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Stock-Based Compensation
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2016
Stock-Based Compensation [Line Items]  
Stock-Based Compensation
10. Stock-Based Compensation
 
(PPL, PPL Electric and LKE)
 
Under the ICP, SIP and the ICPKE (together, the Plans), restricted shares of PPL common stock, restricted stock units, performance units and stock options may be granted to officers and other key employees of PPL, PPL Electric, LKE and other affiliated companies. Awards under the Plans are made by the Compensation, Governance and Nominating Committee (CGNC) of the PPL Board of Directors, in the case of the ICP and SIP, and by the PPL Corporate Leadership Council (CLC), in the case of the ICPKE.

The following table details the award limits under each of the Plans.
 
 
Total Plan
 
Annual Grant Limit
Total As % of
Outstanding
 
Annual Grant
 
Annual Grant Limit
For Individual Participants -
Performance Based Awards
 
 
Award
Limit
 
PPL Common Stock
On First Day of
 
Limit
Options
 
For awards
denominated in
 
For awards
denominated in
Plan
 
(Shares)
 
Each Calendar Year
 
(Shares)
 
shares (Shares)
 
cash (in dollars)
SIP
 
10,000,000

 
 
 
2,000,000

 
750,000

 
$
15,000,000

ICPKE
 
14,199,796

 
2
%
 
3,000,000

 
 

 
 

 
Any portion of these awards that has not been granted may be carried over and used in any subsequent year. If any award lapses, is forfeited or the rights of the participant terminate, the shares of PPL common stock underlying such an award are again available for grant. Shares delivered under the Plans may be in the form of authorized and unissued PPL common stock, common stock held in treasury by PPL or PPL common stock purchased on the open market (including private purchases) in accordance with applicable securities laws.
 
Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units
 
Restricted shares of PPL common stock are outstanding shares with full voting and dividend rights. Restricted stock awards are granted as a retention award for select key executives and vest when the recipient reaches a certain age or meets service or other criteria set forth in the executive's restricted stock award agreement.
 
The Plans allow for the grant of restricted stock units. Restricted stock units are awards based on the fair value of PPL common stock on the date of grant. Actual PPL common shares will be issued upon completion of a restriction period, generally three years.

Under the SIP, each restricted stock unit entitles the executive to accrue additional restricted stock units equal to the amount of quarterly dividends paid on PPL stock. These additional restricted stock units are deferred and payable in shares of PPL common stock at the end of the restriction period. Dividend equivalents on restricted stock unit awards granted under the ICP and the ICPKE are currently paid in cash when dividends are declared by PPL.
 
The fair value of restricted stock and restricted stock units granted is recognized on a straight-line basis over the service period or through the date at which the employee reaches retirement eligibility. The fair value of restricted stock and restricted stock units granted to retirement-eligible employees is recognized as compensation expense immediately upon the date of grant. Recipients of restricted stock units granted under the ICPKE may also be granted the right to receive dividend equivalents through the end of the restriction period or until the award is forfeited. Restricted stock and restricted stock units are subject to forfeiture or accelerated payout under the plan provisions for termination, retirement, disability and death of employees. Restrictions lapse on restricted stock and restricted stock units fully, in certain situations, as defined by each of the Plans.
 
The weighted-average grant date fair value of restricted stock and restricted stock units granted was:
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
PPL
$
33.84

 
$
34.50

 
$
31.50

PPL Electric
34.32

 
34.41

 
31.81

LKE
33.73

 
34.89

 
30.98


 
Restricted stock and restricted stock unit activity for 2016 was:
 
Restricted
Shares/Units
 
Weighted-
Average
Grant Date Fair
Value Per Share
PPL
 
 
 
Nonvested, beginning of period
1,679,475

 
$
29.65

Granted
536,208

 
33.84

Vested
(869,932
)
 
29.30

Forfeited
(8,726
)
 
32.59

Nonvested, end of period (a)
1,337,025

 
31.57

 
 
 
 
PPL Electric
 
 
 
Nonvested, beginning of period
221,085

 
$
29.48

Transfer between registrants
(10,405
)
 
30.98

Granted
70,486

 
34.32

Vested
(73,488
)
 
28.91

Forfeited
(3,108
)
 
32.81

Nonvested, end of period
204,570

 
31.27

 
 
 
 
LKE
 
 
 
Nonvested, beginning of period
318,963

 
$
29.65

Transfer between registrants
(24,993
)
 
30.52

Granted
86,987

 
33.73

Vested
(137,676
)
 
28.76

Nonvested, end of period
243,281

 
31.53

 
(a)
Excludes 862,337 restricted stock units for which restrictions lapsed for former PPL Energy Supply employees as a result of the spinoff, but for which distribution will not occur until the end of the original restriction period of the awards.

Substantially all restricted stock and restricted stock unit awards are expected to vest.
 
The total fair value of restricted stock and restricted stock units vesting for the years ended December 31 was:
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
PPL
$
30

 
$
28

 
$
11

PPL Electric
3

 
4

 
2

LKE
5

 
4

 


 
Performance Units
 
Performance units are intended to encourage and reward future corporate performance. Performance units represent a target number of shares (Target Award) of PPL's common stock that the recipient would receive upon PPL's attainment of the applicable performance goal. Performance is determined based on total shareowner return during a three-year performance period. At the end of the period, payout is determined by comparing PPL's performance to the total shareowner return of the companies included in the Philadelphia Stock Exchange Utility Index. Awards are payable on a graduated basis based on thresholds that measure PPL's performance relative to peers that comprise the applicable index on which each years' awards are measured. Awards can be paid up to 200% of the Target Award or forfeited with no payout if performance is below a minimum established performance threshold. Dividends payable during the performance cycle accumulate and are converted into additional performance units and are payable in shares of PPL common stock upon completion of the performance period based on the determination of the CGNC of whether the performance goals have been achieved. Under the plan provisions, performance units are subject to forfeiture upon termination of employment except for retirement, disability or death of an employee. For performance units granted prior to 2014, the performance units are eligible for pro-rata vesting at the end of the performance period for retirement, disability or death of an employee.
 
Beginning in 2014, the fair value of performance units granted to retirement-eligible employees is recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over a one-year period, the minimum vesting period required for an employee to be entitled to payout of the awards with no proration. For employees who are not retirement-eligible, compensation expense is recognized over the shorter of the three-year performance period or the period until the employee is retirement-eligible, with a minimum vesting and recognition period of one-year. If an employee retires before the one-year vesting period, the performance units are forfeited. The fair value of performance units granted in 2013 and prior years was recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the three-year performance period. Performance units vest on a pro rata basis, in certain situations, as defined by each of the Plans.
 
The fair value of each performance unit granted was estimated using a Monte Carlo pricing model that considers stock beta, a risk-free interest rate, expected stock volatility and expected life. The stock beta was calculated comparing the risk of the individual securities to the average risk of the companies in the index group. The risk-free interest rate reflects the yield on a U.S. Treasury bond commensurate with the expected life of the performance unit. Volatility over the expected term of the performance unit is calculated using daily stock price observations for PPL and all companies in the index group and is evaluated with consideration given to prior periods that may need to be excluded based on events not likely to recur that had impacted PPL and the companies in the index group. PPL uses a mix of historic and implied volatility to value awards.
 
The weighted-average assumptions used in the model were:
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Expected stock volatility
19.60
%
 
15.90
%
 
15.80
%
Expected life
3 years

 
3 years

 
3 years


 
The weighted-average grant date fair value of performance units granted was:
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
PPL
$
35.74

 
$
36.76

 
$
34.55

PPL Electric
35.68

 
37.93

 
34.43

LKE
35.28

 
37.10

 
34.12


 
Performance unit activity for 2016 was:
 
Performance
Units
 
Weighted-
Average Grant
Date Fair Value
Per Share
PPL
 
 
 
Nonvested, beginning of period
993,540

 
$
33.09

Granted
471,401

 
35.74

Vested
(375,668
)
 
31.96

Forfeited
(18,737
)
 
33.22

Nonvested, end of period (a)
1,070,536

 
34.65

 
Performance
Units
 
Weighted-
Average Grant
Date Fair Value
Per Share
 
 
 
 
PPL Electric
 
 
 
Nonvested, beginning of period
67,671

 
$
33.05

Granted
35,694

 
35.68

Vested
(23,880
)
 
31.89

Forfeited
(2,759
)
 
31.74

Nonvested, end of period
76,726

 
34.68

 
 
 
 
LKE
 
 
 
Nonvested, beginning of period
193,164

 
$
32.96

Transfer between registrants
(4,432
)
 
35.07

Granted
84,298

 
35.28

Vested
(70,048
)
 
31.74

Forfeited
(11,381
)
 
33.61

Nonvested, end of period
191,601

 
34.34



(a)
Excludes 230,196 performance units for which the service vesting requirement was waived for former PPL Energy Supply employees as a result of the spinoff, but for which the ultimate number of shares to be distributed will depend on the actual attainment of the performance goals at the end of the specified performance periods.

The total fair value of performance units vesting for the year ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $12 million, $6 million and $5 million for PPL and insignificant for PPL Electric and LKE.

Stock Options
 
PPL's CGNC eliminated the use of stock options and changed its long-term incentive mix to 60% performance units and 40% performance-contingent restricted stock units, resulting in 100% performance-based long-term incentive mix for equity awards granted beginning in January 2014.
 
Under the Plans, stock options had been granted with an option exercise price per share not less than the fair value of PPL's common stock on the date of grant. Options outstanding at December 31, 2016, are fully vested. All options expire no later than ten years from the grant date. The options become exercisable immediately in certain situations, as defined by each of the Plans.
 
Stock option activity for 2016 was:
 
Number
of Options
 
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price Per Share
 
Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term (years)
 
Aggregate
Total Intrinsic
Value
PPL
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Outstanding at beginning of period
6,385,149

 
$
28.54

 
 
 
 
Exercised
(1,903,989
)
 
27.51

 
 
 
 
Outstanding and exercisable at end of period
4,481,160

 
28.98

 
4.4
 
$
29

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PPL Electric
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Outstanding at beginning of period
313,433

 
$
27.79

 
 
 
 
Exercised
(72,494
)
 
28.84

 
 
 
 
Outstanding and exercisable at end of period
240,939

 
27.48

 
4.5
 
$
2

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
LKE
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Outstanding at beginning of period
425,656

 
$
26.08

 
 
 
 
Exercised
(363,760
)
 
26.12

 
 
 
 
Outstanding and exercisable at end of period
61,896

 
25.81

 
5.5
 
$
1


 
For 2016, 2015 and 2014, PPL received $52 million, $97 million and $67 million in cash from stock options exercised. The related income tax benefits realized were not significant.
 
The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised for 2016, 2015 and 2014 were $18 million, $21 million and $13 million.
 
Compensation Expense
 
Compensation expense for restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance units and stock options accounted for as equity awards, which for PPL Electric and LKE includes an allocation of PPL Services' expense, was:
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
PPL
$
27

 
$
33

 
$
30

PPL Electric
16

 
14

 
12

LKE
7

 
8

 
8


 
See Note 8 for details of the costs recognized in discontinued operations related to the accelerated vesting of awards for former PPL Energy Supply employees.
 
The income tax benefit related to above compensation expense was as follows:
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
PPL
$
12

 
$
14

 
$
12

PPL Electric
7

 
6

 
5

LKE
3

 
3

 
3


 
At December 31, 2016, unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested restricted stock, restricted stock units, and performance units was:
 
Unrecognized
Compensation
Expense
 
Weighted-
Average
Period for
Recognition
PPL
$
8

 
1.8
PPL Electric
1

 
1.8
LKE
1

 
1.6
PPL Electric Utilities Corp [Member]  
Stock-Based Compensation [Line Items]  
Stock-Based Compensation
10. Stock-Based Compensation
 
(PPL, PPL Electric and LKE)
 
Under the ICP, SIP and the ICPKE (together, the Plans), restricted shares of PPL common stock, restricted stock units, performance units and stock options may be granted to officers and other key employees of PPL, PPL Electric, LKE and other affiliated companies. Awards under the Plans are made by the Compensation, Governance and Nominating Committee (CGNC) of the PPL Board of Directors, in the case of the ICP and SIP, and by the PPL Corporate Leadership Council (CLC), in the case of the ICPKE.

The following table details the award limits under each of the Plans.
 
 
Total Plan
 
Annual Grant Limit
Total As % of
Outstanding
 
Annual Grant
 
Annual Grant Limit
For Individual Participants -
Performance Based Awards
 
 
Award
Limit
 
PPL Common Stock
On First Day of
 
Limit
Options
 
For awards
denominated in
 
For awards
denominated in
Plan
 
(Shares)
 
Each Calendar Year
 
(Shares)
 
shares (Shares)
 
cash (in dollars)
SIP
 
10,000,000

 
 
 
2,000,000

 
750,000

 
$
15,000,000

ICPKE
 
14,199,796

 
2
%
 
3,000,000

 
 

 
 

 
Any portion of these awards that has not been granted may be carried over and used in any subsequent year. If any award lapses, is forfeited or the rights of the participant terminate, the shares of PPL common stock underlying such an award are again available for grant. Shares delivered under the Plans may be in the form of authorized and unissued PPL common stock, common stock held in treasury by PPL or PPL common stock purchased on the open market (including private purchases) in accordance with applicable securities laws.
 
Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units
 
Restricted shares of PPL common stock are outstanding shares with full voting and dividend rights. Restricted stock awards are granted as a retention award for select key executives and vest when the recipient reaches a certain age or meets service or other criteria set forth in the executive's restricted stock award agreement.
 
The Plans allow for the grant of restricted stock units. Restricted stock units are awards based on the fair value of PPL common stock on the date of grant. Actual PPL common shares will be issued upon completion of a restriction period, generally three years.

Under the SIP, each restricted stock unit entitles the executive to accrue additional restricted stock units equal to the amount of quarterly dividends paid on PPL stock. These additional restricted stock units are deferred and payable in shares of PPL common stock at the end of the restriction period. Dividend equivalents on restricted stock unit awards granted under the ICP and the ICPKE are currently paid in cash when dividends are declared by PPL.
 
The fair value of restricted stock and restricted stock units granted is recognized on a straight-line basis over the service period or through the date at which the employee reaches retirement eligibility. The fair value of restricted stock and restricted stock units granted to retirement-eligible employees is recognized as compensation expense immediately upon the date of grant. Recipients of restricted stock units granted under the ICPKE may also be granted the right to receive dividend equivalents through the end of the restriction period or until the award is forfeited. Restricted stock and restricted stock units are subject to forfeiture or accelerated payout under the plan provisions for termination, retirement, disability and death of employees. Restrictions lapse on restricted stock and restricted stock units fully, in certain situations, as defined by each of the Plans.
 
The weighted-average grant date fair value of restricted stock and restricted stock units granted was:
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
PPL
$
33.84

 
$
34.50

 
$
31.50

PPL Electric
34.32

 
34.41

 
31.81

LKE
33.73

 
34.89

 
30.98


 
Restricted stock and restricted stock unit activity for 2016 was:
 
Restricted
Shares/Units
 
Weighted-
Average
Grant Date Fair
Value Per Share
PPL
 
 
 
Nonvested, beginning of period
1,679,475

 
$
29.65

Granted
536,208

 
33.84

Vested
(869,932
)
 
29.30

Forfeited
(8,726
)
 
32.59

Nonvested, end of period (a)
1,337,025

 
31.57

 
 
 
 
PPL Electric
 
 
 
Nonvested, beginning of period
221,085

 
$
29.48

Transfer between registrants
(10,405
)
 
30.98

Granted
70,486

 
34.32

Vested
(73,488
)
 
28.91

Forfeited
(3,108
)
 
32.81

Nonvested, end of period
204,570

 
31.27

 
 
 
 
LKE
 
 
 
Nonvested, beginning of period
318,963

 
$
29.65

Transfer between registrants
(24,993
)
 
30.52

Granted
86,987

 
33.73

Vested
(137,676
)
 
28.76

Nonvested, end of period
243,281

 
31.53

 
(a)
Excludes 862,337 restricted stock units for which restrictions lapsed for former PPL Energy Supply employees as a result of the spinoff, but for which distribution will not occur until the end of the original restriction period of the awards.

Substantially all restricted stock and restricted stock unit awards are expected to vest.
 
The total fair value of restricted stock and restricted stock units vesting for the years ended December 31 was:
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
PPL
$
30

 
$
28

 
$
11

PPL Electric
3

 
4

 
2

LKE
5

 
4

 


 
Performance Units
 
Performance units are intended to encourage and reward future corporate performance. Performance units represent a target number of shares (Target Award) of PPL's common stock that the recipient would receive upon PPL's attainment of the applicable performance goal. Performance is determined based on total shareowner return during a three-year performance period. At the end of the period, payout is determined by comparing PPL's performance to the total shareowner return of the companies included in the Philadelphia Stock Exchange Utility Index. Awards are payable on a graduated basis based on thresholds that measure PPL's performance relative to peers that comprise the applicable index on which each years' awards are measured. Awards can be paid up to 200% of the Target Award or forfeited with no payout if performance is below a minimum established performance threshold. Dividends payable during the performance cycle accumulate and are converted into additional performance units and are payable in shares of PPL common stock upon completion of the performance period based on the determination of the CGNC of whether the performance goals have been achieved. Under the plan provisions, performance units are subject to forfeiture upon termination of employment except for retirement, disability or death of an employee. For performance units granted prior to 2014, the performance units are eligible for pro-rata vesting at the end of the performance period for retirement, disability or death of an employee.
 
Beginning in 2014, the fair value of performance units granted to retirement-eligible employees is recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over a one-year period, the minimum vesting period required for an employee to be entitled to payout of the awards with no proration. For employees who are not retirement-eligible, compensation expense is recognized over the shorter of the three-year performance period or the period until the employee is retirement-eligible, with a minimum vesting and recognition period of one-year. If an employee retires before the one-year vesting period, the performance units are forfeited. The fair value of performance units granted in 2013 and prior years was recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the three-year performance period. Performance units vest on a pro rata basis, in certain situations, as defined by each of the Plans.
 
The fair value of each performance unit granted was estimated using a Monte Carlo pricing model that considers stock beta, a risk-free interest rate, expected stock volatility and expected life. The stock beta was calculated comparing the risk of the individual securities to the average risk of the companies in the index group. The risk-free interest rate reflects the yield on a U.S. Treasury bond commensurate with the expected life of the performance unit. Volatility over the expected term of the performance unit is calculated using daily stock price observations for PPL and all companies in the index group and is evaluated with consideration given to prior periods that may need to be excluded based on events not likely to recur that had impacted PPL and the companies in the index group. PPL uses a mix of historic and implied volatility to value awards.
 
The weighted-average assumptions used in the model were:
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Expected stock volatility
19.60
%
 
15.90
%
 
15.80
%
Expected life
3 years

 
3 years

 
3 years


 
The weighted-average grant date fair value of performance units granted was:
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
PPL
$
35.74

 
$
36.76

 
$
34.55

PPL Electric
35.68

 
37.93

 
34.43

LKE
35.28

 
37.10

 
34.12


 
Performance unit activity for 2016 was:
 
Performance
Units
 
Weighted-
Average Grant
Date Fair Value
Per Share
PPL
 
 
 
Nonvested, beginning of period
993,540

 
$
33.09

Granted
471,401

 
35.74

Vested
(375,668
)
 
31.96

Forfeited
(18,737
)
 
33.22

Nonvested, end of period (a)
1,070,536

 
34.65

 
Performance
Units
 
Weighted-
Average Grant
Date Fair Value
Per Share
 
 
 
 
PPL Electric
 
 
 
Nonvested, beginning of period
67,671

 
$
33.05

Granted
35,694

 
35.68

Vested
(23,880
)
 
31.89

Forfeited
(2,759
)
 
31.74

Nonvested, end of period
76,726

 
34.68

 
 
 
 
LKE
 
 
 
Nonvested, beginning of period
193,164

 
$
32.96

Transfer between registrants
(4,432
)
 
35.07

Granted
84,298

 
35.28

Vested
(70,048
)
 
31.74

Forfeited
(11,381
)
 
33.61

Nonvested, end of period
191,601

 
34.34



(a)
Excludes 230,196 performance units for which the service vesting requirement was waived for former PPL Energy Supply employees as a result of the spinoff, but for which the ultimate number of shares to be distributed will depend on the actual attainment of the performance goals at the end of the specified performance periods.

The total fair value of performance units vesting for the year ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $12 million, $6 million and $5 million for PPL and insignificant for PPL Electric and LKE.

Stock Options
 
PPL's CGNC eliminated the use of stock options and changed its long-term incentive mix to 60% performance units and 40% performance-contingent restricted stock units, resulting in 100% performance-based long-term incentive mix for equity awards granted beginning in January 2014.
 
Under the Plans, stock options had been granted with an option exercise price per share not less than the fair value of PPL's common stock on the date of grant. Options outstanding at December 31, 2016, are fully vested. All options expire no later than ten years from the grant date. The options become exercisable immediately in certain situations, as defined by each of the Plans.
 
Stock option activity for 2016 was:
 
Number
of Options
 
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price Per Share
 
Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term (years)
 
Aggregate
Total Intrinsic
Value
PPL
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Outstanding at beginning of period
6,385,149

 
$
28.54

 
 
 
 
Exercised
(1,903,989
)
 
27.51

 
 
 
 
Outstanding and exercisable at end of period
4,481,160

 
28.98

 
4.4
 
$
29

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PPL Electric
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Outstanding at beginning of period
313,433

 
$
27.79

 
 
 
 
Exercised
(72,494
)
 
28.84

 
 
 
 
Outstanding and exercisable at end of period
240,939

 
27.48

 
4.5
 
$
2

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
LKE
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Outstanding at beginning of period
425,656

 
$
26.08

 
 
 
 
Exercised
(363,760
)
 
26.12

 
 
 
 
Outstanding and exercisable at end of period
61,896

 
25.81

 
5.5
 
$
1


 
For 2016, 2015 and 2014, PPL received $52 million, $97 million and $67 million in cash from stock options exercised. The related income tax benefits realized were not significant.
 
The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised for 2016, 2015 and 2014 were $18 million, $21 million and $13 million.
 
Compensation Expense
 
Compensation expense for restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance units and stock options accounted for as equity awards, which for PPL Electric and LKE includes an allocation of PPL Services' expense, was:
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
PPL
$
27

 
$
33

 
$
30

PPL Electric
16

 
14

 
12

LKE
7

 
8

 
8


 
See Note 8 for details of the costs recognized in discontinued operations related to the accelerated vesting of awards for former PPL Energy Supply employees.
 
The income tax benefit related to above compensation expense was as follows:
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
PPL
$
12

 
$
14

 
$
12

PPL Electric
7

 
6

 
5

LKE
3

 
3

 
3


 
At December 31, 2016, unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested restricted stock, restricted stock units, and performance units was:
 
Unrecognized
Compensation
Expense
 
Weighted-
Average
Period for
Recognition
PPL
$
8

 
1.8
PPL Electric
1

 
1.8
LKE
1

 
1.6
LG And E And KU Energy LLC [Member]  
Stock-Based Compensation [Line Items]  
Stock-Based Compensation
10. Stock-Based Compensation
 
(PPL, PPL Electric and LKE)
 
Under the ICP, SIP and the ICPKE (together, the Plans), restricted shares of PPL common stock, restricted stock units, performance units and stock options may be granted to officers and other key employees of PPL, PPL Electric, LKE and other affiliated companies. Awards under the Plans are made by the Compensation, Governance and Nominating Committee (CGNC) of the PPL Board of Directors, in the case of the ICP and SIP, and by the PPL Corporate Leadership Council (CLC), in the case of the ICPKE.

The following table details the award limits under each of the Plans.
 
 
Total Plan
 
Annual Grant Limit
Total As % of
Outstanding
 
Annual Grant
 
Annual Grant Limit
For Individual Participants -
Performance Based Awards
 
 
Award
Limit
 
PPL Common Stock
On First Day of
 
Limit
Options
 
For awards
denominated in
 
For awards
denominated in
Plan
 
(Shares)
 
Each Calendar Year
 
(Shares)
 
shares (Shares)
 
cash (in dollars)
SIP
 
10,000,000

 
 
 
2,000,000

 
750,000

 
$
15,000,000

ICPKE
 
14,199,796

 
2
%
 
3,000,000

 
 

 
 

 
Any portion of these awards that has not been granted may be carried over and used in any subsequent year. If any award lapses, is forfeited or the rights of the participant terminate, the shares of PPL common stock underlying such an award are again available for grant. Shares delivered under the Plans may be in the form of authorized and unissued PPL common stock, common stock held in treasury by PPL or PPL common stock purchased on the open market (including private purchases) in accordance with applicable securities laws.
 
Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units
 
Restricted shares of PPL common stock are outstanding shares with full voting and dividend rights. Restricted stock awards are granted as a retention award for select key executives and vest when the recipient reaches a certain age or meets service or other criteria set forth in the executive's restricted stock award agreement.
 
The Plans allow for the grant of restricted stock units. Restricted stock units are awards based on the fair value of PPL common stock on the date of grant. Actual PPL common shares will be issued upon completion of a restriction period, generally three years.

Under the SIP, each restricted stock unit entitles the executive to accrue additional restricted stock units equal to the amount of quarterly dividends paid on PPL stock. These additional restricted stock units are deferred and payable in shares of PPL common stock at the end of the restriction period. Dividend equivalents on restricted stock unit awards granted under the ICP and the ICPKE are currently paid in cash when dividends are declared by PPL.
 
The fair value of restricted stock and restricted stock units granted is recognized on a straight-line basis over the service period or through the date at which the employee reaches retirement eligibility. The fair value of restricted stock and restricted stock units granted to retirement-eligible employees is recognized as compensation expense immediately upon the date of grant. Recipients of restricted stock units granted under the ICPKE may also be granted the right to receive dividend equivalents through the end of the restriction period or until the award is forfeited. Restricted stock and restricted stock units are subject to forfeiture or accelerated payout under the plan provisions for termination, retirement, disability and death of employees. Restrictions lapse on restricted stock and restricted stock units fully, in certain situations, as defined by each of the Plans.
 
The weighted-average grant date fair value of restricted stock and restricted stock units granted was:
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
PPL
$
33.84

 
$
34.50

 
$
31.50

PPL Electric
34.32

 
34.41

 
31.81

LKE
33.73

 
34.89

 
30.98


 
Restricted stock and restricted stock unit activity for 2016 was:
 
Restricted
Shares/Units
 
Weighted-
Average
Grant Date Fair
Value Per Share
PPL
 
 
 
Nonvested, beginning of period
1,679,475

 
$
29.65

Granted
536,208

 
33.84

Vested
(869,932
)
 
29.30

Forfeited
(8,726
)
 
32.59

Nonvested, end of period (a)
1,337,025

 
31.57

 
 
 
 
PPL Electric
 
 
 
Nonvested, beginning of period
221,085

 
$
29.48

Transfer between registrants
(10,405
)
 
30.98

Granted
70,486

 
34.32

Vested
(73,488
)
 
28.91

Forfeited
(3,108
)
 
32.81

Nonvested, end of period
204,570

 
31.27

 
 
 
 
LKE
 
 
 
Nonvested, beginning of period
318,963

 
$
29.65

Transfer between registrants
(24,993
)
 
30.52

Granted
86,987

 
33.73

Vested
(137,676
)
 
28.76

Nonvested, end of period
243,281

 
31.53

 
(a)
Excludes 862,337 restricted stock units for which restrictions lapsed for former PPL Energy Supply employees as a result of the spinoff, but for which distribution will not occur until the end of the original restriction period of the awards.

Substantially all restricted stock and restricted stock unit awards are expected to vest.
 
The total fair value of restricted stock and restricted stock units vesting for the years ended December 31 was:
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
PPL
$
30

 
$
28

 
$
11

PPL Electric
3

 
4

 
2

LKE
5

 
4

 


 
Performance Units
 
Performance units are intended to encourage and reward future corporate performance. Performance units represent a target number of shares (Target Award) of PPL's common stock that the recipient would receive upon PPL's attainment of the applicable performance goal. Performance is determined based on total shareowner return during a three-year performance period. At the end of the period, payout is determined by comparing PPL's performance to the total shareowner return of the companies included in the Philadelphia Stock Exchange Utility Index. Awards are payable on a graduated basis based on thresholds that measure PPL's performance relative to peers that comprise the applicable index on which each years' awards are measured. Awards can be paid up to 200% of the Target Award or forfeited with no payout if performance is below a minimum established performance threshold. Dividends payable during the performance cycle accumulate and are converted into additional performance units and are payable in shares of PPL common stock upon completion of the performance period based on the determination of the CGNC of whether the performance goals have been achieved. Under the plan provisions, performance units are subject to forfeiture upon termination of employment except for retirement, disability or death of an employee. For performance units granted prior to 2014, the performance units are eligible for pro-rata vesting at the end of the performance period for retirement, disability or death of an employee.
 
Beginning in 2014, the fair value of performance units granted to retirement-eligible employees is recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over a one-year period, the minimum vesting period required for an employee to be entitled to payout of the awards with no proration. For employees who are not retirement-eligible, compensation expense is recognized over the shorter of the three-year performance period or the period until the employee is retirement-eligible, with a minimum vesting and recognition period of one-year. If an employee retires before the one-year vesting period, the performance units are forfeited. The fair value of performance units granted in 2013 and prior years was recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the three-year performance period. Performance units vest on a pro rata basis, in certain situations, as defined by each of the Plans.
 
The fair value of each performance unit granted was estimated using a Monte Carlo pricing model that considers stock beta, a risk-free interest rate, expected stock volatility and expected life. The stock beta was calculated comparing the risk of the individual securities to the average risk of the companies in the index group. The risk-free interest rate reflects the yield on a U.S. Treasury bond commensurate with the expected life of the performance unit. Volatility over the expected term of the performance unit is calculated using daily stock price observations for PPL and all companies in the index group and is evaluated with consideration given to prior periods that may need to be excluded based on events not likely to recur that had impacted PPL and the companies in the index group. PPL uses a mix of historic and implied volatility to value awards.
 
The weighted-average assumptions used in the model were:
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Expected stock volatility
19.60
%
 
15.90
%
 
15.80
%
Expected life
3 years

 
3 years

 
3 years


 
The weighted-average grant date fair value of performance units granted was:
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
PPL
$
35.74

 
$
36.76

 
$
34.55

PPL Electric
35.68

 
37.93

 
34.43

LKE
35.28

 
37.10

 
34.12


 
Performance unit activity for 2016 was:
 
Performance
Units
 
Weighted-
Average Grant
Date Fair Value
Per Share
PPL
 
 
 
Nonvested, beginning of period
993,540

 
$
33.09

Granted
471,401

 
35.74

Vested
(375,668
)
 
31.96

Forfeited
(18,737
)
 
33.22

Nonvested, end of period (a)
1,070,536

 
34.65

 
Performance
Units
 
Weighted-
Average Grant
Date Fair Value
Per Share
 
 
 
 
PPL Electric
 
 
 
Nonvested, beginning of period
67,671

 
$
33.05

Granted
35,694

 
35.68

Vested
(23,880
)
 
31.89

Forfeited
(2,759
)
 
31.74

Nonvested, end of period
76,726

 
34.68

 
 
 
 
LKE
 
 
 
Nonvested, beginning of period
193,164

 
$
32.96

Transfer between registrants
(4,432
)
 
35.07

Granted
84,298

 
35.28

Vested
(70,048
)
 
31.74

Forfeited
(11,381
)
 
33.61

Nonvested, end of period
191,601

 
34.34



(a)
Excludes 230,196 performance units for which the service vesting requirement was waived for former PPL Energy Supply employees as a result of the spinoff, but for which the ultimate number of shares to be distributed will depend on the actual attainment of the performance goals at the end of the specified performance periods.

The total fair value of performance units vesting for the year ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $12 million, $6 million and $5 million for PPL and insignificant for PPL Electric and LKE.

Stock Options
 
PPL's CGNC eliminated the use of stock options and changed its long-term incentive mix to 60% performance units and 40% performance-contingent restricted stock units, resulting in 100% performance-based long-term incentive mix for equity awards granted beginning in January 2014.
 
Under the Plans, stock options had been granted with an option exercise price per share not less than the fair value of PPL's common stock on the date of grant. Options outstanding at December 31, 2016, are fully vested. All options expire no later than ten years from the grant date. The options become exercisable immediately in certain situations, as defined by each of the Plans.
 
Stock option activity for 2016 was:
 
Number
of Options
 
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price Per Share
 
Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term (years)
 
Aggregate
Total Intrinsic
Value
PPL
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Outstanding at beginning of period
6,385,149

 
$
28.54

 
 
 
 
Exercised
(1,903,989
)
 
27.51

 
 
 
 
Outstanding and exercisable at end of period
4,481,160

 
28.98

 
4.4
 
$
29

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PPL Electric
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Outstanding at beginning of period
313,433

 
$
27.79

 
 
 
 
Exercised
(72,494
)
 
28.84

 
 
 
 
Outstanding and exercisable at end of period
240,939

 
27.48

 
4.5
 
$
2

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
LKE
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Outstanding at beginning of period
425,656

 
$
26.08

 
 
 
 
Exercised
(363,760
)
 
26.12

 
 
 
 
Outstanding and exercisable at end of period
61,896

 
25.81

 
5.5
 
$
1


 
For 2016, 2015 and 2014, PPL received $52 million, $97 million and $67 million in cash from stock options exercised. The related income tax benefits realized were not significant.
 
The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised for 2016, 2015 and 2014 were $18 million, $21 million and $13 million.
 
Compensation Expense
 
Compensation expense for restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance units and stock options accounted for as equity awards, which for PPL Electric and LKE includes an allocation of PPL Services' expense, was:
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
PPL
$
27

 
$
33

 
$
30

PPL Electric
16

 
14

 
12

LKE
7

 
8

 
8


 
See Note 8 for details of the costs recognized in discontinued operations related to the accelerated vesting of awards for former PPL Energy Supply employees.
 
The income tax benefit related to above compensation expense was as follows:
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
PPL
$
12

 
$
14

 
$
12

PPL Electric
7

 
6

 
5

LKE
3

 
3

 
3


 
At December 31, 2016, unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested restricted stock, restricted stock units, and performance units was:
 
Unrecognized
Compensation
Expense
 
Weighted-
Average
Period for
Recognition
PPL
$
8

 
1.8
PPL Electric
1

 
1.8
LKE
1

 
1.6