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10. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Disclosure Of Compensation Related Costs Sharebased Payments Abstract  
Schedule of Valuation Allowance for Impairment
10. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
We use the straight-line attribution method to allocate the fair value of share-based compensation awards over the requisite service period for each award. The valuation of and accounting for share-based awards includes a number of complex and subjective estimates. These estimates include, but are not limited to, the future volatility of our stock price, future stock option exercise behaviors, estimated employee turnover, and award forfeiture rates.
Description of Incentive Plan
Our 2022 Incentive Plan has 20.0 million shares authorized, which includes 3.5 million shares not issued pursuant to any awards granted under the 2020 Incentive Plan. There were 12.7 million shares available for awards as of December 31, 2022.
Options Valuation Methodology and Assumptions
We use the Black-Scholes option valuation model to determine the fair value of options granted and use the closing price of our common stock as the fair market value of our stock on that date.
We consider historical stock price volatilities, volatilities of similar companies and other factors in determining estimates of future volatilities.
We use historical lives, including post-termination exercise behavior, as the basis for estimating expected lives.
Risk-free rates are based on the U.S. Treasury Yield Curve, as published by the U.S. Treasury.
 
The following table summarizes the weighted-average valuation assumptions and weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted during the periods shown below:
 
    
Year Ended December 31,
  
Assumptions (weighted-average)
   
2022
     
2021
    
2020
  
Volatility
      —          120 %      111 % 
Expected term (in years)
      —          4.0       4.0  
Risk-free rate
      —          0.9 %      0.3 % 
Expected dividends
      —          0.0 %      0.0 % 
Pre-vest
forfeiture rate
      —          8.5 %      8.5 % 
Grant date fair value of options granted
    $ —        $ 11.72     $ 1.20  
Options Activity and Positions
The following table summarizes activity and positions with respect to options for the periods shown below (in thousands):
 
                  
Weighted-average
         
                  
remaining
     
Aggregate
  
           
Weighted-average
     
contractual
     
intrinsic
  
Options
   
Shares
     
exercise price
     
term (in years)
     
value
  
Outstanding as of December 31, 2019
      5,104        1.66        7.4      $ 122  
           
 
 
  
Granted
      68        1.60        
           
 
 
  
Exercised
      (693 )       1.44        
           
 
 
  
Forfeited or expired
      (1,198 )       2.20        
  
 
 
           
 
 
  
Outstanding as of December 31, 2020
      3,281        1.51        6.6      $ 12,784  
           
 
 
  
Granted
      8        14.04        
Exercised
      (1,519 )       1.75        
Forfeited or expired
      (237 )       1.23        
  
 
 
           
 
 
  
Outstanding as of December 31, 2021
      1,533        1.37        5.6      $ 5,645  
           
 
 
  
Granted
      —          —          
Exercised
      (525 )       1.38        
Forfeited or expired
      (63 )       3.00        
  
 
 
           
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022
      945      $ 1.26        5.7      $ 1,137  
  
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Vested and expected to vest as of December 31, 2022
      945      $ 1.26        5.7      $ 1,136  
  
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Exercisable as of December 31, 2022
      941      $ 1.26        5.7      $ 1,129  
  
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
The total grant date fair value of options vested during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $115,000, $508,000 and $604,000, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, our unrecognized share-based compensation was $1,000 related to options, which we plan to expense over the next 1.2 years.
Restricted stock activity and positions
The following table summarizes activity and positions with respect to RSUs and PSUs for the three years ended December 31, 2022 (in thousands):
 
           
Weighted-average
  
    
Shares
     
price
  
Unvested as of December 31, 2019
      1,215        0.40  
Granted
      1,462        1.08  
Vested
      (219 )       0.88  
Forfeited
      (475 )       0.77  
  
 
 
     
Unvested as of December 31, 2020
      1,983        0.76  
Granted
      4,179        12.92  
Vested
      (2,380 )       3.11  
Forfeited
      (1,157 )       11.97  
  
 
 
     
Unvested as of December 31, 2021
      2,625        13.05  
Granted
      9,180        2.46  
Vested
      (1,391 )       9.16  
Forfeited
      (1,548 )       6.42  
  
 
 
     
Unvested as of December 31, 2022
      8,866      $ 3.85  
  
 
 
     
 
 
  
In June 2022, we issued 6.0 million PSUs to our executive officers. The PSUs are subject to the achievement of performance goals and time-based vesting. The PSUs will become eligible to vest if the closing price of our common stock reaches or exceeds specified price thresholds for at least 20 consecutive trading days during the performance period through December 31, 2025. If the performance goals are met, the portion of the PSUs deemed earned will become subject to time-based vesting in equal quarterly installments over two years starting from the date on which the goal is achieved. These PSUs were valued using a Monte Carlo simulation model using the following inputs: stock price, volatility, and risk-free interest rates.
In 2022, we issued 2.4 million PSUs to
non-executive
employees subject to the achievement of development goals. These shares were valued based on the closing price of our common stock on the dates of grant. These shares vest quarterly over two years from the achievement of established performance criteria. We canceled 426,000 PSUs in the fourth quarter of 2022 and
re-issued
106,000 PSUs in the first quarter of 2023 due to partial achievement of internal performance milestones.
In 2022, we issued 570,000 time-based RSUs to
non-executive
employees for promotion, retention, and new hire grants. These shares were valued based on the closing price of our common stock on the dates of grant. These shares vest over three or four years from the date of grant.
In 2021, an equity award was granted to the Chief Executive Officer in the form of 1.2 million restricted stock units. These shares were valued based on the closing price of our common stock on the dates of grant. On the date of grant, 300,000 shares vested immediately, 300,000 vested in April 2022 and subsequent grants of 300,000 RSUs will be made on an annual basis in each of April 2023 and April 2024.
In 2021, we issued 1.5 million shares of performance stock units to
non-executive
employees. These shares were valued based on the closing price of our common stock on the dates of grant. The shares vest
one-eighth
upon achievement of performance milestones with the remainder vesting quarterly over the following seven quarters. In 2021, 1.1 million of the performance stock units were canceled because of modifications to or failure to achieve performance milestones.
In 2021, we issued 1.1 million RSUs to
non-executive
employees for promotion, retention and new hire grants. These shares were valued based on the closing price of our common stock on the dates of grant. These shares vest annually over one to four years from the date of grant.
As of December 31, 2022, our unrecognized share-based compensation related to RSUs was $13.1 million, which we plan to expense over the next 1.6 years, our unrecognized share-based compensation related to executive PSUs was $7.9 million, which we plan to expense over the next 2.7 years, and our unrecognized share-based compensation related to the
non-executive
PSUs was $2.0 million, which we plan to expense over the next 1.0 year.