The following regulatory assets and liabilities are reflected in MGE's consolidated balance sheets as of December 31:


(In thousands)	2022		2021
Regulatory Assets
Asset retirement obligation	$	14,721	$	13,081
Deferred fuel costs		12,067		3,292
Deferred bad debt expense		7,650		5,600
Debt related costs		7,580		8,173
Deferred pension and other postretirement costs		—		1,017
Derivatives		5,094		—
Leases		3,656		2,992
Tax recovery related to AFUDC equity		10,851		10,347
Unfunded pension and other postretirement liability		50,072		63,728
Other		1,750		782
Total Regulatory Assets	$	113,441	$	109,012

Regulatory Liabilities
Deferred pension and other postretirement costs	$	5,454	$	8,112
Elm Road		1,092		—
Income taxes		109,112		110,817
Non-ARO removal costs		31,664		29,694
Pension and other postretirement non-service costs		16,160		11,451
Purchased gas adjustment		4,857		1,448
Other		574		2,141
Total Regulatory Liabilities	$	168,913	$	163,663

MGE expects to recover its regulatory assets and return its regulatory liabilities through rates charged to customers based on PSCW decisions made during the ratemaking process or based on PSCW long-standing policies and guidelines. The adjustments to rates for these regulatory assets and liabilities will occur over the periods either specified by the PSCW or over the corresponding period related to the asset or liability. Management believes it is probable that MGE will continue to recover from customers the regulatory assets described above based on prior and current ratemaking treatment for such costs.

Deferred Fuel Costs/Savings
The fuel rules require Wisconsin utilities to defer electric fuel-related costs that fall outside a symmetrical cost tolerance band. Any over- or under-recovery of the actual costs is determined on an annual basis and is adjusted in future billings to electric retail customers. See Footnote 9.b. for further discussion.

In March 2020, the PSCW issued an order authorizing deferral of expenditures incurred to ensure the provision of safe, reliable, and affordable access to utility services during the COVID-19 pandemic and late payment charges. Expenditures include items such as bad debt expense. Recovery of expenditures is expected to be addressed in future rate proceedings. While management believes that cost recovery is probable, the timing of collection from customers cannot be estimated at this time. Management will continue to assess the probability of recovery of deferred costs. As part of the 2021 and 2022/2023 settlement agreement, the PSCW approved MGE to defer any differential between bad debt expense reflected in rates and actual costs incurred in its next rate filing.

This balance includes debt issuance costs of extinguished debt and other debt related expenses, including make-whole premiums paid on redemptions of long-term debt. The PSCW has allowed rate recovery on unamortized issuance costs for extinguished debt facilities. When the facility replacing the old facility is

deemed by the PSCW to be more favorable for the ratepayers, the PSCW will allow rate recovery of any unamortized issuance costs related to the old facility. These amounts are recovered over the term of the new facility.

The current accounting treatment for Pension and Other Postretirement costs allows MGE to reflect any differential between pension and other postretirement costs reflected in rates and actual costs incurred in its next rate filing.

MGE has physical and financial contracts that are accounted for as derivatives. The amounts recorded for the net mark-to-market value of the commodity based contracts is offset with a corresponding regulatory asset or liability because these transactions are part of the PGA or fuel rules clause authorized by the PSCW. See Footnote 18 for further discussion.

As part of its regular operations, MGE enters into various contracts related to IT equipment, substations, cell towers, land, wind easements, and other property in use for operations. Leases with initial terms in excess of 12 months are recorded as operating or financing leases on the consolidated balance sheets. For ratemaking all leases are treated as operating leases. MGE has regulatory treatment and recognizes regulatory assets or liabilities for timing differences between when net lease costs are recovered and when costs are recognized. See Footnote 5 for further information.

AFUDC equity represents the after-tax equity cost associated with utility plant construction and results in a temporary difference between the book and tax basis of such plant. It is probable under PSCW regulation that MGE will recover in future rates the future increase in taxes payable represented by the deferred income tax liability. The amounts will be recovered in rates over the depreciable life of the asset for which AFUDC was applied. Tax recovery related to AFUDC equity represents the revenue requirement related to recovery of these future taxes payable, calculated at current statutory tax rates.

MGE is required to recognize the unfunded or funded status of defined benefit pension and other postretirement pension plans as a net liability or asset on the balance sheet with an offset to a regulatory asset or liability. The unfunded status represents future expenses that are expected to be recovered in rates. See Footnote 11 for further discussion.

Costs associated with Elm Road are estimated in MGE's rates and include costs for lease payments, management fees, community impact mitigation, and operating costs. Costs are collected in rates over a one to two-year period. The current accounting treatment for these costs allows MGE to reflect any differential between costs reflected in rates and actual costs incurred in its next rate filing.

Excess deferred income taxes result from a decrease in tax rates subsequent to ratemaking settlements. The settlements were reached using tax rates that are higher than the currently applicable rates, and MGE is required to return these tax benefits to customers. The regulatory liability and deferred investment tax credit reflects the revenue requirement associated with the return of these tax benefits to customers.

Changes in income taxes are generally passed through in customer rates for the regulated utility. The one-time 2017 impact on timing differences related to income taxes passed through to customer rates of the 2017 Tax Act was recorded as a regulatory liability. The amount and timing of the cash impacts will depend on the period over which certain income tax benefits are provided to customers, which will be subject to review by the PSCW. A portion of the regulatory liability will be returned to customers based on a mandated timeframe dictated by applicable tax laws.

In connection with accounting for asset retirement obligations, companies are required to reclassify cumulative collections for non-ARO removal costs as a regulatory liability, with an offsetting entry to accumulated depreciation. Under the current rate structure, these removal costs are being recovered as a component of depreciation expense.

These Pension and Other Postretirement non-service costs represents the non-service components of net periodic benefit cost capitalized in rates. The FASB issued authoritative guidance within the codification's Compensation-Retirement Benefits topic that only allows the service cost component of net periodic benefit cost to be eligible for capitalization within the consolidated balance sheets, all non-service costs are expensed. Under the current rate structure non-service cost is eligible for capitalization. The portion of net periodic benefit costs that are capitalized are being recovered as a component of depreciation expense. The non-service capitalized costs will be recovered in rates over the depreciable life of the asset for which net periodic benefit costs was applied. See Footnote 11 for further discussion.

MGE's natural gas rates are subject to a fuel adjustment clause designed to recover or refund the difference between the actual cost of purchased gas and the amount included in rates. Differences between the amounts billed to customers and the actual costs recoverable are deferred and recovered or refunded in future periods by means of prospective monthly adjustments to rates.

The current accounting treatment for transmission costs allows MGE to reflect any differential between transmission costs reflected in rates and actual costs incurred in its next rate filing.