New Accounting Guidance

New Accounting Pronouncements Effective January 1, 2018:

The following new accounting standards were adopted using a modified retrospective approach through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of January 1, 2018:

New Revenue Recognition Standard

In May 2014, the FASB issued new accounting guidance related to revenue from contracts with customers. The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company adopted the new guidance effective January 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective method, which applies the new guidance beginning with the year of adoption, with the cumulative effect of initially applying the guidance recognized as an adjustment to retained earnings at January 1, 2018. The Company elected to apply the modified retrospective method to all contracts.

The guidance includes requirements to estimate variable or contingent consideration to be received, which will result in revenue being recognized earlier than under legacy GAAP. In addition, the guidance requires the capitalization and amortization of certain costs which were expensed as incurred under legacy GAAP. As discussed in more detail below, the adoption of this new revenue recognition standard will shift revenue among quarters from historical patterns, but is not expected to have a significant year-over-year impact on annual revenue.

Upon adoption of the new revenue standard, the Company recognized significant movement in the quarterly timing of revenue recognized in the Risk and Insurance Services segment. In particular, under the new standard the recognition of revenue for reinsurance broking was accelerated from historical patterns. Estimated revenue from these treaties is recognized largely at the policy effective date at which point control over the services provided by the Company transfers to the client and the client has accepted the services. This resulted in a significant increase in revenue in the first quarter of 2018 compared to the same period in 2017. Prior to the adoption of this standard, revenue related to most reinsurance placements was recognized on the later of billing or effective date as premiums are determined by the primary insurers and attached to the reinsurance treaties. Typically, this resulted in revenue being recognized over a 12 to 18 month period.

The timing of revenue recognition for certain fee based brokerage arrangements will shift among quarters. However, since the vast majority of the Company's fee arrangements involve contracts that cover a single year of services, the Company does not expect there will be a significant change in the amount of revenue recognized in an annual period.

In the Risk and Insurance Services segment, certain pre-placement costs are now deferred and amortized into earnings when revenue from the placement is recognized. These costs were previously expensed as incurred. As such, the Company expects the recognition of costs to shift among quarters.

In the Consulting segment, the adoption of the new revenue standard will not have a significant impact on the timing of revenue recognition in quarterly or annual periods.

In Consulting, the Company incurs implementation costs necessary to facilitate the delivery of the contracted services. The Company has concluded that certain additional implementation costs previously expensed under legacy GAAP will be deferred under the new guidance. In addition, the amortization period for these implementation costs will include the initial contract term plus expected renewals.

The cumulative effect of adopting the standard, net of tax, on January 1, 2018 resulted in an increase to the opening balance of retained earnings of $364 million, with offsetting increases/decreases to other balance sheet accounts, e.g. accounts receivable, other assets and deferred income taxes. The comparative prior period information was not restated and will continue to be reported under the legacy accounting standards that were in effect for those periods.

The impact of adoption of the new revenue standard on the Company's consolidated income statement was as follows (in millions):



	Three Months Ended Sept. 30,								Nine Months Ended Sept. 30,
	As Reported			Revenue Standard Impact		Legacy GAAP			As Reported			Revenue Standard Impact			Legacy GAAP
Revenue	$	3,504		$	58	$	3,562		$	11,238		$	(127	)	$	11,111
Expense:
Compensation and benefits	2,083			12		2,095			6,442			(58		)	6,384
Other operating expenses	880			—		880			2,656			—			2,656
Operating expenses	2,963			12		2,975			9,098			(58		)	9,040
Operating income	541			46		587			2,140			(69		)	2,071
Other net benefit credits	63			—		63			194			—			194
Interest income	2			—		2			8			—			8
Interest expense	(69		)	—		(69		)	(198		)	—			(198		)
Investment (loss)	(52		)	—		(52		)	(24		)	—			(24		)
Change in fair value of acquisition related FX contract	(100		)	—		(100		)	(100		)	—			(100		)
Income before income taxes	385			46		431			2,020			(69		)	1,951
Income tax expense	106			12		118			509			(18		)	491
Net income before non-controlling interests	279			34		313			1,511			(51		)	1,460
Less: Net income attributable to non-controlling interests	3			—		3			14			—			14
Net income attributable to the Company	$	276		$	34	$	310		$	1,497		$	(51	)	$	1,446

The impact of adoption of the new revenue standard on the Company's consolidated balance sheet was as follows (in millions):



	September 30, 2018
	As Reported			Revenue Standard Impact			Legacy GAAP
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	951		$	—		$	951
Net receivables	4,476			(175		)	4,301
Other current assets	539			(290		)	249
Total current assets	5,966			(465		)	5,501
Goodwill and intangible assets	10,764			—			10,764
Fixed assets, net	707			—			707
Pension related assets	1,814			—			1,814
Deferred tax assets	497			121			618
Other assets	1,381			(238		)	1,143
TOTAL ASSETS	$	21,129		$	(582	)	$	20,547

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Short-term debt	$	638		$	—		$	638
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	2,293			(143		)	2,150
Accrued compensation and employee benefits	1,406			—			1,406
Accrued income taxes	179			—			179
Dividends payable	211			—			211
Total current liabilities	4,727			(143		)	4,584
Fiduciary liabilities	5,185			—			5,185
Less - cash and investments held in a fiduciary capacity	(5,185		)	—			(5,185		)
	—			—			—
Long-term debt	5,512			—			5,512
Pension, post-retirement and post-employment benefits	1,727			—			1,727
Liabilities for errors and omissions	303			—			303
Other liabilities	1,322			(24		)	1,298
Total equity	7,538			(415		)	7,123
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY	$	21,129		$	(582	)	$	20,547

The impact of adoption of the new revenue standard on the Company's consolidated statement of cash flow was as follows (in millions):



	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
	As Reported			Revenue Standard Impact			Legacy GAAP
Operating cash flows:
Net income before non-controlling interests	$	1,511		$	(51	)	$	1,460
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operations:
Depreciation and amortization of fixed assets and capitalized software	236			—			236
Amortization of intangible assets	135			—			135
Adjustments and payments related to contingent consideration liability	(10		)	—			(10		)
Provision for deferred income taxes	66			—			66
Gain on investments	24			—			24
Gain on disposition of assets	(53		)	—			(53		)
Share-based compensation expense	146			—			146
Change in fair value of acquisition related FX contract	100			—			100
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Net receivables	(210		)	107			(103		)
Other current assets	19			(28		)	(9		)
Other assets	(51		)	(6		)	(57		)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	(3		)	(21		)	(24		)
Accrued compensation and employee benefits	(312		)	—			(312		)
Accrued income taxes	(13		)	—			(13		)
Contributions to pension excess of expense/credit	(250		)	—			(250		)
Other liabilities	11			(1		)	10
Effect of exchange rate changes	(27		)	—			(27		)
Net cash provided by operations	$	1,319		$	—		$	1,319

The adoption of the revenue recognition standard did not have an impact on the Company's financing or investing cash flows.

Other Standards Adopted Effective January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach

In January 2016, the FASB issued new guidance intended to improve the recognition and measurement of financial instruments. The new guidance requires investments in equity securities (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting, or those that result in consolidation of the investee) to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income; requires public business entities to use the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes; requires separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset (i.e., securities or loans and receivables) on the balance sheet or the accompanying notes to the financial statements; eliminates the requirement for public business entities to disclose the method(s) and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost on the balance sheet; and requires a reporting organization to present separately in other comprehensive income the portion of the total change in the fair value of a liability resulting from a change in the instrument-specific credit risk (also referred to as "own credit") when the organization has elected to measure the liability at fair value in accordance with the fair value option for financial instruments. The new guidance was effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company holds certain equity investments that under legacy GAAP were previously treated as available for sale securities, whereby the mark-to-market change was recorded to other comprehensive income in its consolidated balance sheet. The Company adopted the new accounting guidance, effective January 1, 2018, recording a cumulative-effect adjustment increase to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption of $14 million, reflecting the reclassification of cumulative unrealized gains, net of tax as of December 31, 2017 from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings. Therefore, prior periods have not been restated.

In October 2016, the FASB also issued new guidance which requires an entity to recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs. The new guidance eliminates the exception for an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory. The new guidance is effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The new guidance must be applied on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. The Company adopted the new guidance effective January 1, 2018, recording a cumulative-effect adjustment decrease to retained earnings of approximately $14 million as of the beginning of the period of adoption.

The impact on the Company's balance sheet as of January 1, 2018 related to the adoption of the accounting standards using the modified retrospective approach as discussed above is as follows:



			Adjustments
	Balance at December 31, 2017		Revenue Recognition			Financial Instruments			Intra-Entity Transfer			Balance at January 1, 2018
Balance Sheet
Assets
Net Receivables	$	4,133	$	68		$	—		$	—		$	4,201
Other Current Assets	224		318			—			—			542
Other Assets	1,430		226			—			—			1,656
Deferred Tax Assets	669		(103		)	—			(14		)	552
Liabilities
Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities	2,083		122			—			—			2,205
Other Liabilities	1,311		23			—			—			1,334
Equity
Other Accumulated Comprehensive Income	—		—			(14		)	—			(14		)
Retained Earnings	$	13,140	$	364		$	14		$	(14	)	$	13,504

Cumulative effect adjustment related to the adoption of the revenue recognition standard

The cumulative effect adjustment recorded to net receivables is primarily related to contingent brokerage revenue and reinsurance revenue placements. Under the new guidance, the Company is required to record an estimate of variable or contingent consideration earlier than under the previous rules. Also under the new guidance, revenue related to most reinsurance placements is accelerated versus previous patterns.

The cumulative effect adjustments also includes the capitalization of costs to fulfill and costs to obtain that are included in other current assets and other assets, respectively. These costs were previously expensed as incurred. The adjustment to accounts payable and accrued liabilities includes deferred revenue related to the timing of fee revenue recognition for fee based arrangements and certain post placement servicing costs, primarily related to reinsurance brokerage costs that were previously expensed as incurred.

Adoption of amended accounting standard using the retrospective application approach

Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted new guidance that changes the presentation of net periodic pension cost and net periodic postretirement cost (''net periodic benefit costs"). The new guidance requires employers to report the service cost component of net periodic benefit costs in the same line item as other compensation costs in the income statement. The other components of net periodic benefit costs are required to be presented in the income statement separately from the service cost component and outside a subtotal of income from operations. The new guidance requires retrospective application for the presentation of the service cost component and the other components of net periodic benefit costs. Accordingly, we have reclassified prior period information in the consolidated results of operations, segment data and related disclosures contained in our management's discussion and analysis and notes to the consolidated financial statements to reflect the retrospective adoption of this standard.

Other accounting standards adopted effective January 1, 2018

In November 2016, the FASB issued new guidance which requires that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. As a result, amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The Company adopted this guidance, which is required to be applied retrospectively to all periods presented, effective January 1, 2018. The adoption of this guidance did not impact the Company's consolidated balance sheets or consolidated statements of cash flows.

In August 2016, the FASB issued new guidance which adds or clarifies guidance on the classification of certain cash receipts and payments in the statement of cash flows, including cash payments for debt prepayments or debt extinguishment costs, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination and distributions received from equity method investees. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2018. The adoption of this guidance did not impact the Company's consolidated statements of cash flows.

In January 2017, the FASB issued guidance which clarifies the definition of a business in order to assist companies with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2018. The adoption of this standard did not have an impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations.

New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In August 2018, the FASB issued new guidance that amends required fair value measurement disclosures. The guidance adds new requirements, eliminates some current disclosures and modifies other required disclosures. The new disclosure requirements, along with modifications made to disclosures as a result of the change in requirements for narrative descriptions of measurement uncertainty, must be applied on a prospective basis. The effects of all other amendments included in the guidance must be applied retrospectively for all periods presented. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods therein. Early adoption is permitted. Adoption of this guidance will impact disclosures only and will not have an impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations.

In August 2018, the FASB issued new guidance that amends disclosures related to Defined Benefit Plans. The guidance removes disclosures that no longer are considered cost-beneficial, clarifies the specific requirements of certain disclosures, and adds disclosure requirements identified as relevant. The guidance must be applied on a retrospective basis. The guidance is effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted. Adoption of this guidance will impact disclosures only and will not have an impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations.

In January 2017, the FASB issued new guidance to simplify the test for goodwill impairment. The new guidance eliminates the second step in the current two-step goodwill impairment process, under which a goodwill impairment loss is measured by comparing the implied fair value of a reporting unit's goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill for that reporting unit. The new guidance requires a one-step impairment test, in which the goodwill impairment charge is based on the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. An entity still has the option to perform the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit to determine if the quantitative impairment test is necessary. The guidance should be applied on a prospective basis with the nature of and reason for the change in accounting principle disclosed upon transition. The guidance is effective for annual or any interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on its financial position or results of operations.

In February 2016, the FASB issued new guidance intended to improve financial reporting for leases. Under the new guidance, a lessee will be required to recognize assets and liabilities for leases with lease terms of more than 12 months. Consistent with current GAAP, the recognition, measurement, and presentation of expenses and cash flows arising from a lease by a lessee primarily will depend on its classification, which for lessees, will be defined as either a financing or operating leases under the new guidance. However, unlike current GAAP, which only requires recognition of capital leases on the balance sheet, the new guidance requires that both types of leases be recognized on the balance sheet. The new guidance will require additional disclosures to help investors and other financial statement users better understand the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. These disclosures include qualitative and quantitative requirements, and additional information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements.

The new guidance on leases is effective for public companies for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. Early application is permitted. The Company will adopt this new standard effective January 1, 2019, using the modified retrospective method, and apply the new guidance beginning in the year of adoption. Prior period information will not be restated. The cumulative effect of initially applying the guidance is recognized as an adjustment to retained earnings at January 1, 2019. The Company is expected to elect to apply the set of practical expedients at transition, which among other things, allows the Company to carry forward historical lease classifications. As a practical expedient, the Company will elect an accounting policy not to separate non-lease components from lease components and instead, account for these components as a single lease component. Substantially all of the Company’s leases are operating leases.

The Company expects to recognize a lease liability ranging from approximately $1.7 billion to $2 billion and a corresponding right of use asset ("ROU asset") ranging from $1.5 billion to $1.7 billion, including the de-recognition of approximately $200 million to $300 million of unamortized lease incentives and restructuring liabilities, upon the adoption of this standard, with minimal impact on the consolidated statement of income.