Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Related Data (Policies)	12 Months Ended
Feb. 25, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Basis of Consolidation	Basis of consolidationThe consolidated financial statements include the balances of Apogee Enterprises, Inc. and its subsidiaries (Apogee, we, us, our or the Company) after elimination of intercompany balances and transactions. We consolidate variable interest entities related to our New Market Tax Credit transactions as it has been determined that the Company is the primary beneficiary of those entities' operations (refer to Note 10 for more information).
Fiscal Year	Fiscal yearOur fiscal year ends on the Saturday closest to the last day of February, or as determined by the Board of Directors. Fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021 each consisted of 52 weeks.
Accounting Estimates	Accounting estimatesThe preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.
Reclassifications	ReclassificationsCertain reclassifications of amounts previously reported have been made to the accompanying consolidated statements of cash flows and notes to consolidated financial statements to conform to current year presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on reported net income, cash flows, total assets and liabilities.
Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash, Policy	Cash equivalents Highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less are included in cash equivalents and are stated at cost, which approximates fair value. Restricted Cash Cash held that is specifically dedicated to fund each capital project related to our New Markets Tax Credit transactions.
Marketable securities	Marketable securities To the extent the amortized cost basis of the available-for-sale securities exceeds the fair value, the Company assesses the debt securities for credit loss. When assessing the risk of credit loss, the Company considers factors such as the severity and the reason of the decline in value, such as any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency or other adverse conditions specifically related to the security, and management's intended holding period and time horizon for selling. During fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company did not recognize any credit losses related to its available-for-sale securities. Further, as of February 25, 2023 and February 26, 2022, the Company did not record an allowance for credit losses related to its available-for-sale securities. Marketable securities are included in other current and non-current assets on the consolidated balance sheets and gross realized gains and losses are included in other expense (income), net in our consolidated results of operations.
Inventories	InventoriesInventories, which consist primarily of purchased glass and aluminum, are valued at lower of cost or market using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method.
Property, Plant and Equipment	Property, plant and equipment Property, plant and equipment (PP&E) is recorded at cost. Significant improvements and renewals that extend the useful life of the asset are capitalized. Repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred. When an asset is retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any related gains or losses are included in selling, general and administrative expenses. Long-lived assets to be held and used, such as PP&E, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Depreciation is computed on a straight-line basis, based on estimated useful lives of 10 to 25 years for buildings and improvements; 3 to 10 years for machinery and equipment; and 3 to 7 years for office equipment and furniture.
Impairment of long-lived assets	Impairment of long-lived assets Long-lived assets or asset groups, including finite-lived intangible assets subject to amortization and property and equipment, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances such as asset utilization, physical change, legal factors or other matters indicate that the carrying value of those assets may not be recoverable. When this review indicates the carrying value of an asset or asset group exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset or asset group, an asset impairment expense is recognized in earnings in the period such a determination is made. The amount of the impairment expense recorded is the amount by which the carrying value of the impaired asset or asset group exceeds its fair value based on discounted cash flows. During the third quarter of fiscal 2022, an impairment of $3.0 million was recognized within other (expense) income within the consolidated results of operations related to a minority equity investment held by the Company. This represents a write-down of the entire investment in the other company. During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022, based on the finalization of our plans for integrating the Sotawall business into the Architectural Services segment, which was effective beginning in fiscal 2023, we determined that the finite-lived intangible assets were impaired as of February 26, 2022. As such, a long-lived asset impairment charge of $36.7 million in finite-lived intangible assets was recognized in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2022 within the Architectural Framing Systems segment. As a result of restructuring plans announced during the second quarter of fiscal 2022, asset impairments on property plant and equipment and leases in the amount of $21.5 million were recorded for the year ended February 26, 2022.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets	Goodwill and intangible assets Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the cost over the net tangible and identified intangible assets of acquired businesses. We evaluate goodwill for impairment annually on the first day in our fiscal fourth quarter, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of the goodwill may not be recoverable. Evaluating goodwill for impairment involves the determination of the fair value of each reporting unit in which goodwill is recorded using a qualitative or quantitative analysis. A reporting unit is an operating segment or a component of an operating segment for which discrete financial information is available and reviewed by segment management on a regular basis. At the beginning of the first quarter of fiscal 2023, we began management of the Sotawall and Harmon businesses under the Architectural Services segment in order to create a single, unified offering for larger custom curtainwall projects. In connection with the transition, leadership of our Sotawall and Harmon businesses was combined to form the Architectural Services reporting unit. We evaluated goodwill on a qualitative basis prior to and subsequent to this change for these reporting units and concluded no adjustment to the carrying value of goodwill was necessary as a result of this change. Concurrent with this change in composition of the operating segments effective at the start of our first quarter of fiscal 2023, goodwill was reallocated to the affected reporting units within each operating segment, using a relative fair value approach as outlined in ASC 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other. The reporting units for our fiscal 2023 annual impairment test align with reporting segments, with the exception of our Architectural Framing Systems segment. This segment contains two reporting units, Window and Wall Systems and Storefront and Finishing Solutions, which represent $54.5 million and $35.7 million, of the goodwill balance at February 25, 2023, respectively. We estimate the fair value of a reporting unit using both the income approach and the market approach. The income approach uses a discounted cash flow methodology that involves significant judgment and projections of future performance. Assumptions about future revenues and future operating expenses, capital expenditures and changes in working capital are based on the annual operating plan and other business plans for each reporting unit. These plans take into consideration numerous factors, including historical experience, current and future operational plans, anticipated future economic conditions and growth expectations for the industries and end markets in which we participate. These projections are discounted using a weighted-average cost of capital, which considers the risk inherent in our projections of future cash flows. We determine the weighted-average cost of capital for this analysis by weighting the required returns on interest bearing debt and common equity capital in proportion to their estimated percentages in an expected capital structure, using published data where possible. We used discount rates that are commensurate with the risks and uncertainties inherent in the respective businesses and in the internally developed forecasts. The market approach uses a multiple of earnings and revenue based on guidelines for publicly traded companies. Intangible assets We have intangible assets for certain acquired trade names and trademarks which are determined to have indefinite useful lives. We test indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually at the same measurement date as goodwill, the first day of our fiscal fourth quarter, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the asset is impaired. If the carrying amount of an indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its fair value, an impairment expense is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. If an impairment expense is recognized, the adjusted carrying amount becomes the asset's new accounting basis. Fair value of indefinite-lived intangible assets is measured using the relief-from-royalty method. This method assumes the trade name or trademark has value to the extent that the owner is relieved of the obligation to pay royalties for the benefits received from the asset. This method requires estimation of future revenue from the related asset, the appropriate royalty rate, and the weighted average cost of capital. The assessment of fair value involves significant judgment and projections about future performance. Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized based on estimated useful lives ranging from 18 months to 30 years and are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. The estimated useful lives of all intangible assets are reviewed annually, and we have determined that the remaining lives were appropriate.
Leases	Leases We have commercially negotiated leases where we recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability on our consolidated balance sheet at lease commencement for leases with terms greater than twelve months. The initial lease liability is recognized at the present value of remaining lease payments over the lease term. Leases with an initial term of twelve months or less are not recorded on our consolidated balance sheet. We recognize lease expense for operating leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We combine lease and non-lease components, such as common area maintenance costs, in calculating the related asset and lease liabilities for all underlying asset groups. Refer to additional information in Note 8.
Self-Insurance	Self-Insurance We obtain commercial insurance to provide coverage for potential losses in areas such as employment practices, workers' compensation, directors and officers, automobile, architect's and engineer's errors and omissions, product rework and general liability. A substantial portion of this risk is retained on a self-insured basis through our wholly-owned insurance subsidiary. We establish a reserve for estimated ultimate losses on reported claims and those incurred but not yet reported utilizing actuarial projections. Reserves are classified within other current liabilities or non-current self-insurance reserves based on expectations of when the estimated loss will be paid. Additionally, we maintain a self-insurance reserve for health insurance programs offered to eligible employees, included within other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The reserve includes an estimate for losses on reported claims as well as for amounts incurred but not yet reported, based on historical trends.
Warranty	Warranty and project-related contingenciesWe are subject to claims associated with our products and services, principally as a result of disputes with our customers involving the performance or aesthetics of our architectural products and services. We reserve estimated exposures on known claims, as well as on a portion of anticipated claims for product warranty and rework costs, based on historical product liability claims as a ratio of sales. We also reserve for estimated exposures on other claims as they are known and reasonably estimable. Reserves are included in other current and non-current liabilities based on the estimated timing of dispute resolution.
Foreign Currency	Foreign currencyLocal currencies are considered the functional currencies for our subsidiaries outside of the United States. Assets and liabilities of these subsidiaries are translated at the exchange rates at the balance sheet date. Income and expense items are translated using average monthly exchange rates. Translation adjustments are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss in the consolidated balance sheets.
Derivatives and hedging activities	Derivatives and hedging activities We are exposed to, among other risks, the impact of changes in aluminum prices, foreign currency exchange rates, and interest rates in the normal course of business. In order to manage the exposure and volatility arising from these risks, we utilize derivative financial instruments to offset a portion of these risks. We use derivative financial instruments only to the extent necessary to hedge identified business risks, and do not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading purposes and are not a party to leveraged derivatives. All derivative instruments within the scope of ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, are recorded as either assets or liabilities at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets. All hedging instruments that qualify for hedge accounting are designated and effective as hedges with changes recognized in other comprehensive earnings (loss). Instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are marked to market with changes recognized in current earnings. Cash flows from derivative instruments are classified in the statements of cash flows in the same category as the cash flows from the items subject to designated hedge or undesignated (economic) hedge relationships. Please refer to Note 4 for further disclosure on derivatives.
Revenue Recognition	Revenue recognition Our significant accounting policy for revenue recognition follows ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. We generate revenue from the design, engineering and fabrication of architectural glass, curtainwall, window, storefront and entrance systems, and from installing those products on commercial buildings. We also manufacture value-added glass and acrylic products. Due to the diverse nature of our operations and various types of contracts with customers, we have businesses that recognize revenue over time and businesses that recognize revenue at a point in time. During fiscal 2023, approximately 45 percent of our total revenue is recognized at the time products are shipped from our manufacturing facilities, which is when control is transferred to our customer, consistent with past practices. These businesses do not generate contract-related assets or liabilities. Variable consideration associated with these contracts and orders, generally related to early pay discounts or volume rebates, is not considered significant. We also have three businesses which operate under long-term, fixed-price contracts, representing approximately 36 percent of our total revenue in the current year. The contracts for these businesses have a single, bundled performance obligation, as these businesses generally provide interrelated products and services and integrate these products and services into a combined output specified by the customer. The customer obtains control of this combined output, generally integrated window systems or installed window and curtainwall systems, over time. We measure progress on these contracts following an input method, by comparing total costs incurred to-date to the total estimated costs for the contract, and record that proportion of the total contract price as revenue in the period. Contract costs include materials, labor and other direct costs related to contract performance. We believe this method of recognizing revenue is consistent with our progress in satisfying our contract obligations. Due to the nature of the work required under these long-term contracts, the estimation of total revenue and costs incurred throughout a project is subject to many variables and requires significant judgment. It is common for these contracts to contain potential bonuses or penalties which are generally awarded or charged upon certain project milestones or cost or timing targets, and these can be based on customer discretion. We estimate variable consideration at the most likely amount to which we expect to be entitled. We include estimated amounts in the transaction price to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. Our estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price are based largely on our assessments of anticipated performance and all information (historical, current and forecasted) that is reasonably available to us. Long-term contracts are often modified to account for changes in contract specifications and requirements of work to be performed. We consider contract modifications to exist when the modification, generally through a change order, either creates new or changes existing enforceable rights and obligations, and we evaluate these types of modifications to determine whether they may be considered distinct performance obligations. In most cases, these contract modifications are for goods or services that are not distinct from the existing contract, due to the significant integration service provided in the context of the contract. Therefore, these modifications are accounted for as part of the existing contract. The effect of a contract modification on the transaction price and our measure of progress is recognized as an adjustment to revenue, generally on a cumulative catch-up basis. Typically, under these fixed-price contracts, we bill our customers following an agreed-upon schedule based on work performed. Because the progress billings do not generally correspond to our measurement of revenue on a contract, we generate contract assets when we have recognized revenue in excess of the amount billed to the customer. We generate contract liabilities when we have billed the customer in excess of revenue recognized on a contract. Finally, we have one business, making up approximately 19 percent of our total revenue in the current year, that recognizes revenue following an over-time output method based upon units produced. The customer is considered to have control over the products at the time of production, as the products are highly customized with no alternative use, and we have an enforceable right to payment for performance completed over the production period. We believe this over-time output method of recognizing revenue reasonably depicts the fulfillment of our performance obligations under our contracts. Billings still occur upon shipment. Therefore, contract assets are generated for the unbilled amounts on contracts when production is complete. Variable consideration associated with these orders, generally related to early pay discounts, is not considered significant. Additionally, we have made the following policy elections associated with revenue recognition: •We account for shipping and handling activities that occur after control of the related goods transfers to the customer as fulfillment activities, instead of assessing such activities as performance obligations. •We exclude from the transaction price all sales taxes related to revenue-producing transactions that are collected from the customer for a government authority. We are considered a pass-through conduit for collecting and remitting sales taxes. •We generally expense incremental costs of obtaining a contract when incurred because the amortization period would be less than one year. These costs primarily relate to sales commissions and are included in selling, general and administrative expenses. •We do not adjust contract price for a significant financing component, as we expect the period between when our goods and services are transferred to the customer and when the customer pays for those goods and services to be less than a year. Shipping and handling Amounts billed to a customer in a sales transaction related to shipping and handling are reported as revenue. Costs we incur for shipping and handling are reported as cost of sales.
Restructuring	Restructuring During the second quarter of fiscal 2022, we announced plans to realign and simplify our business structure which resulted in the closure of two facilities within the Architectural Glass segment, in Dallas, Texas and Statesboro, Georgia. These closures were made in order to concentrate this segment on premium, high-performance products. Additionally, employee termination costs were incurred related to these facility closures, realignment of the Architectural Framing Systems segment, and within the Corporate office. During the first quarter of fiscal 2023, we completed the execution of these plans with the sale of the remaining manufacturing assets at our Architectural Glass location, in Dallas, Texas. Refer to additional information in Note 16.
Research and Development	Research and development Research and development activities include the development of new products, the modification of existing product designs, and research related to process improvements. Our research and development expenses were $25.5 million, $17.3 million and $15.3 million for fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. These costs are expensed as incurred.
Advertising	AdvertisingAdvertising costs are expensed as incurred within selling, general and administrative expenses, and were $1.2 million in fiscal 2023, $1.2 million in fiscal 2022 and $1.1 million in fiscal 2021.
Income Taxes	Income taxes The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities based upon the future tax consequences of temporary differences between financial statement carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. See Note 13 for additional information regarding income taxes.
Subsequent Events	Subsequent events We have evaluated subsequent events for potential recognition and disclosure through the date of this filing and determined that there were no subsequent events that required recognition or disclosure in the consolidated financial statements.
New Accounting Standards	Adoption of new accounting standards At the beginning of fiscal 2022, we adopted the guidance in ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The amendments in this ASU removed exceptions on intra-period tax allocations and reporting and provided simplification on accounting for franchise taxes, tax basis goodwill and tax law changes. The adoption of this ASU did not have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements. At the beginning of fiscal 2022, we adopted the guidance in ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. The amendments in this ASU apply only to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. The adoption of this ASU did not have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Related Data (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Feb. 25, 2023

Basis of consolidationThe consolidated financial statements include the balances of Apogee Enterprises, Inc. and its subsidiaries (Apogee, we, us, our or the Company) after elimination of intercompany balances and transactions. We consolidate variable interest entities related to our New Market Tax Credit transactions as it has been determined that the Company is the primary beneficiary of those entities' operations (refer to Note 10 for more information).

Fiscal Year

Fiscal yearOur fiscal year ends on the Saturday closest to the last day of February, or as determined by the Board of Directors. Fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021 each consisted of 52 weeks.

Accounting Estimates

Accounting estimatesThe preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

Reclassifications

ReclassificationsCertain reclassifications of amounts previously reported have been made to the accompanying consolidated statements of cash flows and notes to consolidated financial statements to conform to current year presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on reported net income, cash flows, total assets and liabilities.

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash, Policy

Cash equivalents

Highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less are included in cash equivalents and are stated at cost, which approximates fair value.

Restricted Cash

Cash held that is specifically dedicated to fund each capital project related to our New Markets Tax Credit transactions.

Marketable securities

To the extent the amortized cost basis of the available-for-sale securities exceeds the fair value, the Company assesses the debt securities for credit loss. When assessing the risk of credit loss, the Company considers factors such as the severity and the reason of the decline in value, such as any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency or other adverse conditions specifically related to the security, and management's intended holding period and time horizon for selling. During fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company did not recognize any credit losses related to its available-for-sale securities. Further, as of February 25, 2023 and February 26, 2022, the Company did not record an allowance for credit losses related to its available-for-sale securities. Marketable securities are included in other current and non-current assets on the consolidated balance sheets and gross realized gains and losses are included in other expense (income), net in our consolidated results of operations.

Inventories

InventoriesInventories, which consist primarily of purchased glass and aluminum, are valued at lower of cost or market using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment (PP&E) is recorded at cost. Significant improvements and renewals that extend the useful life of the asset are capitalized. Repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred. When an asset is retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any related gains or losses are included in selling, general and administrative expenses. Long-lived assets to be held and used, such as PP&E, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable.

Depreciation is computed on a straight-line basis, based on estimated useful lives of 10 to 25 years for buildings and improvements; 3 to 10 years for machinery and equipment; and 3 to 7 years for office equipment and furniture.

Impairment of long-lived assets

Long-lived assets or asset groups, including finite-lived intangible assets subject to amortization and property and equipment, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances such as asset utilization, physical change, legal factors or other matters indicate that the carrying value of those assets may not be recoverable. When this review indicates the

carrying value of an asset or asset group exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset or asset group, an asset impairment expense is recognized in earnings in the period such a determination is made. The amount of the impairment expense recorded is the amount by which the carrying value of the impaired asset or asset group exceeds its fair value based on discounted cash flows.

During the third quarter of fiscal 2022, an impairment of $3.0 million was recognized within other (expense) income within the consolidated results of operations related to a minority equity investment held by the Company. This represents a write-down of the entire investment in the other company.

During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022, based on the finalization of our plans for integrating the Sotawall business into the Architectural Services segment, which was effective beginning in fiscal 2023, we determined that the finite-lived intangible assets were impaired as of February 26, 2022. As such, a long-lived asset impairment charge of $36.7 million in finite-lived intangible assets was recognized in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2022 within the Architectural Framing Systems segment. As a result of restructuring plans announced during the second quarter of fiscal 2022, asset impairments on property plant and equipment and leases in the amount of $21.5 million were recorded for the year ended February 26, 2022.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill and intangible assets

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the cost over the net tangible and identified intangible assets of acquired businesses. We evaluate goodwill for impairment annually on the first day in our fiscal fourth quarter, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of the goodwill may not be recoverable.

Evaluating goodwill for impairment involves the determination of the fair value of each reporting unit in which goodwill is recorded using a qualitative or quantitative analysis. A reporting unit is an operating segment or a component of an operating segment for which discrete financial information is available and reviewed by segment management on a regular basis. At the beginning of the first quarter of fiscal 2023, we began management of the Sotawall and Harmon businesses under the Architectural Services segment in order to create a single, unified offering for larger custom curtainwall projects. In connection with the transition, leadership of our Sotawall and Harmon businesses was combined to form the Architectural Services reporting unit. We evaluated goodwill on a qualitative basis prior to and subsequent to this change for these reporting units and concluded no adjustment to the carrying value of goodwill was necessary as a result of this change. Concurrent with this change in composition of the operating segments effective at the start of our first quarter of fiscal 2023, goodwill was reallocated to the affected reporting units within each operating segment, using a relative fair value approach as outlined in ASC 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other. The reporting units for our fiscal 2023 annual impairment test align with reporting segments, with the exception of our Architectural Framing Systems segment. This segment contains two reporting units, Window and Wall Systems and Storefront and Finishing Solutions, which represent $54.5 million and $35.7 million, of the goodwill balance at February 25, 2023, respectively.

We estimate the fair value of a reporting unit using both the income approach and the market approach. The income approach uses a discounted cash flow methodology that involves significant judgment and projections of future performance. Assumptions about future revenues and future operating expenses, capital expenditures and changes in working capital are based on the annual operating plan and other business plans for each reporting unit. These plans take into consideration numerous factors, including historical experience, current and future operational plans, anticipated future economic conditions and growth expectations for the industries and end markets in which we participate. These projections are discounted using a weighted-average cost of capital, which considers the risk inherent in our projections of future cash flows. We determine the weighted-average cost of capital for this analysis by weighting the required returns on interest bearing debt and common equity capital in proportion to their estimated percentages in an expected capital structure, using published data where possible. We used discount rates that are commensurate with the risks and uncertainties inherent in the respective businesses and in the internally developed forecasts. The market approach uses a multiple of earnings and revenue based on guidelines for publicly traded companies.

Intangible assets

We have intangible assets for certain acquired trade names and trademarks which are determined to have indefinite useful lives. We test indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually at the same measurement date as goodwill, the first day of our fiscal fourth quarter, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the asset is impaired. If the carrying amount of an indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its fair value, an impairment expense is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. If an impairment expense is recognized, the adjusted carrying amount becomes the asset's new accounting basis.

Fair value of indefinite-lived intangible assets is measured using the relief-from-royalty method. This method assumes the trade name or trademark has value to the extent that the owner is relieved of the obligation to pay royalties for the benefits received from the asset.

This method requires estimation of future revenue from the related asset, the appropriate royalty rate, and the weighted average cost of capital. The assessment of fair value involves significant judgment and projections about future performance.

Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized based on estimated useful lives ranging from 18 months to 30 years and are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable.

The estimated useful lives of all intangible assets are reviewed annually, and we have determined that the remaining lives were appropriate.

Leases

We have commercially negotiated leases where we recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability on our consolidated balance sheet at lease commencement for leases with terms greater than twelve months. The initial lease liability is recognized at the present value of remaining lease payments over the lease term. Leases with an initial term of twelve months or less are not recorded on our consolidated balance sheet. We recognize lease expense for operating leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We combine lease and non-lease components, such as common area maintenance costs, in calculating the related asset and lease liabilities for all underlying asset groups. Refer to additional information in Note 8.

Self-Insurance

We obtain commercial insurance to provide coverage for potential losses in areas such as employment practices, workers' compensation, directors and officers, automobile, architect's and engineer's errors and omissions, product rework and general liability. A substantial portion of this risk is retained on a self-insured basis through our wholly-owned insurance subsidiary. We establish a reserve for estimated ultimate losses on reported claims and those incurred but not yet reported utilizing actuarial projections. Reserves are classified within other current liabilities or non-current self-insurance reserves based on expectations of when the estimated loss will be paid.

Additionally, we maintain a self-insurance reserve for health insurance programs offered to eligible employees, included within other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The reserve includes an estimate for losses on reported claims as well as for amounts incurred but not yet reported, based on historical trends.

Warranty

Warranty and project-related contingenciesWe are subject to claims associated with our products and services, principally as a result of disputes with our customers involving the performance or aesthetics of our architectural products and services. We reserve estimated exposures on known claims, as well as on a portion of anticipated claims for product warranty and rework costs, based on historical product liability claims as a ratio of sales. We also reserve for estimated exposures on other claims as they are known and reasonably estimable. Reserves are included in other current and non-current liabilities based on the estimated timing of dispute resolution.

Foreign Currency

Foreign currencyLocal currencies are considered the functional currencies for our subsidiaries outside of the United States. Assets and liabilities of these subsidiaries are translated at the exchange rates at the balance sheet date. Income and expense items are translated using average monthly exchange rates. Translation adjustments are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss in the consolidated balance sheets.

Derivatives and hedging activities

We are exposed to, among other risks, the impact of changes in aluminum prices, foreign currency exchange rates, and interest rates in the normal course of business. In order to manage the exposure and volatility arising from these risks, we utilize derivative financial instruments to offset a portion of these risks. We use derivative financial instruments only to the extent necessary to hedge identified business risks, and do not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading purposes and are not a party to leveraged derivatives.

All derivative instruments within the scope of ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, are recorded as either assets or liabilities at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets. All hedging instruments that qualify for hedge accounting are designated and effective as hedges with changes recognized in other comprehensive earnings (loss). Instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are marked to market with changes recognized in current earnings. Cash flows from derivative instruments are classified in the statements of cash flows in the same category as the cash flows from the items subject to designated hedge or undesignated (economic) hedge relationships. Please refer to Note 4 for further disclosure on derivatives.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue recognition

Our significant accounting policy for revenue recognition follows ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. We generate revenue from the design, engineering and fabrication of architectural glass, curtainwall, window, storefront and entrance systems, and from installing those products on commercial buildings. We also manufacture value-added glass and acrylic products. Due to the diverse nature of our operations and various types of contracts with customers, we have businesses that recognize revenue over time and businesses that recognize revenue at a point in time.

During fiscal 2023, approximately 45 percent of our total revenue is recognized at the time products are shipped from our manufacturing facilities, which is when control is transferred to our customer, consistent with past practices. These businesses do not generate contract-related assets or liabilities. Variable consideration associated with these contracts and orders, generally related to early pay discounts or volume rebates, is not considered significant.

We also have three businesses which operate under long-term, fixed-price contracts, representing approximately 36 percent of our total revenue in the current year. The contracts for these businesses have a single, bundled performance obligation, as these businesses generally provide interrelated products and services and integrate these products and services into a combined output specified by the customer. The customer obtains control of this combined output, generally integrated window systems or installed window and curtainwall systems, over time. We measure progress on these contracts following an input method, by comparing total costs incurred to-date to the total estimated costs for the contract, and record that proportion of the total contract price as revenue in the period. Contract costs include materials, labor and other direct costs related to contract performance. We believe this method of recognizing revenue is consistent with our progress in satisfying our contract obligations.

Due to the nature of the work required under these long-term contracts, the estimation of total revenue and costs incurred throughout a project is subject to many variables and requires significant judgment. It is common for these contracts to contain potential bonuses or penalties which are generally awarded or charged upon certain project milestones or cost or timing targets, and these can be based on customer discretion. We estimate variable consideration at the most likely amount to which we expect to be entitled. We include estimated amounts in the transaction price to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. Our estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price are based largely on our assessments of anticipated performance and all information (historical, current and forecasted) that is reasonably available to us.

Long-term contracts are often modified to account for changes in contract specifications and requirements of work to be performed. We consider contract modifications to exist when the modification, generally through a change order, either creates new or changes existing enforceable rights and obligations, and we evaluate these types of modifications to determine whether they may be considered distinct performance obligations. In most cases, these contract modifications are for goods or services that are not distinct from the existing contract, due to the significant integration service provided in the context of the contract. Therefore, these modifications are accounted for as part of the existing contract. The effect of a contract modification on the transaction price and our measure of progress is recognized as an adjustment to revenue, generally on a cumulative catch-up basis.

Typically, under these fixed-price contracts, we bill our customers following an agreed-upon schedule based on work performed. Because the progress billings do not generally correspond to our measurement of revenue on a contract, we generate contract assets when we have recognized revenue in excess of the amount billed to the customer. We generate contract liabilities when we have billed the customer in excess of revenue recognized on a contract.

Finally, we have one business, making up approximately 19 percent of our total revenue in the current year, that recognizes revenue following an over-time output method based upon units produced. The customer is considered to have control over the products at the time of production, as the products are highly customized with no alternative use, and we have an enforceable right to payment for performance completed over the production period. We believe this over-time output method of recognizing revenue reasonably depicts the fulfillment of our performance obligations under our contracts. Billings still occur upon shipment. Therefore, contract assets are generated for the unbilled amounts on contracts when production is complete. Variable consideration associated with these orders, generally related to early pay discounts, is not considered significant.

Additionally, we have made the following policy elections associated with revenue recognition:

•We account for shipping and handling activities that occur after control of the related goods transfers to the customer as fulfillment activities, instead of assessing such activities as performance obligations.

•We exclude from the transaction price all sales taxes related to revenue-producing transactions that are collected from the customer for a government authority. We are considered a pass-through conduit for collecting and remitting sales taxes.

•We generally expense incremental costs of obtaining a contract when incurred because the amortization period would be less than one year. These costs primarily relate to sales commissions and are included in selling, general and administrative expenses.

•We do not adjust contract price for a significant financing component, as we expect the period between when our goods and services are transferred to the customer and when the customer pays for those goods and services to be less than a year.

Shipping and handling

Amounts billed to a customer in a sales transaction related to shipping and handling are reported as revenue. Costs we incur for shipping and handling are reported as cost of sales.

Restructuring

During the second quarter of fiscal 2022, we announced plans to realign and simplify our business structure which resulted in the closure of two facilities within the Architectural Glass segment, in Dallas, Texas and Statesboro, Georgia. These closures were made in order to concentrate this segment on premium, high-performance products. Additionally, employee termination costs were incurred related to these facility closures, realignment of the Architectural Framing Systems segment, and within the Corporate office. During the first quarter of fiscal 2023, we completed the execution of these plans with the sale of the remaining manufacturing assets at our Architectural Glass location, in Dallas, Texas. Refer to additional information in Note 16.

Research and Development

Research and development

Research and development activities include the development of new products, the modification of existing product designs, and research related to process improvements. Our research and development expenses were $25.5 million, $17.3 million and $15.3 million for fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. These costs are expensed as incurred.

Advertising

AdvertisingAdvertising costs are expensed as incurred within selling, general and administrative expenses, and were $1.2 million in fiscal 2023, $1.2 million in fiscal 2022 and $1.1 million in fiscal 2021.

Income Taxes

Income taxes

The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities based upon the future tax consequences of temporary differences between financial statement carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. See Note 13 for additional information regarding income taxes.

Subsequent Events

Subsequent events

We have evaluated subsequent events for potential recognition and disclosure through the date of this filing and determined that there were no subsequent events that required recognition or disclosure in the consolidated financial statements.

New Accounting Standards

Adoption of new accounting standards

At the beginning of fiscal 2022, we adopted the guidance in ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The amendments in this ASU removed exceptions on intra-period tax allocations and reporting and provided simplification on accounting for franchise taxes, tax basis goodwill and tax law changes. The adoption of this ASU did not have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements.

At the beginning of fiscal 2022, we adopted the guidance in ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. The amendments in this ASU apply only to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. The adoption of this ASU did not have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements.