Income Taxes

For financial reporting purposes, income before income taxes includes the following components:



For the Years Ended December 31,
(In millions of dollars)	2013		2012			2011
Income before income taxes:
U.S.	$	407	$	398		$	121
Other	1,566		1,298			1,283
	$	1,973	$	1,696		$	1,404

The expense (benefit) for income taxes is comprised of:
Income taxes:
Current–
U.S. Federal	$	102	$	42		$	7
Other national governments	264		336			289
U.S. state and local	45		24			24
	411		402			320
Deferred–
U.S. Federal	12		(18		)	5
Other national governments	149		89			90
U.S. state and local	22		19			7
	183		90			102
Total income taxes	$	594	$	492		$	422

The significant components of deferred income tax assets and liabilities and their balance sheet classifications are as follows:



December 31,
(In millions of dollars)	2013		2012
Deferred tax assets:
Accrued expenses not currently deductible	$	570	$	589
Differences related to non-U.S. operations ^(a)	140		159
Accrued retirement & postretirement benefits—non-U.S. operations	—		107
Accrued retirement benefits U.S.	297		604
Net operating losses ^(b)	79		104
Income currently recognized for tax	74		75
Foreign tax credit carryforwards	157		224
Other	90		77
	$	1,407	$	1,939



Deferred tax liabilities:
Unrealized investment holding gains	$	2	$	2
Differences related to non-U.S. operations	112		107
Depreciation and amortization	273		245
Accrued retirement & postretirement benefits - non-U.S. operations	89		—
Other	3		4
	$	479	$	358


(a)	Net of valuation allowances of $12 million in 2013 and $7 million in 2012.


(b)	Net of valuation allowances of $70 million in 2013 and $65 million in 2012.



December 31,
(In millions of dollars)	2013			2012
Balance sheet classifications:
Current assets	$	482		$	410
Other assets	$	626		$	1,223
Current liabilities	$	(18	)	$	(18	)
Other liabilities	$	(162	)	$	(34	)

U.S. Federal income taxes are not provided on temporary differences with respect to investments in foreign subsidiaries that are essentially permanent in duration, which at December 31, 2013, the Company estimates, amounted to approximately $5.2 billion. The determination of the unrecognized deferred tax liability with respect to these investments is not practicable.

A reconciliation from the U.S. Federal statutory income tax rate to the Company’s effective income tax rate is shown below.



For the Years Ended December 31,	2013		2012		2011
U.S. Federal statutory rate	35.0	%	35.0	%	35.0	%
U.S. state and local income taxes—net of U.S. Federal income tax benefit	2.1		1.9		1.6
Differences related to non-U.S. operations	(6.0	)	(6.1	)	(6.5	)
Other	(1.0	)	(1.8	)	—
Effective tax rate	30.1	%	29.0	%	30.1	%

The Company’s consolidated tax rate was 30.1%, 29.0% and 30.1% in 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. The tax rate in each year reflects foreign operations, which are generally taxed at rates lower than the U.S. statutory tax rate.

Valuation allowances had net increases of $10 million and $23 million in 2013 and 2012, respectively, and a decrease of $1 million in 2011. During the respective years, adjustments of the beginning of the year balances of valuation allowances decreased income tax expense by $3 million in 2013 and increased income tax expense by $16 million in 2012. None of the cumulative valuation allowances relate to amounts which if realized would increase contributed capital in the future. Approximately 66% of the Company’s net operating loss carryforwards expire from 2014 through 2033, and others are unlimited. The potential tax benefit from net operating loss carryforwards at the end of 2013 comprised state and local, and non-U.S. tax benefits of $60 million and $90 million, respectively, before reduction for valuation allowances. Foreign tax credit carryforwards expire from 2019 through 2022.

The realization of deferred tax assets depends on generating future taxable income during the periods in which the tax benefits are deductible or creditable. The Company and Marsh have been profitable in the U.S. and globally. Tax liabilities are determined and assessed on a legal entity and jurisdictional basis. Certain taxing authorities allow or require combined or consolidated tax filings. The Company assessed the realizability of its domestic deferred tax assets, particularly state deferred tax assets of Marsh relating to jurisdictions in which it files separate tax returns, state deferred tax assets of all of the Company's domestic operations related to jurisdictions in which the Company files a unitary or combined state tax return, and foreign tax credit carry-forwards in the Company's consolidated U.S. federal tax return. When making its assessment about the realization of its domestic deferred tax assets at December 31, 2013, the Company considered all available evidence, placing particular weight on evidence that could be objectively verified. The evidence considered included (i) the profitability of the Company's U.S. operations throughout the period 2011 to 2013, (ii) the nature, frequency, and severity of losses incurred prior to 2011, (iii) profit trends evidenced by continued improvements in the Company's and Marsh's operating performance, (iv) the non-recurring nature of some of the items that contributed to the losses before 2011, (v) the carry-forward periods for the net operating losses ("NOLs") and foreign tax credit carryforwards, (vi) the sources and timing of future taxable income, giving weight to sources according to the extent to which they can be objectively verified, and (vii) tax planning strategies that would be implemented, if necessary, to accelerate utilization of NOLs. Based on its assessment, the Company concluded that it is more likely than not that most of these deferred tax assets are realizable and a valuation allowance was recorded to reduce the domestic deferred tax assets to the amount that the Company believes is more likely than not to be realized. In the event sufficient taxable income is not generated in future periods, additional valuation allowances of up to approximately $195 million could be required relating to these domestic deferred tax assets. The realization of the remaining U.S. federal deferred tax assets is not as sensitive to U.S. profits because it is supported by anticipated repatriation of future annual earnings from the Company’s profitable global operations, consistent with the Company's historical practice. In addition, when making its assessment about the realization of its domestic deferred tax assets at December 31, 2013, the Company continued to assess the realizability of deferred tax assets of certain other entities with a history of recent losses, including other U.S. entities that file separate state tax returns and foreign subsidiaries, and recorded valuation allowances as appropriate.

Following is a reconciliation of the Company’s total gross unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011:



(In millions of dollars)	2013			2012			2011
Balance at January 1,	$	117		$	143		$	199
Additions, based on tax positions related to current year	16			26			7
Additions for tax positions of prior years	35			35			39
Reductions for tax positions of prior years	(7		)	(41		)	(91		)
Settlements	(3		)	(6		)	(6		)
Lapses in statutes of limitation	(30		)	(40		)	(5		)
Balance at December 31,	$	128		$	117		$	143

Of the total unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, $71 million, $96 million and $102 million, respectively, represent the amount that, if recognized, would favorably affect the effective tax rate in any future periods. The total gross amount of accrued interest and penalties at December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, before any applicable federal benefit, was $10 million, $13 million and $17 million, respectively.

As discussed in Note 5, the Company has provided certain indemnities related to contingent tax liabilities as part of the disposals of Putnam and Kroll. At December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, $2 million, $6 million and $14 million, respectively, included in the table above, relates to Putnam and Kroll positions included in consolidated Company tax returns. Since the Company remains primarily liable to the taxing authorities for resolution of uncertain tax positions related to consolidated returns, these balances will remain as part of the Company’s consolidated liability for uncertain tax positions. Any future charges or credits that are directly related to the disposal of Putnam and Kroll and the indemnified contingent tax issues, including interest accrued, will be recorded in discontinued operations as incurred.

The Company is routinely examined by the jurisdictions in which it has significant operations. During 2013, the Company settled federal tax audits with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) for years 2007 and 2009 through 2011. The tax year 2008 was settled in a prior period. During 2011, the Company was accepted to participate in the IRS Compliance Assurance Process (CAP) which is structured to conduct real-time compliance reviews. The IRS is currently examining 2012 and performing a pre-filing review of the Company's 2013 U.S. operations. New York State and New York City have examinations underway for various entities covering the years 2007 through 2011. During 2013, the State of Illinois commenced an audit of the Company for years 2009 through 2012. During 2013, the Company filed appeals in the Massachusetts Appellate Tax Board for various entities for assessments received at the end of 2012, and the Company is currently appealing those assessments. During 2013, the United Kingdom commenced an examination of tax years 2011 and 2012 for various subsidiaries. There are no ongoing tax audits in the jurisdictions outside the U.S. in which the Company has significant operations. The Company regularly considers the likelihood of assessments in each of the taxing jurisdictions resulting from examinations. The Company has established appropriate liabilities for uncertain tax positions in relation to the potential assessments. The Company believes the resolution of tax matters will not have a material effect on the consolidated financial position of the Company, although a resolution of tax matters could have a material impact on the Company's net income or cash flows and on its effective tax rate in a particular future period. It is reasonably possible that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits will decrease between zero and approximately $21 million within the next twelve months due to settlement of audits and expiration of statutes of limitation.