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Fair Value Measurements and Credit Concentration
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2014
Fair Value Measurements and Credit Concentration [Abstract]  
Fair Value Measurements and Credit Concentration

13. Fair Value Measurements and Credit Concentration

 

(All Registrants)

 

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (an exit price). A market approach (generally, data from market transactions), an income approach (generally, present value techniques and option-pricing models), and/or a cost approach (generally, replacement cost) are used to measure the fair value of an asset or liability, as appropriate. These valuation approaches incorporate inputs such as observable, independent market data and/or unobservable data that management believes are predicated on the assumptions market participants would use to price an asset or liability. These inputs may incorporate, as applicable, certain risks such as nonperformance risk, which includes credit risk. The fair value of a group of financial assets and liabilities is measured on a net basis. Transfers between levels are recognized at end-of-reporting-period values. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2014 and 2013, there were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2. See Note 1 in each Registrant's 2013 Form 10-K for information on the levels in the fair value hierarchy.

 

Recurring Fair Value Measurements

 

The assets and liabilities measured at fair value were:

     June 30, 2014 December 31, 2013
     Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
PPL                        
Assets                        
 Cash and cash equivalents  $ 1,269 $ 1,269       $ 1,102 $ 1,102      
 Restricted cash and cash equivalents (a)   408   408         156   156      
 Price risk management assets:                        
  Energy commodities   1,374   2 $ 1,206 $ 166   1,188   3 $ 1,123 $ 62
  Interest rate swaps   1      1      91      91   
  Foreign currency contracts   2      2               
 Total price risk management assets   1,377   2   1,209   166   1,279   3   1,214   62
 NDT funds:                        
  Cash and cash equivalents   16   16         14   14      
  Equity securities                        
   U.S. large-cap   580   432   148      547   409   138   
   U.S. mid/small-cap   85   35   50      81   33   48   
  Debt securities                        
   U.S. Treasury   97   97         95   95      
   U.S. government sponsored agency   6      6      6      6   
   Municipality   78      78      77      77   
   Investment-grade corporate   41      41      38      38   
   Other   6      6      5      5   
  Receivables (payables), net   2      2      1   (1)   2   
 Total NDT funds   911   580   331      864   550   314   
 Auction rate securities (b)   16         16   19         19
Total assets $ 3,981 $ 2,259 $ 1,540 $ 182 $ 3,420 $ 1,811 $ 1,528 $ 81
                            
Liabilities                        
 Price risk management liabilities:                        
  Energy commodities $ 1,480 $ 2 $ 1,386 $ 92 $ 1,070 $ 4 $ 1,028 $ 38
  Interest rate swaps   54      54      36      36   
  Foreign currency contracts   176      176      106      106   
  Cross-currency swaps   47      47      32      32   
 Total price risk management liabilities $ 1,757 $ 2 $ 1,663 $ 92 $ 1,244 $ 4 $ 1,202 $ 38
                            
PPL Energy Supply                        
Assets                        
 Cash and cash equivalents $ 264 $ 264       $ 239 $ 239      
 Restricted cash and cash equivalents (a)   343   343         85   85      
 Price risk management assets:                        
  Energy commodities   1,374   2 $ 1,206 $ 166   1,188   3 $ 1,123 $ 62
 Total price risk management assets   1,374   2   1,206   166   1,188   3   1,123   62
 NDT funds:                        
  Cash and cash equivalents   16   16         14   14      
  Equity securities                        
   U.S. large-cap   580   432   148      547   409   138   
   U.S. mid/small-cap   85   35   50      81   33   48   
  Debt securities                        
   U.S. Treasury   97   97         95   95      
   U.S. government sponsored agency   6      6      6      6   
   Municipality   78      78      77      77   
   Investment-grade corporate   41      41      38      38   
   Other   6      6      5      5   
  Receivables (payables), net   2      2      1   (1)   2   
 Total NDT funds   911   580   331      864   550   314   
 Auction rate securities (b)   13         13   16         16
Total assets $ 2,905 $ 1,189 $ 1,537 $ 179 $ 2,392 $ 877 $ 1,437 $ 78
                            
Liabilities                        
 Price risk management liabilities:                        
  Energy commodities $ 1,480 $ 2 $ 1,386 $ 92 $ 1,070 $ 4 $ 1,028 $ 38
 Total price risk management liabilities $ 1,480 $ 2 $ 1,386 $ 92 $ 1,070 $ 4 $ 1,028 $ 38
                            
PPL Electric                        
Assets                        
 Cash and cash equivalents $ 149 $ 149       $ 25 $ 25      
 Restricted cash and cash equivalents (c)   3   3         12   12      
Total assets $ 152 $ 152       $ 37 $ 37      

LKE                        
Assets                        
 Cash and cash equivalents  $ 23 $ 23       $ 35 $ 35      
 Restricted cash and cash equivalents (d)   21   21         22   22      
Total assets $ 44 $ 44       $ 57 $ 57      
                            
Liabilities                        
 Price risk management liabilities:                        
  Interest rate swaps  $ 42    $ 42    $ 36    $ 36   
Total price risk management liabilities $ 42    $ 42    $ 36    $ 36   
                            
LG&E                        
Assets                        
 Cash and cash equivalents $ 5 $ 5       $ 8 $ 8      
 Restricted cash and cash equivalents (d)   21   21         22   22      
Total assets $ 26 $ 26       $ 30 $ 30      
                            
Liabilities                        
 Price risk management liabilities:                        
  Interest rate swaps  $ 42    $ 42    $ 36    $ 36   
Total price risk management liabilities $ 42    $ 42    $ 36    $ 36   
                            
KU                        
Assets                        
 Cash and cash equivalents $ 18 $ 18       $ 21 $ 21      
Total assets $ 18 $ 18       $ 21 $ 21      

(a)       Current portion is included in "Restricted cash and cash equivalents" and long-term portion is included in "Other noncurrent assets" on the Balance Sheets.

(b)       Included in "Other investments" on the Balance Sheets.

(c)       Current portion is included in "Other current assets" and long-term portion is included in "Other noncurrent assets" on the Balance Sheets.

(d)       Included in "Other noncurrent assets" on the Balance Sheets.

A reconciliation of net assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 for the periods ended June 30, 2014 is as follows:
                             
      Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
      Three Months Six Months
      Energy  Auction  Cross-    Energy  Auction Cross-   
      Commodities, Rate  Currency    Commodities,  Rate  Currency   
       net Securities Swaps Total  net Securities Swaps Total
PPL                        
Balance at beginning of                        
 period $ 17 $ 16    $ 33 $ 24 $ 19    $ 43
  Total realized/unrealized                         
   gains (losses)                        
    Included in earnings   72         72   (63)         (63)
    Included in OCI (a)                   $ (1)   (1)
  Purchases   (6)         (6)   (6)         (6)
  Sales                  (3)      (3)
  Settlements   (9)         (9)   119         119
  Transfers out of Level 3                     1   1
Balance at end of period $ 74 $ 16    $ 90 $ 74 $ 16 $  $90
                             
PPL Energy Supply                        
Balance at beginning of                         
 period $ 17 $ 13    $ 30 $ 24 $ 16    $ 40
  Total realized/unrealized                         
   gains (losses)                        
    Included in earnings   72         72   (63)         (63)
  Purchases   (6)         (6)   (6)         (6)
  Sales                  (3)      (3)
  Settlements   (9)         (9)   119         119
Balance at end of period $ 74 $ 13    $ 87 $ 74 $ 13    $ 87

(a)       "Energy Commodities, net" and "Cross-Currency Swaps" are included in "Qualifying derivatives" and "Auction Rate Securities" are included in "Available-for-sale securities" on the Statements of Comprehensive Income.

A reconciliation of net assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 for the periods ended June 30, 2013 is as follows:
                             
      Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
      Three Months Six Months
      Energy  Auction  Cross-    Energy  Auction Cross-   
      Commodities, Rate  Currency    Commodities,  Rate  Currency   
       net Securities Swaps Total  net Securities Swaps Total
PPL                        
Balance at beginning of                         
 period $ 14 $ 16    $ 30 $ 22 $ 16 $ 1 $ 39
  Total realized/unrealized                        
   gains (losses)                        
    Included in earnings   14         14   6         6
    Included in OCI (a)                     3   3
  Sales   (2)         (2)   (2)         (2)
  Settlements   4         4   3         3
  Transfers into Level 3   6   3 $ 3   12   7   3   3   13
  Transfers out of Level 3   4         4   4      (4)   
Balance at end of period $ 40 $ 19 $ 3 $ 62 $ 40 $ 19 $ 3 $ 62
                             
PPL Energy Supply                        
Balance at beginning of                        
 period $ 14 $ 13    $ 27 $ 22 $ 13    $ 35
  Total realized/unrealized                        
   gains (losses)                        
    Included in earnings   14         14   6         6
  Sales   (2)         (2)   (2)         (2)
  Settlements   4         4   3         3
  Transfers into Level 3   6   3      9   7   3      10
  Transfers out of Level 3   4         4   4         4
Balance at end of period $ 40 $ 16    $ 56 $ 40 $ 16    $ 56

(a)       "Energy Commodities, net" and "Cross-Currency Swaps" are included in "Qualifying derivatives" and "Auction Rate Securities" are included in "Available-for-sale securities" on the Statements of Comprehensive Income.

The significant unobservable inputs used in and quantitative information about the fair value measurement of assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 are as follows:

    June 30, 2014
    Fair Value, net     Range
    Asset Valuation  Unobservable (Weighted
    (Liability) Technique Input(s) Average) (a)
PPL            
Energy commodities       
 Natural gas contracts (b) $ 7 Discounted cash flow Proprietary model used to calculate forward prices 14% - 100% (35%)
 Power sales contracts (c)   (63) Discounted cash flow Proprietary model used to calculate forward prices 14% - 100% (79%)
 FTR purchase contracts (d)   6 Discounted cash flow Historical settled prices used to model forward prices  100% (100%)
 Heat rate options (e)   124 Discounted cash flow Proprietary model used to calculate forward prices 22% - 100% (44%)
           
Auction rate securities (f)   16 Discounted cash flow Modeled from SIFMA Index 58% - 75% (67%)
           
              
PPL Energy Supply            
Energy commodities            
 Natural gas contracts (b) $ 7 Discounted cash flow Proprietary model used to calculate forward prices 14% - 100% (35%)
 Power sales contracts (c)   (63) Discounted cash flow Proprietary model used to calculate forward prices 14% - 100% (79%)
 FTR purchase contracts (d)   6 Discounted cash flow Historical settled prices used to model forward prices 100% (100%)
 Heat rate options (e)   124 Discounted cash flow Proprietary model used to calculate forward prices 22% - 100% (44%)
           
Auction rate securities (f)   13 Discounted cash flow Modeled from SIFMA Index 59% - 75% (68%)

    December 31, 2013
    Fair Value, net     Range
    Asset Valuation  Unobservable (Weighted
    (Liability) Technique Input(s) Average) (a)
PPL            
Energy commodities       
 Natural gas contracts (b) $ 36 Discounted cash flow Proprietary model used to calculate forward prices 10% - 100% (86%)
 Power sales contracts (c)   (12) Discounted cash flow Proprietary model used to calculate forward prices 100% - 100% (100%)
           
Auction rate securities (f)   19 Discounted cash flow Modeled from SIFMA Index 10% - 80% (63%)
           
              
PPL Energy Supply            
Energy commodities            
 Natural gas contracts (b) $ 36 Discounted cash flow Proprietary model used to calculate forward prices 10% - 100% (86%)
 Power sales contracts (c)   (12) Discounted cash flow Proprietary model used to calculate forward prices 100% - 100% (100%)
           
Auction rate securities (f)   16 Discounted cash flow Modeled from SIFMA Index 10% - 80% (63%)

(a)       For energy commodities and auction rate securities, the range and weighted average represent the percentage of fair value derived from the unobservable inputs.

(b)       As the forward price of natural gas increases/(decreases), the fair value of purchase contracts increases/(decreases). As the forward price of natural gas increases/(decreases), the fair value of sales contracts (decreases)/increases.

(c)       As forward market prices increase/(decrease), the fair value of contracts (decreases)/increases. As volumetric assumptions for contracts in a gain position increase/(decrease), the fair value of contracts increases/(decreases). As volumetric assumptions for contracts in a loss position increase/(decrease), the fair value of the contracts (decreases)/increases.

(d)       As the forward implied spread increases/(decreases), the fair value of the contracts increases/(decreases).

(e)       The proprietary model used to calculate fair value incorporates market heat rates, correlations and volatilities. As the market implied heat rate increases/(decreases), the fair value of the contracts increases/(decreases).

(f)       The model used to calculate fair value incorporates an assumption that the auctions will continue to fail. As the modeled forward rates of the SIFMA Index increase/(decrease), the fair value of the securities increases/(decreases).

Net gains and losses on assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 and included in earnings for the periods ended June 30 are reported in the Statements of Income as follows:

   Three Months
   Energy Commodities, net
   Unregulated Unregulated Energy
   Wholesale Energy Retail Energy Purchases
   2014 2013 2014 2013 2014 2013
PPL and PPL Energy Supply                  
Total gains (losses) included in earnings  $ 58 $ (7) $ 12 $ 22 $ 2 $ (1)
Change in unrealized gains (losses) relating                   
 to positions still held at the reporting date   47   (7)   10   22   (4)   1

   Six Months
   Energy Commodities, net
   Unregulated Unregulated Energy
   Wholesale Energy Retail Energy Purchases
   2014 2013 2014 2013 2014 2013
PPL and PPL Energy Supply                  
Total gains (losses) included in earnings $ (31) $ (9) $ (51) $ 15 $ 19   
Change in unrealized gains (losses) relating                  
 to positions still held at the reporting date   44   (9)   (21)   17   (3) $ 2

Price Risk Management Assets/Liabilities - Energy Commodities (PPL and PPL Energy Supply)

 

Energy commodity contracts are generally valued using the income approach, except for exchange-traded derivative contracts, which are valued using the market approach and are classified as Level 1. Level 2 contracts are valued using inputs which may include quotes obtained from an exchange (where there is insufficient market liquidity to warrant inclusion in Level 1), binding and non-binding broker quotes, prices posted by ISOs or published tariff rates. Furthermore, independent quotes are obtained from the market to validate the forward price curves. Energy commodity contracts include forwards, futures, swaps, options and structured transactions and may be offset with similar positions in exchange-traded markets. To the extent possible, fair value measurements utilize various inputs that include quoted prices for similar contracts or market-corroborated inputs. In certain instances, these contracts may be valued using models, including standard option valuation models and other standard industry models. When the lowest level inputs that are significant to the fair value measurement of a contract are observable, the contract is classified as Level 2.

 

When unobservable inputs are significant to the fair value measurement, a contract is classified as Level 3. Level 3 contracts are valued using PPL proprietary models which may include significant unobservable inputs such as delivery at a location where pricing is unobservable, delivery dates that are beyond the dates for which independent quotes are available, volumetric assumptions, implied volatilities, implied correlations, and market implied heat rates. Forward transactions, including forward transactions classified as Level 3, are analyzed by PPL's Risk Management department, which reports to the Chief Financial Officer (CFO). Accounting personnel, who also report to the CFO, interpret the analysis quarterly to appropriately classify the forward transactions in the fair value hierarchy. Valuation techniques are evaluated periodically. Additionally, Level 2 and Level 3 fair value measurements include adjustments for credit risk based on PPL's own creditworthiness (for net liabilities) and its counterparties' creditworthiness (for net assets). PPL's credit department assesses all reasonably available market information which is used by accounting personnel to calculate the credit valuation adjustment.

 

In certain instances, energy commodity contracts are transferred between Level 2 and Level 3. The primary reasons for the transfers during 2013 were changes in the availability of market information and changes in the significance of the unobservable inputs utilized in the valuation of the contract. As the delivery period of a contract becomes closer, market information may become available. When this occurs, the model's unobservable inputs are replaced with observable market information.

Price Risk Management Assets/Liabilities - Interest Rate Swaps/Foreign Currency Contracts/Cross-Currency Swaps (PPL, LKE, LG&E and KU)

 

To manage interest rate risk, PPL, LKE, LG&E and KU use interest rate contracts such as forward-starting swaps, floating-to-fixed swaps and fixed-to-floating swaps. To manage foreign currency exchange risk, PPL uses foreign currency contracts such as forwards, options and cross-currency swaps that contain characteristics of both interest rate and foreign currency contracts. An income approach is used to measure the fair value of these contracts, utilizing readily observable inputs, such as forward interest rates (e.g., LIBOR and government security rates) and forward foreign currency exchange rates (e.g., GBP), as well as inputs that may not be observable, such as credit valuation adjustments. In certain cases, market information cannot practicably be obtained to value credit risk and therefore internal models are relied upon. These models use projected probabilities of default and estimated recovery rates based on historical observances. When the credit valuation adjustment is significant to the overall valuation, the contracts are classified as Level 3. For PPL, the primary reason for the transfers between Level 2 and Level 3 during 2014 and 2013 was the change in the significance of the credit valuation adjustment. Cross-currency swaps are valued by PPL's Treasury department, which reports to the CFO. Accounting personnel, who also report to the CFO, interpret analysis quarterly to classify the contracts in the fair value hierarchy. Valuation techniques are evaluated periodically.

(PPL and PPL Energy Supply)

 

NDT Funds

 

The market approach is used to measure the fair value of equity securities held in the NDT funds.

 

       The fair value measurements of equity securities classified as Level 1 are based on quoted prices in active markets.

 

       The fair value measurements of investments in commingled equity funds are classified as Level 2. These fair value measurements are based on firm quotes of net asset values per share, which are not obtained from a quoted price in an active market.

 

The fair value of debt securities is generally measured using a market approach, including the use of pricing models which incorporate observable inputs. Common inputs include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer bid/ask prices, benchmark securities and credit valuation adjustments. When necessary, the fair value of debt securities is measured using the income approach, which incorporates similar observable inputs as well as monthly payment data, future predicted cash flows, collateral performance and new issue data.

Auction Rate Securities

 

Auction rate securities include Federal Family Education Loan Program guaranteed student loan revenue bonds, as well as various municipal bond issues. The probability of realizing losses on these securities is not significant.

 

The fair value of auction rate securities is estimated using an income approach that includes readily observable inputs, such as principal payments and discount curves for bonds with credit ratings and maturities similar to the securities, and unobservable inputs, such as future interest rates that are estimated based on the SIFMA Index, creditworthiness, and liquidity assumptions driven by the impact of auction failures. When the present value of future interest payments is significant to the overall valuation, the auction rate securities are classified as Level 3. The primary reason for the transfers during 2013 was the change in discount rates and SIFMA Index.

 

Auction rate securities are valued by PPL's Treasury department, which reports to the CFO. Accounting personnel, who also report to the CFO, interpret the analysis quarterly to classify the contracts in the fair value hierarchy. Valuation techniques are evaluated periodically.

Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements (PPL and PPL Energy Supply)

 

The following nonrecurring fair value measurement occurred during the six months ended June 30, 2014, resulting in an asset impairment:

    CarryingFair Value Measurement Using   
   Amount (a) Level 3 Loss (b)
PPL and PPL Energy Supply         
Kerr Dam Project $ 47 $ 29 $ 18

(a)       Represents carrying value before fair value measurement.

(b)       The loss on the Kerr Dam Project was recorded in the Supply segment and included in "Other operation and maintenance" on PPL's and PPL Energy Supply's Statement of Income.

 

The significant unobservable inputs used in and the quantitative information about the nonrecurring fair value measurement of assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 are as follows:
             
    
   Fair Value, net   Significant Range
   Asset Valuation  Unobservable (Weighted
   (Liability) Technique Input(s) Average)(a)
             
PPL and PPL Energy Supply           
Kerr Dam Project           
 March 31, 2014$29 Discounted cash flow Proprietary model used to calculate plant value 38% (38%)

(a)       The range and weighted average represent the percentage of fair value derived from the unobservable inputs.

 

Kerr Dam Project

 

As disclosed in Note 11 in PPL's and PPL Energy Supply's 2013 Form 10-K, PPL Montana holds a joint operating license issued for the Kerr Dam Project. The license extends until 2035 and, between 2015 and 2025, the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation (the Tribes) have the option to purchase, hold and operate the Kerr Dam Project. The parties submitted the issue of the appropriate amount of the conveyance price to arbitration in February 2013. In March 2014, the arbitration panel issued its final decision holding that the conveyance price payable by the Tribes to PPL Montana is $18 million. As a result of the decision, PPL Energy Supply performed a recoverability test on the Kerr Dam Project and recorded an impairment charge. PPL Energy Supply performed an internal analysis using an income approach based on discounted cash flows (a proprietary PPL model) to assess the fair value of the Kerr Dam Project.  Assumptions used in the PPL proprietary model were the conveyance price, forward energy price curves, forecasted generation, and forecasted operation and maintenance expenditures that were consistent with assumptions used in the business planning process and a market participant discount rate. Through this analysis, PPL Energy Supply determined the fair value of the Kerr Dam Project to be $29 million at March 31, 2014.

 

The assets were valued by the PPL Energy Supply Financial Department, which reports to the President of PPL Energy Supply.  Accounting personnel, who report to the CFO, interpreted the analysis to appropriately classify the assets in the fair value hierarchy.

 

Financial Instruments Not Recorded at Fair Value (All Registrants)

 

The carrying amounts of contract adjustment payments related to the 2011 Purchase Contract component of the 2011 Equity Units and long-term debt on the Balance Sheets and their estimated fair values are set forth below. The fair values of these instruments were estimated using an income approach by discounting future cash flows at estimated current cost of funding rates, which incorporate the credit risk of the Registrants. These instruments are classified as Level 2. The effect of third-party credit enhancements is not included in the fair value measurement.

   June 30, 2014 December 31, 2013
   Carrying    Carrying   
   Amount Fair Value Amount Fair Value
Contract adjustment payments (a)            
 PPL       $ 21 $ 22
Long-term debt            
 PPL $ 21,123 $ 22,958   20,907   22,177
 PPL Energy Supply   2,523   2,630   2,525   2,658
 PPL Electric   2,602   2,915   2,315   2,483

 LKE    4,566   4,879   4,565   4,672
 LG&E   1,353   1,428   1,353   1,372
 KU   2,091   2,264   2,091   2,155

(a)       Included in "Other current liabilities" on the Balance Sheets.

 

The carrying value of short-term debt (including notes between affiliates), when outstanding, approximates fair value due to the variable interest rates associated with the short-term debt and is classified as Level 2.

Credit Concentration Associated with Financial Instruments

 

(All Registrants)

 

Contracts are entered into with many entities for the purchase and sale of energy. When NPNS is elected, the fair value of these contracts is not reflected in the financial statements. However, the fair value of these contracts is considered when committing to new business from a credit perspective. See Note 14 for information on credit policies used to manage credit risk, including master netting arrangements and collateral requirements.

 

(PPL and PPL Energy Supply)

 

At June 30, 2014, PPL and PPL Energy Supply had credit exposure of $805 million from energy trading partners, excluding exposure from related parties (PPL Energy Supply only) and the effects of netting arrangements, reserves and collateral. As a result of netting arrangements, reserves and collateral, PPL and PPL Energy Supply's credit exposure was reduced to $340 million. The top ten counterparties including their affiliates accounted for $192 million, or 56%, of these exposures. Seven of these counterparties had an investment grade credit rating from S&P or Moody's and accounted for 65% of the top ten exposures. The remaining counterparties are below investment grade or have not been rated by S&P or Moody's, but are current on their obligations. See Note 11 for information regarding PPL Energy Supply's related party credit exposure.

(PPL Electric)

 

PPL Electric is exposed to credit risk under energy supply contracts (including its supply contracts with PPL EnergyPlus); however, its PUC-approved recovery mechanism is anticipated to substantially mitigate this exposure.

(LKE, LG&E and KU)

 

At June 30, 2014, LKE's, LG&E's and KU's credit exposure was not significant.