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Segment Reporting
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Segment Reporting [Abstract]  
Segment Reporting Segment Reporting
The Company has three operating segments, Pharmacy Services, Retail/LTC and Health Care Benefits, as well as a Corporate/Other segment. The Company’s segments maintain separate financial information, and the CODM evaluates the segments’ operating results on a regular basis in deciding how to allocate resources among the segments and in assessing segment performance. The CODM evaluates the performance of the Company’s segments based on adjusted operating income which is defined as operating income (GAAP measure) excluding the impact of amortization of intangible assets and other items, if any, that neither relate to the ordinary course of the Company’s business nor reflect the Company’s underlying business performance. See the reconciliation of consolidated operating income (GAAP measure) to adjusted operating income below for further context regarding the items excluded from operating income in determining adjusted operating income. The Company uses adjusted operating income as its principal measure of segment performance as it enhances the Company’s ability to compare past financial performance with current performance and analyze underlying business performance and trends. Non-GAAP financial measures the Company discloses, such as consolidated adjusted operating income, should not be considered a substitute for, or superior to, financial measures determined or calculated in accordance with GAAP.

In 2020 and 2019, revenues from the federal government accounted for 14% and 13%, respectively, of the Company’s consolidated total revenues, primarily related to contracts with CMS for coverage of Medicare-eligible individuals within the Health Care Benefits segment. Revenues from the federal government were less than 10% of the Company’s consolidated revenues in 2018. In 2018, approximately 9.8% of the Company’s consolidated revenues were from Aetna, which was a Pharmacy Services segment client. On the Aetna Acquisition Date, Aetna became a wholly-owned subsidiary of CVS Health. Subsequent to the Aetna Acquisition Date, transactions with Aetna continue to be reported within the Pharmacy Services segment, but are eliminated in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
The following is a reconciliation of financial measures of the Company’s segments to the consolidated totals:
In millions
Pharmacy 
Services (1)
Retail/
LTC		Health Care
Benefits		Corporate/
Other
Intersegment
Eliminations
Consolidated
Totals
2020:
Revenues from external customers$132,663 $60,208 $74,926 $111 $— $267,908 
Intersegment revenues9,275 30,990 58 — (40,323)— 
Net investment income— — 483 315 — 798 
Total revenues141,938 91,198 75,467 426 (40,323)268,706 
  Adjusted operating income (loss) 5,688 6,146 6,188 (1,306)(708)16,008 
Depreciation and amortization612 1,801 1,832 196 — 4,441 
2019:
Revenues from external customers130,428 56,258 68,979 100 — 255,765 
Intersegment revenues11,063 30,350 26 — (41,439)— 
Net investment income— — 599 412 — 1,011 
Total revenues 141,491 86,608 69,604 512 (41,439)256,776 
  Adjusted operating income (loss) 5,129 6,705 5,202 (1,000)(697)15,339 
Depreciation and amortization766 1,723 1,721 161 — 4,371 
2018:
Revenues from external customers130,012 54,999 8,904 4 — 193,919 
Intersegment revenues4,724 28,990 — — (33,714)— 
Net investment income— — 58 602 — 660 
Total revenues134,736 83,989 8,962 606 (33,714)194,579 
  Adjusted operating income (loss) 4,955 7,403 528 (856)(769)11,261 
Depreciation and amortization710 1,698 172 138 — 2,718 
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(1)Total revenues of the Pharmacy Services segment include approximately $10.9 billion, $11.5 billion and $11.4 billion of retail co-payments for 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. See Note 1 ‘‘Significant Accounting Policies’’ for additional information about retail co-payments.
The following is a reconciliation of consolidated operating income to adjusted operating income for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018:
In millions202020192018
Operating income (GAAP measure)$13,911 $11,987 $4,021 
Amortization of intangible assets (1)
2,341 2,436 1,006 
Acquisition-related transaction and integration costs (2)
332 480 492 
(Gain) loss on divestiture of subsidiary (3)
(269)205 86 
Receipt of fully reserved ACA risk corridor receivable (4)
(307)— — 
Store rationalization charges (5)
— 231 — 
Goodwill impairments (6)
— — 6,149 
Impairment of long-lived assets (7)
— — 43 
Interest income on financing for the Aetna Acquisition (8)
— — (536)
Adjusted operating income$16,008 $15,339 $11,261 
_____________________________________________
(1)The Company’s acquisition activities have resulted in the recognition of intangible assets as required under the acquisition method of accounting which consist primarily of trademarks, customer contracts/relationships, covenants not to compete, technology, provider networks and value of business acquired. Definite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives and are tested for impairment when events indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. The amortization of intangible assets is reflected in the Company’s GAAP consolidated statements of operations in operating expenses within each segment. Although intangible assets contribute to the Company’s revenue generation, the amortization of intangible assets does not directly relate to the underwriting of the Company’s insurance products, the services performed for the Company’s customers or the sale of the Company’s products or services. Additionally, intangible asset amortization expense typically fluctuates based on the size and timing of the Company’s acquisition activity. Accordingly, the Company believes excluding the amortization of intangible assets enhances the Company’s and investors’ ability to compare the Company’s past financial performance with its current performance and to analyze underlying business performance and trends. Intangible asset amortization excluded from the related non-GAAP financial measure represents the entire amount recorded within the Company’s GAAP financial statements, and the revenue generated by the associated intangible assets has not been excluded from the related non-GAAP financial measure. Intangible asset amortization is excluded from the related non-GAAP financial measure because the amortization, unlike the related revenue, is not affected by operations of any particular period unless an intangible asset becomes impaired or the estimated useful life of an intangible asset is revised.
(2)In 2020, 2019 and 2018, acquisition-related transaction and integration costs relate to the Aetna Acquisition. In 2018, acquisition-related integration costs also relate to the acquisition of Omnicare. The acquisition-related transaction and integration costs are reflected in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations in operating expenses within the Corporate/Other segment and the Retail/LTC segment.
(3)In 2020, the gain on divestiture of subsidiary represents the pre-tax gain on the sale of the Workers’ Compensation business, which the Company sold on July 31, 2020 for approximately $850 million. The gain on divestiture is reflected as a reduction in operating expenses in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations within the Health Care Benefits segment. In 2019, the loss on divestiture of subsidiary represents the pre-tax loss on the sale of Onofre, which occurred on July 1, 2019. The loss on divestiture primarily relates to the elimination of the cumulative translation adjustment from accumulated other comprehensive income. In 2018, the loss on divestiture of subsidiary represents the pre-tax loss on the sale of the Company’s RxCrossroads subsidiary for $725 million on January 2, 2018. The losses on divestiture of subsidiary are reflected in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations in operating expenses within the Retail/LTC segment.
(4)In 2020, the Company received $313 million owed to it under the ACA’s risk corridor program that was previously fully reserved for as payment was uncertain. After considering offsetting items such as the ACA’s minimum MLR rebate requirements and premium taxes, the Company recognized pre-tax income of $307 million in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations within the Health Care Benefits segment.
(5)In 2019, the store rationalization charges relate to the planned closure of 46 underperforming retail pharmacy stores in the second quarter of 2019 and the planned closure of 22 underperforming retail pharmacy stores in the first quarter of 2020. The store rationalization charges primarily relate to operating lease right-of-use asset impairment charges and are reflected in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations in operating expenses within the Retail/LTC segment.
(6)In 2018, the goodwill impairments relate to the LTC reporting unit within the Retail/LTC segment.
(7)In 2018, impairment of long-lived assets primarily relates to the impairment of property and equipment within the Retail/LTC segment and is reflected in operating expenses in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations.
(8)In 2018, the Company recorded interest income of $536 million on the proceeds of the $40 billion of unsecured senior notes it issued in March 2018 to partially fund the Aetna Acquisition. All amounts are for the periods prior to the close of the Aetna Acquisition, which occurred on November 28, 2018, and were recorded within the Corporate/Other segment.