3M has company-sponsored retirement plans covering substantially all U.S. employees and many employees outside the United States. In total, 3M has over 98 defined benefit plans in 28 countries. Pension benefits associated with these plans generally are based on each participant’s years of service, compensation, and age at retirement or termination. The primary U.S. defined-benefit pension plan was closed to new participants effective January 1, 2009. In December 2023, the Company committed to the future freeze of U.S. defined benefit pension benefits for non-union U.S. employees, effective December 31, 2028. The Company also provides certain postretirement health care and life insurance benefits for its U.S. employees who reach retirement age while employed by the Company and were employed by the Company prior to January 1, 2016. Most international employees and retirees are covered by government health care programs. The cost of company-provided postretirement health care plans for international employees is not material and is combined with U.S. amounts in the tables that follow.

The Company has made deposits for its defined benefit plans with independent trustees. Trust funds and deposits with insurance companies are maintained to provide pension benefits to plan participants and their beneficiaries. There are no plan assets in the non-qualified plan due to its nature. For its U.S. postretirement health care benefit plan, the Company has set aside amounts at least equal to annual benefit payments with an independent trustee.

The Company also sponsors employee savings plans under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. These plans are offered to substantially all regular U.S. employees. For eligible employees hired prior to January 1, 2009, employee 401(k) contributions of up to 5% of eligible compensation are matched in cash at rates of 45% or 60%, depending on the plan in which the employee participates. Employees hired on or after January 1, 2009, receive a cash match of 100% for employee 401(k) contributions of up to 5% of eligible compensation and receive an employer retirement income account cash contribution of 3% of the participant’s total eligible compensation. All contributions are invested in a number of investment funds pursuant to employees’ elections. Employer contributions to the U.S. defined contribution plans were $241 million, $241 million and $231 million for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. 3M subsidiaries in various international countries also participate in defined contribution plans. Employer contributions to the international defined contribution plans were $108 million, $108 million and $117 million for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The following tables include a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the benefit obligation and the fair value of plan assets as well as a summary of the related amounts recognized in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31 of the respective years. 3M also has certain non-qualified unfunded pension and postretirement benefit plans, inclusive of plans related to supplement/excess benefits for employees impacted by particular relocations and other matters, that individually and in the aggregate are not significant and which are not included in the tables that follow. The obligations for these plans are included within other liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and aggregated to less than $25 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.


	Qualified and Non-Pension Benefits								Postretirement Benefits
	United States				International
(Millions)	2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
Change in benefit obligation
Benefit obligation at beginning of year	$	13,505	$	18,104	$	5,072	$	7,942	$	1,797	$	2,281
Acquisitions/Transfers	—		—		—		—		—		—
Service cost	171		256		76		128		27		42
Interest cost	662		417		225		125		87		52
Participant contributions	—		—		9		7		—		—
Foreign exchange rate changes	—		—		208		(567)		10		1
Plan amendments	—		—		(1)		8		—		—
Actuarial (gain) loss	779		(3,777)		298		(2,240)		124		(458)
Benefit payments	(1,504)		(1,495)		(258)		(266)		(142)		(115)
Settlements, curtailments, special termination benefits and other	(115)		—		(58)		(65)		(6)		(6)
Benefit obligation at end of year	$	13,498	$	13,505	$	5,571	$	5,072	$	1,897	$	1,797
Change in plan assets
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year	12,648		16,953		5,891		8,016		1,017		1,353
Acquisitions/Transfers	—		—		—		—		—		—
Actual return on plan assets	1,144		(2,875)		426		(1,286)		102		(218)
Company contributions	60		65		82		90		9		3
Participant contributions	—		—		9		7		—		—
Foreign exchange rate changes	—		—		241		(602)		—		—
Benefit payments	(1,504)		(1,495)		(258)		(266)		(142)		(115)
Settlements, curtailments, special termination benefits and other	—		—		(50)		(68)		(6)		(6)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year	$	12,348	$	12,648	$	6,341	$	5,891	$	980	$	1,017
Funded status at end of year	$	(1,150)	$	(857)	$	770	$	819	$	(917)	$	(780)


Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, (Millions)	Qualified and Non-qualified Pension Benefits								Postretirement Benefits
	United States				International
	2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
Non-current assets	$	—	$	—	$	1,253	$	1,225	$	—	$	—
Accrued benefit cost
Current liabilities	(52)		(52)		(12)		(14)		(15)		(11)
Non-current liabilities	(1,098)		(805)		(471)		(392)		(902)		(769)
Ending balance	$	(1,150)	$	(857)	$	770	$	819	$	(917)	$	(780)


Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income as of December 31, (Millions)	Qualified and Non-qualified Pension Benefits								Postretirement Benefits
	United States				International
	2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
Net transition obligation (asset)	$	—	$	—	$	3	$	4	$	—	$	—
Net actuarial loss (gain)	4,809		4,616		316		157		423		332
Prior service cost (credit)	(17)		(56)		9		10		(135)		(166)
Ending balance	$	4,792	$	4,560	$	328	$	171	$	288	$	166

The pension accumulated benefit obligation represents the actuarial present value of benefits based on employee service and compensation as of the measurement date and does not include an assumption about future compensation levels. The following table summarizes the total accumulated benefit obligations, the accumulated benefit obligations and fair value of plan assets for defined benefit pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets, and the projected benefit obligation and fair value of plan assets for defined benefit pension plans with projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets as of December 31:


	Qualified and Non-qualified Pension Plans
	United States				International
(Millions)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Accumulated benefit obligation	$	13,073	$	12,967	$	5,275	$	4,814
Plans with accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets
Accumulated benefit obligation	$	13,073	$	402	$	1,145	$	775
Fair value of plan assets	12,348		—		761		427
Plans with projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets
Projected benefit obligation	$	13,498	$	13,505	$	1,272	$	851
Fair value of plan assets	12,348		12,648		793		442

The service cost component of defined benefit net periodic benefit cost is recorded in cost of sales, selling, general and administrative expenses, and research, development and related expenses. As discussed in Note 6, the other components of net periodic benefit cost are reflected in other expense (income), net. Components of net periodic benefit cost and other supplemental information for the years ended December 31 follow:


	Qualified and Non-qualified Pension Benefits												Postretirement Benefits
	United States						International
(Millions)	2023		2022		2021		2023		2022		2021		2023		2022		2021
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit)
Operating expense
Service cost	$	171	$	256	$	286	$	76	$	128	$	164	$	27	$	42	$	53
Non-operating expense
Interest cost	662		417		360		225		125		98		87		52		43
Expected return on plan assets	(974)		(963)		(1,055)		(307)		(271)		(326)		(77)		(72)		(78)
Amortization of transition asset	—		—		—		2		2		2		—		—		—
Amortization of prior service benefit	(24)		(24)		(24)		2		—		(3)		(31)		(31)		(33)
Amortization of net actuarial loss	292		424		529		7		29		104		9		40		56
Settlements, curtailments, special termination benefits and other	(5)		12		24		3		10		3		—		2		3
Total non-operating expense (benefit)	(49)		(134)		(166)		(68)		(105)		(122)		(12)		(9)		(9)
Total net periodic benefit cost (benefit)	$	122	$	122	$	120	$	8	$	23	$	42	$	15	$	33	$	44
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive (income) loss
Amortization of transition asset	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(2)	$	(2)	$	(2)	$	—	$	—	$	—
Prior service cost (benefit)	—		—		—		(1)		8		1		—		—		—
Amortization of prior service benefit	24		24		24		(2)		—		3		31		31		33
Net actuarial (gain) loss	495		61		(614)		166		(689)		(434)		100		(166)		(104)
Amortization of net actuarial loss	(292)		(424)		(529)		(7)		(29)		(104)		(9)		(40)		(56)
Foreign currency	—		—		—		3		(82)		(71)		—		2		(1)
Settlements, curtailments, special termination benefits and other	5		(12)		(23)		—		(4)		(1)		—		(2)		(3)
Total recognized in other comprehensive (income) loss	$	232	$	(351)	$	(1,142)	$	157	$	(798)	$	(608)	$	122	$	(175)	$	(131)
Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost (benefit) and other comprehensive (income) loss	$	354	$	(229)	$	(1,022)	$	165	$	(775)	$	(566)	$	137	$	(142)	$	(87)


	Qualified and Non-qualified Pension Benefits												Postretirement Benefits
	United States						International
	2023		2022		2021		2023		2022		2021		2023		2022		2021
Discount rate - service cost	5.26	%	3.10	%	2.81	%	4.06	%	1.64	%	1.23	%	5.39	%	3.11	%	3.21	%
Discount rate - interest cost	5.11	%	2.38	%	1.92	%	4.39	%	1.62	%	1.13	%	5.25	%	2.59	%	2.20	%
Expected return on assets	7.50	%	6.00	%	6.50	%	4.61	%	3.86	%	4.36	%	7.58	%	5.77	%	6.15	%
Compensation rate increase	3.37	%	3.21	%	3.21	%	2.86	%	2.86	%	2.88	%	N/A		N/A		N/A

The Company provides eligible retirees in the U.S. postretirement health care benefit plans to a savings account benefits-based plan. The contributions provided by the Company to the health savings accounts increase 3 percent per year for employees who retired prior to January 1, 2016 and increase 1.5% for employees who retire on or after January 1, 2016. Therefore, the Company no longer has material exposure to health care cost inflation.

The Company determines the discount rate used to measure plan liabilities as of the December 31 measurement date for the pension and postretirement benefit plans, which is also the date used for the related annual measurement assumptions. The discount rate reflects the current rate at which the associated liabilities could be effectively settled at the end of the year. The Company sets its rate to reflect the yield of a portfolio of high quality, fixed-income debt instruments that would produce cash flows sufficient in timing and amount to settle projected future benefits. Using this methodology, the Company determined a discount rate of 4.98% for the U.S. pension plans and 5.06% for the postretirement benefit plans as of December 31, 2023, which is a decrease of 0.20 percentage points and a decrease 0.19 percentage points, respectively, from the rates used as of December 31, 2022. A decrease in the discount rate increases the Projected Benefit Obligation (PBO), the decrease in the discount rate as of December 31, 2023 resulted in an approximately $0.2 billion increase in benefit obligation for the U.S. pension and postretirement plans.

The Company measures service cost and interest cost separately using the spot yield curve approach applied to each corresponding obligation. Service costs are determined based on duration-specific spot rates applied to the service cost cash flows. The interest cost calculation is determined by applying duration-specific spot rates to the year-by-year projected benefit payments. The spot yield curve approach does not affect the measurement of the total benefit obligations as the change in service and interest costs offset in the actuarial gains and losses recorded in other comprehensive income.

For the primary U.S. qualified pension plan, the Company’s assumption for the expected return on plan assets was 7.50% in 2023. Projected returns are based primarily on broad, publicly traded equity and fixed-income indices and forward-looking estimates of active portfolio and investment management. As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s 2024 expected long-term rate of return on U.S. plan assets is 7.75%. The expected return assumption is based on the strategic asset allocation of the plan, long term capital market return expectations and expected performance from active investment management. The 2023 expected long-term rate of return is based on an asset allocation assumption of 11% global equities, 13% private equities, 63% fixed-income securities, and 13% absolute return investments independent of traditional performance benchmarks, along with positive returns from active investment management. The actual net rate of return on plan assets in 2023 was 10.4%. In 2022 the plan earned a rate of return of -17.4% and in 2021 earned a return of 6.7%. The average annual actual return on the plan assets over the past 10 and 25 years has been 7.1% and 8.0%, respectively. Return on assets assumptions for international pension and other post-retirement benefit plans are calculated on a plan-by-plan basis using plan asset allocations and expected long-term rate of return assumptions.

In 2021 the Company updated the mortality improvement scales to the Society of Actuaries Scale MP- 2021. The December 31, 2021 update resulted in an immaterial increase to the U.S. pension PBO and U.S. accumulated postretirement benefit obligations. The Society of Actuaries did not release an update to the Scale MP-2021 in 2022 or 2023. For the December 31, 2023 annual valuation, the Company updated the plans' mortality assumption to use the Pri-2012 Mortality Table with White Collar Adjustment. The December 31, 2023 update resulted in an approximate $450 million increase to the U.S. pension PBO and U.S. accumulated postretirement benefit obligations.

During 2023, the Company contributed $143 million to its U.S. and international pension plans and $9 million to its postretirement plans. During 2022, the Company contributed $155 million to its U.S. and international pension plans and $3 million to its postretirement plans. In 2024, the Company expects to contribute an amount in the range of $100 million to $200 million of cash to its U.S. and international retirement plans. The Company does not have a required minimum cash pension contribution obligation for its U.S. plans in 2024. Future contributions will depend on market conditions, interest rates and other factors.

Plan Asset Management: 3M’s investment strategy for its pension and postretirement plans is to manage the funds on a going-concern basis. The primary goal of the trust funds is to meet the obligations as required. The secondary goal is to earn the highest rate of return possible, without jeopardizing its primary goal, and without subjecting the Company to an undue amount of contribution risk. Fund returns are used to help finance present and future obligations to the extent possible within actuarially determined funding limits and tax-determined asset limits, thus reducing the potential need for additional contributions from 3M. The investment strategy has used long duration cash bonds and derivative instruments to offset a significant portion of the interest rate sensitivity of U.S. pension liabilities.

Normally, 3M does not buy or sell any of its own securities as a direct investment for its pension and other postretirement benefit funds. However, due to external investment management of the funds, the plans may indirectly buy, sell or hold 3M securities. The aggregate amount of 3M securities are not considered to be material relative to the aggregate fund percentages.

The discussion that follows references the fair value measurements of certain assets in terms of levels 1, 2 and 3. See Note 15 for descriptions of these levels. While the company believes the valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date.

U.S. Pension Plans and Postretirement Benefit Plan Assets: In order to achieve the investment objectives in the U.S. pension plans and U.S. postretirement benefit plans, the investment policies include a target strategic asset allocation. The investment policies allow some tolerance around the target in recognition that market fluctuations and illiquidity of some investments may cause the allocation to a specific asset class to vary from the target allocation, potentially for long periods of time. Acceptable ranges have been designed to allow for deviation from strategic targets and to allow for the opportunity for tactical over- and under-weights. The portfolios will normally be rebalanced when the quarter-end asset allocation deviates from acceptable ranges. The allocation is reviewed regularly by the named fiduciary of the plans. Approximately 83% of the postretirement benefit plan assets are in a 401(h) account. The 401(h) account assets are in the same trust as the primary U.S. pension plan and invested with the same investment objectives as the primary U.S. pension plan.


	Fair Value Measurements Using Inputs Considered as												Investments Measured at Net Asset Value*				Fair Value at December 31,
	Level 1				Level 2				Level 3
Asset Class (Millions)	2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
U.S. Pension Plans
Equities	$	1,246	$	871	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	174	$	271	$	1,420	$	1,142
Fixed income	1,153		1,354		6,428		5,803		—		—		16		91		7,597		7,248
Private equity	—		—		—		—		—		—		1,622		1,700		1,622		1,700
Absolute return	1		1		83		85		—		—		1,314		1,794		1,398		1,880
Cash and cash equivalents	7		8		—		21		—		—		741		789		748		818
Total	$	2,407	$	2,234	$	6,511	$	5,909	$	—	$	—	$	3,867	$	4,645	$	12,785	$	12,788
Other items to reconcile to fair value of plan assets																	(437)		(140)
Fair value of plan assets																	$	12,348	$	12,648

Postretirement Benefit Plans
Equities	$	118	$	168	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	11	$	16	$	129	$	184
Fixed income	92		96		503		461		—		—		1		5		596		562
Private equity	—		—		—		—		—		—		108		99		108		99
Absolute return	—		—		5		5		—		—		87		105		92		110
Cash and cash equivalents	35		21		—		1		—		—		49		46		84		68
Total	$	245	$	285	$	508	$	467	$	—	$	—	$	256	$	271	$	1,009	$	1,023
Other items to reconcile to fair value of plan assets																	(29)		(6)
Fair value of plan assets																	$	980	$	1,017

* In accordance with ASC 820-10, certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value (NAV) per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The NAV is based on the fair value of the underlying assets owned by the fund, minus its liabilities then divided by the number of units outstanding and is determined by the investment manager or custodian of the fund. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the fair value of plan assets.

Fixed income includes U.S. government and government agencies, corporate bonds and notes, asset backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations, private placements and derivative investments. U.S. government and government agency bonds and notes are valued at the closing price reported in the active market in which the individual security is traded. Corporate bonds and notes, asset backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations are valued at either the yields currently available on comparable securities of issuers with similar credit ratings or valued under a discounted cash flow approach that utilizes observable inputs, such as current yields of similar instruments, but includes adjustments for certain risks that may not be observable such as credit and liquidity risks. Private placements are valued by the custodian using recognized pricing services and sources. Derivative instruments such as credit default swaps, interest rate swaps are valued by the custodian using closing market swap curves and market derived inputs. Futures are valued at the closing price reported in active market in which the derivative is traded.

Absolute return consists primarily of partnership interests in hedge funds, hedge fund of funds or other private fund vehicles. The hedge funds are valued at NAV as described above. The private fund vehicles consist primarily of corporate debt instruments that are valued at either the yields currently available on comparable securities of issuers with similar credit ratings or valued under a discounted cash flow approach that utilizes observable inputs, such as current yields of similar instruments, but includes adjustments for certain risks that may not be observable such as credit and liquidity risk ratings.

International Pension Plans Assets: Outside the U.S., pension plan assets are typically managed by decentralized fiduciary committees. The disclosure below of asset categories is presented in aggregate for over 84 defined benefit plans in over 27 countries; however, there is significant variation in asset allocation policy from country to country. Local regulations, local funding rules, and local financial and tax considerations are part of the funding and investment allocation process in each country. The Company provides standard funding and investment guidance to all international plans with more focused guidance to the larger plans.


	Fair Value Measurements Using Inputs Considered as												Investments Measured at Net Asset Value*				Fair Value at December 31,
	Level 1				Level 2				Level 3
Asset Class (Millions)	2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
Equities	$	226	$	288	$	513	$	252	$	1	$	2	$	45	$	1	$	785	$	543
Fixed income	148		134		3,501		3,542		2		4		719		623		4,370		4,303
Private equity	—		2		58		50		2		2		361		384		421		438
Absolute return	10		8		1		1		583		439		189		259		783		707
Cash and cash equivalents	106		122		76		51		—		—		1		2		183		175
Total	$	490	$	554	$	4,149	$	3,896	$	588	$	447	$	1,315	$	1,269	$	6,542	$	6,166
Other items to reconcile to fair value of plan assets																	(201)		(275)
Fair value of plan assets																	$	6,341	$	5,891

*In accordance with ASC 820-10, certain investments that are measured at fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The NAV is based on the fair value of the underlying assets owned by the fund, minus its liabilities then divided by the number of units outstanding and is determined by the investment manager or custodian of the fund. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the fair value of plan assets.

Fixed Income investments include domestic and foreign government, and corporate debt securities. The debt securities are valued at the closing price reported if traded on an active market or at yields currently available on comparable securities of issuers with similar credit ratings or valued under a discounted cash flow approach that utilizes observable inputs, such as current yields of similar instruments, but includes adjustments for certain risks that may not be observable such as credit and liquidity risks.

Absolute return consists primarily of private partnership interests in hedge funds, insurance contracts and derivative instruments. Partnerships and hedge funds are valued at NAV as described above. Insurance consists of insurance contracts, which are valued using cash surrender values which is the amount the plan would receive if the contract was cashed out at year end. Derivative instruments consist of various swaps and bond futures that are used to help manage risks and are valued by the custodian using closing market swap curves and market derived input

The balances of and changes in the fair values of the international pension plans’ level 3 assets consist primarily of insurance contracts under the absolute return asset class. In 2023 the aggregate of net purchases and net unrealized gains and losses increased this balance by $138 million and the change in currency exchange rates increased this balance by $6 million for a net increase of $144 million. In 2022 the aggregate net purchases and net unrealized gains decreased this balance by $24 million and the change in currency exchange rates decreased the balance by $42 million for a net decrease to this balance of $66 million.