Fair Value Measurements

FASB ASC Topic 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy for the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value using the following three categories (from highest to lowest priority):


•	Level 1 – Inputs that represent quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.


•	Level 2 – Inputs that represent quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, or quoted prices for identical instruments in non-active markets. Also includes valuation techniques whose inputs are derived principally from observable market data other than quoted prices, such as interest rates or other market-corroborated means.


•	Level 3 – Inputs that are largely unobservable, as little or no market data exists for the instrument being valued.

The Corporation has categorized all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis into the above three levels.

The following tables present summaries of the Corporation’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and reported on the consolidated balance sheets:



	March 31, 2016
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(in thousands)
Mortgage loans held for sale	$	—	$	19,719	$	—	$	19,719
Available for sale investment securities:
Equity securities	19,067		—		—		19,067
U.S. Government sponsored agency securities	—		25,173		—		25,173
State and municipal securities	—		314,010		—		314,010
Corporate debt securities	—		86,780		3,106		89,886
Collateralized mortgage obligations	—		782,075		—		782,075
Mortgage-backed securities	—		1,188,668		—		1,188,668
Auction rate securities	—		—		97,326		97,326
Total available for sale investment securities	19,067		2,396,706		100,432		2,516,205
Other assets	16,674		64,862		—		81,536
Total assets	$	35,741	$	2,481,287	$	100,432	$	2,617,460
Other liabilities	$	16,373	$	63,280	$	—	$	79,653



	December 31, 2015
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(in thousands)
Mortgage loans held for sale	$	—	$	16,886	$	—	$	16,886
Available for sale investment securities:
Equity securities	21,514		—		—		21,514
U.S. Government sponsored agency securities	—		25,136		—		25,136
State and municipal securities	—		262,765		—		262,765
Corporate debt securities	—		93,619		3,336		96,955
Collateralized mortgage obligations	—		821,509		—		821,509
Mortgage-backed securities	—		1,158,835		—		1,158,835
Auction rate securities	—		—		98,059		98,059
Total available for sale investment securities	21,514		2,361,864		101,395		2,484,773
Other assets	16,129		34,465		—		50,594
Total assets	$	37,643	$	2,413,215	$	101,395	$	2,552,253
Other liabilities	$	15,914	$	33,010	$	—	$	48,924

The valuation techniques used to measure fair value for the items in the preceding tables are as follows:

•

Mortgage loans held for sale – This category consists of mortgage loans held for sale that the Corporation has elected to measure at fair value. Fair values as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 were measured based on the price that secondary market investors were offering for loans with similar characteristics. See Note 9, "Derivative Financial Instruments" for details related to the Corporation’s election to measure assets and liabilities at fair value.

•

Available for sale investment securities – Included in this asset category are both equity and debt securities. Level 2 available for sale debt securities are valued by a third-party pricing service commonly used in the banking industry. The pricing service uses pricing models that vary based on asset class and incorporate available market information, including quoted prices of investment securities with similar characteristics. Because many fixed income securities do not trade on a daily basis, pricing models use available information, as applicable, through processes such as benchmark yield curves, benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings, and matrix pricing.

Standard market inputs include: benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data, including market research publications. For certain security types, additional inputs may be used, or some of the standard market inputs may not be applicable.

Management tests the values provided by the pricing service by obtaining securities prices from an alternative third-party source and comparing the results. This test is done for approximately 80% of the securities valued by the pricing service. Generally, differences by security in excess of 5% are researched to reconcile the difference.


•	Equity securities – Equity securities consist of common stocks of financial institutions ($18.2 million at March 31, 2016 and $20.6 million at December 31, 2015) and other equity investments ($892,000 at March 31, 2016 and $914,000 at December 31, 2015). These Level 1 investments are measured at fair value based on quoted prices for identical securities in active markets.


•	U.S. Government securities/U.S. Government sponsored agency securities/State and municipal securities/Collateralized mortgage obligations/Mortgage-backed securities – These debt securities are classified as Level 2 investments. Fair values are determined by a third-party pricing service, as detailed above.

•

Corporate debt securities – This category consists of subordinated debt issued by financial institutions ($49.3 million at March 31, 2016 and $53.1 million at December 31, 2015), single-issuer trust preferred securities issued by financial institutions ($35.9 million at March 31, 2016 and $39.1 million at December 31, 2015), pooled trust preferred securities issued by financial institutions ($706,000 at both March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015) and other corporate debt issued by non-financial institutions ($4.0 million at both March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015).

Level 2 investments include the Corporation’s holdings of subordinated debt, other corporate debt issued by non-financial institutions and $33.5 million and $36.5 million of single-issuer trust preferred securities held at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. The fair values for these corporate debt securities are determined by a third-party pricing service, as detailed above.

Level 3 investments include the Corporation’s investments in pooled trust preferred securities ($706,000 at both March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015) and certain single-issuer trust preferred securities ($2.4 million at March 31, 2016 and $2.6 million at December 31, 2015). The fair values of these securities were determined based on quotes provided by third-party brokers who determined fair values based predominantly on internal valuation models which were not indicative prices or binding offers. The Corporation’s third-party pricing service cannot derive fair values for these securities primarily due to inactive markets for similar investments. Level 3 values are tested by management primarily through trend analysis, by comparing current values to those reported at the end of the preceding calendar quarter, and determining if they are reasonable based on price and spread movements for this asset class.

•

Auction rate securities – Due to their illiquidity, ARCs are classified as Level 3 investments and are valued through the use of an expected cash flows model prepared by a third-party valuation expert. The assumptions used in preparing the expected cash flows model include estimates for coupon rates, time to maturity and market rates of return. The most significant unobservable input to the expected cash flows model is an assumed return to market liquidity sometime in the next five years. If the assumed return to market liquidity was lengthened beyond the next five years, this would result in a decrease in the fair value of these ARCs. The Corporation believes that the trusts underlying the ARCs will self-liquidate as student loans are repaid. Level 3 fair values are tested by management through the performance of a trend analysis of the market price and discount rate. Changes in the price and discount rates are compared to changes in market data, including bond ratings, parity ratios, balances and delinquency levels.

Other assets – Included in this category are the following:

•

Level 1 assets include mutual funds that are held in trust for employee deferred compensation plans ($15.7 million at March 31, 2016 and $15.6 million at December 31, 2015) and the fair value of foreign currency exchange contracts ($1.0 million at March 31, 2016 and $547,000 at December 31, 2015). The mutual funds and foreign exchange prices used to measure these items at fair value are based on quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.

•

Level 2 assets include the fair value of mortgage banking derivatives in the form of interest rate locks and forward commitments with secondary market investors ($2.5 million at March 31, 2016 and $1.5 million at December 31, 2015) and the fair value of interest rate swaps ($62.4 million at March 31, 2016 and $33.0 million at December 31, 2015). The fair values of the Corporation’s interest rate locks, forward commitments and interest rate swaps represent the amounts that would be required to settle the derivative financial instruments at the balance sheet date. See Note 9, "Derivative Financial Instruments," for additional information.

Other liabilities – Included in this category are the following:

•

Level 1 liabilities include employee deferred compensation liabilities which represent amounts due to employees under deferred compensation plans ($15.7 million at March 31, 2016 and $15.6 million at December 31, 2015) and the fair value of foreign currency exchange contracts ($722,000 at March 31, 2016 and $331,000 at December 31, 2015). The fair value of these liabilities are determined in the same manner as the related assets, as described under the heading "Other assets" above.

•

Level 2 liabilities include the fair value of mortgage banking derivatives in the form of interest rate locks and forward commitments with secondary market investors ($925,000 at March 31, 2016 and $40,000 at December 31, 2015) and the fair value of interest rate swaps ($62.4 million at March 31, 2016 and $33.0 million at December 31, 2015). The fair values of these liabilities are determined in the same manner as the related assets, as described under the heading "Other assets" above.

The following table presents the changes in the Corporation’s available for sale investment securities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using unobservable inputs (Level 3):



	Three months ended March 31, 2016
	Pooled Trust Preferred Securities			Single-issuer Trust Preferred Securities			ARCs
	(in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2015	$	706		$	2,630		$	98,059
Unrealized adjustment to fair value ⁽¹⁾	—			(233		)	(832		)
Discount accretion ⁽²⁾	—			3			99
Balance at March 31, 2016	$	706		$	2,400		$	97,326

	Three months ended March 31, 2015
Balance at December 31, 2014	$	4,088		$	3,820		$	100,941
Sales	(3,079		)	—			—
Unrealized adjustment to fair value ⁽¹⁾	190			(2		)	332
Settlements - calls	(117		)	—			(2,446		)
Discount accretion ⁽²⁾	2			2			105
Balance at March 31, 2015	$	1,084		$	3,820		$	98,932


(1)	Pooled trust preferred securities, single-issuer trust preferred securities and ARCs are classified as available for sale investment securities; as such, the unrealized adjustment to fair value was recorded as an unrealized holding gain (loss) and included as a component of available for sale investment securities on the consolidated balance sheets.


(2)	Included as a component of net interest income on the consolidated statements of income.

Certain financial assets are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis, but are subject to fair value measurement in certain circumstances, such as upon their acquisition or when there is evidence of impairment. The following table presents the Corporation’s financial assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and reported on the Corporation’s consolidated balance sheets:



	March 31, 2016
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(in thousands)
Net loans	$	—	$	—	$	131,875	$	131,875
Other financial assets	—		—		51,141		51,141
Total assets	$	—	$	—	$	183,016	$	183,016



	December 31, 2015
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(in thousands)
Net loans	$	—	$	—	$	138,491	$	138,491
Other financial assets	—		—		52,043		52,043
Total assets	$	—	$	—	$	190,534	$	190,534

The valuation techniques used to measure fair value for the items in the table above are as follows:


•	Net loans – This category consists of loans that were evaluated for impairment under FASB ASC Section 310-10-35 and have been classified as Level 3 assets. The amount shown is the balance of impaired loans, net of the related allowance for loan losses. See Note 5, "Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses," for additional details.


•	Other financial assets – This category includes OREO ($10.9 million at March 31, 2016 and $11.1 million at December 31, 2015) and MSRs ($40.2 million at March 31, 2016 and $40.9 million at December 31, 2015), both classified as Level 3 assets.

Fair values for OREO were based on estimated selling prices less estimated selling costs for similar assets in active markets.

MSRs are initially recorded at fair value upon the sale of residential mortgage loans to secondary market investors. MSRs are amortized as a reduction to servicing income over the estimated lives of the underlying loans. MSRs are stratified and evaluated for impairment by comparing each stratum's carrying amount to its estimated fair value. Fair values are determined at the end of each quarter through a discounted cash flows valuation performed by a third-party valuation expert. Significant inputs to the valuation included expected net servicing income, the discount rate and the expected life of the underlying loans. Expected life is based on the contractual terms of the loans, as adjusted for prepayment projections. The weighted average annual constant prepayment rate and the weighted average discount rate used in the March 31, 2016 valuation were 12.5% and 9.6%, respectively. Management tests the reasonableness of the significant inputs to the third-party valuation in comparison to market data.

As required by FASB ASC Section 825-10-50, the following table details the book values and estimated fair values of the Corporation’s financial instruments as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015. In addition, a general description of the methods and assumptions used to estimate such fair values is also provided.



	March 31, 2016				December 31, 2015
	Book Value		Estimated Fair Value		Book Value		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
FINANCIAL ASSETS
Cash and due from banks	$	83,479	$	83,479	$	101,120	$	101,120
Interest-bearing deposits with other banks	346,582		346,582		230,300		230,300
Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stock	61,478		61,478		62,216		62,216
Loans held for sale ⁽¹⁾	19,719		19,719		16,886		16,886
Available for sale investment securities ⁽¹⁾	2,516,205		2,516,205		2,484,773		2,484,773
Net Loans ⁽¹⁾	13,706,860		13,615,387		13,669,548		13,540,903
Accrued interest receivable	44,379		44,379		42,767		42,767
Other financial assets ⁽¹⁾	200,456		200,456		166,920		166,920
FINANCIAL LIABILITIES
Demand and savings deposits	$	11,537,266	$	11,537,266	$	11,267,367	$	11,267,367
Time deposits	2,867,014		2,961,225		2,864,950		2,862,868
Short-term borrowings	352,883		352,883		497,663		497,663
Accrued interest payable	13,567		13,567		10,724		10,724
Other financial liabilities ⁽¹⁾	220,267		220,267		190,927		190,927
Federal Home Loan Bank advances and long-term debt	965,654		990,222		949,542		959,315


(1)	These financial instruments, or certain financial instruments in these categories, are measured at fair value on the Corporation’s consolidated balance sheets. Descriptions of the fair value determinations for these financial instruments are disclosed above.

Fair values of financial instruments are significantly affected by the assumptions used, principally the timing of future cash flows and discount rates. Because assumptions are inherently subjective in nature, the estimated fair values cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent market quotes and, in many cases, the estimated fair values could not necessarily be realized in an immediate sale or settlement of the instrument. The aggregate fair value amounts presented do not necessarily represent management’s estimate of the underlying value of the Corporation.

For short-term financial instruments, defined as those with remaining maturities of 90 days or less, and excluding those recorded at fair value on the Corporation’s consolidated balance sheets, book value was considered to be a reasonable estimate of fair value.

The following instruments are predominantly short-term:



Assets		Liabilities
Cash and due from banks		Demand and savings deposits
Interest-bearing deposits with other banks		Short-term borrowings
Accrued interest receivable		Accrued interest payable

Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") stock represent restricted investments and are carried at cost on the consolidated balance sheets.

Fair values for loans and time deposits were estimated by discounting future cash flows using the current rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers and similar deposits would be issued to customers for the same remaining maturities. Fair values estimated in this manner do not fully incorporate an exit price approach to fair value, as defined in FASB ASC Topic 820.

The fair values of FHLB advances and long-term debt were estimated by discounting the remaining contractual cash flows using a rate at which the Corporation could issue debt with similar remaining maturities as of the balance sheet date. These borrowings would be categorized in Level 2 liabilities under FASB ASC Topic 820.