763 

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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CENTRAL PACIFIC FINANCIAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(Unaudited)

Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)2023202220232022
Interest income:    
Interest and fees on loans$62,162 $51,686 $180,886 $143,598 
Interest and dividends on investment securities:
Taxable investment securities7,016 6,933 21,497 20,937 
Tax-exempt investment securities709 805 2,226 2,428 
Dividends— — — 21 
Interest on deposits in other financial institutions2,412 107 3,566 370 
Dividend income on FHLB stock113 138 369 265 
Total interest income72,412 59,669 208,544 167,619 
Interest expense:    
Interest on deposits:    
Demand460 217 1,234 473 
Savings and money market6,464 1,054 14,520 1,700 
Time11,268 1,092 26,464 2,051 
Interest on short-term borrowings— 660 1,139 662 
Interest on long-term debt2,292 1,281 6,329 3,455 
Total interest expense20,484 4,304 49,686 8,341 
Net interest income51,928 55,365 158,858 159,278 
Provision (credit) for credit losses 4,874 362 11,045 (1,844)
Net interest income after provision (credit) for credit losses47,054 55,003 147,813 161,122 
Other operating income:    
Mortgage banking income765 831 1,981 3,143 
Service charges on deposit accounts2,193 2,138 6,441 6,025 
Other service charges and fees5,203 4,955 15,182 14,053 
Income from fiduciary activities1,234 1,165 3,623 3,507 
Net (losses) gains on sales of investment securities(135)— (135)8,506 
Income from bank-owned life insurance379 167 2,855 (322)
Other408 373 1,544 1,406 
Total other operating income10,047 9,629 31,491 36,318 
Other operating expense:    
Salaries and employee benefits19,015 22,778 61,886 66,089 
Net occupancy4,725 4,743 13,509 12,965 
Equipment1,112 1,085 2,990 3,242 
Communication809 712 2,378 2,262 
Legal and professional services2,359 2,573 7,714 8,115 
Computer software4,473 4,138 13,700 10,844 
Advertising968 1,150 2,843 3,450 
Other6,150 4,819 16,601 18,585 
Total other operating expense39,611 41,998 121,621 125,552 
Income before income taxes17,490 22,634 57,683 71,888 
Income tax expense4,349 5,919 13,880 18,141 
Net income$13,141 $16,715 $43,803 $53,747 
Per common share data:    
Basic earnings per share$0.49 $0.61 $1.62 $1.96 
Diluted earnings per share$0.49 $0.61 $1.62 $1.94 
Basic weighted average shares outstanding27,042,762 27,356,614 27,022,141 27,487,237 
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding27,079,484 27,501,212 27,081,541 27,666,197 

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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CENTRAL PACIFIC FINANCIAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(Unaudited)

Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)2023202220232022
Net income$13,141 $16,715 $43,803 $53,747 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Net change in fair value of available-for-sale investment securities(18,061)(27,732)(12,880)(152,332)
Amortization of unrealized losses on investment securities transferred to held-to-maturity1,488 1,699 4,164 3,147 
Net change in fair value of derivatives2,313 3,194 3,190 5,304 
Defined benefit retirement plan and SERPs(12)18 (37)2,588 
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax(14,272)(22,821)(5,563)(141,293)
Comprehensive income (loss)$(1,131)$(6,106)$38,240 $(87,546)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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CENTRAL PACIFIC FINANCIAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
(Unaudited)

Common
Shares
Outstanding		Preferred
Stock		Common
Stock		Additional Paid-In CapitalRetained EarningsAccum.
Other
Comp.
Gain (Loss)		Total
 (dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Balance at December 31, 202227,025,070 $— $408,071 $101,346 $87,438 $(143,984)$452,871 
Net income— — — — 16,187 — 16,187 
Other comprehensive income— — — — — 11,256 11,256 
Cash dividends declared ($0.26 per share)
— — — — (7,025)— (7,025)
Common stock repurchased and retired and other related costs(101,760)— (2,205)— — — (2,205)
Share-based compensation 82,235 — — (158)— — (158)
Balance at March 31, 202327,005,545 — 405,866 101,188 96,600 (132,728)470,926 
Net income— — — — 14,475 — 14,475 
Other comprehensive loss— — — — — (2,547)(2,547)
Cash dividends declared ($0.26 per share)
— — — — (7,029)— (7,029)
Common stock repurchased and retired and other related costs(23,750)— (355)— — — (355)
Share-based compensation63,997 — — 809 — — 809 
Balance at June 30, 202327,045,792 — 405,511 101,997 104,046 (135,275)476,279 
Net income— — — — 13,141 — 13,141 
Other comprehensive loss— — — — — (14,272)(14,272)
Cash dividends declared ($0.26 per share)
— — — — (7,031)— (7,031)
Common stock repurchased and retired and other related costs(4,500)— (72)— — — (72)
Share-based compensation1,877 — — 553 — — 553 
Balance at September 30, 202327,043,169 $— $405,439 $102,550 $110,156 $(149,547)$468,598 

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Common
Shares
Outstanding		Preferred
Stock		Common
Stock		Additional Paid-In CapitalRetained EarningsAccum.
Other
Comp.
Loss		Non-
Controlling
Interest		Total
 (dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Balance at December 31, 202127,714,071 $— $426,091 $98,073 $42,015 $(7,960)$48 $558,267 
Net income— — — — 19,438 — — 19,438 
Other comprehensive loss— — — — — (79,387)— (79,387)
Cash dividends declared ($0.26 per share)
— — — — (7,201)— — (7,201)
Common stock sold by directors' deferred compensation plan (40,670 shares, net)
— — 1,114 — — — — 1,114 
Common stock repurchased and retired and other related costs(234,981)— (6,731)— — — — (6,731)
Share-based compensation105,839 — 679 197 — — — 876 
Non-controlling interest— — — — — — 2 2 
Balance at March 31, 202227,584,929 — 421,153 98,270 54,252 (87,347)50 486,378 
Net income— — — — 17,594 — — 17,594 
Other comprehensive loss— — — — — (39,085)— (39,085)
Cash dividends declared ($0.26 per share)
— — — — (7,153)— — (7,153)
Common stock purchased by directors' deferred compensation plan ((38,000) shares, net)
— — 927 — — — — 927 
Common stock repurchased and retired and other related costs(174,429)— (4,218)— — — — (4,218)
Share-based compensation53,062 — — 707 — — — 707 
Non-controlling interest— — — — — — (50)(50)
Balance at June 30, 202227,463,562 — 417,862 98,977 64,693 (126,432)— 455,100 
Net income— — — — 16,715 — — 16,715 
Other comprehensive loss— — — — — (22,821)— (22,821)
Cash dividends declared ($0.26 per share)
— — — — (7,107)— — (7,107)
Common stock repurchased and retired and other related costs(218,000)— (4,868)— — — — (4,868)
Share-based compensation17,317 — — 1,449 — — — 1,449 
Balance at September 30, 202227,262,879 $— $412,994 $100,426 $74,301 $(149,253)$— $438,468 

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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CENTRAL PACIFIC FINANCIAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)

Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)20232022
Cash flows from operating activities:  
Net income$43,803 $53,747 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: 
Provision (credit) for credit losses11,045 (1,844)
Depreciation and amortization of premises and equipment5,204 4,876 
Loss on disposal of premises and equipment9 139 
Cash flows from operating leases(3,950)(4,485)
Amortization of mortgage servicing rights538 1,115 
Net amortization and accretion of premium/discounts on investment securities2,385 3,522 
Share-based compensation1,204 2,353 
Net loss (gain) on sales of investment securities135 (8,506)
Net gain on sales of residential mortgage loans(565)(1,626)
Proceeds from sales of loans held for sale30,143 73,763 
Originations of loans held for sale(28,473)(70,307)
Equity in losses (earnings) of unconsolidated entities12 (171)
Distributions from unconsolidated entities44 180 
Net (increase) decrease in cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance(3,203)823 
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)8,955 (36,447)
Net tax (benefit) expense from share-based compensation(20)196 
Net change in other assets and liabilities16,234 64,673 
Net cash provided by operating activities83,500 82,001 
Cash flows from investing activities:  
Proceeds from maturities of and calls on available-for-sale investment securities44,812 150,319 
Purchases of investment securities available-for-sale(19,057)(89,063)
Proceeds from sale of investment securities1,405 8,506 
Proceeds from maturities of and calls on held-to-maturity investment securities29,823 23,712 
Purchases of held-to-maturity investment securities— (9,934)
Loan repayments (originations), net46,520 (70,246)
Purchases of loan portfolios(19,659)(252,188)
Proceeds from sales of loans originated for investment9,629 — 
Purchases of bank-owned life insurance— (1,300)
Proceeds from bank-owned life insurance death benefits2,627 1,864 
Net purchases of premises, equipment and land(10,969)(14,981)
Net return of capital from unconsolidated entities495 — 
Investments in unconsolidated entities(395)(8,995)
Net purchases of FHLB stock(1,849)(5,582)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities83,382 (267,888)
Cash flows from financing activities:  
Net increase (decrease) in deposits138,522 (82,724)
Net (decrease) increase in FHLB advances and other short-term borrowings(5,000)115,000 
Proceeds from long-term debt50,000 — 
Cash dividends paid on common stock(21,085)(21,461)
Repurchases of common stock and other related costs(2,632)(15,817)
Net proceeds from issuance of common stock and stock option exercises— 679 
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities159,805 (4,323)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents326,687 (190,210)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period112,044 328,907 
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$438,731 $138,697 


CENTRAL PACIFIC FINANCIAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (continued)
(Unaudited)

Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)20232022
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid during the period for:
Interest$37,673 $7,185 
Income taxes7,316 5,576 
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash information:
Net change in common stock held by directors’ deferred compensation plan— (2,041)
Net transfer of investment securities from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity at fair value— 673,254 
Amortization of unrealized losses on investment securities transferred to held-to-maturity at fair value3,644 4,295 
Other intangible assets and services provided in exchange for Swell common stock— 1,500 
Other intangible assets received in exchange for Swell common stock1,500 — 

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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CENTRAL PACIFIC FINANCIAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)

1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of Central Pacific Financial Corp. and Subsidiaries (herein referred to as the "Company," "we," "us," or "our") have been prepared in accordance with the U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") for interim financial information and instructions to Form 10-Q and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations.

These interim condensed consolidated financial statements and notes should be read in conjunction with the Company's consolidated financial statements and notes thereto filed on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. In the opinion of management, all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation have been made and include all normal recurring adjustments. Interim results of operations are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year.

Allowance for Credit Losses for Loans

The allowance for credit losses ("ACL") for loans is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans to present the net amount expected to be collected on loans. The Company’s policy is to charge off a loan against the ACL during the period in which the loan is deemed to be uncollectible and all interest previously accrued, but uncollected, is reversed against current period interest income. A loan is deemed to be uncollectible when it is probable that a loss will be incurred and when it is possible to determine a reasonable estimate of the loss. Subsequent receipts, if any, are credited first to the remaining principal, then to the ACL for loans as recoveries, and finally to interest income.

The ACL for loans represents management's estimate of all expected credit losses over the expected life of the Company’s loan portfolio as of a given balance sheet date. Management estimates the ACL balance using relevant information available from both internal and external sources, regarding the collectability of cash flows impacted by past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions. When the Company is unable to forecast future economic events, management may revert to historical information.

The Company's ACL model incorporates a reasonable and supportable forecast period of one year and reverts to historical loss information on a straight-line basis over one year when its forecast is no longer deemed reasonable and supportable. Historical loss experience provides the basis for the Company’s expected credit loss estimate. Adjustments to historical loss information may be made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics, such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, or when historical asset terms do not reflect the contractual terms of the financial assets being evaluated.

The Company's ACL model may also consider other adjustments to address changes in conditions, trends, and circumstances such as local industry changes that could have a significant impact on the risk profile of the loan portfolio and provide for adjustments that may not be reflected or captured in the historical loss data. These factors include lending policies, imprecision in forecasting future economic conditions, loan profile, lending staff, problem loan trends, loan review, collateral, credit concentration, or other internal and external factors.

The Company uses Moody’s Analytics ("Moody’s"), a firm widely recognized and used for its research, analysis, and economic forecasts, for its economic forecast assumptions. The Company generally uses Moody’s most recent Baseline forecast, which is updated at least monthly with a variety of upside and downside economic scenarios and includes both national and Hawaii-specific economic indicators. During times of economic and market volatility or instability, the Company may include a qualitative factor for forecast imprecision that accounts for other potential economic scenarios available.

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The ACL for loans is measured on a collective or pool basis when similar risk characteristics exist. The Company segments its portfolio generally by the loan categories in the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council ("FFIEC") Call Report. The following is a description and the risk characteristics of each segment:

Commercial and industrial loans - SBA Paycheck Protection Program loans

Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) loans are considered lower risk as they are guaranteed by the Small Business Administration (“SBA”) and may be forgivable in whole or in part in accordance with the requirements of the PPP.

Commercial and industrial loans - Others

Commercial and industrial loans consist primarily of term loans and lines of credit to small and middle-market businesses and professionals. The predominant risk characteristics of this segment are the cash flows of the business we lend to, global cash flows including guarantor liquidity, as well as economic and market conditions. Although our underwriting policy and practice generally requires secondary sources of support or collateral to mitigate risk, cash flow generated from the borrower’s business is typically regarded as the principal source of repayment.

Construction loans

Construction loans include both residential and commercial development projects. Each construction project is evaluated for economic viability and construction loans pose higher credit risks than typical secured loans. Financial strength of the borrower, completion risk (the risk that the project will not be completed on time and within budget) and geographic location are the predominant risk characteristics of this segment.

Commercial real estate loans - Multi-family

Multi-family mortgage loans can comprise multi-building properties with extensive amenities or a single building with no amenities. The predominant risk characteristic of this segment is operating risk or the ability to generate sufficient rental income from the operation of the property.

Commercial real estate loans - Others

Commercial real estate loans are secured by commercial properties. The predominant risk characteristic of this segment is operating risk, which is the risk that the borrower will be unable to generate sufficient cash flows from the operation of the property. Interest rate conditions and the commercial real estate market through economic cycles also impact risk levels.

Residential mortgage loans

Residential mortgage loans primarily includes fixed-rate or adjustable-rate loans secured by single family owner-occupied primary residences in Hawaii. Economic conditions such as unemployment levels, future changes in interest rates, Hawaii home prices and other market factors impact the level of credit risk inherent in the portfolio.

Home equity lines of credit

Home equity lines of credit primarily includes fixed or floating interest rate loans and are also primarily secured by single family owner-occupied primary residences in Hawaii. They are underwritten based on a minimum FICO score, maximum debt-to-income ratio, and maximum combined loan-to-value ratio. Home equity lines of credit are monitored based on credit score, delinquency, end of draw period and maturity.

Consumer loans - Other revolving

Other revolving consumer loans consist of unsecured consumer lines of credit. The predominant risk characteristics of this segment relates to current and projected economic conditions, as well as employment and income levels attributed to the borrower.

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Consumer loans - Non-revolving

Non-revolving consumer loans consist of non-revolving (term) consumer loans, including auto dealer loans. The predominant risk characteristics of this segment also relates to current and projected economic conditions, as well as employment and income levels attributed to the borrower.

Purchased consumer loans

Purchased consumer loans consist of dealer and unsecured consumer loans. Credit risk for purchased consumer loans is managed on a pooled basis. The predominant risk characteristics of this segment include current and projected economic conditions, employment and income levels, and the quality of purchased consumer loans.

During the third quarter of 2023, the Company updated its methodology to measure expected credit losses from the Probability of Default/Loss Given Default ("PD/LGD") or Loss-Rate Migration methods to the Discounted Cash Flow ("DCF") method for all segments except the SBA PPP and purchased consumer loan segments. The Company believes that the DCF methodology has better alignment with the Current Expected Credit Losses ("CECL") standard for forward looking forecasting, while also factoring in more detailed assumptions. The Company is utilizing an industry leading software platform to perform the DCF analysis using a historical look back period of 2008 to present. The Company ran the ACL model under both the current and previous methodologies and noted that the changes to the ACL model and the differences in methodologies did not result in a material impact to the Company's financial statements and as a percentage of the ACL.

The Company continues to use the Moody's baseline forecast with an economic forecast length of one year and a one-year, straight-line reversion method. We revert to the historical average of the macroeconomic variables being used. Forecast models exclude the post-2019 COVID-19 pandemic period due to abnormal and volatile behavior.

The ACL on the purchased consumer loan portfolios continues to be calculated using the Remaining Life methodology (also known as the Weighted Average Remaining Maturity or "WARM" methodology) as this portfolio is evaluated on a pooled basis. Because SBA PPP loans are guaranteed by the SBA and may be forgivable in whole or in part in accordance with the requirements of the PPP we anticipate zero losses on these loans and accordingly apply a Zero Loss methodology.

The following is a description of the methodologies utilized to measure expected credit losses:

Discounted Cash Flow

The DCF methodology calculates CECL reserves as the difference between the amortized cost of a loan and the discounted expected value of future cash flows. Expected future cash flows are calculated based on assumptions of PD/LGD, prepayments and recovery rates, and are discounted using the loan’s effective interest rate.

Remaining Life or Weighted Average Remaining Life

Under the remaining life or WARM methodology, lifetime losses are calculated by determining the remaining life of the loan pool, and then applying a loss rate over this remaining life of the loan. The methodology considers historical loss experience to estimate credit losses for the remaining balance of the loan pool. The calculated loss rate is applied to the contractual term (adjusted for prepayments) to determine the loan pool’s current expected credit losses.

Probability of Default/Loss Given Default

The PD/LGD calculation is based on a cohort methodology whereby loans in the same cohort are tracked over time to identify defaults and corresponding losses. PD/LGD analysis requires a portfolio segmented into pools, and we elected to then further sub-segment by risk characteristics such as Risk Rating, loans modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, TDRs prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02 and nonaccrual status to measure losses accurately. PD measures the count or dollar amount of loans that defaulted in a given cohort. LGD measures the losses related to the loans that defaulted. Total loss rate is calculated using the formula 'PD times LGD'.

Loss-Rate Migration

Loss-rate migration analysis is a cohort-based approach that measures cumulative net charge-offs over a defined time-horizon to calculate a loss rate that will be applied to the loan pool. Loss-rate migration analysis requires the portfolio to be segmented into pools then further sub-segmented by risk characteristics such as days past due, delinquency counters, loans modified for
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borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, TDRs prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02 and nonaccrual status to measure loss rates accurately. The key inputs to run a loss-rate migration analysis are the length and frequency of the migration period, the dates for the migration periods to start and the number of migration periods used for the analysis. For each migration period, the analysis will determine the outstanding balance in each segment and/or sub-segment at the start of each period. These loans will then be monitored for the length of the migration period to identify the amount of associated charge-offs and recoveries. A loss rate for each migration period is calculated using the formula 'net charge-offs over the period divided by beginning loan balance'.

Other

If a loan ceases to share similar risk characteristics with other loans in its segment, it will be moved to a different pool sharing similar risk characteristics. Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis based on the fair value of the collateral or other approaches such as the discounted cash flows methodology. Individually evaluated loans are not included in the collective evaluation.

The following table presents the Company's loan portfolio segments and the methodology used to measure expected credit losses. As of September 30, 2023, the historical look-back period is 2008 to present, economic forecast length is one year and the reversion method is one year (on a straight-line basis) for all segments.

Expected Credit Loss MethodologyHistorical Look-Back PeriodEconomic
Forecast
Length		Reversion
Method
Loan SegmentSeptember 30, 2023June 30, 2023
and Prior
Commercial and industrial - SBA PPPZero LossPD/LGD2008 to presentOne yearOne year
(straight-line
basis)
Commercial and industrial - All othersDCFPD/LGD
ConstructionDCFPD/LGD
Commercial real estate - Multi-familyDCFPD/LGD
Commercial real estate - All othersDCFPD/LGD
Residential mortgageDCFLoss-Rate Migration
Home equityDCFLoss-Rate Migration
Consumer - Other revolvingDCFLoss-Rate Migration
Consumer - Non-revolvingDCFLoss-Rate Migration
Purchased consumer portfoliosWARMWARM

Accounting Standards Adopted in 2023

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848)." This ASU provides optional expedients and exceptions for contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or other reference rates expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. Entities can (1) elect not to apply certain modification accounting requirements to contracts affected by reference rate reform, if certain criteria are met. An entity that makes this election would not have to remeasure the contracts at the modification date or reassess a previous accounting determination. Entities can also (2) elect various optional expedients that would allow them to continue applying hedge accounting for hedging relationships affected by reference rate reform, if certain criteria are met. Finally, entities can (3) make a one-time election to sell and/or reclassify held-to-maturity (“HTM”) debt securities that reference an interest rate affected by reference rate reform. In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848)," which clarifies that all derivative instruments affected by the changes to interest rates used for discounting, margining or contract price alignment, regardless of whether they reference LIBOR or another rate expected to be discontinued as a result of reference rate reform, an entity may apply certain practical expedients in Topic 848. ASU 2020-04 and 2021-01 are elective and can be adopted between March 12, 2020 and December 31, 2022. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, "Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848", which extends the temporary relief provision period and allows companies to defer the adoption to December 31, 2024. The Company adopted ASU 2020-04 and elected optional expedients above for applicable contract modifications. We currently do not have any hedge accounting for hedging relationships that meet the stated criteria. The adoption did not have an impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-01, "Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Fair Value Hedging—Portfolio Layer Method", which clarifies the guidance on fair value hedge accounting of interest rate risk portfolios of financial assets. ASU 2022-01 updates guidance in Topic 815, to expand the scope of the current last-of-layer method to allow multiple hedged layers
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to be designated for a single closed portfolio of financial assets or one or more beneficial interests secured by a portfolio of financial instruments on a prospective basis. Additionally, ASU 2022-01 clarifies that basis adjustments related to existing portfolio layer hedge relationships should not be considered when measuring credit losses on the financial assets included in the closed portfolio. Further, ASU 2022-01 clarifies that any reversal of fair value hedge basis adjustments associated with an actual breach should be recognized in interest income immediately. ASU 2022-01 was effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2022-01 effective January 1, 2023 and it did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements as we currently do not use the last-of-layer hedge accounting method.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, "Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures". ASU 2022-02 updates guidance in Topic 326 to eliminate the TDR accounting guidance by creditors in Subtopic 310-40, "Receivables—Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors", while enhancing disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancing and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. Instead of applying the recognition and measurement guidance for TDRs, an entity would apply the loan refinancing and restructuring guidance to determine whether a modification or other form of restructuring results in a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. Additionally, the amendments in ASU 2022-02 require that an entity disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investments in leases in the existing vintage disclosures within the scope of Subtopic 326-20, "Financial Instruments—Credit Losses—Measured at Amortized Cost". ASU 2022-02 was effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, with early adoption permitted. ASU 2022-02 requires prospective transition for disclosures related to loan restructurings for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty and the presentation of current-period gross write-offs by year of origination while removing the presentation of current-period recoveries and net write-off from the vintage disclosure for charge-offs. The guidance related to the recognition and measurement of existing TDRs and new loan modifications or restructurings may be adopted on a prospective or modified retrospective transition method. The Company adopted ASU 2022-02 effective January 1, 2023 using the prospective transition method.

Effective our adoption date, loan modifications or restructurings for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty were and continue to be evaluated to determine whether they result in a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. Loan restructurings for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty are generally accounted for as a continuation of the existing loan as the terms of the restructured loans are typically not at market rates. At adoption of this guidance on January 1, 2023, there was no material impact on our financial statements.

When a loan is restructured under ASU 2022-02, we continue to measure impairment on the loan using the discounted cash flow method that utilizes a prepayment-adjusted discount rate based on the loan’s restructured terms. Under the TDR accounting model, we used the discount rate that was in effect prior to the restructuring to measure impairment. Using the interest rate that was in effect prior to the restructuring resulted in the recognition, in the allowance for credit losses, of the economic concession that we granted to borrowers as part of the loan restructuring. Using a post-restructuring interest rate does not result in the recognition of an economic concession in the allowance for credit losses.

As we have elected a prospective transition, the economic concession on a loan that was previously restructured and accounted for as a TDR will continue to be measured in our allowance for credit losses using the discount rate that was in effect prior to the restructuring and the economic concession may increase or decrease as we update our cash flow assumptions related to the expected life of the loan. Further, the component of the allowance for credit losses representing economic concessions will decrease as the borrower makes payments in accordance with the restructured terms of the mortgage loan and as the loan is sold, liquidated, or subsequently restructured.

Impact of Other Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements on Future Filings

In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, "Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions". ASU 2022-03, (1) clarifies the guidance in Topic 820 when measuring the fair value of an equity security subject to contractual restrictions that prohibit the sale of an equity security, (2) amends a related illustrative example, and (3) introduces new disclosure requirements for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions that are measured at fair value in accordance with Topic 820. ASU 2022-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not expect ASU 2022-03 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements as the Company does not have any equity securities that are subject to contractual sale restrictions.

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2. INVESTMENT SECURITIES

The amortized cost, fair value and related ACL, and corresponding gross unrecognized gains and losses on held-to-maturity ("HTM") debt securities at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are as follows:

Amortized CostGross Unrecognized GainsGross Unrecognized LossesFair ValueACL
(dollars in thousands)
September 30, 2023
Held-to-maturity:
Debt securities:
States and political subdivisions$41,930 $— $(9,892)$32,038 $— 
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential - U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises598,123 — (98,274)499,849 — 
Total held-to-maturity securities$640,053 $— $(108,166)$531,887 $— 

Amortized CostGross Unrecognized GainsGross Unrecognized LossesFair ValueACL
(dollars in thousands)
December 31, 2022
Held-to-maturity:
Debt securities:
States and political subdivisions$41,840 $— $(4,727)$37,113 $— 
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential - U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises623,043 — (63,376)559,667 — 
Total held-to-maturity securities$664,883 $— $(68,103)$596,780 $— 

The amortized cost, fair value and related ACL, and corresponding gross unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale ("AFS") debt securities at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are as follows:

Amortized CostGross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized LossesFair ValueACL
(dollars in thousands)
September 30, 2023
Available-for-sale:    
Debt securities:    
States and political subdivisions$164,527 $— $(39,550)$124,977 $— 
Corporate securities35,850 — (5,830)30,020 — 
U.S. Treasury obligations and direct obligations of U.S. Government agencies23,812 5 (2,325)21,492 — 
Mortgage-backed securities:    
Residential - U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises467,300 — (88,428)378,872 — 
Residential - Non-government agencies13,536 — (1,457)12,079 — 
Commercial - U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises52,263 — (9,215)43,048 — 
Commercial - Non-government agencies15,081 — (316)14,765 — 
Total available-for-sale securities$772,369 $5 $(147,121)$625,253 $— 

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Amortized CostGross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized LossesFair ValueACL
(dollars in thousands)
December 31, 2022
Available-for-sale:    
Debt securities:    
States and political subdivisions$172,427 $6 $(36,681)$135,752 $— 
Corporate securities36,206 — (5,995)30,211 — 
U.S. Treasury obligations and direct obligations of U.S. Government agencies28,032 — (2,317)25,715 — 
Mortgage-backed securities: 
Residential - U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises498,989 — (75,186)423,803 — 
Residential - Non-government agencies9,829 — (1,167)8,662 — 
Commercial - U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises54,346 — (8,202)46,144 — 
Commercial - Non-government agencies1,541 — (34)1,507 — 
Total available-for-sale securities$801,370 $6 $(129,582)$671,794 $— 

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company transferred 81 investment securities that were classified as AFS to HTM. The investment securities had an amortized cost basis of $762.7 million and a fair market value of $673.2 million. On the date of transfers, these securities had a total net unrealized loss of $89.5 million. There was no impact to net income as a result of the reclassifications. The Company did not transfer any investment securities that were classified as AFS to HTM during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded a total of $2.0 million and $5.7 million in amortization of unrecognized losses on the aforementioned investment securities transferred from AFS to HTM.

Upon adoption of ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” the Company has made a policy election to exclude accrued interest receivable from the amortized cost basis of debt securities and report accrued interest receivable on AFS debt securities together with accrued interest receivable on HTM securities and loans in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company also made the accounting policy election to not measure an estimate of credit losses on accrued interest receivable as the Company writes off any uncollectible accrued interest receivable in a timely manner.

Accrued interest receivable on AFS debt securities totaled $3.1 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Accrued interest receivable on HTM debt securities totaled $1.2 million and $1.3 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

The amortized cost, estimated fair value and weighted average yield of our HTM and AFS debt securities, by contractual maturity, at September 30, 2023 are shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Securities not due at a single maturity date are shown separately.

(dollars in thousands)Amortized CostFair Value
Weighted Average Yield (1)
Held-to-maturity:  
Debt securities:
Due in one year or less$— $— — %
Due after one year through five years— — — 
Due after five years through ten years— — — 
Due after ten years41,930 32,038 2.26 
Mortgage-backed securities:  
Residential - U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises598,123 499,849 1.91 
Total held-to-maturity securities$640,053 $531,887 1.93 %

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(dollars in thousands)Amortized CostFair Value
Weighted Average Yield (1)
Available-for-sale:  
Debt securities:
Due in one year or less$4,496 $4,470 3.15 %
Due after one year through five years38,959 34,892 2.94 
Due after five years through ten years49,724 43,695 2.99 
Due after ten years131,010 93,432 2.54 
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential - U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises467,300 378,872 2.01 
Residential - Non-government agencies13,536 12,079 3.86 
Commercial - U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises52,263 43,048 2.29 
Commercial - Non-government agencies15,081 14,765 5.10 
Total available-for-sale securities$772,369 $625,253 2.35 %
(1)Weighted-average yields are computed on an annual basis, and yields on tax-exempt obligations are computed on a taxable-equivalent basis using a federal statutory tax rate of 21%

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company sold two AFS commercial mortgage-backed securities issued by non-government agencies. The investment securities had a cost basis of $1.5 million and were sold at a loss of $0.1 million. In 2022, the Company sold its Class B common stock of Visa, Inc. during the second quarter; the sale is discussed later in this footnote.

Investment securities with carrying values totaling $974.4 million and $607.7 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, were pledged to secure public funds on deposit, Federal Reserve Bank borrowings and other financial transactions.

At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were no holdings of investment securities of any one issuer, other than the U.S. Government and its agencies, in an amount greater than 10% of shareholders' equity.

The following tables present HTM investment securities, which were in an unrecognized loss position as of the dates presented, aggregated by major security type and length of time in a continuous unrecognized loss position. There were a total of 83 HTM investment securities which were in an unrecognized loss position, without an ACL, at both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Less Than 12 Months12 Months or LongerTotal
(dollars in thousands)Fair ValueUnrecognized LossesFair ValueUnrecognized LossesFair ValueUnrecognized Losses
September 30, 2023
Held-to-maturity:
Debt securities:
States and political subdivisions$— $— $32,038 $(9,892)$32,038 $(9,892)
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential - U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises17,533 (469)482,316 (97,805)499,849 (98,274)
Total$17,533 $(469)$514,354 $(107,697)$531,887 $(108,166)

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Less Than 12 Months12 Months or LongerTotal
(dollars in thousands)Fair ValueUnrecognized LossesFair ValueUnrecognized LossesFair ValueUnrecognized Losses
December 31, 2022
Held-to-maturity:
Debt securities:
States and political subdivisions$37,113 $(4,727)$— $— $37,113 $(4,727)
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential - U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises559,667 (63,376)— — 559,667 (63,376)
Total$596,780 $(68,103)$— $— $596,780 $(68,103)

The following tables summarize AFS investment securities, which were in an unrealized loss position as of the dates presented, aggregated by major security type and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position. There were a total of 245 and 243 AFS investment securities which were in an unrealized loss position, without an ACL, at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Less Than 12 Months12 Months or LongerTotal
(dollars in thousands)Fair ValueUnrealized LossesFair ValueUnrealized LossesFair ValueUnrealized Losses
September 30, 2023
Available-for-sale:
Debt securities:      
States and political subdivisions$13,958 $(393)$111,019 $(39,157)$124,977 $(39,550)
Corporate securities— — 30,019 (5,830)30,019 (5,830)
U.S. Treasury obligations and direct obligations of U.S Government agencies4,236 (110)16,076 (2,215)20,312 (2,325)
Mortgage-backed securities:      
Residential - U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises— — 378,873 (88,428)378,873 (88,428)
Residential - Non-government agencies6,706 (487)5,373 (970)12,079 (1,457)
Commercial - U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises— — 43,048 (9,215)43,048 (9,215)
Commercial - Non-government agencies14,765 (316)— — 14,765 (316)
Total$39,665 $(1,306)$584,408 $(145,815)$624,073 $(147,121)

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Less Than 12 Months12 Months or LongerTotal
(dollars in thousands)Fair ValueUnrealized LossesFair ValueUnrealized LossesFair ValueUnrealized Losses
December 31, 2022
Available-for-sale:
Debt securities:      
States and political subdivisions$52,244 $(4,807)$78,389 $(31,874)$130,633 $(36,681)
Corporate securities— — 30,211 (5,995)30,211 (5,995)
U.S. Treasury obligations and direct obligations of U.S Government agencies9,651 (245)15,541 (2,072)25,192 (2,317)
Mortgage-backed securities:      
Residential - U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises149,624 (13,990)274,179 (61,196)423,803 (75,186)
Residential - Non-government agencies2,890 (334)5,772 (833)8,662 (1,167)
Commercial - U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises25,034 (1,724)21,110 (6,478)46,144 (8,202)
Commercial - Non-government agencies1,506 (34)— — 1,506 (34)
Total$240,949 $(21,134)$425,202 $(108,448)$666,151 $(129,582)

Investment securities in an unrecognized or unrealized loss position are evaluated at least on a quarterly basis, and include evaluating the changes in the investment securities' ratings issued by rating agencies and changes in the financial condition of the issuer. For mortgage-related securities, delinquency and loss information with respect to the underlying collateral, changes in levels of subordination for the Company's particular position within the repayment structure, and remaining credit enhancement as compared to projected credit losses of the security are also evaluated.

The Company has evaluated its HTM and AFS investment securities that are in an unrecognized or unrealized loss position and has determined that the unrecognized or unrealized losses on the Company's investment securities are unrelated to credit quality and primarily attributable to changes in interest rates and volatility in the financial markets since purchase. All of the investment securities in an unrecognized or unrealized loss position continue to be rated investment grade by one or more major rating agencies. As of September 30, 2023, the Company does not intend to sell the HTM and AFS securities that are in an unrecognized or unrealized loss position and it is unlikely that the Company will be required to sell these securities before recovery of its amortized cost basis that may be at maturity, therefore the Company has not recorded an ACL on these securities and the unrecognized or unrealized losses on these securities have not been recognized into income.

Visa Class B Common Stock

During the second quarter of 2022, the Company sold all of its 34,631 shares of Class B common stock of Visa, Inc. ("Visa") and received net proceeds of $8.5 million.

The Company received these shares in 2008 as part of Visa's initial public offering ("IPO"). These shares were transferable only under limited circumstances until they could be converted into shares of the publicly traded Class A common stock. This conversion will not occur until the resolution of certain litigation, which is indemnified by Visa members. Since its IPO, Visa has funded a litigation reserve to settle these litigation claims. At its discretion, Visa may continue to increase the litigation reserve based upon a change in the conversion ratio of each member bank’s restricted Class B common stock to unrestricted Class A common stock.

Due to the existing transfer restriction and the uncertainty of the outcome of the Visa litigation, the Company determined that the Visa Class B common stock did not have a readily determinable fair value and chose to carry the shares on the Company's consolidated balance sheets at zero cost basis. As a result, the entire net proceeds of $8.5 million were recognized as a pre-tax gain and included in net gain on sales of investment securities in the Company's consolidated statements of income in 2022.

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3. LOANS AND CREDIT QUALITY

The following table presents loans by class, excluding loans held for sale, net of ACL as of the dates presented:

(dollars in thousands)September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
Commercial and industrial:
SBA PPP$1,447 $2,654 
Other562,716 544,495 
Real estate:
Construction212,052 167,366 
Residential mortgage1,930,123 1,940,456 
Home equity751,932 737,386 
Commercial mortgage1,367,107 1,364,998 
Consumer683,614 798,957 
Gross loans5,508,991 5,556,312 
Net deferred fees and costs(281)(846)
Total loans, net of deferred fees and costs5,508,710 5,555,466 
Less: ACL for loans64,517 63,738 
Total loans, net of ACL for loans$5,444,193 $5,491,728 

Interest income on loans is accrued at the contractual rate of interest on the unpaid principal balance. Accrued interest receivable on loans totaled $17.2 million and $16.0 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and is reported together with accrued interest receivable on HTM and AFS debt securities on the consolidated balance sheets. Accrued interest receivable on loans is excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company transferred one loan to the loans held for sale category. The loan did not have any credit concerns at the time of transfer and thus was transferred to loans held for sale at its amortized cost of $9.8 million. The loan was sold during the three months ended September 30, 2023 for $9.6 million, or a loss of $0.2 million, which was recorded in other operating expense.

The Company did not transfer any other loans to the held for sale category during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 and did not sell any other loans originally held for investment during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company did not have any loans categorized as purchased credit deteriorated ("PCD").

The following tables present loans purchased by class for the periods presented. No loan portfolios were purchased during the three months ended September 30, 2023.

Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
(dollars in thousands)U.S. Mainland Consumer - UnsecuredU.S. Mainland Consumer - AutomobileTotal
Purchases:
Outstanding balance$90,461 $— $90,461 
(Discount) premium(3,976)— (3,976)
Purchase price$86,485 $— $86,485 

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Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
U.S. Mainland Consumer - UnsecuredU.S. Mainland Consumer - AutomobileTotalU.S. Mainland Consumer - UnsecuredU.S. Mainland Consumer - AutomobileTotal
Purchases:
Outstanding balance$3,932 $15,159 $19,091 $195,227 $64,890 $260,117 
(Discount) premium— 568 568 (11,386)3,457 (7,929)
Purchase price$3,932 $15,727 $19,659 $183,841 $68,347 $252,188 

Foreclosure Proceedings

The Company had $2.6 million and $2.4 million of residential mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate property that were in the process of foreclosure at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The Company had $0.1 million in commercial real estate loans in the process of foreclosure at September 30, 2023. There were no commercial real estate loans in the process of foreclosure at December 31, 2022.

The Company did not foreclose on any loans during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

The Company did not sell any foreclosed properties during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

Nonaccrual and Past Due Loans

For all loan types, the Company determines delinquency status by considering the number of days full payments required by the contractual terms of the loan are past due. The following tables present by class, the aging of the recorded investment in past due loans as of the dates presented. The following tables also present the amortized cost of loans on nonaccrual status for which there was no related ACL as of the dates presented:

(dollars in thousands)Accruing
Loans
30 - 59 Days
Past Due		Accruing
Loans
60 - 89 Days
Past Due		Accruing
Loans
90+ Days
Past Due		Nonaccrual
Loans		Total
Past Due
and
Nonaccrual		Loans Not
Past Due		Total LoansNonaccrual
Loans
With
No ACL
September 30, 2023       
Commercial and industrial:
SBA PPP$351 $66 $— $— $417 $993 $1,410 $— 
Other— 1 — 352 353 562,043 562,396 — 
Real estate:  
Construction— — — — — 211,512 211,512 — 
Residential mortgage1,852 136 794 4,949 7,731 1,923,009 1,930,740 4,808 
Home equity1,183 740 — 677 2,600 751,380 753,980 677 
Commercial mortgage319 — — 77 396 1,365,031 1,365,427 77 
Consumer5,358 2,151 2,120 597 10,226 673,019 683,245 — 
Total$9,063 $3,094 $2,914 $6,652 $21,723 $5,486,987 $5,508,710 $5,562 

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(dollars in thousands)Accruing
Loans
30 - 59 Days
Past Due		Accruing
Loans
60 - 89 Days
Past Due		Accruing
Loans
90+ Days
Past Due		Nonaccrual
Loans		Total
Past Due
and
Nonaccrual		Loans Not
Past Due		Total LoansNonaccrual
Loans
With
No ACL
December 31, 2022       
Commercial and industrial:
SBA PPP$471 $37 $13 $— $521 $2,034 $2,555 $— 
Other546 131 26 297 1,000 542,947 543,947 — 
Real estate:  
Construction— — — — — 166,723 166,723 — 
Residential mortgage303 — 559 3,808 4,670 1,936,329 1,940,999 3,808 
Home equity1,540 — — 570 2,110 737,270 739,380 570 
Commercial mortgage160 — — — 160 1,362,915 1,363,075 — 
Consumer5,173 1,921 1,240 576 8,910 789,877 798,787 — 
Total$8,193 $2,089 $1,838 $5,251 $17,371 $5,538,095 $5,555,466 $4,378 

Collateral-Dependent Loans

In accordance with ASC 326, a loan is considered collateral-dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. The following tables present the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans by class, which are individually evaluated to determine expected credit losses, and the related ACL allocated to these loans as of the dates presented:

(dollars in thousands)Secured by
1-4 Family
Residential
Properties		Secured by
Nonfarm
Nonresidential
Properties		Secured by
Real Estate
and Business
 Assets		TotalAllocated
ACL
September 30, 2023
Real estate:
Residential mortgage$6,375 $— $— $6,375 $48 
Home equity677 — — 677 — 
Commercial mortgage77 — 77 — 
Total$7,129 $— $— $7,129 $48 

(dollars in thousands)Secured by
1-4 Family
Residential
Properties		Secured by
Nonfarm
Nonresidential
Properties		Secured by
Real Estate
and Business
 Assets		TotalAllocated
ACL
December 31, 2022
Real estate:
Residential mortgage$5,653 $— $— $5,653 $— 
Home equity570 — — 570 — 
Commercial mortgage— — — — — 
Total$6,223 $— $— $6,223 $— 
Loan Modifications for Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

Since the adoption of ASU 2022-02 on January 1, 2023 and during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company has not modified any material loans for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.

Troubled Debt Restructurings Prior to the Adoption of ASU 2022-02

Prior to our adoption of ASU 2022-02, we accounted for a modification to the contractual terms of a loan that resulted in granting a concession to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties as a troubled debt restructuring ("TDR").

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Loans identified as TDRs prior to our adoption of ASU 2022-02 included in nonperforming assets at September 30, 2023 consisted of six Hawaii loans with a principal balance of $1.0 million. There were $2.1 million of loans identified as TDRs prior to our adoption of ASU 2022-02 that were still accruing interest at September 30, 2023, none of which were more than 90 days delinquent. At December 31, 2022, there were $2.8 million of loans identified as TDRs prior to our adoption of ASU 2022-02 that were still accruing interest, none of which were more than 90 days delinquent.

The Company offered various types of concessions when modifying a loan. Concessions made to the original contractual terms of the loan typically consisted of the deferral of interest and/or principal payments due to deterioration in the borrowers' financial condition. In these cases, the principal balance on the TDRs had matured and/or was in default at the time of restructure, and there were no commitments to lend additional funds to the borrower during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company did not modify any loans as a TDR prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02.
No loans were modified as a TDR prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02 within the previous twelve months that subsequently defaulted during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

Credit Quality Indicators

The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. The Company analyzes loans individually by classifying the loans by credit risk. This analysis includes non-homogeneous loans, such as commercial and commercial real estate loans. This analysis is performed on a quarterly basis. The Company uses the following definitions for risk rating of loans. Loans that do not meet the following criteria that are analyzed individually as part of the described process are considered to be pass-rated loans.

Special Mention. Loans classified as special mention, while still adequately protected by the borrower's capital adequacy and payment capability, exhibit distinct weakening trends and/or elevated levels of exposure to external conditions. If left unchecked or uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deteriorated prospects of repayment. These exposures require close attention so as to avoid becoming undue or unwarranted credit exposures.

Substandard. Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the borrower's current financial condition and payment capability or of the collateral pledged, if any. These loans have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the orderly repayment of debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful. Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, and in addition have weaknesses that make collection or orderly repayment in full on the basis of current existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable. Although the possibility of loss is extremely high, its classification as an estimated loss is deferred until a more exact status may be determined due to certain important and reasonably specific factors that may work to the advantage and strengthening of the exposure.

Loss. Loans classified as loss are considered to be non-collectible and of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted. This does not mean the loan has absolutely no recovery value, but rather it is neither practical nor desirable to defer writing off the loan, even though partial recovery may be obtained in the future. Losses are taken in the period in which they surface as uncollectible.

The following tables present the amortized cost basis of the Company's loans by class, credit quality indicator and origination year as of the dates presented. Revolving loans converted to term as of and during the periods presented were not material to the total loan portfolio. In addition, the following table includes gross charge-offs of loans by origination year during the period presented.

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(dollars in thousands)Amortized Cost of Term Loans by Year of OriginationAmortized Cost of Revolving Loans
September 30, 202320232022202120202019PriorTotal
Commercial and industrial - SBA PPP:
Risk Rating
Pass$— $— $1,404 $6 $— $— $— $1,410 
Subtotal— — 1,404 6 — — — 1,410 
Commercial and industrial - Other:
Risk Rating
Pass66,786 85,349 81,606 34,488 44,104 159,453 79,108 550,894 
Special Mention— 156 602 231 13 — 225 1,227 
Substandard59 1,136 634 709 681 7,056 — 10,275 
Subtotal66,845 86,641 82,842 35,428 44,798 166,509 79,333 562,396 
Construction:
Risk Rating
Pass6,755 62,037 76,251 17,640 1,481 31,312 14,958 210,434 
Special Mention— — 407 — 671 — — 1,078 
Substandard— — — — — — — — 
Subtotal6,755 62,037 76,658 17,640 2,152 31,312 14,958 211,512 
Residential mortgage:
Risk Rating
Pass70,141 270,464 619,243 419,296 146,258 398,387 — 1,923,789 
Special Mention— — — — — 278 — 278 
Substandard— 1,058 303 931 822 3,559 — 6,673 
Subtotal70,141 271,522 619,546 420,227 147,080 402,224 — 1,930,740 
Home equity:
Risk Rating
Pass12,238 32,866 20,638 9,024 6,570 18,065 653,902 753,303 
Special Mention— — — — — — — — 
Substandard— — — — 73 604 — 677 
Subtotal12,238 32,866 20,638 9,024 6,643 18,669 653,902 753,980 
Commercial mortgage:
Risk Rating
Pass39,792 238,538 203,902 117,186 113,143 607,898 7,729 1,328,188 
Special Mention— — — — 10,732 11,065 — 21,797 
Substandard— — 11,607 — 1,666 2,169 — 15,442 
Subtotal39,792 238,538 215,509 117,186 125,541 621,132 7,729 1,365,427 
Consumer:
Risk Rating
Pass85,466 288,029 161,075 41,288 32,563 13,401 58,706 680,528 
Special Mention— — — — — — — — 
Substandard10 167 129 133 124 1,303 10 1,876 
Loss— — — — — 841 — 841 
Subtotal85,476 288,196 161,204 41,421 32,687 15,545 58,716 683,245 
Total$281,247 $979,800 $1,177,801 $640,932 $358,901 $1,255,391 $814,638 $5,508,710 

(dollars in thousands)Gross Charge-Offs by Year of Origination
Nine Months Ended September 30, 202320232022202120202019PriorTotal
Commercial and industrial:
Other$143 $239 $145 $— $265 $751 $1,543 
Consumer4 4,988 4,158 871 627 621 11,269 
Year-to-date gross charge-offs$147 $5,227 $4,303 $871 $892 $1,372 $12,812 

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(dollars in thousands)Amortized Cost of Term Loans by Year of OriginationAmortized Cost of Revolving Loans
December 31, 202220222021202020192018PriorTotal
Commercial and industrial - SBA PPP:
Risk Rating
Pass$— $2,546 $9 $— $— $— $— $2,555 
Subtotal— 2,546 9 — — — — 2,555 
Commercial and industrial - Other:
Risk Rating
Pass77,550 101,595 41,358 53,241 39,106 141,950 76,466 531,266 
Special Mention2,206 350 172 1,011 29 — 99 3,867 
Substandard188 176 833 256 116 7,215 30 8,814 
Subtotal79,944 102,121 42,363 54,508 39,251 149,165 76,595 543,947 
Construction:
Risk Rating
Pass25,663 61,027 23,384 2,387 14,309 18,048 15,044 159,862 
Special Mention— 417 — — 898 — — 1,315 
Substandard— 4,850 — 696 — — — 5,546 
Subtotal25,663 66,294 23,384 3,083 15,207 18,048 15,044 166,723 
Residential mortgage:
Risk Rating
Pass279,146 636,756 434,928 154,906 58,431 371,517 — 1,935,684 
Special Mention— — — — — — — — 
Substandard— — 948 — 503 3,864 — 5,315 
Subtotal279,146 636,756 435,876 154,906 58,934 375,381 — 1,940,999 
Home equity:
Risk Rating
Pass34,973 23,772 10,520 7,463 6,880 11,727 643,277 738,612 
Special Mention— — — — — — 198 198 
Substandard— — — — 78 453 39 570 
Subtotal34,973 23,772 10,520 7,463 6,958 12,180 643,514 739,380 
Commercial mortgage:
Risk Rating
Pass226,137 208,230 119,531 129,950 145,932 472,267 11,473 1,313,520 
Special Mention— — — 11,388 — 16,082 — 27,470 
Substandard— 10,149 — 1,700 2,133 8,103 — 22,085 
Subtotal226,137 218,379 119,531 143,038 148,065 496,452 11,473 1,363,075 
Consumer:
Risk Rating
Pass358,609 242,942 59,352 50,899 20,065 10,958 54,038 796,863 
Special Mention— — — 113 — — — 113 
Substandard1 261 91 126 42 790 — 1,311 
Loss— — — — — 500 — 500 
Subtotal358,610 243,203 59,443 51,138 20,107 12,248 54,038 798,787 
Total$1,004,473 $1,293,071 $691,126 $414,136 $288,522 $1,063,474 $800,664 $5,555,466 
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4. ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES AND RESERVE FOR OFF-BALANCE SHEET CREDIT EXPOSURES

The following tables present by class, the activities in the ACL for loans during the periods presented:

(dollars in thousands)Commercial and IndustrialReal Estate 
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023SBA PPPOtherConstructionResidential MortgageHome EquityCommercial MortgageConsumerTotal
Beginning balance$1 $6,945 $3,654 $12,233 $3,965 $17,365 $19,686 $63,849 
Provision (credit) for credit losses on loans(1)(329)953 1,727 (913)1,738 1,351 4,526 
Subtotal— 6,616 4,607 13,960 3,052 19,103 21,037 68,375 
Charge-offs— 402 — — — — 4,710 5,112 
Recoveries— 261 1 10 — — 982 1,254 
Net charge-offs (recoveries)— 141 (1)(10)— — 3,728 3,858 
Ending balance$— $6,475 $4,608 $13,970 $3,052 $19,103 $17,309 $64,517 

(dollars in thousands)Commercial and IndustrialReal Estate
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022SBA PPPOtherConstructionResidential MortgageHome EquityCommercial MortgageConsumerTotal
Beginning balance$15 $7,725 $3,065 $12,767 $4,045 $17,858 $19,736 $65,211 
Provision (credit) for credit losses on loans(11)(483)(452)(1,150)(157)(28)3,012 731 
Subtotal4 7,242 2,613 11,617 3,888 17,830 22,748 65,942 
Charge-offs— 550 — — — — 1,912 2,462 
Recoveries— 220 14 14 36 — 618 902 
Net charge-offs (recoveries)— 330 (14)(14)(36)— 1,294 1,560 
Ending balance$4 $6,912 $2,627 $11,631 $3,924 $17,830 $21,454 $64,382 

In the three months ended September 30, 2023, we recorded a provision for credit losses of $4.9 million, which consisted of a provision for credit losses on loans of $4.5 million and a provision for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures of $0.4 million.

In the three months ended September 30, 2022, we recorded a provision for credit losses of $0.4 million, which consisted of a debit to the provision for credit losses on loans of $0.7 million and a credit to the provision for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures of $0.3 million.

The following tables present by class, the activities in the ACL for loans for the periods presented:

(dollars in thousands)Commercial and IndustrialReal Estate
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023SBA PPPOtherConstructionResidential MortgageHome EquityCommercial MortgageConsumerTotal
Beginning balance$2 $6,822 $2,867 $11,804 $4,114 $17,902 $20,227 $63,738 
Provision (credit) for credit losses on loans(2)560 1,740 2,096 (1,077)1,201 5,758 10,276 
Subtotal— 7,382 4,607 13,900 3,037 19,103 25,985 74,014 
Charge-offs— 1,543 — — — — 11,269 12,812 
Recoveries— 636 1 70 15 — 2,593 3,315 
Net charge-offs (recoveries)— 907 (1)(70)(15)— 8,676 9,497 
Ending balance$— $6,475 $4,608 $13,970 $3,052 $19,103 $17,309 $64,517 

(dollars in thousands)Commercial and IndustrialReal Estate
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022SBA PPPOtherConstructionResidential MortgageHome EquityCommercial MortgageConsumerTotal
Beginning balance$77 $10,314 $3,908 $12,463 $4,509 $18,411 $18,415 $68,097 
Provision (credit) for credit losses on loans(73)(2,896)(1,357)(994)(621)(581)5,778 (744)
Subtotal4 7,418 2,551 11,469 3,888 17,830 24,193 67,353 
Charge-offs— 1,291 — — — — 4,518 5,809 
Recoveries— 785 76 162 36 — 1,779 2,838 
Net charge-offs (recoveries)— 506 (76)(162)(36)— 2,739 2,971 
Ending balance$4 $6,912 $2,627 $11,631 $3,924 $17,830 $21,454 $64,382 

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In the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recorded a provision for credit losses of $11.0 million, which consisted of a provision for credit losses on loans of $10.3 million and a provision for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures of $0.7 million.

In the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recorded a credit to the provision for credit loss of $1.8 million, which consisted of a credit to the provision for credit losses on loans of $0.7 million, a credit to the provision for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures of $1.1 million.

The following table presents the activities in the reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures, included in other liabilities, during the periods presented:

Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)2023202220232022
Beginning balance$3,664 $4,073 $3,243 $4,804 
Provision (credit) for off-balance sheet credit exposures348 (369)769 (1,100)
Ending balance$4,012 $3,704 $4,012 $3,704 

5. INVESTMENTS IN UNCONSOLIDATED ENTITIES

The following table presents the components of the Company's investments in unconsolidated entities as of the dates presented:

(dollars in thousands)September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
Investments in low income housing tax credit partnerships, net of amortization$38,797 $40,939 
Investments in common securities of statutory trusts1,547 1,547 
Investments in affiliates129 110 
Other2,050 4,045 
Total$42,523 $46,641 

The Company invests in low-income housing tax credit ("LIHTC") and other partnerships. The Company had commitments to fund LIHTC partnerships totaling $47.8 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Unfunded commitments related to LIHTC partnerships totaled $23.6 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, and are included in other liabilities in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The investments are accounted for under the proportional amortization method and are included in investments in unconsolidated entities in the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

During the first quarter of 2022, the Company invested $2.0 million in Swell Financial, Inc. ("Swell"), which included $1.5 million in other intangible assets and services provided in exchange for Swell non-voting common stock and $0.5 million in cash in exchange for Swell preferred stock. The Company did not have the ability to exercise significant influence over Swell and the investment did not have a readily determinable fair value. As a result, the Company determined that the cost method of accounting for the investment was appropriate. The investment was included in investments in unconsolidated entities in the Company's consolidated balance sheets at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

As a result of a variety of adverse factors affecting Swell’s business and its strategy, the portfolio of Swell Cash and Credit accounts, which were immaterial, were closed in June 2023 and the Bank is no longer serving as the bank sponsor. During the third quarter of 2023, the Company entered into a transaction with Swell whereby Swell repurchased the Company’s entire preferred and common stock equity investment in exchange for $0.5 million in cash, certain intellectual property rights and a platform usage fee agreement related to products that may be launched by Swell or its affiliates in the future (not to exceed $1.5 million in value). The Company cannot provide any assurance that the platform usage fees will be collected.

Due to the aforementioned events, the Company performed an impairment analysis and concluded the intellectual property rights and the platform usage fee agreement received in exchange for the Company's investment in Swell were not impaired as of September 30, 2023. The intangible assets totaling $1.5 million are included in other assets in the Company's consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2023.

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During the second quarter of 2021, the Company committed $2.0 million to the JAM FINTOP Banktech Fund, L.P., a venture capital investment fund designed to help develop and accelerate technology adoption at community banks across the United States. The Company had $1.0 million and $1.3 million in unfunded commitments related to the investment as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, which is recorded in other liabilities. The investment is accounted for under the cost method and is included in investment in unconsolidated entities.

The following table presents the expected payments for the unfunded commitments of LIHTC and other partnerships as of September 30, 2023, for the remainder of fiscal year 2023, the next five succeeding fiscal years, and all years thereafter:

(dollars in thousands)
Year Ending December 31, LIHTCOtherTotal
2023 (remainder)$9,693 $983 $10,676 
20249,280 — 9,280 
20254,248 — 4,248 
202626 — 26 
202726 — 26 
202820 — 20 
Thereafter313 — 313 
Total unfunded commitments$23,606 $983 $24,589 

The following table presents amortization and tax credits recognized associated with our investments in LIHTC partnerships for the periods presented:

Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)2023202220232022
Proportional amortization method:
Amortization expense recognized in income tax expense$714 $606 $2,142 $1,820 
Tax credits recognized in income tax expense891 709 2,675 2,127 

6. MORTGAGE SERVICING RIGHTS

The following table presents changes in mortgage servicing rights ("MSR") for the periods presented:

(dollars in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2022$9,074 
Additions261 
Amortization(538)
Balance at September 30, 2023$8,797 
Balance at December 31, 2021$9,738 
Additions593 
Amortization(1,115)
Balance at September 30, 2022$9,216 

Income generated as the result of new MSR is reported as gains on sales of loans and totaled $0.1 million and and $0.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, compared to $0.1 million and $0.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively.

Amortization of MSR totaled $0.2 million and $0.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, compared to $0.3 million and $1.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively.

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The following table presents the fair market value and key assumptions used in determining the fair market value of MSR:

(dollars in thousands)September 30, 2023September 30, 2022
Fair market value, beginning of year$12,061 $10,504 
Fair market value, end of period12,840 12,289 
Weighted average discount rate9.5 %9.5 %
Weighted average prepayment speed assumption10.8 %9.9 %
The following table presents carrying values and accumulated amortization related to MSR as of the dates presented:

 September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands)Gross
Carrying
Value		Accumulated
Amortization		Net
Carrying
Value		Gross
Carrying
Value		Accumulated
Amortization		Net
Carrying
Value
Mortgage servicing rights$69,674 $(60,877)$8,797 $69,413 $(60,339)$9,074 

The following table presents the estimated amortization expense for the remainder of fiscal year 2023, the next five succeeding fiscal years, and all years thereafter, based on MSR held as of September 30, 2023:

(dollars in thousands)
Year Ending December 31,
2023 (remainder)$185 
2024848 
2025784 
2026709 
2027640 
2028569 
Thereafter5,062 
Total$8,797 

The Company performs an impairment assessment of its MSR whenever events or changes in circumstance indicate that the carrying value of the MSR may not be recoverable.

7. DERIVATIVES

The Company utilizes various designated and undesignated derivative financial instruments to reduce its exposure to movements in interest rates. The Company measures all derivatives at fair value on its consolidated balance sheet. In each reporting period, the Company records the derivative instruments in other assets or other liabilities depending on whether the derivatives are in an asset or liability position. For derivative instruments that are designated as cash flow hedging instruments, the Company records the effective portion of the changes in the fair value of the derivative in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI"), net of tax, until earnings are affected by the variability of cash flows of the hedged transaction. The Company immediately recognizes the portion of the gain or loss in the fair value of the derivative that represents hedge ineffectiveness in current period earnings. For derivative instruments that are not designated as hedging instruments, changes in the fair value of the derivative are included in current period earnings.

Interest Rate Lock and Forward Sale Commitments

The Company has previously, and, in the future, may enter into interest rate lock commitments on certain mortgage loans that are intended to be sold. To manage interest rate risk on interest rate lock commitments, the Company may also enter into forward loan sale commitments. The interest rate lock and forward loan sale commitments are accounted for as undesignated derivatives and are recorded at their respective fair values in other assets and other liabilities, with changes in fair value recorded in current period earnings. These instruments serve to reduce the Company's exposure to movements in interest rates. The Company was not party to any interest rate lock commitments at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The Company was not party to any forward sale commitments September 30, 2023, but was party to forward sale commitments on $1.1 million of mortgage loans at December 31, 2022.
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Risk Participation Agreements

The Company has previously, and, in the future, may enter into credit risk participation agreements ("RPA") with financial institution counterparties for interest rate swaps related to loans in which its participates. The RPAs entered into by us and a participant bank provide credit protection to the financial institution counterparties should the borrowers fail to perform on their interest rate derivative contracts with the financial institutions. The Company was party to RPAs with notional amounts totaling $36.2 million and $36.8 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Back-to-Back Swap Agreements

The Company has established a program whereby it originates a variable rate loan and enters into a variable-to-fixed interest rate swap with the customer. The Company also enters into an equal and offsetting swap with a highly rated third-party financial institution. These "back-to-back swap agreements" are intended to offset each other and allow the Company to originate a variable rate loan, while providing a contract for fixed interest payments for the customer. The net cash flow for the Company is equal to the interest income received from a variable rate loan originated with the customer. These back-to-back swap agreements are free-standing derivatives and recorded at fair value on our consolidated balance sheet in other assets or other liabilities. The Company had swap agreements with its borrowers with total notional amounts of $35.3 million and $32.3 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, offset by swap agreements with third party financial institutions with the same total notional amounts. The Company held $15.6 million and $10.0 million in counter-party collateral related to the back-to-back swap agreements at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Interest Rate Swaps

During the first quarter of 2022, the Company entered into a forward starting interest rate swap, with an effective date of March 31, 2024. This transaction had a notional amount totaling $115.5 million as of September 30, 2023, and was designated as a fair value hedge of certain municipal debt securities. The Company will pay the counterparty a fixed rate of 2.095% and will receive a floating rate based on the Federal Funds effective rate. The fair value hedge has a maturity date of March 31, 2029.

The interest rate swap is carried on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet at its fair value in other assets (when the fair value is positive) or in other liabilities (when the fair value is negative). The changes in the fair value of the interest rate swap are recorded in interest income. The unrealized gains or losses due to changes in fair value of the hedged debt securities due to changes in benchmark interest rates are recorded as an adjustment to the hedged debt securities and offset in the same interest income line item.

The following tables present the location of all assets and liabilities associated with our derivative instruments within the consolidated balance sheets as of the dates presented:

Derivative Financial Instruments Not Designated as Hedging InstrumentsAsset DerivativesLiability Derivatives
Fair Value atFair Value at
(dollars in thousands)Balance Sheet LocationSeptember 30,
2023		December 31,
2022		September 30,
2023		December 31,
2022
Interest rate lock and forward sale commitmentsOther assets / other liabilities$— $10 $— $2 
Back-to-back swap agreementsOther assets / other liabilities5,043 4,611 5,043 4,611 
Derivative Financial Instruments Designated as Hedging InstrumentsAsset DerivativesLiability Derivatives
Fair Value atFair Value at
(dollars in thousands)Balance Sheet LocationSeptember 30,
2023		December 31,
2022		September 30,
2023		December 31,
2022
Interest rate swapOther assets / other liabilities$10,135 $5,986 $— $— 

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The following tables present the impact of derivative instruments and their location within the consolidated statements of income for the periods presented:

Derivative Financial Instruments
Not Designated as Hedging Instruments		Location of Gain (Loss)
Recognized in
Earnings on Derivatives		Amount of Gain (Loss)
Recognized in
Earnings on Derivatives
(dollars in thousands)
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023  
Interest rate lock and forward sale commitmentsMortgage banking income$(16)
Loans held for saleOther income4 
Back-to-back swap agreementsOther service charges and fees36 
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 
Interest rate lock and forward sale commitmentsMortgage banking income55 
Loans held for saleOther income(66)

Derivative Financial Instruments
Not Designated as Hedging Instruments		Location of Gain (Loss)
Recognized in
Earnings on Derivatives		Amount of Gain (Loss)
Recognized in
Earnings on Derivatives
(dollars in thousands)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 
Interest rate lock and forward sale commitmentsMortgage banking income$(8)
Loans held for saleOther income3 
Back-to-back swap agreementsOther service charges and fees71 
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 
Interest rate lock and forward sale commitmentsMortgage banking income55 
Loans held for saleOther income(67)
Risk participation agreementsOther service charges and fees16 

Derivative Financial Instruments
Designated as Hedging Instruments		Location of Loss
Recognized in
Earnings on Derivatives		Amount of Loss
Recognized in
Earnings on Derivatives
(dollars in thousands)
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Interest rate swapInterest income$(121)
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
Interest rate swapInterest income(169)

Derivative Financial Instruments
Designated as Hedging Instruments		Location of Loss
Recognized in
Earnings on Derivatives		Amount of Loss
Recognized in
Earnings on Derivatives
(dollars in thousands)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Interest rate swapInterest income$(180)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Interest rate swapInterest income(326)

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8. SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS AND LONG-TERM DEBT

Federal Home Loan Bank Advances and Other Borrowings

The Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines (the "FHLB") and maintained a $1.94 billion line of credit as of September 30, 2023, compared to $2.23 billion at December 31, 2022. At September 30, 2023, $1.82 billion was undrawn under this arrangement, compared to $2.19 billion at December 31, 2022. There were no short-term borrowings under this arrangement at September 30, 2023, compared to $5.0 million at December 31, 2022. Letters of credit under this arrangement that are used to collateralize certain government deposits totaled $72.0 million as of September 30, 2023, compared to $36.0 million as of December 31, 2022. There were $50.0 million in long-term borrowings under this arrangement bearing interest rates between 4.02% and 4.62% at September 30, 2023, compared to no long-term borrowings at December 31, 2022. FHLB advances and standby letters of credit available at September 30, 2023 were secured by certain real estate loans with a carrying value of $3.19 billion in accordance with the collateral provisions of the Advances, Security and Deposit Agreement with the FHLB.

The Bank had additional unused borrowings available at the Federal Reserve of $290.3 million and $75.9 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Certain commercial and commercial real estate loans with a carrying value totaling $136.7 million and $125.0 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, were pledged as collateral on our line of credit with the Federal Reserve. In addition, investment securities with a carrying value of $199.7 million as of September 30, 2023, were pledged to the Federal Reserve in support of the line of credit. No investment securities were pledged to the Federal Reserve in support of the line of credit as of December 31, 2022. The Federal Reserve does not have the right to sell or repledge these loans and investment securities.

The Bank is a member bank of the Pacific Coast Bankers' Bank ("PCBB") and had unused unsecured credit lines available at the PCBB of $50.0 million and $100.0 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

The Bank had additional unused unsecured credit lines available at Wells Fargo of $25.0 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Subordinated Debentures

In September 2004, we created a wholly-owned statutory trust, CPB Capital Trust IV ("Trust IV"). Trust IV issued $30.0 million in floating rate trust preferred securities which bore an interest rate of three-month LIBOR plus 2.45% and maturing on December 15, 2034. The principal assets of Trust IV are $30.9 million of the Company's junior subordinated debentures with an identical interest rate and maturity as the Trust IV trust preferred securities. Trust IV issued $0.9 million of common securities to the Company.

In December 2004, we created a wholly-owned statutory trust, CPB Statutory Trust V ("Trust V"). Trust V issued $20.0 million in floating rate trust preferred securities which bore an interest rate of three-month LIBOR plus 1.87% and maturing on December 15, 2034. The principal assets of Trust V are $20.6 million of the Company's junior subordinated debentures with an identical interest rate and maturity as the Trust V trust preferred securities. Trust V issued $0.6 million of common securities to the Company.

On July 3, 2023, after the cessation of the LIBOR benchmark rate on June 30, 2023, the Company amended its Trust IV and Trust V debt agreements to replace the LIBOR-based reference rate with an adjusted CME Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus a tenor spread adjustment. Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 848 allows us to account for the modification as a continuation of the existing contract without additional analysis.

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The following table present's the Company's junior subordinated debentures outstanding, which are recorded in long-term debt on the Company's consolidated balance sheets as of the dates presented:

(dollars in thousands)
Name of TrustSeptember 30, 2023Interest RateDecember 31, 2022Interest Rate
Trust IV$30,928 
Three-month CME Term SOFR + tenor spread adjustment of 0.26% + 2.45%
$30,928 
Three-month LIBOR + 2.45%
Trust V20,619 
Three-month CME Term SOFR + tenor spread adjustment of 0.26% + 1.87%
20,619 
Three-month LIBOR + 1.87%
Total$51,547 $51,547 

The Company is not considered the primary beneficiary of Trusts IV and V. Therefore, the trusts are not considered a variable interest entity and are not consolidated in the Company's financial statements. Rather the subordinated debentures are shown as a liability on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The Company's investment in the common securities of the trusts are included in investment in unconsolidated entities in the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

The floating trust preferred securities, the junior subordinated debentures that are the assets of Trusts IV and V and the common securities issued by Trusts IV and V are redeemable in whole or in part on any interest payment date on or after December 15, 2009 for Trust IV and V, or at any time in whole but not in part within 90 days following the occurrence of certain events. Our obligations with respect to the issuance of the trust preferred securities constitute a full and unconditional guarantee by the Company of each trust's obligations with respect to its trust preferred securities. Subject to certain exceptions and limitations, we may elect from time to time to defer interest payments on the subordinated debentures, which would result in a deferral of distribution payments on the related trust preferred securities, for up to 20 consecutive quarterly periods without default or penalty.

The subordinated debentures may be included in Tier 1 capital, with certain limitations applicable, under current regulatory guidelines and interpretations.

Subordinated Notes

The following table presents the Company's subordinated notes outstanding as of the dates presented:

(dollars in thousands)
DescriptionSeptember 30, 2023December 31, 2022Interest Rate
October 2020 Private Placement$55,000 $55,000 
4.75% for the first five years. Resets quarterly thereafter to the then current three-month SOFR plus 456 basis points.

On October 20, 2020, the Company completed a $55.0 million private placement of ten-year fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes, which will be used to support regulatory capital ratios and for general corporate purposes. The Company exchanged the privately placed notes for registered notes with the same terms and in the same aggregate principal amount at the end of the fourth quarter of 2020. The subordinated notes bear a fixed interest rate of 4.75% for the first five years through November 1, 2025 and will reset quarterly thereafter for the remaining five years to the then current three-month SOFR, as published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, plus 456 basis points.

The subordinated notes may be included in Tier 2 capital, with certain limitations applicable, under current regulatory guidelines and interpretations. The subordinated notes had a carrying value of $54.5 million, net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $0.5 million, at September 30, 2023.

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9. REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS

The following table presents the Company's other operating income, segregated by revenue streams that are in-scope and out-of-scope of ASC 606, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" for the periods presented:

Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)2023202220232022
Other operating income:
In-scope of ASC 606
Mortgage banking income$216 $155 $541 $890 
Service charges on deposit accounts2,193 2,138 6,441 6,025 
Other service charges and fees4,874 4,377 13,655 12,329 
Income on fiduciary activities1,234 1,165 3,623 3,507 
In-scope other operating income8,517 7,835 24,260 22,751 
Out-of-scope other operating income1,530 1,794 7,231 13,567 
Total other operating income$10,047 $9,629 $31,491 $36,318 

10. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

Restricted and Performance Stock Units

Under the Company's 2013 Stock Compensation Plan and 2023 Stock Compensation Plan, which was approved by our shareholders on April 27, 2023, the Company awards restricted stock units ("RSUs") and performance stock units ("PSUs") to our non-officer directors and certain senior management personnel. The awards typically vest over a two, three or five year period from the date of grant and are subject to forfeiture until performance and employment targets are achieved. Compensation expense is typically measured as the market price of the stock awards on the grant date, and is recognized over the specified vesting periods.

The following table presents the activity of RSUs and PSUs for the nine months ended September 30, 2023:

(dollars in thousands, except per share data)SharesWeighted Average Grant Date Fair ValueFair Value of RSUs and PSUs That Vested During the Period
Non-vested RSUs and PSUs, beginning of period352,465 $23.40 
Changes during the period:  
Granted115,992 22.76 
Forfeited(51,760)25.07 
Vested(188,091)20.89 $3,893 
Non-vested RSUs and PSUs, end of period228,606 24.76 

11. SUPPLEMENTAL EXECUTIVE RETIREMENT AND DEFINED BENEFIT RETIREMENT PLANS

Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans

In 1995, 2001, 2004 and 2006, the Bank established Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans ("SERPs"), which provide certain (current and former) officers of the Company with supplemental retirement benefits. On December 31, 2002, the 1995 and 2001 SERP were curtailed. In conjunction with the September 2004 merger with CB Bancshares, Inc. ("CBBI"), we assumed CBBI's SERP obligation.

The projected benefit obligation of the unfunded SERPs is recorded in other liabilities on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The projected benefit obligation was $9.1 million at September 30, 2023, which remained relatively unchanged from $9.2 million at December 31, 2022.

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The following table presents the components of net periodic benefit cost for the SERPs for the periods presented:

Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)2023202220232022
Interest cost$112 $75 $336 $225 
Amortization of net actuarial (gain) loss(19)20 (57)62 
Amortization of net transition obligation2 5 6 13 
Net periodic benefit cost$95 $100 $285 $300 

All components of net periodic benefit cost are included in other operating expenses in the Company's consolidated statements of income.

Defined Benefit Retirement Plan

The Bank had a defined benefit retirement plan that covered substantially all of its employees who were employed during the period that the plan was in effect. Effective December 31, 2002, the Bank curtailed its defined benefit retirement plan, and accordingly, plan benefits were fixed as of that date.

In January 2021, the Board of Directors approved termination of, and authorized Company management to commence taking action to terminate, the defined benefit retirement plan. The Company received a favorable determination letter from the IRS and no objection from the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation on the Form 500 standard termination notice in January 2022. The Company completed the termination and settlement of the defined benefit retirement plan in the second quarter of 2022. Upon final plan termination and settlement, the Company recognized a one-time noncash settlement charge of $4.9 million, which was recorded in other operating expense. As of September 30, 2023, the Company has no further defined benefit retirement plan liability or ongoing pension expense recognition.

The following table presents the components of net periodic benefit cost for the defined benefit retirement plan for the periods presented:
Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)2023202220232022
Interest cost$— $— $— $212 
Expected return on plan assets— — — (207)
Amortization of net actuarial loss— — — 224 
Settlement— — — 4,884 
Net periodic benefit cost$— $— $— $5,113 

12. OPERATING LEASES

We lease certain land and buildings for our bank branches and ATMs. In some instances, a lease may contain renewal options to extend the term of the lease. Renewal options that are likely to be exercised have been recognized as part of our right-of-use assets and lease liabilities in accordance with ASC 842, "Leases". Certain leases also contain variable payments that are primarily determined based on common area maintenance costs and Hawaii state tax rates. All leases are operating leases and we do not include any short term leases in the calculation of the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. The most significant assumption related to the Company’s application of ASC 842 was the discount rate assumption. As most of the Company’s lease agreements do not provide for an implicit interest rate, the Company uses the collateralized interest rate that the Company would have to pay to borrow over a similar term to estimate the Company’s lease liabilities.

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The following table presents total lease cost, cash flow information, weighted-average remaining lease term and weighted-average discount rate for the periods presented:

Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)2023202220232022
Lease cost:
Operating lease cost$1,285 $1,368 $3,937 $4,144 
Variable lease cost918 769 2,740 2,433 
Less: Sublease income— (12)(34)(36)
Total lease cost$2,203 $2,125 $6,643 $6,541 
Other information:
Operating cash flows from operating leases$(1,258)$(1,464)$(3,950)$(4,485)
Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases 10.85 years11.32 years10.85 years11.32 years
Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases3.96 %3.94 %3.96 %3.94 %

The following table presents a schedule of annual undiscounted cash flows for our operating leases and a reconciliation of those cash flows to the operating lease liabilities as of September 30, 2023, for the remainder of fiscal year 2023, the next five succeeding fiscal years and all years thereafter:
(dollars in thousands)Undiscounted Cash FlowsLease Liability Discount on Cash FlowsLease Liability
Year Ending December 31,
2023 (remainder)$1,176 $324 $852 
20244,467 1,210 3,257 
20254,181 1,085 3,096 
20264,118 965 3,153 
20274,108 840 3,268 
20283,509 723 2,786 
Thereafter19,682 2,908 16,774 
Total $41,241 $8,055 $33,186 

In addition, the Company, as lessor, leases certain properties that it owns. All of these leases are operating leases. The following table presents lease income related to these leases that was recognized for the periods presented:

Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)2023202220232022
Total rental income recognized$497 $398 $1,622 $1,727 

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The following table presents estimated lease payments, based on the Company's leases as lessor as of September 30, 2023, for the remainder of fiscal year 2023, the next five succeeding fiscal years, and all years thereafter:

(dollars in thousands)
Year Ending December 31,
2023 (remainder)$358 
20241,234 
20251,114 
2026968 
2027913 
2028561 
Thereafter1,839 
Total $6,987 

13. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

The following tables present the components of other comprehensive income (loss) for the periods presented:

(dollars in thousands)Before TaxTax EffectNet of Tax
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023   
Net change in fair value of investment securities:   
Net unrealized losses on AFS investment securities arising during the period$(24,729)$(6,569)$(18,160)
Less: Reclassification adjustments from AOCI realized in net income135 36 99 
Less: Amortization of unrealized losses on investment securities transferred to HTM2,026 538 1,488 
Net change in fair value of investment securities(22,568)(5,995)(16,573)
Net change in fair value of derivatives:
Net unrealized gains arising during the period3,151 838 2,313 
Net change in fair value of derivatives3,151 838 2,313 
SERPs:   
Amortization of net actuarial gain(19)(7)(12)
Amortization of net transition obligation2 2 — 
SERPs(17)(5)(12)
Other comprehensive loss$(19,434)$(5,162)$(14,272)

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(dollars in thousands)Before TaxTax EffectNet of Tax
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022   
Net change in fair value of investment securities:   
Net unrealized losses on AFS investment securities arising during the period$(37,854)$(10,122)$(27,732)
Less: Amortization of unrealized losses on investment securities transferred to HTM2,319 620 1,699 
Net change in fair value of investment securities(35,535)(9,502)(26,033)
Net change in fair value of derivatives:
Net unrealized gains arising during the period$4,360 $1,166 $3,194 
Net change in fair value of derivatives4,360 1,166 3,194 
SERPs:   
Amortization of net actuarial loss20 5 15 
Amortization of net transition obligation5 2 3 
SERPs25 7 18 
Other comprehensive loss$(31,150)$(8,329)$(22,821)


(dollars in thousands)Before TaxTax EffectNet of Tax
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023   
Net change in fair value of investment securities:   
Net unrealized losses on AFS investment securities arising during the period$(17,675)$(4,696)$(12,979)
Less: Reclassification adjustments from AOCI realized in net income135 36 99 
Less: Amortization of unrealized losses on investment securities transferred to HTM5,670 1,506 4,164 
Net change in fair value of investment securities(11,870)(3,154)(8,716)
Net change in fair value of derivatives:
Net unrealized gains arising during the period4,329 1,139 3,190 
Net change in fair value of derivatives4,329 1,139 3,190 
SERPs:  
Amortization of net actuarial gain(58)(17)(41)
Amortization of net transition obligation6 2 4 
SERPs(52)(15)(37)
Other comprehensive loss$(7,593)$(2,030)$(5,563)

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(dollars in thousands)Before TaxTax EffectNet of Tax
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022   
Net change in fair value of investment securities:   
Net unrealized losses on AFS investment securities arising during the period$(207,930)$(55,598)$(152,332)
Less: Amortization of unrealized losses on investment securities transferred to HTM4,295 1,148 3,147 
Net change in fair value of investment securities(203,635)(54,450)(149,185)
Net change in fair value of derivatives:
Net unrealized gains arising during the period$7,240 $1,936 $5,304 
Net change in fair value of derivatives7,240 1,936 5,304 
Defined benefit retirement plan and SERPs: [1]
   
Net actuarial losses arising during the period(952)(255)(697)
Amortization of net actuarial loss284 76 208 
Amortization of net transition obligation14 4 10 
Settlement4,884 1,817 3,067 
Defined benefit retirement plan and SERPs4,230 1,642 2,588 
Other comprehensive loss$(192,165)$(50,872)$(141,293)

[1] During the second quarter of 2022, the Company settled all obligations related to its defined benefit retirement plan. As a result, the AOCI balance in the defined benefit retirement plan and SERPs column subsequent to June 30, 2022 relates entirely to the SERPs.

The following tables present the changes in each component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, for the periods presented:

(dollars in thousands)Investment SecuritiesDerivativesSERPsAOCI
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023   
Balance at beginning of period$(141,252)$5,522 $455 $(135,275)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications(18,160)2,313 — (15,847)
Reclassification adjustments from AOCI1,587 — (12)1,575 
Total other comprehensive income (loss)(16,573)2,313 (12)(14,272)
Balance at end of period$(157,825)$7,835 $443 $(149,547)

(dollars in thousands)Investment SecuritiesDerivativesSERPsAOCI
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022   
Balance at beginning of period$(126,818)$2,110 $(1,724)$(126,432)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications(27,732)3,194 — (24,538)
Reclassification adjustments from AOCI1,699 — 18 1,717 
Total other comprehensive income (loss)(26,033)3,194 18 (22,821)
Balance at end of period$(152,851)$5,304 $(1,706)$(149,253)

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(dollars in thousands)Investment SecuritiesDerivativesSERPsAOCI
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023   
Balance at beginning of period$(149,109)$4,645 $480 $(143,984)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications(12,979)3,190 — (9,789)
Reclassification adjustments from AOCI4,263 — (37)4,226 
Total other comprehensive income (loss)(8,716)3,190 (37)(5,563)
Balance at end of period$(157,825)$7,835 $443 $(149,547)

(dollars in thousands)Investment SecuritiesDerivatives
Defined Benefit Retirement Plan and SERPs [1]
AOCI
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022   
Balance at beginning of period$(3,666)$— $(4,294)$(7,960)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications(152,332)5,304 (697)(147,725)
Reclassification adjustments from AOCI3,147 — 3,285 6,432 
Total other comprehensive income (loss)(149,185)5,304 2,588 (141,293)
Balance at end of period$(152,851)$5,304 $(1,706)$(149,253)
[1] During the second quarter of 2022, the Company settled all obligations related to its defined benefit retirement plan. As a result, the AOCI balance in the defined benefit retirement plan and SERPs column subsequent to June 30, 2022 relates entirely to the SERPs.

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The following tables present the amounts reclassified out of each component of AOCI for the periods presented:

Amount Reclassified from AOCIAffected Line Item in the Statement Where Net Income is Presented
(dollars in thousands)Three Months Ended September 30,
Details about AOCI Components20232022
Sale of AFS investment securities:
Realized loss on sale of AFS investment securities$(135)$— Net loss on sale of investment securities
Tax effect36 — Income tax benefit
Net of tax(99)— 
Amortization of unrealized losses on investment securities transferred to HTM:
Amortization(2,026)(2,319)Interest and dividends on investment securities
Tax effect538 620 Income tax benefit
Net of tax(1,488)(1,699)
SERPs:   
Amortization of net actuarial gain (loss)19 (20)Other operating expense - other
Amortization of net transition obligation(2)(5)Other operating expense - other
Total before tax17 (25)
Tax effect(5)7 Income tax (expense) benefit
Net of tax12 (18)
Total reclassification adjustments from AOCI for the period, net of tax$(1,575)$(1,717)

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Amount Reclassified from AOCIAffected Line Item in the Statement Where Net Income is Presented
(dollars in thousands)Nine Months Ended September 30,
Details about AOCI Components20232022
Sale of AFS investment securities:
Realized loss on sale of AFS investment securities$(135)$— Net loss on sale of investment securities
Tax effect36 — Income tax benefit
Net of tax$(99)$— 
Amortization of unrealized losses on investment securities transferred to HTM:
Amortization(5,670)(4,295)Interest and dividends on investment securities
Tax effect1,506 1,148 Income tax benefit
Net of tax(4,164)(3,147)
Defined benefit retirement plan
and SERPs: [1]
   
Amortization of net actuarial gain (loss)58 (284)Other operating expense - other
Amortization of net transition obligation(6)(14)Other operating expense - other
Settlement— (4,884)Other operating expense - other
Total before tax52 (5,182)
Tax effect(15)1,897 Income tax (expense) benefit
Net of tax37 (3,285)
Total reclassification adjustments from AOCI for the period, net of tax$(4,226)$(6,432)

[1] During the second quarter of 2022, the Company settled all obligations related to its defined benefit retirement plan. As a result, the AOCI balance in the defined benefit retirement plan and SERPs column subsequent to June 30, 2022 relates entirely to the SERPs.
14. EARNINGS PER SHARE

The following table presents the information used to compute basic and diluted earnings per share for the periods presented:

Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)2023202220232022
Net income$13,141 $16,715 $43,803 $53,747 
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic27,042,762 27,356,614 27,022,141 27,487,237 
Dilutive effect of employee stock options and awards36,722 144,598 59,400 178,960 
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted27,079,484 27,501,212 27,081,541 27,666,197 
Basic earnings per share$0.49 $0.61 $1.62 $1.96 
Diluted earnings per share$0.49 $0.61 $1.62 $1.94 
Anti-dilutive employee stock options and awards23,830 8,495 24,281 4,092 

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15. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

Disclosures about Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value estimates, methods and assumptions are set forth below for our financial instruments.

Short-Term Financial Instruments

The carrying values of short-term financial instruments are deemed to approximate fair values. Such instruments are considered readily convertible to cash and include cash and due from financial institutions, interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions, accrued interest receivable, the majority of FHLB advances and other short-term borrowings, and accrued interest payable.

Investment Securities

The fair value of investment securities is based on market price quotations received from third-party pricing services. The third-party pricing services utilize pricing models supported with timely market data information. Where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on quoted market prices of comparable securities.

Loans

Fair values of loans are estimated based on discounted cash flows of portfolios of loans with similar financial characteristics including the type of loan, interest terms and repayment history. Fair values are calculated by discounting scheduled cash flows through estimated maturities using estimated market discount rates. Estimated market discount rates are reflective of credit and interest rate risks inherent in the Company's various loan types and are derived from available market information, as well as specific borrower information. As of September 30, 2023, the weighted average discount rate used in the valuation of loans was 8.01%. In accordance with ASU 2016-01, the fair value of loans are measured based on the notion of exit price.

Loans Held for Sale

The fair value of loans classified as held for sale are generally based upon quoted prices for similar assets in active markets, acceptance of firm offer letters with agreed upon purchase prices, discounted cash flow models that take into account market observable assumptions, or independent appraisals of the underlying collateral securing the loans. We report the fair values of Hawaii and U.S. Mainland construction and commercial real estate loans, if any, net of estimated selling costs on our consolidated balance sheets.

Deposit Liabilities

The fair values of deposits with no stated maturity, such as noninterest-bearing demand deposits and interest-bearing demand and savings accounts, for the purposes of this disclosure, are shown to equal the carrying amount which is the amount payable on demand. The fair value of time deposits is estimated by discounting future cash flows using rates currently offered for FHLB advances of similar remaining maturities. As of September 30, 2023, the weighted average discount rate used in the valuation of time deposits was 5.64%.

Long-Term Debt

The fair value of our long-term debt is estimated by discounting scheduled cash flows over the contractual borrowing period at the estimated market rate for similar borrowing arrangements. As of September 30, 2023, the weighted average discount rate used in the valuation of long-term debt was 7.68%.

Derivatives

The fair values of derivative financial instruments are based upon current market values, if available. If there are no relevant comparable values, fair values are based on pricing models using current assumptions for interest rate swaps and options.

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Off-Balance Sheet Financial Instruments

The fair values of off-balance sheet financial instruments are estimated based on the fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining terms of the agreements and the present creditworthiness of the counterparties, current settlement values or quoted market prices of comparable instruments.

Limitations

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time based on relevant market and financial instrument information. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time our entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of our financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments and other factors. These estimates cannot be determined with precision as they are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

Fair value estimates are based on existing on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments. For example, significant assets and liabilities that are not considered financial assets or liabilities include deferred tax assets, premises and equipment and intangible assets.

   Fair Value Measurement Using
(dollars in thousands)Carrying
Amount		Estimated
Fair Value		Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
September 30, 2023     
Financial assets:     
Cash and due from financial institutions$108,818 $108,818 $108,818 $— $— 
Interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions329,913 329,913 329,913 — — 
Investment securities1,265,306 1,157,140 — 1,150,106 7,034 
Loans, net of ACL5,444,193 4,977,934 — — 4,977,934 
Accrued interest receivable21,529 21,529 21,529 — — 
Financial liabilities:     
Deposits:     
Noninterest-bearing demand1,969,523 1,969,523 1,969,523 — — 
Interest-bearing demand and savings and money market3,555,393 3,555,393 3,555,393 — — 
Time1,349,829 1,336,148 — — 1,336,148 
Long-term debt156,041 138,733 — — 138,733 
Accrued interest payable (included in other liabilities)16,752 16,752 16,752 — — 

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   Fair Value Measurement Using
(dollars in thousands)Notional
Amount		Carrying
Amount		Estimated
Fair Value		Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
September 30, 2023     
Off-balance sheet financial instruments: 
Commitments to extend credit$1,331,239 $— $1,299 $— $1,299 $— 
Standby letters of credit and financial guarantees written3,262 — 49 — 49 — 
Derivatives:
Risk participation agreements36,227 — — — — — 
Back-to-back swap agreements:
Assets35,262 5,043 5,043 — — 5,043 
Liabilities(35,262)(5,043)(5,043)— — (5,043)
Interest rate swap agreements115,545 10,135 10,135 — — 10,135 
   Fair Value Measurement Using
(dollars in thousands)Carrying
Amount		Estimated
Fair Value		Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
December 31, 2022     
Financial assets:     
Cash and due from financial institutions$97,150 $97,150 $97,150 $— $— 
Interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions14,894 14,894 14,894 — — 
Investment securities1,336,677 1,268,574 — 1,261,306 7,268 
Loans held for sale1,105 1,105 — 1,105 — 
Loans, net of ACL5,491,728 5,043,436 — — 5,043,436 
Accrued interest receivable 20,345 20,345 20,345 — — 
Financial liabilities:     
Deposits:     
Noninterest-bearing demand2,092,823 2,092,823 2,092,823 — — 
Interest-bearing demand and savings and money market3,652,195 3,652,195 3,652,195 — — 
Time991,205 975,086 — — 975,086 
Short-term borrowings5,000 5,000 — 5,000 — 
Long-term debt105,859 93,729 — — 93,729 
Accrued interest payable (included in other liabilities)4,739 4,739 4,739 — — 

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   Fair Value Measurement Using
(dollars in thousands)Notional
Amount		Carrying
Amount		Estimated
Fair Value		Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
December 31, 2022
Off-balance sheet financial instruments:      
Commitments to extend credit$1,328,791 $— $1,270 $— $1,270 $— 
Standby letters of credit and financial guarantees written5,367 — 80 — 80 — 
Derivatives:
Forward sale commitments1,110 8 8 — 8 — 
Risk participation agreements36,835 — — — — — 
Back-to-back swap agreements:
Assets32,335 4,611 4,611 — — 4,611 
Liabilities(32,335)(4,611)(4,611)— — (4,611)
Interest rate swap agreements115,545 5,986 5,986 — — 5,986 

Fair Value Measurements

We group our financial assets and liabilities at fair value into three levels based on the markets in which the financial assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value as follows:

•Level 1 — Valuation is based upon quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities traded in active markets. A quoted price in an active market provides the most reliable evidence of fair value and shall be used to measure fair value whenever available.

•Level 2 — Valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market.

•Level 3 — Valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use significant assumptions not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect our own estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Valuation techniques include use of discounted cash flow models and similar techniques that requires the use of significant judgment or estimation.

We base our fair values on the price that we would expect to receive if an asset were sold, or the price that we would expect to pay to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. We also maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when developing fair value measurements.

We use fair value measurements to record adjustments to certain financial assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. Available-for-sale securities and derivatives are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Periodically, we may be required to record other financial assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis such as loans held for sale, impaired loans, mortgage servicing rights, and other real estate owned. These nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve application of the lower of cost or fair value accounting or write-downs of individual assets.

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The following tables present the fair value of financial assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis as of the dates presented:
  Fair Value at Reporting Date Using
(dollars in thousands)Fair ValueQuoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
September 30, 2023    
Available-for-sale securities:    
Debt securities:    
States and political subdivisions$124,977 $— $118,614 $6,363 
Corporate securities30,020 — 30,020 — 
U.S. Treasury obligations and direct obligations of U.S. Government agencies21,492 — 21,492 — 
Mortgage-backed securities:    
Residential - U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises378,872 — 378,872 — 
Residential - Non-government agencies12,079 — 11,408 671 
Commercial - U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises43,048 — 43,048 — 
Commercial - Non-government agencies14,765 — 14,765 — 
Total available-for-sale investment securities625,253 — 618,219 7,034 
Derivatives:
Interest rate swap agreements10,135 — — 10,135 
Total derivatives10,135 — — 10,135 
Total$635,388 $— $618,219 $17,169 

  Fair Value at Reporting Date Using
(dollars in thousands)Fair ValueQuoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
December 31, 2022    
Available-for-sale securities:    
Debt securities:    
States and political subdivisions$135,752 $— $129,168 $6,584 
Corporate securities30,211 — 30,211 — 
U.S. Treasury obligations and direct obligations of U.S. Government agencies25,715 — 25,715 — 
Mortgage-backed securities:    
Residential - U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises423,803 — 423,803 — 
Residential - Non-government agencies8,662 — 7,978 684 
Commercial - U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises46,144 — 46,144 — 
Commercial - Non-government agencies1,507 — 1,507 — 
Total available-for-sale investment securities671,794 — 664,526 7,268 
Derivatives:
Interest rate lock commitments8 — 8 — 
Interest rate swap agreements5,986 — — 5,986 
Total derivatives5,994 — 8 5,986 
Total$677,788 $— $664,534 $13,254 

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The following table presents changes in Level 3 financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the periods presented:
Available-For-Sale Debt Securities:
(dollars in thousands)States and Political SubdivisionsResidential - Non-Government AgenciesInterest Rate Swap AgreementsTotal
Balance at December 31, 2022$6,584 $684 $5,986 $13,254 
Principal payments received(172)(17)— (189)
Unrealized net gain (loss) included in other comprehensive income(49)4 4,149 4,104 
Balance at September 30, 2023$6,363 $671 $10,135 $17,169 
  
Balance at December 31, 2021$7,681 $938 $— $8,619 
Principal payments received(157)(17)— (174)
Unrealized net gain (loss) included in other comprehensive income(842)(186)6,966 5,938 
Additions— — (50)(50)
Balance at September 30, 2022$6,682 $735 $6,916 $14,333 

Within the states and political subdivisions available-for-sale debt securities category, the Company held two mortgage revenue bonds issued by the City & County of Honolulu, which had an aggregate fair value of $6.4 million at September 30, 2023, compared to $6.6 million at December 31, 2022.

Within the other MBS non-agency category, the Company held two mortgage backed bonds issued by Habitat for Humanity with an aggregate fair value of $0.7 million at September 30, 2023 and also remained relatively unchanged from $0.7 million at December 31, 2022.

The Company estimates the aggregate fair value of $17.2 million and $13.3 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, by using a discounted cash flow model to calculate the present value of estimated future principal and interest payments.

The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of the Company's City & County of Honolulu mortgage revenue bonds and Habitat for Humanity mortgage backed bonds is the weighted-average discount rate. As of September 30, 2023, the weighted average discount rate utilized was 6.77%, compared to 6.41% at December 31, 2022, which was derived by incorporating a credit spread over the FHLB Fixed-Rate Advance curve. Significant increases (decreases) in the weighted-average discount rate could result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement.

As discussed in Note 7 - Derivatives, during the first quarter of 2022, the Company entered into a forward starting interest rate swap, which was measured at fair value using Level 3 inputs. The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of the Company's forward starting interest rate swap is the weighted-average discount rate. As of September 30, 2023, the weighted average discount rate utilized was 4.12%, compared to 3.31% at December 31, 2022.

There were no financial assets or liabilities measured on a nonrecurring basis as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
16. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are involved in legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business. The outcome of these matters and the timing of ultimate resolution is inherently difficult to predict. Based on information currently available to us, we do not expect that the ultimate costs to resolve these matters will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or operations.

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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Forward-Looking Statements and Factors that Could Affect Future Results

Certain statements contained in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q that are not statements of historical fact constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the "Act"), notwithstanding that such statements are not specifically identified. In addition, certain statements may be contained in our future filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), in press releases and in oral and written statements made by us or with our approval that are not statements of historical fact and constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Act. Examples of forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to: (i) projections of revenues, expenses, income or loss, earnings or loss per share, capital expenditures, the payment or nonpayment of dividends, capital position, credit losses, and net interest margin or other financial items; (ii) statements of plans, objectives and expectations of Central Pacific Financial Corp. (the "Company") or its management or Board of Directors, including those relating to business plans, use of capital resources, products or services and regulatory developments and regulatory actions; (iii) statements of future economic performance including anticipated performance results from our Banking-as-a-Service ("BaaS") initiative; and (iv) any statements of the assumptions underlying or relating to any of the foregoing. Words such as "believe," "plan," "anticipate," "expect," "intend," "forecast," "hope," "target," "continue," "remain," "estimate," "will," "should," "may" and other similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements but are not the exclusive means of identifying such statements.

While we believe that our forward-looking statements and the assumptions underlying them are reasonably based, such statements and assumptions are by their nature subject to risks and uncertainties, and thus could later prove to be inaccurate or incorrect. Accordingly, actual results could differ materially from those statements or projections for a variety of reasons. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from those discussed in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

•the effects of inflation and rising interest rates;
•the adverse effects of recent bank failures and the potential impact of such developments on customer confidence, deposit behavior, liquidity and regulatory responses thereto;
•the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic virus (and ongoing pandemic variants) on local, national and international economies, including, but not limited to, the adverse impact on tourism and construction in the State of Hawaii, our borrowers, customers, third-party contractors, vendors and employees;
•supply chain disruptions;
•the increase in inventory or adverse conditions in the real estate market and deterioration in the construction industry;
•adverse changes in the financial performance and/or condition of our borrowers and, as a result, increased loan delinquency rates, deterioration in asset quality, and losses in our loan portfolio;
•our ability to successfully implement and achieve the objectives of our BaaS initiatives, including adoption of the initiatives by customers and risks faced by any of our bank collaborations including reputational and regulatory risk;
•the impact of local, national, and international economies and events (including natural disasters such as wildfires, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, tsunamis, storms, earthquakes and pandemic viruses and diseases) on the Company's business and operations and on tourism, the military, and other major industries operating within the Hawaii market and any other markets in which the Company does business;
•deterioration or malaise in domestic economic conditions, including any destabilization in the financial industry and deterioration of the real estate market, as well as the impact of declining levels of consumer and business confidence in the state of the economy in general and in financial institutions in particular;
•changes in estimates of future reserve requirements based upon the periodic review thereof under relevant regulatory and accounting requirements;
•the impact of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the "Dodd-Frank Act"), changes in capital standards, other regulatory reform and federal and state legislation, including but not limited to regulations promulgated by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (the "CFPB"), government-sponsored enterprise reform, and any related rules and regulations which affect our business operations and competitiveness;
•the costs and effects of legal and regulatory developments, including legal proceedings and lawsuits we are or may become subject to, or regulatory or other governmental inquiries and proceedings and the resolution thereof, the results of regulatory examinations or reviews and the effect of, and our ability to comply with, any regulations or regulatory orders or actions we are or may become subject to;
•ability to successfully implement our initiatives to lower our efficiency ratio;
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•the effects of and changes in trade, monetary and fiscal policies and laws, including the interest rate policies of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the "FRB" or the "Federal Reserve");
•securities market and monetary fluctuations, including the replacement of the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") Index and the impact on our loans and debt which are tied to that index and uncertainties regarding potential alternative reference rates, including the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR");
•negative trends in our market capitalization and adverse changes in the price of the Company's common stock;
•political instability;
•acts of war or terrorism;
•changes in consumer spending, borrowings and savings habits;
•cybersecurity and data privacy breaches and the consequence therefrom;
•failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures;
•the ability to address deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures;
•technological changes and developments;
•changes in the competitive environment among financial holding companies and other financial service providers;
•the effect of changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the regulatory agencies, as well as the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board ("PCAOB"), the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") and other accounting standard setters and the cost and resources required to implement such changes;
•our ability to attract and retain key personnel;
•changes in our personnel, organization, compensation and benefit plans;
•and our success at managing the risks involved in the foregoing items.

For further information with respect to factors that could cause actual results to materially differ from the expectations or projections stated in the forward-looking statements, please see the Company's publicly available Securities and Exchange Commission filings, including the Company's Form 10-K for the last fiscal year and in particular, the discussion of "Risk Factors" set forth therein and herein. We urge investors to consider all of these factors carefully in evaluating the forward-looking statements contained in this document. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which such statements are made. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which such statement is made, or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events except as required by law.

Overview

Central Pacific Financial Corp. ("CPF") is a Hawaii corporation and a bank holding company. Our principal business is to serve as a holding company for our bank subsidiary, Central Pacific Bank. We refer to Central Pacific Bank herein as "our Bank" or "the Bank," and when we say "the Company," "we," "us" or "our," we mean the holding company on a consolidated basis with the Bank and our other consolidated subsidiaries.

Central Pacific Bank is a full-service community bank with 27 branches and 58 ATMs located throughout the State of Hawaii as of September 30, 2023.

The Bank offers traditional deposit and lending products and services to consumer and business customers such as accepting demand, money market, savings and time deposits, originating loans, including commercial loans, construction loans, commercial real estate loans, residential mortgage loans, and consumer loans and fiduciary and investment management services.

Basis of Presentation

Management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements under "Part I, Item 1. Financial Statements (Unaudited)." The following discussion should also be read in conjunction with the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") on February 24, 2023, including the “Risk Factors” set forth therein.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") requires that management make certain judgments and use certain estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported and disclosures made. Actual results may differ from those estimates and such differences could be material to the financial statements.

Accounting estimates are deemed critical when a different estimate could have reasonably been used or where changes in the estimate are reasonably likely to occur from period-to-period and would materially impact our consolidated financial statements as of or for the periods presented. Management has discussed the development and selection of the critical accounting estimates noted below with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, and the Audit Committee has reviewed the accompanying disclosures.

The Company identified a significant accounting policy, which involves a higher degree of judgment and complexity in making certain estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the significant accounting policy that we believed to be the most critical in preparing our consolidated financial statements is the determination of the allowance for credit losses ("ACL") on loans. This is further described in Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies included in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023, Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies included in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022, and the section titled "Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates" in Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Operating Results included in the Company's 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Financial Summary

Net income for the three months ended September 30, 2023 was $13.1 million, or $0.49 per diluted share, compared to net income of $16.7 million, or $0.61 per diluted share for the three months ended September 30, 2022. Net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $43.8 million, or $1.62 per diluted share, compared to net income of $53.7 million, or $1.94 per diluted share for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 included an $8.5 million non-recurring gain on sale of Class B common stock of Visa, Inc., partially offset by a $4.9 million non-recurring, non-cash settlement charge related to the termination and settlement of our defined benefit pension plan.

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded a debit to the provision for credit losses of $4.9 million, compared to a debit to the provision of $0.4 million during the three months ended September 30, 2022. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded a debit to the provision for credit losses of $11.0 million, compared to a credit to the provision of $1.8 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The increase in the provision for credit losses during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same year-ago periods, is primarily due to higher charge-offs of our U.S. Mainland unsecured consumer loan portfolio, and the outlook for continued pressure on the national consumer segment.

Excluding the provision for credit losses and income tax expense, the Company's pre-provision net revenue ("PPNR") for the three months ended September 30, 2023 was $22.4 million, compared to $23.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. PPNR for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $68.7 million, compared to PPNR of $70.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

The following table presents annualized returns on average assets ("ROA") and average shareholders' equity ("ROE"), and basic and diluted earnings per share ("EPS") for the periods presented. ROA and ROE are annualized based on a 30/360 day convention.

Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2023202220232022
Return on average assets0.70 %0.91 %0.78 %0.98 %
Return on average shareholders’ equity10.95 14.49 12.33 14.62 
Basic earnings per share$0.49 $0.61 $1.62 $1.96 
Diluted earnings per share0.49 0.61 1.62 1.94 

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures

The Company uses certain non-GAAP financial measures in addition to our GAAP results to provide useful information for evaluating our cash operating performance, ability to service debt, compliance with debt covenants and measurement against competitors. This information should be considered as supplemental in nature and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the related financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. In addition, these non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to similarly entitled measures reported by other companies.

Pre-Provision Net Revenue

The Company believes that PPNR, a non-GAAP financial measure, is useful as a tool to help evaluate the ability to provide for credit costs through operations. The following table presents a reconciliation of the Company's PPNR for the periods presented:

Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)2023202220232022
Net income$13,141 $16,715 $43,803 $53,747 
Add: Income tax expense4,349 5,919 13,880 18,141 
Pre-tax income17,490 22,634 57,683 71,888 
Add: Provision (credit) for credit losses4,874 362 11,045 (1,844)
PPNR
$22,364 $22,996 $68,728 $70,044 

Efficiency Ratio

The Company believes that the efficiency ratio, a non-GAAP financial measure, provides useful supplemental information that is important to a proper understanding of the Company's business results and operating efficiency, which is calculated by dividing total other operating expense by total revenue (net interest income and total other operating income).

The following table presents a calculation of our efficiency ratio for the periods presented:

Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)2023202220232022
Total other operating expense$39,611 $41,998 $121,621 $125,552 
Net interest income$51,928 $55,365 $158,858 $159,278 
Total other operating income10,047 9,629 31,491 36,318 
Total revenue$61,975 $64,994 $190,349 $195,596 
Efficiency ratio63.91 %64.62 %63.89 %64.19 %

Our efficiency ratio improved slightly to 63.91% in the third quarter of 2023, compared to 64.62% in the year-ago quarter. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, our efficiency ratio improved slightly to 63.89%, compared to 64.19% in the year-ago period.

The lower efficiency ratio in the third quarter of 2023 was primarily due to higher other operating income, combined with lower other operating expense, partially offset by lower net interest income compared to the year-ago period.

Recent Industry Developments

Beginning in March 2023, the banking industry experienced significant volatility due to recent high-profile regional bank failures, which resulted in industry-wide concerns related to liquidity, deposit outflows, unrealized or unrecognized losses on investment securities and impacting consumer confidence in the banking industry. As a result, the Company took a number of preemptive actions during the first half of 2023, which included pro-active outreach to clients and other liquidity contingency planning actions, such as maximizing funding sources and increasing liquidity monitoring in response to these recent developments.
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Despite industry and market volatility, we believe the Company’s balance sheet, asset quality and liquidity position remained solid. The Company's total deposits of $6.87 billion increased by $69.0 million during the three months ended September 30, 2023 and increased by $138.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The Company's deposit portfolio is diversified and long-tenured and 65% of total deposits were FDIC-insured or collateralized as of September 30, 2023. The Company had $438.7 million in cash on its balance sheet and approximately $2.47 billion in total other liquidity sources, including available borrowing capacity and unpledged investment securities as of September 30, 2023. Total available sources of liquidity as a percentage of uninsured and uncollateralized deposits was 122%.

Finally, the Company’s capital remained strong with the leverage, tier 1 risk-based capital, total risk-based capital, and common equity tier 1 capital ratios of 8.7%, 11.9%, 14.1%, and 11.0%, respectively, as of September 30, 2023, all exceeding "well capitalized" regulatory standards.

Material Trends

The majority of our operations are concentrated in the State of Hawaii. As a result, our performance is significantly influenced by the strength of the real estate markets, economic environment and environmental conditions in Hawaii. Macroeconomic conditions also influence our performance. A favorable business environment is generally characterized by expanding gross state product, low unemployment and rising personal income; while an unfavorable business environment is characterized by the reverse.

On August 8, 2023, a series of wildfires broke out on the Island of Maui, in Kula, Upcountry Maui, Kihei, and most devastatingly in the town of Lahaina. The wildfires took the lives of at least 98 people and destroyed over 2,200 structures, of which approximately 86% were residential homes. The disaster area had more than 800 business establishments with about 7,000 employees. Initial unemployment claims jumped from an average of 130 cases per week before the wildfire to 865 cases in the first week after the fire, to 4,449 in the second week, and to 2,705 cases in the third week. A total of 88 transpacific flights to Maui were cancelled in August, representing 23,083 air seats. Visitors to Maui decreased by approximately 58% in August 2023 compared to August 2022. West Maui officially reopened to visitors in early October 2023 and government officials are encouraging travelers to return to Maui, while avoiding the affected area, to support its economic recovery.

The Company did not sustain any damages to its facilities or ATMs on Maui. As of September 30, 2023, the Company had approximately $107 million in loans to borrowers in Maui, of which the Company has estimated $78 million were not impacted by the Maui wildfires. This estimate is based on the information available to the Company at the time of this filing. Additional information, as it becomes available, could change this estimate.

In response to the Maui wildfires, the Company provided three to six months interest and/or principal loan payment deferrals to customers who were directly impacted by the wildfires on a case-by-case basis. The Company granted 142 loan payment deferrals on loan balances totaling $32.7 million as of September 30, 2023.

While the Maui wildfires will likely lead to sharp and persistent economic losses on the island of Maui, there may be limited adverse effects on the broader Hawaii economy. Although Maui represents a significant share of Hawaii's tourism, and total visitors to Hawaii have fallen, many believe some would-be visitors to Maui will instead travel to the other Hawaiian Islands, such as Oahu, Kauai or Hawaii Island.

Prior to the Maui wildfires, Hawaii’s economy continued its recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the latest available statistics from the Hawaii Tourism Authority ("HTA"), a total of 6.7 million visitors arrived to the Hawaiian Islands year-to-date through August 31, 2023, mainly from the U.S. Mainland. This was an 8.0% increase from the 6.2 million visitors during the same period last year, and represents a recovery of approximately 94% from the 7.1 million visitors during the same period in the pre-pandemic and record year in 2019. Japanese visitor arrivals continue to increase modestly, however, year-to-date through August 31, 2023, are only at around 32% of pre-pandemic levels. According to more recent available data from the Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism, Japanese visitor arrivals are now at approximately 48% of pre-pandemic levels based on the 7-day moving average as of October 15, 2023 compared to the same 7 days in 2019.

Total spending for visitors arriving in the eight months ended August 31, 2023 was $14.41 billion, up 10.1% from $13.10 billion in the same period last year, and up by 19.6% from $12.06 billion in the eight months ended August 31, 2019.

According to a September 2023 report by the University of Hawaii Economic Research Organization ("UHERO"), total visitor arrivals by air are expected to be approximately 9.4 million in 2023, which is lower than previously projected due to the Maui
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wildfires, but an increase of approximately 1.9% from 9.2 million last year. Visitor spending is expected to increase approximately 1.7% to $19.57 billion in 2023 which would exceed last year's record year for visitor spending of $19.25 billion.

The Department of Labor and Industrial Relations reported that Hawaii's seasonally adjusted annual unemployment rate improved to 2.8% in the month of September 2023, compared to 3.7% in the month of September 2022 and the national seasonally adjusted unemployment rate of 3.8% in the month of September 2023. UHERO projects Hawaii's seasonally adjusted annual unemployment rate to be approximately 3.7% in 2023.

Real estate is lending one of the primary focuses for the Company, including residential mortgage and commercial mortgage loans. As a result, the Company is dependent on the strength of Hawaii's real estate market. While the Hawaii housing market continues to experience some moderation in sales activity and prices, there continues to be strong demand and low inventory. According to the Honolulu Board of Realtors, sales of Oahu single-family homes and condominiums in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 were down 30.5% and 31.2%, respectively, from the same prior year period. The Oahu single-family home median price in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 fell 5.4% to $1.05 million from $1.11 million in the same prior year period. The Oahu condominium median price in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 fell 1.0% to $505,000 from $510,000 in the same prior year period.

Hawaii's economy is measured by the growth of real personal income and real gross state product. UHERO projects real personal income to grow by 2.9% and real gross state product to grow by 3.4% for 2023.

Banking-as-a-Service Initiative

In January 2022, the Company announced the launch of a new Banking-as-a-Service ("BaaS") initiative with the goal of expanding the Company both in and beyond Hawaii by investing in or collaborating with fintech companies. In the first quarter of 2022, the Company made a $2.0 million minority equity investment in Swell Financial, Inc. ("Swell"), a new fintech company. During the fourth quarter of 2022, Swell launched a consumer banking application that combined checking, credit and more into one integrated account, and Central Pacific Bank serving as the bank sponsor. As a result of a variety of adverse factors affecting Swell’s business and its strategy, the portfolio of Swell Cash and Credit accounts, which were immaterial, were closed in June 2023 and the Bank is no longer serving as the bank sponsor of Swell. As discussed in Note 5 - Investments in Unconsolidated Entities in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements in this report, the Company entered into a transaction with Swell in the third quarter of 2023 whereby Swell repurchased the Company’s entire preferred and common stock equity investment in exchange for $0.5 million in cash, certain intellectual property rights and a platform usage fee agreement related to products that may be launched by Swell or its affiliates in the future (not to exceed $1.5 million in value). The Company cannot provide any assurance that the platform usage fees will be collected.

Due to the current operating environment, the BaaS initiative is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial statements in 2023. The Company continues to evaluate potential future BaaS opportunities.

Results of Operations

Net Interest Income

Net interest income, when annualized and expressed as a percentage of average interest earning assets, is referred to as "net interest margin." Interest income, which includes loan fees and resultant yield information, is expressed on a taxable-equivalent basis using a federal statutory tax rate of 21% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. A comparison of net interest income on a taxable-equivalent basis for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 is presented below.

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(dollars in thousands)Three Months Ended September 30,
20232022Variance
Average
Balance		Average
Yield/
Rate		Interest
Income/
Expense		Average
Balance		Average
Yield/
Rate		Interest
Income/
Expense		Average
Balance		Average
Yield/
Rate		Interest
Income/
Expense
Assets     
Interest earning assets: 
Interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions$177,780 5.38 %$2,412 $19,802 2.14 %$107 $157,978 3.24 %$2,305 
Investment securities:
Taxable (1)1,354,039 2.07 7,016 1,445,781 1.92 6,934 (91,742)0.15 82 
Tax-exempt (1)149,824 2.40 897 158,052 2.57 1,018 (8,228)(0.17)(121)
Total investment securities1,503,863 2.10 7,913 1,603,833 1.98 7,952 (99,970)0.12 (39)
Loans, including loans held for sale (2)5,507,248 4.49 62,162 5,355,088 3.84 51,686 152,160 0.65 10,476 
FHLB stock10,975 4.09 113 13,050 4.23 138 (2,075)(0.14)(25)
Total interest earning assets7,199,866 4.01 72,600 6,991,773 3.41 59,883 208,093 0.60 12,717 
Noninterest-earning assets310,671   328,978   (18,307) 
Total assets$7,510,537   $7,320,751   $189,786  
Liabilities and Equity
Interest-bearing liabilities:         
Interest-bearing demand deposits$1,339,294 0.14 %$460 $1,450,434 0.06 %$217 $(111,140)0.08 %$243 
Savings and money market deposits2,209,835 1.16 6,464 2,208,037 0.19 1,054 1,798 0.97 5,410 
Time deposits up to $250,000449,844 3.38 3,827 228,707 0.42 245 221,137 2.96 3,582 
Time deposits over $250,000844,842 3.49 7,441 443,178 0.76 847 401,664 2.73 6,594 
Total interest-bearing deposits4,843,815 1.49 18,192 4,330,356 0.22 2,363 513,459 1.27 15,829 
FHLB advances and other short-term borrowings— — — 102,777 2.55 660 (102,777)(2.55)(660)
Long-term debt156,005 5.83 2,292 105,760 4.80 1,281 50,245 1.03 1,011 
Total interest-bearing liabilities4,999,820 1.63 20,484 4,538,893 0.38 4,304 460,927 1.25 16,180 
Noninterest-bearing deposits1,894,256  2,204,965  (310,709)
Other liabilities136,343   115,565   20,778  
Total liabilities7,030,419   6,859,423   170,996  
Total equity480,118   461,328   18,790  
Total liabilities and equity$7,510,537   $7,320,751   $189,786  
Net interest income  $52,116   $55,579   $(3,463)
Interest rate spread2.38 %3.03 %(0.65)%
Net interest margin 2.88 %  3.17 %  (0.29)% 
(1)  At amortized cost.
(2)  Includes nonaccrual loans.

Net interest income (expressed on a taxable-equivalent basis) was $52.1 million for the third quarter of 2023, representing a decrease of $3.5 million, or 6.2% from $55.6 million in the year-ago quarter. The decrease from the year-ago quarter was primarily due to an increase in interest expense of $16.2 million, which was attributable to increases in average balances and average rates paid on interest-bearing deposits and long-term debt. The increases in average balances and average rates paid on interest-bearing deposits reflects the continued shift in the deposit portfolio composition from demand to higher cost savings and money market and time deposits. These increases outpaced the increases in average balances and average yields earned on loans.

Interest Income

Taxable-equivalent interest income was $72.6 million for the third quarter of 2023, representing an increase of $12.7 million, or 21.2%, from $59.9 million in the year-ago quarter. The increase during the third quarter of 2023, compared to the year-ago
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quarter was primarily attributable to an increase in average yield earned on loans of 65 basis points ("bps"), resulting in an increase in interest income of approximately $9.0 million, combined with an increase in average loan balances of $152.2 million, resulting in an increase in interest income of approximately $1.5 million. In addition, increases in the average balances and average yield earned on interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions resulted in an increase in interest income of approximately $2.3 million.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was $20.5 million for the third quarter of 2023, representing an increase of $16.2 million, or 375.9%, from $4.3 million in the year-ago quarter. Due to the rising interest rate environment, average rates paid on interest-bearing deposits of 1.49% increased by 127 bps from the year-ago quarter, resulting in an increase in interest expense of approximately $14.8 million, and average interest-bearing deposit balances increased by $513.5 million from the year-ago quarter, resulting in an increase in interest expense of approximately $1.0 million. Average balances and average rates paid on long-term debt increased by $50.2 million and 103 bps, respectively, resulting in an increase in interest expense of approximately $1.0 million from the year-ago quarter.

Net Interest Margin

Our net interest margin of 2.88% for the third quarter of 2023 decreased by 29 bps from 3.17% in the year-ago quarter. The decrease in net interest margin for the third quarter of 2023 was primarily attributable to increases in average rates paid on interest-bearing deposits and long-term debt, which outpaced the increases in average yields earned on loans, interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions and investment securities.

In an effort to rein in inflation, the FRB aggressively increased interest rates since the first quarter of 2022 when the Federal Funds Rate target was 0.00%-0.25%. Over the last 16 months, the FRB has raised the Federal Funds Rate by more than five percentage points, to the current 5.25-5.50%, a 22-year high.

Federal Reserve officials indicated that they anticipate one more hike before the end of the year and interest rates staying higher for longer with two cuts, or two fewer cuts than previously indicated, next year. The Company anticipates its average loan yield will continue to increase in the rising interest rate environment. Deposit and borrowing costs will also increase. The extent will depend on the competitive market environment and the Company's ability to retain and grow lower cost deposits. Such factors will influence the future direction of the net interest margin. In addition to the impacts from changes in monetary policy, other economic conditions may impact financial results in future periods. Inflationary concerns, labor shortages, changes to the political and regulatory environment, including geopolitical conflicts, supply chain disruptions and the possibility of future bank failures, could adversely impact the economy, which could negatively impact our financial results as well as our customers’ creditworthiness. In light of these potential issues, we continue to monitor our liquidity and capital positions.

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(dollars in thousands)Nine Months Ended September 30,
20232022Variance
Average
Balance		Average
Yield/
Rate		Interest
Income/
Expense		Average
Balance		Average
Yield/
Rate		Interest
Income/
Expense		Average
Balance		Average
Yield/
Rate		Interest
Income/
Expense
Assets
Interest earning assets:
Interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions$91,202 5.23 %$3,566 $94,076 0.53 %$370 $(2,874)4.70 %$3,196 
Investment securities:
Taxable investment securities (1)1,376,294 2.08 21,497 1,473,989 1.90 20,958 (97,695)0.18 539 
Tax-exempt investment securities (1)151,611 2.48 2,818 160,144 2.56 3,073 (8,533)(0.08)(255)
Total investment securities1,527,905 2.12 24,315 1,634,133 1.96 24,031 (106,228)0.16 284 
Loans, including loans held for sale (2)5,525,476 4.37 180,886 5,231,098 3.67 143,598 294,378 0.70 37,288 
FHLB stock11,687 4.21 369 10,019 3.53 265 1,668 0.68 104 
Total interest earning assets7,156,270 3.90 209,136 6,969,326 3.22 168,264 186,944 0.68 40,872 
Noninterest-earning assets316,620 354,270 (37,650)
Total assets$7,472,890 $7,323,596 $149,294 
Liabilities and Equity
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing demand deposits$1,373,831 0.12 %$1,234 $1,437,034 0.04 %$473 $(63,203)0.08 %$761 
Savings and money market deposits2,188,585 0.89 14,520 2,208,449 0.10 1,700 (19,864)0.79 12,820 
Time deposits up to $250,000394,464 2.92 8,604 223,343 0.33 548 171,121 2.59 8,056 
Time deposits over $250,000775,615 3.08 17,860 461,180 0.44 1,503 314,435 2.64 16,357 
Total interest-bearing deposits4,732,495 1.19 42,218 4,330,006 0.13 4,224 402,489 1.06 37,994 
FHLB advances and other short-term borrowings31,182 4.88 1,139 34,756 2.55 662 (3,574)2.33 477 
Long-term debt146,513 5.78 6,329 105,699 4.37 3,455 40,814 1.41 2,874 
Total interest-bearing liabilities4,910,190 1.35 49,686 4,470,461 0.25 8,341 439,729 1.10 41,345 
Noninterest-bearing deposits1,957,267 2,250,496 (293,229)
Other liabilities131,577 112,478 19,099 
Total liabilities6,999,034 6,833,435 165,599 
Shareholders’ equity473,856 490,140 (16,284)
Non-controlling interest— 21 (21)
Total equity473,856 490,161 (16,305)
Total liabilities and equity$7,472,890 $7,323,596 $149,294 
Net interest income$159,450 $159,923 $(473)
Interest rate spread2.55 %2.97 %(0.42)%
Net interest margin2.98 %3.06 %(0.08)%
(1)  At amortized cost.
(2)  Includes nonaccrual loans.

Net interest income (expressed on a taxable-equivalent basis) was $159.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, representing a decrease of 0.3% from $159.9 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The decrease from the year-ago period was primarily due to higher average balances and average rates paid on interest-bearing deposits and long-term debt, combined with a decrease in average investment securities balances. These negative variances were partially offset by increases in average loan balances, combined with increases in average yields earned on loans, interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions and investment securities.

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Interest Income

Taxable-equivalent interest income was $209.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, representing an increase of $40.9 million, or 24.3%, from $168.3 million in the year-ago period. The increase was primarily attributable to increases in average yields earned on loans of 70 bps and average loan balances of $294.4 million, resulting in increases in interest income of approximately $29.1 million and $8.1 million, respectively. In addition, the average yields earned on interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions and investment securities increased by 470 bps and 16 bps, respectively, resulting in an increase in interest income of approximately $3.2 million and $1.8 million, respectively. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in average investment securities balances of $106.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the year-ago period, resulting in a decrease in interest income of approximately $1.5 million.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was $49.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, which increased by $41.3 million, or 495.7%, from $8.3 million in the year-ago period. Due to the rising interest rate environment, average rates paid on interest-bearing deposits of 1.19% increased by 106 bps and average interest-bearing deposit balances increased by $402.5 million from the year-ago period, resulting in increases in interest expense of approximately $36.6 million and $1.4 million, respectively. Increases in average balances and average rates paid on long-term debt of $40.8 million and 141 bps, respectively, resulted in an increase in interest expense of approximately $2.9 million from the year-ago period.

Net Interest Margin

Our net interest margin of 2.98% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 decreased by 8 bps from 3.06% in the year-ago period. As previously discussed, the decrease in net interest margin for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the year-ago period was primarily attributable to the aforementioned increases in average rates paid on interest-bearing deposits and long-term debt, which outpaced the increases in average yields earned on loans, interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions and investment securities.

Rate-Volume Analysis

For each category of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, information is provided on changes attributable to: (i) changes in average balances (volume) and (ii) changes in weighted average interest rates (rate). The change in volume is calculated as change in average balance, multiplied by prior period average yield/rate. The change in rate is calculated as change in average yield/rate, multiplied by current period volume. The change in interest income not solely due to change in volume or change in rate has been allocated proportionately to change in volume and change in average yield/rate.

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Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Compared To September 30, 2022		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Compared To September 30, 2022
Increase (Decrease) Due to:Increase (Decrease) Due to:
(dollars in thousands)VolumeRateNet ChangeVolumeRateNet Change
Interest earning assets:
Interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions$852 $1,453 $2,305 $(11)$3,207 $3,196 
Investment securities:
Taxable investment securities (1)(434)516 82 (1,361)1,900 539 
Tax-exempt investment securities (1)(55)(66)(121)(164)(91)(255)
Total investment securities(489)450 (39)(1,525)1,809 284 
Loans, including loans held for sale (2)1,470 9,006 10,476 8,141 29,147 37,288 
FHLB stock(21)(4)(25)44 60 104 
Total interest earning assets1,812 10,905 12,717 6,649 34,223 40,872 
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing demand deposits(17)260 243 (20)781 761 
Savings and money market deposits1 5,409 5,410 (15)12,835 12,820 
Time deposits up to $250,000233 3,349 3,582 422 7,634 8,056 
Time deposits over $250,000771 5,823 6,594 1,036 15,321 16,357 
Total interest-bearing deposits988 14,841 15,829 1,423 36,571 37,994 
FHLB advances and other short-term borrowings(660)— (660)(68)545 477 
Long-term debt607 404 1,011 1,332 1,542 2,874 
Total interest-bearing liabilities935 15,245 16,180 2,687 38,658 41,345 
Net interest income$877 $(4,340)$(3,463)$3,962 $(4,435)$(473)
(1)  At amortized cost.
(2)  Includes nonaccrual loans.

Provision for Credit Losses

During the third quarter of 2023, we recorded a provision for credit losses of $4.9 million, which consisted of a provision for credit losses on loans of $4.5 million and a provision for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures of $0.4 million.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recorded a provision for credit losses of $11.0 million, which consisted of a provision for credit losses on loans of $10.3 million and a provision for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures of $0.7 million.

During the third quarter of 2022, we recorded a provision for credit losses of $0.4 million, which consisted of a debit to the provision for credit losses on loans of $0.7 million, offset by a credit to the provision for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures of $0.3 million.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recorded a credit to the provision for credit losses of $1.8 million, which consisted of a credit to the provision for credit losses on loans of $0.7 million and a credit to the provision for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures of $1.1 million.

The increase in the provision for credit losses on loans during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same year-ago periods, is primarily due to higher charge-offs of our U.S. Mainland unsecured consumer loan portfolio, and the outlook for continued pressure on the national consumer segment.

We did not record a provision for credit losses on investment securities during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

We recorded net charge-offs of $3.9 million during the third quarter of 2023, compared to net charge-offs of $1.6 million in the year-ago quarter.

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We recorded net charge-offs of $9.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to net charge-offs of $3.0 million in the year-ago period.

Other Operating Income

The following tables present components of other operating income for the periods presented:

 Three Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)20232022$ Change% Change
Other operating income:
Mortgage banking income$765 $831 $(66)-7.9 %
Service charges on deposit accounts2,193 2,138 55 2.6 
Other service charges and fees5,203 4,955 248 5.0 
Income from fiduciary activities1,234 1,165 69 5.9 
Net (loss) gain on sales of investment securities(135)— (135)N.M.
Income from bank-owned life insurance379 167 212 126.9 
Other: 
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated entities13 57 (44)-77.2 
Income recovered on nonaccrual loans previously charged-off48 20 28 140.0 
Other recoveries34 19 15 78.9 
Unrealized gains (losses) on loans held for sale4 (66)70 -106.1 
Commissions on sale of checks77 79 (2)-2.5 
Other232 264 (32)-12.1 
Total other operating income$10,047 $9,629 $418 4.3 
Not meaningful ("N.M.")

For the third quarter of 2023, total other operating income was $10.0 million, which increased by $0.4 million, or 4.3%, from $9.6 million in the year-ago quarter. The increase was primarily due to higher other service charges and fees of $0.2 million and higher income from bank-owned life insurance ("BOLI") of $0.2 million, compared to the year-ago quarter.

 Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)20232022$ Change% Change
Other operating income:
Mortgage banking income$1,981 $3,143 $(1,162)-37.0 %
Service charges on deposit accounts6,441 6,025 416 6.9 
Other service charges and fees15,182 14,053 1,129 8.0 
Income from fiduciary activities3,623 3,507 116 3.3 
Net (loss) gain on sales of investment securities(135)8,506 (8,641)-101.6 
Income from bank-owned life insurance2,855 (322)3,177 -986.6 
Other:
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated entities(12)173 (185)-106.9 
Income recovered on nonaccrual loans previously charged-off385 165 220 133.3 
Other recoveries156 76 80 105.3 
Unrealized gains (losses) on loans held for sale3 (67)70 -104.5 
Commissions on sale of checks237 232 5 2.2 
Other775 827 (52)-6.3 
Total other operating income$31,491 $36,318 $(4,827)-13.3 
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For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, total other operating income was $31.5 million, which decreased by $4.8 million, or 13.3%, from $36.3 million in the year-ago period. The decrease from the year-ago period was primarily due to a non-recurring $8.6 million gain on sale of Class B common stock of Visa, Inc. ("Visa") recorded in the second quarter of 2022. Due to transfer restrictions on the Visa Class B common stock and the lack of a readily determinable fair value, the investment was carried at a zero cost basis, therefore the entire net proceeds from the sale of $8.5 million were recorded as a gain on sale of investment securities. In addition, the Company recorded lower mortgage banking income of $1.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same year-ago period. These decreases were partially offset by higher income from BOLI of $3.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same year-ago period.

The lower mortgage banking income during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily attributable to lower origination activity due to the rising interest rate environment. The higher income from BOLI during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily attributable to volatile equity market returns and their impact on corporate-owned life insurance policies used to hedge deferred compensation expense.

Other Operating Expense

The following tables present components of other operating expense for the periods presented:

Three Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)20232022$ Change% Change
Other operating expense:
Salaries and employee benefits$19,015 $22,778 $(3,763)-16.5 %
Net occupancy4,725 4,743 (18)-0.4 
Equipment1,112 1,085 27 2.5 
Communication809 712 97 13.6 
Legal and professional services2,359 2,573 (214)-8.3 
Computer software4,473 4,138 335 8.1 
Advertising968 1,150 (182)-15.8 
Other:
Pension plan and SERP expense95 100 (5)-5.0 
Charitable contributions103 185 (82)-44.3 
FDIC insurance assessment1,019 518 501 96.7 
Miscellaneous loan expenses354 338 16 4.7 
ATM and debit card expenses874 778 96 12.3 
Armored car expenses569 349 220 63.0 
Entertainment and promotions450 281 169 60.1 
Stationery and supplies204 182 22 12.1 
Directors’ fees and expenses308 389 (81)-20.8 
Directors' deferred compensation plan (credit) expense113 (83)196 -236.1 
Branch consolidation costs— 404 (404)-100.0 
(Gain) loss on disposal of fixed assets(4)1 (5)-500.0 
Loss on sale of loans197 — 197 N.M.
Other1,868 1,377 491 35.7 
Total other operating expense$39,611 $41,998 $(2,387)-5.7 
Not meaningful ("N.M.")

For the third quarter of 2023, total other operating expense was $39.6 million, which decreased by $2.4 million, or 5.7%, from $42.0 million in the year-ago quarter. The decrease was primarily due to lower salaries and employee benefits of $3.8 million compared to the year-ago quarter, partially offset by higher FDIC insurance assessment of $0.5 million and computer software expense of $0.3 million. The decline in salaries and employee benefits is primarily due to lower incentive accruals and deferred compensation expense, as well as management of personnel count.
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Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)20232022$ Change% Change
Other operating expense:
Salaries and employee benefits$61,886 $66,089 $(4,203)-6.4 %
Net occupancy13,509 12,965 544 4.2 
Equipment2,990 3,242 (252)-7.8 
Communication2,378 2,262 116 5.1 
Legal and professional services7,714 8,115 (401)-4.9 
Computer software13,700 10,844 2,856 26.3 
Advertising2,843 3,450 (607)-17.6 
Other:
Pension plan and SERP expense285 5,413 (5,128)-94.7 
Foreclosed asset expense— 1 (1)-100.0 
Charitable contributions394 388 6 1.5 
FDIC insurance assessment3,126 1,725 1,401 81.2 
Miscellaneous loan expenses946 1,127 (181)-16.1 
ATM and debit card expenses2,520 2,278 242 10.6 
Armored car expenses1,278 854 424 49.6 
Entertainment and promotions1,321 1,039 282 27.1 
Stationery and supplies641 578 63 10.9 
Directors’ fees and expenses978 904 74 8.2 
Directors' deferred compensation plan (credit) expense(279)(1,083)804 -74.2 
Branch consolidation costs— 612 (612)-100.0 
(Gain) loss on disposal of fixed assets(2)3 (5)-166.7 
Loss on sale of loans197 — 197 N.M.
Other5,196 4,746 450 9.5 
Total other operating expense$121,621 $125,552 $(3,931)-3.1 
Not meaningful ("N.M.")

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, total other operating expense was $121.6 million and decreased by $3.9 million, or 3.1%, from $125.6 million in the same year-ago period. The decrease was primarily due to a non-recurring non-cash charge of $4.9 million related to the termination and settlement of the Company's defined benefit retirement plan during the second quarter of 2022, combined with lower salaries and employee benefits of $4.2 million, compared to the same year-ago period. These decreases were partially offset by higher computer software expense of $2.9 million and higher FDIC insurance assessment of $1.4 million compared to the same year-ago period.

Income Taxes

The Company recorded income tax expense of $4.3 million for the third quarter of 2023, compared to $5.9 million in the same year-ago period. The effective tax rate for the third quarter of 2023 was 24.87%, compared to 26.15% in the same year-ago period.

The Company recorded income tax expense of $13.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $18.1 million in the same year-ago period. The effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was 24.06%, compared to 25.24% in the same year-ago period. The decrease in the effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily attributable to higher tax-exempt BOLI income compared to the same year-ago periods, combined with lower pre-tax income compared to the same year-ago periods.

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The valuation allowance on our net deferred tax assets ("DTA") at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 totaled $3.4 million, which related entirely to our DTA from net apportioned net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards for California state income tax purposes, as the Company does not expect to generate sufficient income in California to utilize the DTA.

Net of the valuation allowance, the Company's DTA totaled $39.6 million at September 30, 2023, compared to a DTA of $48.5 million as of December 31, 2022, and is included in other assets on our consolidated balance sheets. The decrease in DTA was primarily due to projected utilization of net operating loss carryforwards, which arose in 2022 due to unrealized losses on investment securities.

Financial Condition

Total assets were $7.64 billion at September 30, 2023 and increased by $205.2 million, or 2.8%, from $7.43 billion at December 31, 2022.

Investment Securities

Investment securities totaled $1.27 billion at September 30, 2023, which decreased by $71.4 million, or 5.3%, from $1.34 billion at December 31, 2022. The decrease in the investment securities portfolio reflects principal runoff of $77.0 million and a market valuation reduction on the AFS portfolio of $11.9 million, partially offset by purchases of investment securities of $19.1 million. The decline in the market valuation was primarily driven by the rising interest rate environment.

To mitigate the potential future impact to capital through AOCI due to the fluctuation in market valuation, during the first half of 2022, the Company transferred 81 investment securities that were classified as AFS to HTM. The investment securities had an amortized cost basis of $762.7 million and a fair market value of $673.2 million. On the date of transfers, these securities had a total net unrealized loss of $89.5 million. There was no impact to net income as a result of the reclassifications.

In addition, during the first quarter of 2022, the Company entered into a forward starting interest rate swap on certain municipal debt securities with a notional amount of $115.5 million. The Company will pay the counterparty a fixed rate of 2.095% and will receive a floating rate based on the Federal Funds effective rate. This transaction has an effective date of March 31, 2024 and a maturity date of March 31, 2029.

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Loans

The following table presents outstanding loans by category and geographic location as of the dates presented:

(dollars in thousands)September 30,
2023		December 31,
2022		$ Change% Change
Hawaii:    
Commercial and industrial:
SBA Paycheck Protection Program ("SBA PPP")$1,410 $2,555 $(1,145)(44.8)%
Other405,023 383,665 21,358 5.6 
Real estate:
Construction174,057 150,208 23,849 15.9 
Residential mortgage1,930,740 1,940,999 (10,259)(0.5)
Home equity753,980 739,380 14,600 2.0 
Commercial mortgage1,045,625 1,029,708 15,917 1.5 
Consumer338,248 346,789 (8,541)(2.5)
Total loans4,649,083 4,593,304 55,779 1.2 
Less: ACL48,105 45,169 2,936 6.5 
Loans, net of ACL$4,600,978 $4,548,135 $52,843 1.2 
U.S. Mainland:    
Commercial and industrial:
Other$157,373 $160,282 $(2,909)(1.8)
Real estate:
Construction37,455 16,515 20,940 126.8 
Commercial mortgage319,802 333,367 (13,565)(4.1)
Consumer344,997 451,998 (107,001)(23.7)
Total loans859,627 962,162 (102,535)(10.7)
Less: ACL16,412 18,569 (2,157)(11.6)
Loans, net of ACL$843,215 $943,593 $(100,378)(10.6)
Total:    
Commercial and industrial:
SBA PPP$1,410 $2,555 $(1,145)(44.8)%
Other562,396 543,947 18,449 3.4 
Real estate:
Construction211,512 166,723 44,789 26.9 
Residential mortgage1,930,740 1,940,999 (10,259)(0.5)
Home equity753,980 739,380 14,600 2.0 
Commercial mortgage1,365,427 1,363,075 2,352 0.2 
Consumer683,245 798,787 (115,542)(14.5)
Total loans5,508,710 5,555,466 (46,756)(0.8)
Less: ACL64,517 63,738 779 1.2 
Loans, net of ACL$5,444,193 $5,491,728 $(47,535)(0.9)

Loans, net of deferred costs, totaled $5.51 billion at September 30, 2023, which decreased by $46.8 million, or 0.84%, from $5.56 billion at December 31, 2022. The decrease is primarily due to decreases in consumer of $115.5 million and residential mortgage loans of $10.3 million. These decreases were offset by increases in following loan portfolios: construction of $44.8 million, other commercial loans of $18.4 million and home equity of $14.6 million.

The Hawaii loan portfolio increased by $55.8 million, or 1.2%, from December 31, 2022. The increase reflects increases in the following loan portfolios: construction of $23.8 million, other commercial and industrial loans of $21.4 million, commercial mortgage of $15.9 million and home equity of $14.6 million. These increases were partially offset by decreases in residential mortgage of $10.3 million and consumer of $8.5 million.

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The U.S. Mainland loan portfolio decreased by $102.5 million, or 10.7% from December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily attributable to decreases in consumer loans of $107.0 million, commercial mortgage loans of $13.6 million and other commercial and industrial loans of $2.9 million, partially offset by a net increase in construction loans of $20.9 million. As a prudent measure, we continue to let the U.S. Mainland unsecured consumer loan portfolio run off. Refer to Note 3 - Loans and Credit Quality in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements in this report for information on U.S. Mainland loan portfolio purchases.

Nonperforming Assets and Accruing Loans 90+ Days Past Due

The following table presents nonperforming assets and accruing loans 90+ days past due as of the dates presented:

(dollars in thousands)September 30,
2023		December 31,
2022		$ Change% Change
Nonperforming Assets ("NPAs")  
Nonaccrual loans:  
Commercial and industrial:
Other$352 $297 $55 18.5 %
Real estate:
Residential mortgage4,949 3,808 1,141 30.0 
Home equity677 570 107 18.8 
Commercial mortgage77 — 77 — 
Consumer597 576 21 3.6 
Total nonaccrual loans6,652 5,251 1,401 26.7 
Other real estate owned ("OREO")— — — — 
Total NPAs6,652 5,251 1,401 26.7 
Accruing Loans 90+ Days Past Due
Commercial and industrial:
SBA PPP— 13 (13)(100.0)
Other— 26 (26)(100.0)
Real estate:
Residential mortgage794 559 235 42.0 
Consumer2,120 1,240 880 71.0 
Total accruing loans 90+ days past due2,914 1,838 1,076 58.5 
Total NPAs and accruing loans 90+ days past due$9,566 $7,089 $2,477 34.9 
Ratio of nonaccrual loans to total loans0.12 %0.09 %0.03 %
Ratio of NPAs to total loans and OREO0.12 %0.09 %0.03 %
Ratio of NPAs and accruing loans 90+ days past due to total loans and OREO0.17 %0.13 %0.04 %
Ratio of classified assets and OREO to tier 1 capital and ACL4.89 %6.25 %(1.36)%

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The following table presents year-to-date activities in nonperforming assets for the period presented:

(dollars in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2022$5,251 
Additions11,025 
Reductions: 
Payments(6,513)
Return to accrual status(433)
Net charge-offs, valuation and other adjustments(2,678)
Total reductions(9,624)
Net increase1,401 
Balance at September 30, 2023$6,652 

Nonperforming assets, which includes nonaccrual loans and other real estate owned, totaled $6.7 million at September 30, 2023, compared to $5.3 million at December 31, 2022. There were no nonperforming loans classified as held for sale at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The increase in nonperforming assets from December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to additions to nonaccrual loans totaling $11.0 million, partially offset by $6.5 million in repayments of nonaccrual loans, $0.4 million in loans returned to accrual status and $2.7 million in net charge-offs, valuation and other adjustments.

Since the adoption of ASU 2022-02 on January 1, 2023 and during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company has not modified any material loans for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. In response to the Maui wildfires, the Company provided three to six months interest and/or principal loan payment deferrals to customers who were directly impacted by the wildfires on a case-by-case basis. The Company granted 142 loan payment deferrals on loan balances totaling $32.7 million as of September 30, 2023. The loan payment deferrals were not considered more than minor and thus are not reportable as loan modifications to borrowers facing financial difficulty.

Prior to our adoption of ASU 2022-02, we accounted for a modification to the contractual terms of a loan that resulted in granting a concession to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties as a troubled debt restructuring ("TDR").

Loans identified as TDRs prior to our adoption of ASU 2022-02 included in nonperforming assets at September 30, 2023 consisted of six Hawaii loans with a combined principal balance of $1.0 million. There were $2.1 million of loans identified as TDRs prior to our adoption of ASU 2022-02 still accruing interest at September 30, 2023, none of which were more than 90 days delinquent. At December 31, 2022, there were $2.8 million of loans identified as TDRs prior to our adoption of ASU 2022-02 still accruing interest, none of which were more than 90 days delinquent.

Criticized loans at September 30, 2023 declined by $16.9 million from December 31, 2022 to $60.2 million, or 1.1% of the total loan portfolio. Special mention loans declined by $8.6 million to $24.4 million, or 0.4% of the total loan portfolio. Classified loans declined by $8.4 million to $35.8 million, or 0.6% of the total loan portfolio.

The Company's ratio of classified assets and other real estate owned to tier 1 capital and the ACL was 4.89% at September 30, 2023, which decreased from 6.25% at December 31, 2022.

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Allowance for Credit Losses

The following table presents certain information with respect to the ACL as of the dates and for the periods presented:

Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)2023202220232022
Allowance for Credit Losses:
Balance at beginning of period$63,849 $65,211 $63,738 $68,097 
Provision (credit) for credit losses on loans4,526 731 10,276 (744)
Charge-offs:
Commercial and industrial:
Other402 550 1,543 1,291 
Consumer4,710 1,912 11,269 4,518 
Total charge-offs5,112 2,462 12,812 5,809 
Recoveries:
Commercial and industrial:
Other261 220 636 785 
Real estate:
Construction1 14 1 76 
Residential mortgage10 14 70 162 
Home equity— 36 15 36 
Consumer982 618 2,593 1,779 
Total recoveries1,254 902 3,315 2,838 
Net charge-offs3,858 1,560 9,497 2,971 
Balance at end of period$64,517 $64,382 $64,517 $64,382 
Average loans, net of deferred fees and costs$5,507,248 $5,355,088 $5,525,476 $5,231,098 
Ratio of annualized net charge-offs to average loans0.28 %0.12 %0.23 %0.08 %
Ratio of ACL to total loans1.17 %1.19 %1.17 %1.19 %

Our ACL totaled $64.5 million at September 30, 2023, compared to $63.7 million at December 31, 2022 and $64.4 million at September 30, 2022.

During the third quarter of 2023, we recorded a provision for credit losses on loans of $4.5 million and net charge-offs of $3.9 million. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recorded a provision for credit losses on loans of $10.3 million and net charge-offs of $9.5 million.

The increase in the provision for credit losses on loans during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same year-ago periods, is primarily due to higher charge-offs of our U.S. Mainland unsecured consumer loan portfolio, and the outlook for continued pressure on the national consumer segment.

Our ratio of ACL to total loans was 1.17% at September 30, 2023, compared to 1.15% at December 31, 2022 and 1.19% at September 30, 2022.

In accordance with GAAP, loans held for sale and other real estate assets are not included in our assessment of the ACL.

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Deposits

The Company's deposit portfolio is diversified and long-tenured. The Company's business model is based on long-term customer relationships. Approximately 50% of the Company's customers have been banking with us for more than 10 years.

The following table presents the composition of our deposits by category as of the dates presented:

(dollars in thousands)September 30,
2023		December 31,
2022		$ Change% Change
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits$1,969,523 $2,092,823 $(123,300)(5.9)%
Interest-bearing demand deposits1,345,843 1,453,167 (107,324)(7.4)
Savings and money market deposits2,209,550 2,199,028 10,522 0.5 
Time deposits up to $250,000465,543 330,148 135,395 41.0 
Core deposits5,990,459 6,075,166 (84,707)(1.4)
Government time deposits400,130 290,057 110,073 37.9 
Other time deposits greater than $250,000484,156 371,000 113,156 30.5 
Total time deposits greater than $250,000884,286 661,057 223,229 33.8 
Total deposits$6,874,745 $6,736,223 $138,522 2.1 

Our total deposits of $6.87 billion at September 30, 2023 increased by $138.5 million, or 2.1%, from total deposits of $6.74 billion at December 31, 2022. Net increases in time deposits up to $250,000 of $135.4 million, other time deposits greater than $250,000 of $113.2 million, government time deposits of $110.1 million, and savings and money market deposits of $10.5 million, were offset by net decreases in noninterest-bearing demand deposits of $123.3 million and interest-bearing demand deposits of $107.3 million. Due to the rising interest rate environment, we continued to see a shift in the composition of the deposit portfolio from demand deposits to savings and money market and time deposits.

Our core deposits, which we define as demand deposits, savings and money market deposits, and time deposits up to $250,000, totaled $5.99 billion at September 30, 2023 and decreased by $84.7 million, from $6.08 billion at December 31, 2022. Core deposits as a percentage of total deposits was 87.1% at September 30, 2023, compared to 90.2% at December 31, 2022. Our average cost of total deposits was 84 bps during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to 9 bps during the year-ago period.

The Company had estimated uninsured deposits of $2.98 billion, or 43% of total deposits as of September 30, 2023, compared to an estimated $2.78 billion, or 41% of total deposits as of December 31, 2022. The Company had fully collateralized deposits of approximately $591.1 million and $438.4 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The Company's estimated uninsured deposits, excluding fully collateralized deposits, totaled $2.38 billion, or 35% of total deposits as of September 30, 2023, compared to the estimated $2.34 billion, or 35% of total deposits as of December 31, 2022.

The following table presents the estimated amount of time deposits in excess of the FDIC insurance limit of $250,000 by remaining maturity as of September 30, 2023:

(dollars in thousands)September 30, 2023
Remaining maturity:
Three months or less$372,912 
After three through six months496,998 
After six through twelve months13,408 
After twelve months968 
Total$884,286 

Capital Resources

In order to ensure adequate levels of capital, we perform ongoing assessment of projected sources and uses of capital in conjunction with an analysis of the size and quality of our assets, the anticipated performance of our business (including the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and FRB actions impacting market interest rates and the economy) and the level of risk and
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regulatory capital requirements. As a part of this assessment, the Board of Directors reviews our capital position on an ongoing basis to ensure it is adequate, including, but not limited to, the need for raising additional capital or the ability to return capital to our shareholders, including the ability to declare cash dividends or repurchase our securities.

Common Equity

Our total shareholders' equity was $468.6 million at September 30, 2023, compared to $452.9 million at December 31, 2022. The change in total shareholders' equity was primarily attributable to net income of $43.8 million and other comprehensive loss of $5.6 million, partially offset by cash dividends declared of $21.1 million and the repurchase of $2.6 million in shares of our common stock under our stock repurchase programs in the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Our total shareholders' equity to total assets ratio was 6.14% at September 30, 2023, compared to 6.09% at December 31, 2022. Our book value per share was $17.33 and $16.76 at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Holding Company Capital Resources

CPF is required to act as a source of strength to the Bank under the Dodd-Frank Act. CPF is obligated to pay its expenses and payments on its junior subordinated debentures which fund payments on the outstanding trust preferred securities, and payments on its subordinated notes.

CPF relies on the Bank to pay dividends to fund its obligations. On a stand-alone basis, CPF had an available cash balance of $21.4 million as of September 30, 2023 in order to meet its ongoing obligations.

As a Hawaii state-chartered bank, the Bank may only pay dividends to the extent it has retained earnings as defined under Hawaii banking law ("Statutory Retained Earnings"), which differs from GAAP retained earnings. The Bank had Statutory Retained Earnings of $161.5 million as of September 30, 2023. Provisions of federal law also impact the ability of the Bank to pay dividends to CPF and the ability of CPF to pay dividends to our shareholders and repurchase our common stock.

On October 24, 2023, the Company's Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.26 per share on the Company's outstanding common stock, which remained unchanged from $0.26 per share a year-ago. Dividends are payable at the discretion of the Board of Directors and there can be no assurance that the Company will continue to pay dividends at the same rate, or at all, in the future. Our ability to pay cash dividends to our shareholders is subject to restrictions under federal and Hawaii law, including restrictions imposed by the FRB and covenants set forth in various agreements we are a party to, including covenants set forth in our subordinated debentures and subordinated notes.

On January 25, 2022, the Company's Board of Directors approved a new share repurchase authorization of up to $30 million of its common stock (the "2022 Repurchase Plan"), which replaced and superseded the previous share repurchase plan. During 2022, the Company repurchased 868,613 shares of common stock, at an aggregate cost of $20.7 million under the Company's share repurchase program.

On January 24, 2023, the Company's Board of Directors approved a new share repurchase authorization of up to $25 million of its common stock from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, pursuant to a newly authorized share repurchase plan (the "2023 Repurchase Plan"). The 2023 Repurchase Plan replaces and supersedes in its entirety the 2022 Repurchase Plan, which had $10.3 million in remaining share repurchase authority as of December 31, 2022.

Following the regional bank failures occurring in March 2023, the Company has significantly reduced its volume of share repurchases to strengthen capital and liquidity considering the elevated market risks. The Company will continue to monitor the environment and assess risk and return as part of its ongoing capital management decisions on future share repurchases.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company repurchased 130,010 shares of common stock, at an aggregate cost of $2.6 million under the Company's share repurchase program (48,760 shares at an aggregate cost of $1.0 million under the 2022 Repurchase Plan and 81,250 shares at an aggregate cost of $1.6 million under the 2023 Repurchase Plan). As of September 30, 2023, $23.4 million remained available for repurchase under the Company's 2023 Repurchase Plan.

Trust Preferred Securities

As of September 30, 2023, we have two remaining statutory trusts, CPB Capital Trust IV ("Trust IV") and CPB Statutory Trust V ("Trust V"), which issued a total of $50.0 million in floating rate trust preferred securities. The trust preferred securities, the underlying floating rate junior subordinated debentures that are the assets of Trusts IV and V, and the common securities issued
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by Trusts IV and V are redeemable in whole or in part on any interest payment date on or after December 15, 2009 for Trust IV and V, or at any time in whole but not in part within 90 days following the occurrence of certain events. Our obligations with respect to the issuance of the trust preferred securities constitute a full and unconditional guarantee by the Company of each trust's obligations with respect to its trust preferred securities. Subject to certain exceptions and limitations, we may elect from time to time to defer subordinated debenture interest payments, which would result in a deferral of dividend payments on the related trust preferred securities, for up to 20 consecutive quarterly periods without default or penalty.

The Company determined that its investments in Trust IV and Trust V did not represent a variable interest and therefore the Company was not the primary beneficiary of each of the trusts. As a result, consolidation of the trusts by the Company were not required.

Subordinated Notes

On October 20, 2020, the Company completed a $55 million private placement of ten-year fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes, which will be used to support regulatory capital ratios and for general corporate purposes. The Company exchanged the privately placed notes for registered notes with the same terms and in the same aggregate principal amount at the end of the fourth quarter of 2020. The notes bear a fixed interest rate of 4.75% for the first five years and will reset quarterly thereafter for the remaining five years to the then current three-month Secured Overnight Financing Rate, as published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, plus 456 bps. The subordinated notes had a carrying value of $54.5 million, net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $0.5 million, at September 30, 2023.

The subordinated notes may be included in Tier 2 capital, with certain limitations applicable, under current regulatory guidelines and interpretations.

Regulatory Capital Ratios

The Company and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Capital adequacy guidelines and, additionally for banks, prompt corrective action regulations, involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance-sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators. Failure to meet capital requirements can initiate regulatory action.

In March 2020, the FDIC, FRB and OCC, collectively, issued three interim final rules that impact the reporting of regulatory capital in the Call Report. The revisions include:

1.Revising the definition of eligible retained income in the capital rule;
2.Permitting banking organizations to neutralize the effects of purchasing assets through the Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility ("MMLF") on their risk-based and leverage capital ratios;
3.Providing banking organizations that implement the Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, "Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, Topic 326, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments", before the end of 2020 the option to delay for two years an estimate of the CECL methodology’s effect on regulatory capital, relative to the incurred loss methodology’s effect on capital, followed by a three-year transition period;
4.Allowing banking organizations to implement the final rule titled Standardized Approach for Calculating the Exposure Amount of Derivative Contracts (the "SA-CCR rule") for the first quarter of 2020, on a best efforts basis.

The Company elected to exercise the option to delay for two years the CECL methodology's effect on regulatory capital followed by a three-year transition period to phase out the aggregate amount of the capital benefit provided during the initial two-year delay.

General capital adequacy regulations adopted by the FRB and FDIC require an institution to maintain minimum leverage capital, tier 1 risk-based capital, total risk-based capital, and common equity tier 1 ("CET1") capital ratios. In addition to these uniform risk-based capital guidelines and leverage ratios that apply across the industry, the regulators have the discretion to set individual minimum capital requirements for specific institutions at rates significantly above the minimum guidelines and ratios. For a further discussion of the effect of forthcoming changes in required regulatory capital ratios, see the discussion in the "Business — Supervision and Regulation" sections of our 2022 Form 10-K.

The following table presents the Company's and the Bank's capital ratios, as well as the minimum capital adequacy requirements applicable to all financial institutions as of the dates presented. The Company's and the Bank's leverage capital,
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tier 1 risk-based capital, total risk-based capital, and CET1 risk-based capital ratios as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were above the levels required for a "well capitalized" regulatory designation.

 ActualMinimum Required
for Capital Adequacy
Purposes		Minimum Required
to be
Well Capitalized
(dollars in thousands)AmountRatioAmount
Ratio [1]
AmountRatio
Company      
At September 30, 2023:      
Leverage capital$667,614 8.7 %$305,481 4.0 %N/AN/A
Tier 1 risk-based capital667,614 11.9 336,417 6.0 N/AN/A
Total risk-based capital791,142 14.1 448,555 8.0 N/AN/A
CET1 risk-based capital617,614 11.0 252,312 4.5 N/AN/A
At December 31, 2022:      
Leverage capital$642,302 8.5 %$301,053 4.0 %N/AN/A
Tier 1 risk-based capital642,302 11.3 340,151 6.0 N/AN/A
Total risk-based capital764,283 13.5 453,535 8.0 N/AN/A
CET1 risk-based capital592,302 10.5 255,113 4.5 N/AN/A
Central Pacific Bank      
At September 30, 2023:      
Leverage capital$696,258 9.1 %$304,983 4.0 %$381,229 5.0 %
Tier 1 risk-based capital696,258 12.4 335,701 6.0 447,601 8.0 
Total risk-based capital764,786 13.7 447,601 8.0 559,502 10.0 
CET1 risk-based capital696,258 12.4 251,776 4.5 363,676 6.5 
At December 31, 2022:      
Leverage capital$675,331 9.0 %$300,584 4.0 %$375,730 5.0 %
Tier 1 risk-based capital675,331 11.9 339,422 6.0 452,563 8.0 
Total risk-based capital742,312 13.1 452,563 8.0 565,704 10.0 
CET1 risk-based capital675,331 11.9 254,567 4.5 367,708 6.5 

[1] Under the Basel III Capital Rules, the Company and the Bank must also maintain the required Capital Conservation Buffer ("CCB"), which is 2.5% above the minimum risk-based capital ratios, to avoid becoming subject to restrictions on capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments.

Asset/Liability Management and Interest Rate Risk

Our earnings and capital are sensitive to risk of interest rate fluctuations. Interest rate risk arises when rate-sensitive assets and rate-sensitive liabilities mature or reprice during different periods or in differing amounts. In the normal course of business, we are subjected to interest rate risk through the activities of making loans and taking deposits, as well as from our investment securities portfolio and other interest-bearing funding sources. Asset/liability management monitors our rate-sensitive assets and rate-sensitive liabilities to meet our financial objectives.

Our Asset/Liability Management Policy seeks to maximize the risk-adjusted return to shareholders while maintaining consistently acceptable levels of liquidity, interest rate risk and capitalization. Our Asset/Liability Management Committee, or ALCO, monitors interest rate risk through the use of net interest income ("NII") and economic value of equity ("EVE") simulation and various hypothetical interest rate scenarios that may include gradual, immediate or non-parallel rate changes. This process is designed to measure the impact of future changes in interest rates on NII and EVE. Potentially adverse interest rate risk exposures are managed through the shortening or lengthening of the duration of assets and liabilities.

ALCO utilizes a detailed and dynamic simulation model to measure and manage interest rate risk exposures. The simulation incorporates various assumptions which may impact results. Key modeling assumptions are made around the timing of interest
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rate changes, the prepayment of mortgage-related assets, pricing spreads of assets and liabilities and the timing and magnitude of deposit rate changes in relation to changes in the overall level of interest rates.

The following reflects our net interest income sensitivity analysis as of the dates presented. Net interest income is estimated assuming no balance sheet growth under a flat interest rate scenario. The net interest income sensitivity is measured as the change in net interest income in alternate interest rate scenarios as a percentage of the flat rate scenario. The alternate rate scenarios typically assume rates move up or down 100 bps or 200 bps in either a gradual or an instantaneous, parallel fashion.

September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
Estimated Net Interest Income SensitivityEstimated Net Interest Income Sensitivity
Rate ChangeGradualInstantaneousGradualInstantaneous
+200 bps0.63 %1.53 %1.73 %2.91 %
+100bps0.27 %0.56 %0.73 %1.06 %
-100bps(0.84)%(1.68)%(1.64)%(3.18)%
-200 bps(1.92)%(3.70)%(3.62)%(7.76)%

Liquidity and Borrowing Arrangements

Our objective in managing liquidity is to maintain a balance between sources and uses of funds in order to economically meet the cash requirements of customers for loans and deposit withdrawals and participate in lending and investment opportunities as they arise. We monitor our liquidity position in relation to changes in loan and deposit balances on a daily basis to ensure maximum utilization, maintenance of an adequate level of readily marketable assets and access to short-term funding sources.

Core deposits have historically provided us with a sizable source of relatively stable and low cost funds, but are subject to competitive pressure in our market. In addition to core deposit funding, we also have access to a variety of other short-term and long-term funding sources, which include proceeds from maturities of our loans and investment securities, as well as secondary funding sources such as the Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines (the "FHLB"), secured repurchase agreements and the Federal Reserve discount window and Bank Term Funding Program ("BTFP"), available to meet our liquidity needs. While we historically have had access to these other funding sources, access to these sources may not be guaranteed and can be restricted in the future as a result of market conditions or the Company's and Bank's financial position.

As of September 30, 2023, the Company had $438.7 million in cash on its balance sheet and approximately $2.47 billion in total other liquidity sources, including available borrowing capacity and unpledged investment securities. Total available sources of liquidity as a percentage of uninsured and uncollateralized deposits was 122%. Refer to Note 8 - Short-Term Borrowings and Long-Term Debt in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements in this report for information on the Company's borrowing arrangements.

Our ability to maintain adequate levels of liquidity is dependent on our ability to continue to maintain our strong risk profile and capital base. Our liquidity may also be negatively impacted by unexpected deposit withdrawals from weakness in the financial markets and industry-wide reductions in liquidity.

Information regarding our material contractual obligations is provided in "Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. There have been no material changes in our cash requirements from known contractual and other obligations since December 31, 2022. We believe we will be able to meet our contractual obligations as they come due through the maintenance of adequate liquidity levels. We expect to maintain adequate liquidity levels through profitability, loan payoffs, securities repayments and maturities and continued deposit gathering activities. We also have various borrowing mechanisms in place for both short-term and long-term liquidity needs.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Market risk is the risk of loss in a financial instrument arising from adverse changes in market rates/prices such as interest rates, foreign currency rates, commodity prices and equity prices. Our primary market risk exposure is interest rate risk that occurs when rate-sensitive assets and rate-sensitive liabilities mature or reprice during different periods or in differing amounts. Asset/liability management attempts to coordinate our rate-sensitive assets and rate-sensitive liabilities to meet our financial objectives. The Asset/Liability Committee ("ALCO") monitors interest rate risk through the use of net interest income and economic value of equity simulation, and various interest rate scenarios. Potentially adverse interest rate risk exposures are managed through the shortening or lengthening of the duration of assets and liabilities.

The primary analytical tool we use to measure and manage our interest rate risk is a simulation model that projects changes in net interest income ("NII") as market interest rates change. Our ALCO policy requires that simulated changes in NII should be within certain specified ranges, or steps must be taken to reduce interest rate risk. The results of the model indicate that the mix of rate-sensitive assets and liabilities at September 30, 2023 would not result in a fluctuation of NII that would exceed the established policy limits.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of the end of the period covered by this report and pursuant to Rule 13a-15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the "Exchange Act"), the Company's management, including the principal executive officer and principal financial officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness and design of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act). Based upon that evaluation, the Company's principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) that occurred during the period covered by this report, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II.   OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

We are involved in legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business. The outcome of these matters and the timing of ultimate resolution is inherently difficult to predict. Based on information currently available to us, we do not expect that the ultimate costs to resolve these matters will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or operations.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes from the Risk Factors as previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, as filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023, except as described below:

Recent negative developments affecting the banking industry, such as bank failures or concerns involving liquidity, may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s operations.

Recent high-profile bank failures in the first half of 2023, and the resulting media coverage, has caused general uncertainty and concern regarding the liquidity adequacy of the banking industry and in particular, regional and community banks like the Company. Uncertainty and concern may be compounded by the reach and depth of media attention, including social media, and its ability to disseminate concerns or rumors about these kinds of events or other similar risks, and may have in the past and may in the future lead to market-wide liquidity problems and concerns from the Company's own customer base. These bank failures underscore the importance of maintaining diversified sources of funding as key measures to ensure the safety and soundness of a financial institution. As a result, market conditions and other external factors may impact the competitive landscape for deposits in the banking industry and could materially adversely impact the Company's liquidity and results of operations. While the Department of the Treasury, the Federal Reserve, and the FDIC have made statements ensuring that depositors of these recently failed banks would have access to their deposits, including uninsured deposit accounts, there is no guarantee that such actions will be successful in restoring customer confidence in the banking industry.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

On January 24, 2023, the Company's Board of Directors approved a new share repurchase authorization of up to $25 million of its common stock from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, pursuant to a newly authorized share repurchase plan (the "2023 Repurchase Plan").

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company repurchased 4,500 shares of common stock, at an aggregate cost of $0.1 million under the Company's share repurchase program.

As of September 30, 2023, $23.4 million in share repurchase authorization remained available for repurchase under the Company's 2023 Repurchase Plan. We cannot provide any assurance as to whether or not we will continue to repurchase common stock under our share repurchase program.

 Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Period
Total
Number
of Shares
Purchased [1]
Average
Price Paid
per Share		Total Shares
Purchased as
Part of Publicly
Announced
Programs		Maximum Dollar
Value of
Shares That
May Yet Be
Purchased Under
the Program
July 1-31, 20234,500 $16.07 4,500 $23,382,807 
August 1-31, 2023970 17.02 — 23,382,807 
September 1-30, 2023— — — 23,382,807 
Total5,470 $16.24 4,500 23,382,807 

[1] During the three months ended September 30, 2023, 970 shares were acquired from employees in connection with income
tax withholding obligations related to the vesting of restricted stock and/or performance stock units. These purchases were not included within the Company's publicly announced share repurchase program.

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Item 5. Other Information

Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangements

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, none of the Company’s directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f)) adopted or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (in each case, as defined in item 408 of Regulation S-K) for the purchase or sale of the Company's securities.

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Item 6. Exhibits
 
Exhibit No. Document
  
3.1
31.1
31.2
32.1
32.2
101.INSXBRL Instance Document *
101.SCHXBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document *
101.CALXBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document *
101.LABXBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document *
101.PREXBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document *
101.DEFXBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document *
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and included within the Exhibit 101 attachments)
*Filed herewith.
**Furnished herewith.


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SIGNATURES
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
 CENTRAL PACIFIC FINANCIAL CORP.
 (Registrant)
  
  
Date:October 25, 2023/s/ Arnold D. Martines
 Arnold D. Martines
 President and Chief Executive Officer
 (Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ David S. Morimoto
 David S. Morimoto
 Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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