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Income Taxes (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Aug. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Tax Expense from Continuing Operations
Income tax expense from continuing operations is summarized as follows (in thousands):
 Year ended August 31,
 202220212020
Currently payable:
Federal$1,765 $(18,243)$(35)
Foreign7,824 12,441 10,004 
State164 539 142 
9,753 (5,263)10,111 
Deferred:
Federal1,580 9,677 (7,791)
Foreign(7,538)185 (1,632)
State606 (836)1,604 
(5,352)9,026 (7,819)
Income tax expense$4,401 $3,763 $2,292 
Reconciliation of Income Taxes at Federal Statutory Rate to Effective Tax Rate A reconciliation of income taxes at the federal statutory rate to the effective tax rate is summarized in the following table:
 Year ended August 31,
 202220212020
Federal statutory rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
State income taxes, net of Federal effect2.3 (0.2)(0.6)
Tax on foreign earnings (1)
1.3 2.8 38.7 
Foreign derived intangible income deduction(4.5)(3.2)— 
Compensation adjustment6.6 3.1 6.6 
Impairment and other divestiture charges (2)
1.1 1.6 3.3 
Valuation allowance additions and releases (3)
2.1 7.1 (8.1)
Changes in liability for unrecognized tax benefits3.4 (18.5)(5.3)
U.S. legislative changes, net impact— (9.8)(32.5)
Taxable liquidation of subsidiaries (4)
(11.4)— 52.6 
Foreign non-deductible expenses8.5 1.2 7.4 
Changes in tax rates(3.6)(3.4)(9.0)
Audits and adjustments (5)
(6.7)8.0 (27.4)
Research and development tax credit(2.5)(1.8)(11.5)
Other items0.7 0.7 (6.0)
Effective income tax rate18.3 %8.6 %29.2 %
(1) The Company generated $1.3 million, $1.7 million and $5.4 million of withholding tax expense for fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $2.3 million, $4.6 million and $4.0 million of foreign-derived tax credits for fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(2) Fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020 pretax earnings include $2.4 million, $6.2 million and $(3.2) million, respectively, in impairment & divestiture charges (benefits) related to goodwill, intangible assets, tangible assets and the cumulative effect of foreign currency rate changes of which $1.3 million, $3.5 million and $0.3 million, respectively, are not deductible for income tax purposes.
(3) Incremental valuation allowances of $0.9 million and $4.9 million and $9.4 million were recorded in fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, due to uncertainty regarding realization of tax assets, which were offset by a reduction of $5.5 million, $9.1 million and $12.3 million of valuation allowances for fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(4) During fiscal 2022 and 2020, the Company generated a net benefit of $2.7 million and a net expense of $4.1 million, respectively, as a result of taxable liquidations of subsidiaries.
(5) During fiscal 2022, the Company generated $1.6 million of tax benefit related to audits and adjustments as compared to a tax expense of $3.5 million in fiscal 2021 and a tax benefit of $2.2 million in fiscal 2020.
Temporary Differences and Carryforwards of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
Temporary differences and carryforwards that gave rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities include the following items (in thousands):
 August 31,
 20222021
Deferred income tax assets:
Operating loss and tax credit carryforwards$78,717 $77,691 
Compensation related liabilities6,002 6,110 
Postretirement benefits5,995 8,364 
Inventory2,780 3,177 
Lease liabilities9,637 11,609 
Book reserves and other items9,873 11,471 
Total deferred income tax assets113,004 118,422 
Valuation allowance(61,630)(66,155)
Net deferred income tax assets51,374 52,267 
Deferred income tax liabilities:
Depreciation and amortization(30,149)(29,444)
Lease assets(9,637)(11,609)
Other items(1,024)(781)
Deferred income tax liabilities(40,810)(41,834)
Net deferred income tax asset (1)
$10,564 $10,433 
(1) The net deferred income tax asset is reflected on the balance sheet in two categories: an asset of $17.9 million and $14.8 million for fiscal 2022 and 2021, respectively, is included in "Other long-term assets" and a liability of $7.3 million and $4.4 million for fiscal 2022 and 2021, respectively, is included in "Deferred income taxes".
Changes in Gross Liability for Unrecognized Tax benefits, Excluding Interest and Penalties
Changes in the Company’s gross liability for unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties, are as follows (in thousands):
202220212020
Beginning balance$15,658 $23,205 $24,167 
Increases based on tax positions related to the current year433 381 869 
Increase for tax positions taken in a prior period1,084 7 304 
Decrease for tax positions taken in a prior period(57)— — 
Decrease due to lapse of statute of limitations(1,271)(7,931)(2,334)
Decrease due to settlements(31)— — 
Changes in foreign currency exchange rates(436)(4)199 
Ending balance$15,380 $15,658 $23,205