E. Income Taxes

Income tax provision (benefit) for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 is as follows:

	2015			2014
	(in thousands)
Current:
Federal	$	—		$	—
State and local		8			5
Foreign		—			(9	)
Total Current		8			(4	)

Deferred:
Federal		(292	)		(985	)
State and local		(12	)		(381	)
Foreign		(1	)		8
Total before change in valuation allowance		(305	)		(1,358	)
Change in Valuation Allowance		305			1,358
Net Deferred		—			—
	$	8		$	(4	)

A reconciliation of the provision (benefit) for income taxes and the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to income before income taxes:

	2015			2014
	(in thousands)
Tax provision at expected statutory rate	$	(239	)	$	(962	)
State taxes, net of federal benefit		4			(57	)
Permanent differences		8			(5	)
Credits		(97	)		(56	)
Foreign tax expense, and other		27			(282	)
Change in valuation allowance		305			1,358
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	$	8		$	(4	)

Loss before income taxes from domestic operations was ($731,000) and ($2,832,000) in 2015 and 2014, respectively. Income before income taxes from foreign operations was $28,000 and $4,000 in 2015 and 2014, respectively. At December 31, 2015, U.S. income taxes benefit have been provided on approximately ($35,000) of losses of the Company's foreign subsidiaries, because these losses are not considered to be indefinitely reinvested. As of December 31, 2015, earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries considered to be indefinitely reinvested totaled $475,000. No provision for U.S. income taxes has been provided thereon. Upon distribution of those earnings in the form of dividends or otherwise, the Company would be subject to U.S. taxes, reduced by any foreign tax credits available. It is not practicable to estimate the amount of additional tax that might be payable on this undistributed foreign income.

The Company has a total federal net operating loss ("NOL") carry-forward of $9,617,000 as of December 31, 2015. This NOL carry-forward expires through 2035 if not utilized prior to that date. The Company has total state NOL carry-forwards of $24,130,000 as of December 31, 2015. These NOL carry-forwards expire through 2035 if not utilized prior to that date. The Company has research and development tax credit carry-forwards of approximately $1,371,000 at December 31, 2015, that can be used to reduce future income tax liabilities and expire principally between 2020 and 2035. The Company has foreign tax credit carry-forwards of approximately $359,000 at December 31, 2015, that are available to reduce future U.S. income tax liabilities subject to certain limitations. These foreign tax credit carry-forwards expire at various times between 2018 and 2020. Additionally, the Company has federal alternative minimum tax ("AMT") credits of approximately $111,000 at December 31, 2015, that are available to offset future federal tax liabilities, and have no expiration.

Based on the Company's assessment of the uncertainty surrounding the realization of the favorable U.S. tax attributes in future tax returns in accordance with the provisions of ASC 740, the Company has determined that a full valuation allowance against our otherwise recognizable U.S. net deferred tax assets is required. The Company has recorded a full valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. When assessing the need for valuation allowances, the Company considers future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. Should a change in circumstances lead to a change in judgment about the ability to realize deferred tax assets in future years, the Company will adjust related valuation allowances in the period that the change in circumstances occurs, along with a corresponding increase or charge to income.

Deferred income taxes for 2015 and 2014 were provided for the temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of the Company's assets and liabilities. Tax effects of temporary differences and carry-forwards at December 31, 2015 and 2014, were as follows:

	December 31, 2015					December 31, 2014
	Deferred Tax					Deferred Tax
	Asset			Liability		Asset			Liability
	(in thousands)
Inventory reserve	$	1,179		$	—	$	1,151		$	—
Fixed assets		—			230		—			285
Other reserves and accruals		173			—		109			—
Stock-based compensation		380			—		367			—
Undistributed foreign earnings		—			97		—			86
Other		—			68		1			75
Tax credit carry-forwards		1,840			—		1,755			—
Federal tax loss carry-forwards		3,270			—		3,220			—
State tax loss carry-forwards		915			—		901			—
Foreign tax loss carry-forwards		269			—		268			—
Total deferred income taxes		8,026		$	395		7,772		$	446
Valuation allowance		(7,631	)				(7,326	)
Net deferred tax assets	$	—				$	—

At December 31, 2015, the net deferred tax assets of $0 presented in the Company's balance sheet comprises deferred tax assets of $395,000, offset by deferred tax liabilities of $395,000. At December 31, 2014, the net deferred tax assets of $0 presented in the Company's balance sheet comprises deferred tax assets of $446,000, offset by deferred tax liabilities of $446,000.

The Company will recognize any interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax positions in income tax expense. At the date of adoption of ASC 740, the Company did not have a liability for unrecognized tax positions. In addition, the Company did not record any increases or decreases to its liability for unrecognized tax positions during the years ended December 31, 2015 or 2014. Accordingly, the Company has not accrued for any interest and penalties as of December 31, 2015 or 2014. The Company does not anticipate any change in its liability for unrecognized tax positions over the next fiscal year.

The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. Federal, various state, Hong Kong and India jurisdictions. The statute of limitations for assessment by the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") and state tax authorities is open for tax years ended December 31, 2012, 2013 and 2014, although carry-forward attributes that were generated prior to tax year 2012, including net operating loss carry-forwards and tax credits, may still be adjusted upon examination by the IRS or state tax authorities if they either have been or will be used in a future period. The Company is generally subject to examinations by foreign tax authorities from 2009 to the present.