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SUPPLEMENTAL OIL AND GAS DISCLOSURES (Unaudited)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Extractive Industries [Abstract]  
Supplemental Oil and Gas Disclosures (Unaudited)
 SUPPLEMENTAL OIL AND GAS DISCLOSURES (Unaudited)
Oil and Gas Operations
The following table sets forth revenue and direct cost information relating to the Company’s oil and gas exploration and production activities. Apache has no long-term agreements to purchase oil or gas production from foreign governments or authorities.
 
 
United
States
 
Canada(3)
 
Egypt(4)
 
North Sea
 
Other
International
 
Total(4)
 
 
(In millions, except per boe)
2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Oil and gas production revenues
 
$
3,279

 
$

 
$
2,748

 
$
1,321

 
$

 
$
7,348

Operating cost:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization(1)
 
1,206

 

 
688

 
371

 

 
2,265

Asset retirement obligation accretion
 
32

 

 

 
75

 

 
107

Lease operating expenses
 
670

 

 
428

 
341

 

 
1,439

Gathering, transmission, and processing
 
282

 

 
47

 
42

 

 
371

Exploration expenses
 
219

 

 
88

 
192

 
4

 
503

Impairments related to oil and gas properties
 
265

 

 
63

 
10

 

 
338

Production taxes(2)
 
203

 

 

 

 

 
203

Income tax
 
87

 

 
645

 
116

 

 
848

 
 
2,964

 

 
1,959

 
1,147

 
4

 
6,074

Results of operation
 
$
315

 
$

 
$
789

 
$
174

 
$
(4
)
 
$
1,274

2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Oil and gas production revenues
 
$
2,271

 
$
231

 
$
2,307

 
$
1,078

 
$

 
$
5,887

Operating cost:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization(1)
 
924

 
72

 
707

 
433

 

 
2,136

Asset retirement obligation accretion
 
31

 
27

 

 
72

 

 
130

Lease operating expenses
 
584

 
103

 
362

 
335

 

 
1,384

Gathering, transmission, and processing
 
86

 
34

 
44

 
30

 

 
194

Exploration expenses
 
363

 
11

 
62

 
86

 
27

 
549

Production taxes(2)
 
153

 
11

 

 
(14
)
 

 
150

Income tax
 
45

 
(7
)
 
509

 
54

 

 
601

 
 
2,186

 
251

 
1,684

 
996

 
27

 
5,144

Results of operation
 
$
85

 
$
(20
)
 
$
623

 
$
82

 
$
(27
)
 
$
743

2016
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Oil and gas production revenues
 
$
1,997

 
$
343

 
$
2,057

 
$
970

 
$

 
$
5,367

Operating cost:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization(1)
 
1,055

 
174

 
733

 
498

 

 
2,460

Asset retirement obligation accretion
 
34

 
47

 

 
75

 

 
156

Lease operating expenses
 
553

 
181

 
446

 
314

 

 
1,494

Gathering, transmission, and processing
 
80

 
68

 
44

 
8

 

 
200

Exploration expenses
 
285

 
88

 
48

 
37

 
15

 
473

Impairments related to oil and gas properties
 
61

 
366

 

 

 

 
427

Production taxes(2)
 
135

 
18

 

 
(33
)
 

 
120

Income tax
 
(72
)
 
(162
)
 
354

 
28

 

 
148

 
 
2,131

 
780

 
1,625

 
927

 
15

 
5,478

Results of operation
 
$
(134
)
 
$
(437
)
 
$
432

 
$
43

 
$
(15
)
 
$
(111
)
(1)
This amount only reflects DD&A of capitalized costs of oil and gas properties and, therefore, does not agree with DD&A reflected on Note 14—Business Segment Information.
(2)
Only reflects amounts directly related to oil and gas producing properties and, therefore, does not agree with taxes other than income reflected on Note 14—Business Segment Information.
(3)
During the third quarter of 2017, Apache completed the sale of its Canadian operations. For more information regarding this divestiture, please refer to Note 2—Acquisitions and Divestitures
(4)
Includes noncontrolling interest in Egypt.
Costs Incurred in Oil and Gas Property Acquisitions, Exploration, and Development Activities
 
 
 
United
States
 
Canada
 
Egypt(2)
 
North Sea
 
Other
International
 
Total(2)
 
 
(In millions)
2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Acquisitions:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Proved
 
$

 
$

 
$
6

 
$

 
$

 
$
6

Unproved
 
111

 

 
16

 

 

 
127

Exploration
 
640

 

 
175

 
113

 
12

 
940

Development
 
1,791

 

 
457

 
133

 

 
2,381

Costs incurred(1)
 
$
2,542

 
$

 
$
654

 
$
246

 
$
12

 
$
3,454

(1) Includes capitalized interest and asset retirement costs as follows:
 
 
 
 
 
Capitalized interest
 
$
23

 
$

 
$

 
$
11

 
$
2

 
$
36

Asset retirement costs
 
93

 

 

 
(62
)
 

 
31

2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Acquisitions:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Proved
 
$
3

 
$

 
$
4

 
$

 
$

 
$
7

Unproved
 
136

 
5

 
40

 

 

 
181

Exploration
 
602

 
11

 
122

 
131

 
25

 
891

Development
 
1,118

 
52

 
387

 
250

 

 
1,807

Costs incurred(1)
 
$
1,859

 
$
68

 
$
553

 
$
381

 
$
25

 
$
2,886

(1) Includes capitalized interest and asset retirement costs as follows:
 
 
 
Capitalized interest
 
$
23

 
$
2

 
$

 
$
17

 
$
2

 
$
44

Asset retirement costs
 
15

 

 

 
55

 

 
70

2016
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Acquisitions:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Proved
 
$

 
$
1

 
$
6

 
$
38

 
$

 
$
45

Unproved
 
110

 
7

 
49

 
4

 

 
170

Exploration
 
278

 
23

 
67

 
84

 
18

 
470

Development
 
420

 
27

 
353

 
150

 

 
950

Costs incurred(1)
 
$
808

 
$
58

 
$
475

 
$
276

 
$
18

 
$
1,635

(1) Includes capitalized interest and asset retirement costs as follows:
 
 
Capitalized interest
 
$
21

 
$
6

 
$

 
$
21

 
$

 
$
48

Asset retirement costs
 
(51
)
 
(13
)
 

 
(128
)
 

 
(192
)
(2) Includes a noncontrolling interest in Egypt.
Capitalized Costs
The following table sets forth the capitalized costs and associated accumulated depreciation, depletion, and amortization relating to the Company’s oil and gas acquisition, exploration, and development activities:
 
 
 
United
States
 
Egypt(1)
 
North
Sea
 
Other
International
 
Total(1)
 
 
(In millions)
2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Proved properties
 
$
22,699

 
$
11,184

 
$
8,462

 
$

 
$
42,345

Unproved properties
 
1,275

 
110

 
5

 
45

 
1,435

 
 
23,974

 
11,294

 
8,467

 
45

 
43,780

Accumulated DD&A
 
(12,217
)
 
(8,736
)
 
(6,332
)
 

 
(27,285
)
 
 
$
11,757

 
$
2,558

 
$
2,135

 
$
45

 
$
16,495

2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Proved properties
 
$
20,408

 
$
10,590

 
$
8,199

 
$

 
$
39,197

Unproved properties
 
1,312

 
137

 
297

 
37

 
1,783

 
 
21,720

 
10,727

 
8,496

 
37

 
40,980

Accumulated DD&A
 
(10,766
)
 
(7,985
)
 
(5,960
)
 

 
(24,711
)
 
 
$
10,954

 
$
2,742

 
$
2,536

 
$
37

 
$
16,269

(1) Includes a noncontrolling interest in Egypt.
 
 
 
 
Oil and Gas Reserve Information
Proved oil and gas reserves are the estimated quantities of natural gas, crude oil, condensate, and natural gas liquids (NGLs) that geological and engineering data demonstrate with reasonable certainty to be recoverable in future years from known reservoirs under existing conditions, operating conditions, and government regulations. Estimated proved developed oil and gas reserves can be expected to be recovered through existing wells with existing equipment and operating methods. The Company reports all estimated proved reserves held under production-sharing arrangements utilizing the “economic interest” method, which excludes the host country’s share of reserves.

Estimated reserves that can be produced economically through application of improved recovery techniques are included in the “proved” classification when successful testing by a pilot project or the operation of an active, improved recovery program using reliable technology establishes the reasonable certainty for the engineering analysis on which the project or program is based. Economically producible means a resource which generates revenue that exceeds, or is reasonably expected to exceed, the costs of the operation. Reasonable certainty means a high degree of confidence that the quantities will be recovered. Reliable technology is a grouping of one or more technologies (including computational methods) that has been field-tested and has been demonstrated to provide reasonably certain results with consistency and repeatability in the formation being evaluated or in an analogous formation. In estimating its proved reserves, Apache uses several different traditional methods that can be classified in three general categories: 1) performance-based methods; 2) volumetric-based methods; and 3) analogy with similar properties. Apache will, at times, utilize additional technical analysis such as computer reservoir models, petrophysical techniques, and proprietary 3-D seismic interpretation methods to provide additional support for more complex reservoirs. Information from this additional analysis is combined with traditional methods outlined above to enhance the certainty of Apache’s reserve estimates.

There are numerous uncertainties inherent in estimating quantities of proved reserves and projecting future rates of production and timing of development expenditures. The reserve data in the following tables only represent estimates and should not be construed as being exact.
 
 
 
Crude Oil and Condensate
 
 
(Thousands of barrels)
 
 
United
States
 
Canada
 
Egypt(1)
 
North
Sea
 
Total(1)
Proved developed reserves:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2015
 
348,797

 
67,847

 
144,164

 
104,255

 
665,063

December 31, 2016
 
300,900

 
51,508

 
138,771

 
91,138

 
582,317

December 31, 2017
 
304,279

 

 
124,568

 
92,598

 
521,445

December 31, 2018
 
300,484

 

 
110,014

 
104,491

 
514,989

Proved undeveloped reserves:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2015
 
60,505

 
38,326

 
17,856

 
11,309

 
127,996

December 31, 2016
 
21,088

 
7,906

 
20,187

 
10,784

 
59,965

December 31, 2017
 
31,904

 

 
16,198

 
14,013

 
62,115

December 31, 2018
 
45,182

 

 
9,484

 
11,278

 
65,944

Total proved reserves:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance December 31, 2015
 
409,302

 
106,173

 
162,020

 
115,564

 
793,059

Extensions, discoveries and other additions
 
9,614

 
3,372

 
17,599

 
9,766

 
40,351

Purchases of minerals in-place
 
21

 

 

 
438

 
459

Revisions of previous estimates
 
(58,882
)
 
(43,282
)
 
17,301

 
(3,851
)
 
(88,714
)
Production
 
(38,000
)
 
(4,787
)
 
(37,962
)
 
(19,995
)
 
(100,744
)
Sales of minerals in-place
 
(67
)
 
(2,062
)
 

 

 
(2,129
)
Balance December 31, 2016
 
321,988

 
59,414

 
158,958

 
101,922

 
642,282

Extensions, discoveries and other additions
 
48,391

 
14,025

 
27,140

 
16,023

 
105,579

Purchases of minerals in-place
 
46

 
375

 

 

 
421

Revisions of previous estimates
 
825

 
1,829

 
(9,839
)
 
6,510

 
(675
)
Production
 
(33,394
)
 
(2,425
)
 
(35,493
)
 
(17,844
)
 
(89,156
)
Sales of minerals in-place
 
(1,673
)
 
(73,218
)
 

 

 
(74,891
)
Balance December 31, 2017
 
336,183

 

 
140,766

 
106,611

 
583,560

Extensions, discoveries and other additions
 
61,976

 

 
22,473

 
15,682

 
100,131

Purchases of minerals in-place
 
140

 

 

 

 
140

Revisions of previous estimates
 
(14,334
)
 

 
(9,556
)
 
10,613

 
(13,277
)
Production
 
(38,252
)
 

 
(34,185
)
 
(17,137
)
 
(89,574
)
Sales of minerals in-place
 
(47
)
 

 

 

 
(47
)
Balance December 31, 2018
 
345,666

 

 
119,498

 
115,769

 
580,933

(1)
2018, 2017, 2016, and 2015 includes proved reserves of 40 MMbbls, 47 MMbbls, 53 MMbbls, and 54 MMbbls, respectively, attributable to a noncontrolling interest in Egypt.
 
 
Natural Gas Liquids
 
 
(Thousands of barrels)
 
 
United
States
 
Canada
 
Egypt(1)
 
North
Sea
 
Total(1)
Proved developed reserves:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2015
 
150,265

 
15,246

 
1,491

 
1,784

 
168,786

December 31, 2016
 
155,124

 
13,866

 
1,266

 
1,627

 
171,883

December 31, 2017
 
171,005

 

 
685

 
2,025

 
173,715

December 31, 2018
 
197,574

 

 
502

 
1,938

 
200,014

Proved undeveloped reserves:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2015
 
24,939

 
4,839

 
78

 
295

 
30,151

December 31, 2016
 
17,311

 
2,473

 
131

 
646

 
20,561

December 31, 2017
 
29,559

 

 
39

 
353

 
29,951

December 31, 2018
 
33,796

 

 
60

 
631

 
34,487

Total proved reserves:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance December 31, 2015
 
175,204

 
20,085

 
1,569

 
2,079

 
198,937

Extensions, discoveries and other additions
 
10,238

 
755

 
208

 
671

 
11,872

Purchases of minerals in-place
 
2

 

 

 
5

 
7

Revisions of previous estimates
 
6,824

 
(1,355
)
 
17

 
141

 
5,627

Production
 
(19,824
)
 
(2,098
)
 
(397
)
 
(623
)
 
(22,942
)
Sales of minerals in-place
 
(9
)
 
(1,048
)
 

 

 
(1,057
)
Balance December 31, 2016
 
172,435

 
16,339

 
1,397

 
2,273

 
192,444

Extensions, discoveries and other additions
 
33,806

 
1,794

 
50

 
845

 
36,495

Purchases of minerals in-place
 
206

 
199

 

 

 
405

Revisions of previous estimates
 
12,982

 
(1,060
)
 
(425
)
 
(321
)
 
11,176

Production
 
(17,766
)
 
(1,032
)
 
(298
)
 
(419
)
 
(19,515
)
Sales of minerals in-place
 
(1,099
)
 
(16,240
)
 

 

 
(17,339
)
Balance December 31, 2017
 
200,564

 

 
724

 
2,378

 
203,666

Extensions, discoveries and other additions
 
60,990

 

 
144

 
1,444

 
62,578

Purchases of minerals in-place
 
40

 

 

 

 
40

Revisions of previous estimates
 
(9,250
)
 

 
31

 
(819
)
 
(10,038
)
Production
 
(20,969
)
 

 
(337
)
 
(434
)
 
(21,740
)
Sales of minerals in-place
 
(5
)
 

 

 

 
(5
)
Balance December 31, 2018
 
231,370

 

 
562

 
2,569

 
234,501

(1)    2018, 2017, 2016, and 2015 includes proved reserves of 187 Mbbls, 241 Mbbls, 466 Mbbls, and 523 Mbbls, respectively, attributable to a noncontrolling interest in Egypt.

 
 
 
Natural Gas
 
 
(Millions of cubic feet)
 
 
United
States
 
Canada
 
Egypt(1)
 
North
Sea
 
Total(1)
Proved developed reserves:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2015
 
1,364,174

 
759,321

 
776,263

 
85,532

 
2,985,290

December 31, 2016
 
1,200,379

 
553,724

 
675,559

 
86,948

 
2,516,610

December 31, 2017
 
1,347,009

 

 
540,667

 
83,342

 
1,971,018

December 31, 2018
 
1,626,403

 

 
476,132

 
95,347

 
2,197,882

Proved undeveloped reserves:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2015
 
208,594

 
162,809

 
53,969

 
19,760

 
445,132

December 31, 2016
 
231,304

 
45,312

 
42,109

 
23,813

 
342,538

December 31, 2017
 
297,226

 

 
47,255

 
11,063

 
355,544

December 31, 2018
 
267,090

 

 
33,006

 
15,804

 
315,900

Total proved reserves:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance December 31, 2015
 
1,572,768

 
922,130

 
830,232

 
105,292

 
3,430,422

Extensions, discoveries and other additions
 
219,633

 
30,234

 
35,202

 
20,814

 
305,883

Purchases of minerals in-place
 
7

 

 

 
6,677

 
6,684

Revisions of previous estimates
 
(215,378
)
 
(242,080
)
 
(4,305
)
 
4,239

 
(457,524
)
Production
 
(145,019
)
 
(88,792
)
 
(143,461
)
 
(26,261
)
 
(403,533
)
Sales of minerals in-place
 
(328
)
 
(22,456
)
 

 

 
(22,784
)
Balance December 31, 2016
 
1,431,683

 
599,036

 
717,668

 
110,761

 
2,859,148

Extensions, discoveries and other additions
 
378,747

 
49,780

 
81,245

 
17,646

 
527,418

Purchases of minerals in-place
 
4,434

 
4,319

 

 

 
8,753

Revisions of previous estimates
 
(5,431
)
 
92,207

 
(70,030
)
 
(17,387
)
 
(641
)
Production
 
(143,943
)
 
(47,990
)
 
(140,961
)
 
(16,615
)
 
(349,509
)
Sales of minerals in-place
 
(21,255
)
 
(697,352
)
 

 

 
(718,607
)
Balance December 31, 2017
 
1,644,235

 

 
587,922

 
94,405

 
2,326,562

Extensions, discoveries and other additions
 
704,135

 

 
79,394

 
55,274

 
838,803

Purchases of minerals in-place
 
906

 

 

 

 
906

Revisions of previous estimates
 
(239,204
)
 

 
(38,892
)
 
(21,933
)
 
(300,029
)
Production
 
(216,538
)
 

 
(119,286
)
 
(16,595
)
 
(352,419
)
Sales of minerals in-place
 
(41
)
 

 

 

 
(41
)
Balance December 31, 2018
 
1,893,493

 

 
509,138

 
111,151

 
2,513,782

(1)    2018, 2017, 2016, and 2015 include proved reserves of 170 Bcf, 196 Bcf, 239 Bcf, and 277 Bcf, respectively, attributable to a noncontrolling interest in Egypt.

 
 
Total Equivalent Reserves
 
 
(Thousands barrels of oil equivalent)
 
 
United
States
 
Canada
 
Egypt(1)
 
North
Sea
 
Total(1)
Proved developed reserves:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2015
 
726,424

 
209,647

 
275,033

 
120,293

 
1,331,397

December 31, 2016
 
656,087

 
157,662

 
252,630

 
107,256

 
1,173,635

December 31, 2017
 
699,786

 

 
215,364

 
108,513

 
1,023,663

December 31, 2018
 
769,125

 

 
189,871

 
122,320

 
1,081,316

Proved undeveloped reserves:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2015
 
120,210

 
70,300

 
26,929

 
14,897

 
232,336

December 31, 2016
 
76,950

 
17,931

 
27,336

 
15,399

 
137,616

December 31, 2017
 
111,001

 

 
24,112

 
16,210

 
151,323

December 31, 2018
 
123,493

 

 
15,045

 
14,543

 
153,081

Total proved reserves:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance December 31, 2015
 
846,634

 
279,947

 
301,962

 
135,190

 
1,563,733

Extensions, discoveries and other additions
 
56,458

 
9,166

 
23,674

 
13,906

 
103,204

Purchases of minerals in-place
 
24

 

 

 
1,556

 
1,580

Revisions of previous estimates
 
(87,954
)
 
(84,984
)
 
16,599

 
(3,002
)
 
(159,341
)
Production
 
(81,994
)
 
(21,684
)
 
(62,269
)
 
(24,995
)
 
(190,942
)
Sales of minerals in-place
 
(131
)
 
(6,852
)
 

 

 
(6,983
)
Balance December 31, 2016
 
733,037

 
175,593

 
279,966

 
122,655

 
1,311,251

Extensions, discoveries and other additions
 
145,322

 
24,115

 
40,731

 
19,809

 
229,977

Purchases of minerals in-place
 
991

 
1,294

 

 

 
2,285

Revisions of previous estimates
 
12,903

 
16,136

 
(21,936
)
 
3,291

 
10,394

Production
 
(75,151
)
 
(11,455
)
 
(59,285
)
 
(21,032
)
 
(166,923
)
Sales of minerals in-place
 
(6,315
)
 
(205,683
)
 

 

 
(211,998
)
Balance December 31, 2017
 
810,787

 

 
239,476

 
124,723

 
1,174,986

Extensions, discoveries and other additions
 
240,322

 

 
35,849

 
26,338

 
302,509

Purchases of minerals in-place
 
331

 

 

 

 
331

Revisions of previous estimates
 
(63,451
)
 

 
(16,007
)
 
6,139

 
(73,319
)
Production
 
(95,312
)
 

 
(54,402
)
 
(20,337
)
 
(170,051
)
Sales of minerals in-place
 
(59
)
 

 

 

 
(59
)
Balance December 31, 2018
 
892,618

 

 
204,916

 
136,863

 
1,234,397

(1)    2018, 2017, 2016, and 2015 include total proved reserves of 68 MMboe, 80 MMboe, 93MMboe, and 101 MMboe, respectively, attributable to a noncontrolling interest in Egypt.

During 2018, Apache added approximately 303 MMboe from extensions, discoveries, and other additions. The Company recorded 240 MMboe of exploration and development adds in the United States, primarily associated with Woodford, Bone Springs, Yeso, Barnett, and Wolfcamp drilling programs in the Permian Basin (217 MMboe), and Woodford and Austin Chalk drilling activity in the Midcontinent region (20 MMboe).
The international regions contributed 62 MMboe of exploration and development adds during 2018, with Egypt contributing 36 MMboe from onshore exploration and appraisal activity in the Khalda Extension 2, Khalda, Khalda Extension 3, Matruh, and West Kalabsha concessions. The North Sea contributed 26 MMboe from drilling success in the Beryl and Forties fields.
During 2018, Apache also had combined downward revisions of previously estimated reserves of 73 MMboe. Downward revisions related to changes in product prices accounted for 24 MMboe, interest revisions accounted for 5 MMboe, and engineering and performance downward revisions accounted for 44 MMboe.
Approximately 8 percent of Apache’s year-end 2018 estimated proved developed reserves are classified as proved not producing. These reserves relate to zones that are either behind pipe, or that have been completed but not yet produced, or zones that have been produced in the past, but are not now producing because of mechanical reasons. These reserves are considered to be a lower tier of reserves than producing reserves because they are frequently based on volumetric calculations rather than performance data. Future production associated with behind pipe reserves is scheduled to follow depletion of the currently producing zones in the same wellbores. Additional capital may have to be spent to access these reserves. The capital and economic impact of production timing are reflected in this Note 15, under “Future Net Cash Flows.”
Future Net Cash Flows
Future cash inflows as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 were calculated using an unweighted arithmetic average of oil and gas prices in effect on the first day of each month in the respective year, except where prices are defined by contractual arrangements. Operating costs, production and ad valorem taxes and future development costs are based on current costs with no escalation.

The following table sets forth unaudited information concerning future net cash flows for proved oil and gas reserves, net of income tax expense. Income tax expense has been computed using expected future tax rates and giving effect to tax deductions and credits available, under current laws, and which relate to oil and gas producing activities. This information does not purport to present the fair market value of the Company’s oil and gas assets, but does present a standardized disclosure concerning possible future net cash flows that would result under the assumptions used.
 
 
 
United
States
 
Egypt(2)
 
North
Sea
 
Total(2)
 
 
(In millions)
2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash inflows
 
$
29,906

 
$
9,866

 
$
9,206

 
$
48,978

Production costs
 
(13,699
)
 
(1,799
)
 
(2,588
)
 
(18,086
)
Development costs
 
(2,150
)
 
(792
)
 
(2,714
)
 
(5,656
)
Income tax expense
 
(19
)
 
(2,455
)
 
(1,352
)
 
(3,826
)
Net cash flows
 
14,038

 
4,820

 
2,552

 
21,410

10 percent discount rate
 
(6,516
)
 
(1,066
)
 
(107
)
 
(7,689
)
Discounted future net cash flows(1)
 
$
7,522

 
$
3,754

 
$
2,445

 
$
13,721

2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash inflows
 
$
24,271

 
$
9,254

 
$
6,230

 
$
39,755

Production costs
 
(10,618
)
 
(1,749
)
 
(2,459
)
 
(14,826
)
Development costs
 
(1,659
)
 
(1,052
)
 
(2,795
)
 
(5,506
)
Income tax expense
 
(42
)
 
(2,078
)
 
(353
)
 
(2,473
)
Net cash flows
 
11,952

 
4,375

 
623

 
16,950

10 percent discount rate
 
(6,080
)
 
(1,034
)
 
247

 
(6,867
)
Discounted future net cash flows(1)
 
$
5,872

 
$
3,341

 
$
870

 
$
10,083

(1)
Estimated future net cash flows before income tax expense, discounted at 10 percent per annum, totaled approximately $16.9 billion and $12.2 billion as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
(2)
Includes discounted future net cash flows of approximately $1.3 billion and $1.1 billion in 2018 and 2017, respectively, attributable to a noncontrolling interest in Egypt.
 
The following table sets forth the principal sources of change in the discounted future net cash flows:
 
 
 
For the Year Ended December 31,        
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
 
(In millions)
Sales, net of production costs
 
$
(5,335
)
 
$
(4,158
)
 
$
(3,479
)
Net change in prices and production costs
 
3,902

 
3,651

 
(3,835
)
Discoveries and improved recovery, net of related costs
 
3,889

 
2,273

 
1,153

Change in future development costs
 
47

 
(279
)
 
309

Previously estimated development costs incurred during the period
 
910

 
719

 
986

Revision of quantities
 
(648
)
 
(344
)
 
(574
)
Purchases of minerals in-place
 
6

 
9

 
8

Accretion of discount
 
1,216

 
952

 
1,313

Change in income taxes
 
(1,125
)
 
(617
)
 
1,070

Sales of minerals in-place
 
(1
)
 
(809
)
 
(52
)
Change in production rates and other
 
777

 
626

 
567

 
 
$
3,638

 
$
2,023

 
$
(2,534
)