Integration and Restructuring Costs

During the second quarter of 2018, Marsh initiated a program to simplify the organization through reduced management layers and more common structures across regions and businesses to more closely align with its more formalized segmentation strategy across large risk management, middle market corporate, and small commercial & personal segments. These efforts are expected to create increased efficiencies and additional capacity for reinvestment in people and technology. As of December 31, 2018, the Company has incurred restructuring severance and consulting costs of $96 million related to this initiative.

During the fourth quarter of 2018, Mercer initiated a program to restructure its business to further optimize the way Mercer operates, setting up the Company for a more fluid and nimble structure and operating model for the future. As of December 31, 2018, the Company has incurred restructuring severance and consulting costs of $51 million related to this initiative.

In addition to the charges discussed above, the Company incurred $14 million of restructuring costs related to severance and future rent under non-cancelable leases. These costs were incurred in Risk and Insurance Services—$3 million; Consulting—$1 million; and Corporate—$10 million.

Details of the restructuring liability activity from January 1, 2017 through December 31, 2018, including actions taken prior to 2018, are as follows:



(In millions)	Balance at 1/1/17		Expense Incurred		Cash Paid			Other		Balance at 12/31/17		Expense Incurred		Cash Paid			Other			Balance at 12/31/18
Severance	$	32	$	31	$	(49	)	$	1	$	15	$	137	$	(77	)	$	(2	)	$	73
Future rent under non-cancelable leases and other costs	61		9		(22		)	2		50		24		(37		)	2			39
Total	$	93	$	40	$	(71	)	$	3	$	65	$	161	$	(114	)	$	—		$	112

As of January 1, 2016, the liability balance related to restructuring activity was $93 million. In 2016, the Company accrued $44 million and had cash payments and other adjustments of $44 million related to restructuring activities that resulted in the liability balance at January 1, 2017 reported above.

The expenses associated with the above initiatives are included in compensation and benefits and other operating expenses in the consolidated statements of income. The liabilities associated with these initiatives are classified on the consolidated balance sheets as accounts payable and accrued liabilities, other liabilities, or accrued compensation and employee benefits, depending on the nature of the items.