-----BEGIN PRIVACY-ENHANCED MESSAGE----- Proc-Type: 2001,MIC-CLEAR Originator-Name: webmaster@www.sec.gov Originator-Key-Asymmetric: MFgwCgYEVQgBAQICAf8DSgAwRwJAW2sNKK9AVtBzYZmr6aGjlWyK3XmZv3dTINen TWSM7vrzLADbmYQaionwg5sDW3P6oaM5D3tdezXMm7z1T+B+twIDAQAB MIC-Info: RSA-MD5,RSA, FTfSyeDGzH/KuYzyxZTWkvoXzSD6LhELV+SD76y8jACgqVJPl8smeJJfulc1SzMj RS34YMV5884qB1/sWDrlbQ== 0001193125-08-109608.txt : 20080509 0001193125-08-109608.hdr.sgml : 20080509 20080509151029 ACCESSION NUMBER: 0001193125-08-109608 CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE: 10-Q PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT: 9 CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT: 20080331 FILED AS OF DATE: 20080509 DATE AS OF CHANGE: 20080509 FILER: COMPANY DATA: COMPANY CONFORMED NAME: LINCOLN NATIONAL CORP CENTRAL INDEX KEY: 0000059558 STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION: LIFE INSURANCE [6311] IRS NUMBER: 351140070 STATE OF INCORPORATION: IN FISCAL YEAR END: 1231 FILING VALUES: FORM TYPE: 10-Q SEC ACT: 1934 Act SEC FILE NUMBER: 001-06028 FILM NUMBER: 08817988 BUSINESS ADDRESS: STREET 1: 1500 MARKET STREET STE 3900 STREET 2: CENTRE SQUARE WEST TOWER CITY: PHILADELPHIA STATE: PA ZIP: 19102 BUSINESS PHONE: 2154481475 MAIL ADDRESS: STREET 1: 1500 MARKET STREET STE 3900 STREET 2: CENTRE SQUARE TOWER CITY: PHILADELPHIA STATE: PA ZIP: 19102 10-Q 1 d10q.htm LINCOLN NATIONAL CORP--FORM 10-Q Lincoln National Corp--Form 10-Q

 

 

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D. C. 20549

 

 

FORM 10-Q

 

 

(Mark One)

x Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2008.

 

¨ Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the transition period from              to             .

Commission File Number 1-6028

 

 

LINCOLN NATIONAL CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

 

 

    Indiana           35-1140070    

(State or other jurisdiction of

incorporation or organization)

 

(I.R.S. Employer

Identification No.)

    150 N. Radnor Chester Road, Radnor, Pennsylvania           19087    
(Address of principal executive offices)   (Zip Code)

    (484) 583-1400    

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code

    1500 Market Street, Suite 3900, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania    

Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report

 

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non- accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

(Check one): Large accelerated filer  x    Accelerated filer  ¨    Non- accelerated filer  ¨    Smaller reporting company  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ¨    No  x

As of May 1, 2008, there were 259,302,945 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

 

 

 


PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

 

Item 1. Financial Statements

LINCOLN NATIONAL CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in millions, except share data)

 

     As of
March 31,
2008
    As of
December 31,
2007
     (Unaudited)      

ASSETS

    

Investments:

    

Available-for-sale securities, at fair value:

    

Fixed maturity (amortized cost: 2008-$56,449; 2007-$56,069)

   $ 55,624     $ 56,276

Equity (cost: 2008-$556; 2007-$548)

     474       518

Trading securities

     2,714       2,730

Mortgage loans on real estate

     7,532       7,423

Real estate

     175       258

Policy loans

     2,804       2,835

Derivative investments

     1,091       807

Other investments

     1,141       1,075
              

Total investments

     71,555       71,922

Cash and invested cash

     2,447       1,665

Deferred acquisition costs and value of business acquired

     9,996       9,580

Premiums and fees receivable

     468       401

Accrued investment income

     917       843

Reinsurance recoverables

     8,407       8,237

Goodwill

     4,128       4,144

Other assets

     2,728       3,530

Separate account assets

     84,703       91,113
              

Total assets

   $ 185,349     $ 191,435
              

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

    

Liabilities

    

Future contract benefits

   $ 16,501     $ 16,007

Other contract holder funds

     60,176       59,640

Short-term debt

     411       550

Long-term debt

     4,627       4,618

Reinsurance related derivative liability

     205       220

Funds withheld reinsurance liabilities

     2,117       2,117

Deferred gain on indemnity reinsurance

     677       696

Payables for collateral under securities loaned and derivatives

     1,796       1,135

Other liabilities

     3,050       3,621

Separate account liabilities

     84,703       91,113
              

Total liabilities

     174,263       179,717
              

Contingencies and Commitments (See Note 10)

    

Stockholders’ Equity

    

Series A preferred stock - 10,000,000 shares authorized

     —         —  

Common stock - 800,000,000 shares authorized; 259,206,033 and 264,233,303 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, respectively

     7,075       7,200

Retained earnings

     4,333       4,293

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)

     (322 )     225
              

Total stockholders’ equity

     11,086       11,718
              

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity

   $ 185,349     $ 191,435
              

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 

1


LINCOLN NATIONAL CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(in millions, except per share data)

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
     2008     2007
     (Unaudited)

Revenues

    

Insurance premiums

   $ 509     $ 459

Insurance fees

     844       779

Investment advisory fees

     76       90

Net investment income

     968       1,090

Realized gain (loss)

     (38 )     26

Amortization of deferred gain on indemnity reinsurance

     19       19

Other revenues and fees

     146       165
              

Total revenues

     2,524       2,628
              

Benefits and Expenses

    

Interest credited

     510       605

Benefits

     691       589

Underwriting, acquisition, insurance and other expenses

     829       815

Interest and debt expense

     76       61
              

Total benefits and expenses

     2,106       2,070
              

Income from continuing operations before taxes

     418       558

Federal income taxes

     125       170
              

Income from continuing operations

     293       388

Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of federal incomes taxes

     (4 )     8
              

Net income

   $ 289     $ 396
              

Earnings Per Common Share - Basic

    

Income from continuing operations

   $ 1.13     $ 1.41

Income (loss) from discontinued operations

     (0.02 )     0.03
              

Net income

   $ 1.11     $ 1.44
              

Earnings Per Common Share - Diluted

    

Income from continuing operations

   $ 1.12     $ 1.39

Income (loss) from discontinued operations

     (0.02 )     0.03
              

Net income

   $ 1.10     $ 1.42
              

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 

2


LINCOLN NATIONAL CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(in millions, except per share data)

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
 
     2008     2007  
     (Unaudited)  

Series A Preferred Stock

    

Balance at beginning-of-year

   $ —       $ 1  
                

Balance at end-of-period

     —         1  
                

Common Stock

    

Balance at beginning-of-year

     7,200       7,449  

Issued for acquisition

     —         20  

Stock compensation/issued for benefit plans

     21       41  

Deferred compensation payable in stock

     3       3  

Retirement of common stock/cancellation of shares

     (149 )     (195 )
                

Balance at end-of-period

     7,075       7,318  
                

Retained Earnings

    

Balance at beginning-of-year

     4,293       4,138  

Cumulative effect of adoption of SOP 05-1

     —         (41 )

Cumulative effect of adoption of FIN 48

     —         (15 )

Cumulative effect of adoption of EITF 06-10

     (4 )     —    

Comprehensive income (loss)

     (258 )     442  

Less other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax

     (547 )     46  
                

Net income

     289       396  

Retirement of common stock

     (137 )     (317 )

Dividends declared: Common (2008-$0.415; 2007-$0.395)

     (108 )     (107 )
                

Balance at end-of-period

     4,333       4,054  
                

Net Unrealized Gain on Available-for-Sale Securities

    

Balance at beginning-of-year

     86       481  

Change during the period

     (538 )     47  
                

Balance at end-of-period

     (452 )     528  
                

Net Unrealized Gain on Derivative Instruments

    

Balance at beginning-of-year

     53       51  

Change during the period

     (9 )     (4 )
                

Balance at end-of-period

     44       47  
                

Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment

    

Balance at beginning-of-year

     175       165  

Change during the period

     (1 )     3  
                

Balance at end-of-period

     174       168  
                

Funded Status of Employee Benefit Plans

    

Balance at beginning-of-year

     (89 )     (84 )

Change during the period

     1       —    
                

Balance at end-of-period

     (88 )     (84 )
                

Total stockholders’ equity at end-of-period

   $ 11,086     $ 12,032  
                

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 

3


LINCOLN NATIONAL CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in millions)

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
 
     2008     2007  
     (Unaudited)  

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

    

Net income

   $ 289     $ 396  

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

    

Deferred acquisition costs and value of business acquired deferrals and interest, net of amortization

     (181 )     (206 )

Change in premiums and fees receivable

     (67 )     (19 )

Change in accrued investment income

     (74 )     (53 )

Change in future contract benefits

     498       139  

Change in other contract holder funds

     76       271  

Net trading securities purchases, sales and maturities

     12       126  

Change in amounts recoverable from reinsurers

     (170 )     (193 )

Change in federal income tax accruals

     (74 )     216  

Stock-based compensation expense

     12       15  

Depreciation, amortization and accretion, net

     11       13  

Increase in funds withheld liability

     —         27  

Realized loss (gain) on investments and derivative instruments

     41       (26 )

Loss on sale of subsidiaries/businesses and disposals of discontinued operations

     9       —    

Amortization of deferred gain on indemnity reinsurance

     (19 )     (19 )

Change in derivative investments

     (169 )     17  

Other

     (96 )     (235 )
                

Net adjustments

     (191 )     73  
                

Net cash provided by operating activities

     98       469  
                

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

    

Purchases of available-for-sale securities

     (1,599 )     (5,017 )

Sales of available-for-sale securities

     300       3,705  

Maturities of available-for-sale securities

     888       972  

Purchases of other investments

     (713 )     (603 )

Sales or maturities of other investments

     596       514  

Increase (decrease) in cash collateral on loaned securities and derivatives

     661       (288 )

Proceeds from sale of subsidiaries/businesses and disposals of discontinued operations

     642       —    

Other

     (13 )     (124 )
                

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities

     762       (841 )
                

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

    

Payment of long-term debt

     (100 )     (314 )

Issuance of long-term debt

     —         749  

Net increase (decrease) in short-term debt

     (54 )     150  

Universal life and investment contract deposits

     2,403       2,177  

Universal life and investment contract withdrawals

     (1,434 )     (1,968 )

Investment contract transfers

     (509 )     (574 )

Common stock issued for benefit plans and excess tax benefits

     12       52  

Repurchase of common stock

     (286 )     (512 )

Dividends paid to stockholders

     (110 )     (109 )
                

Net cash used in financing activities

     (78 )     (349 )
                

Net increase (decrease) in cash and invested cash

     782       (721 )

Cash and invested cash at beginning-of-year

     1,665       1,621  
                

Cash and invested cash at end-of-period

   $ 2,447     $ 900  
                

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 

4


LINCOLN NATIONAL CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1. Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation

Nature of Operations

Lincoln National Corporation and its majority-owned subsidiaries (“LNC” or the “Company,” which also may be referred to as “we,” “our” or “us”) operate multiple insurance and investment management businesses through six business segments, see Note 16. The collective group of businesses uses “Lincoln Financial Group” as its marketing identity. Through our business segments, we sell a wide range of wealth protection, accumulation and retirement income products and solutions. These products include institutional and/or retail fixed and indexed annuities, variable annuities, universal life insurance, term life insurance, mutual funds and managed accounts.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with United States of America generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions for the Securities and Exchange Commission Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. Therefore, the information contained in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007 (“2007 Form 10-K”) should be read in connection with the reading of these interim unaudited consolidated financial statements.

In the opinion of management, these statements include all normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s results. Operating results for the three month period ended March 31, 2008 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year ending December 31, 2008. All material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Certain amounts reported in prior periods’ consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the presentation adopted in the current year. These reclassifications have no effect on net income or stockholders’ equity of the prior periods.

2. New Accounting Standards

Adoption of New Accounting Standards

Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 157 – Fair Value Measurements

In September 2006, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 157, “Fair Value Measurements” (“SFAS 157”), which defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value under current accounting pronouncements that require or permit fair value measurement and enhances disclosures about fair value instruments. SFAS 157 retains the exchange price notion, but clarifies that exchange price is the price in an orderly transaction between market participants to sell the asset or transfer the liability (exit price) in the principal market, or the most advantageous market in the absence of a principal market, for that asset or liability, as opposed to the price that would be paid to acquire the asset or receive a liability (entry price). Fair value measurement is based on assumptions used by market participants in pricing the asset or liability, which may include inherent risk, restrictions on the sale or use of an asset or non-performance risk, which would include the reporting entity’s own credit risk. SFAS 157 establishes a three-level fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The three-level hierarchy for fair value measurement is defined as follows:

 

 

Level 1 – inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices available in active markets for identical investments as of the reporting date. “Blockage discounts” for large holdings of unrestricted financial instruments where quoted prices are readily and regularly available for an identical asset or liability in an active market is prohibited;

 

 

Level 2 – inputs to the valuation methodology are other than quoted prices in active markets, which are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reporting date, and fair value can be determined through the use of models or other valuation methodologies; and

 

5


   

Level 3 – inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable inputs in situations where there is little or no market activity for the asset or liability and the reporting entity makes estimates and assumptions related to the pricing of the asset or liability, including assumptions regarding risk.

In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, an investment’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the investment.

We have certain guaranteed benefit features that, prior to January 1, 2008, were recorded using fair value pricing. These benefits will continue to be measured on a fair value basis with the adoption of SFAS 157, utilizing Level 3 inputs and some Level 2 inputs, which are reflective of the hypothetical market participant perspective for fair value measurement, including liquidity assumptions and assumptions regarding the Company’s own credit or non-performance risk. In addition, SFAS 157 expands the disclosure requirements for annual and interim reporting to focus on the inputs used to measure fair value, including those measurements using significant unobservable inputs and the effects of the measurements on earnings. See Note 15 for additional information.

We adopted SFAS 157 effective January 1, 2008 by recording increases (decreases) to the following categories (in millions) on our consolidated financial statements:

 

Assets

  

Deferred acquisition costs ("DAC")

   $ 13  

Value of business acquired ("VOBA")

     (8 )

Other assets - deferred sales inducements ("DSI")

     2  
        

Total assets

   $ 7  
        

Liabilities

  

Other contract holder funds:

  

Remaining guaranteed interest and similar contracts

   $ (20 )

Embedded derivative instruments - living benefits liabilities

     48  

Deferred front-end loads ("DFEL")

     3  

Other liabilities - income tax liabilities

     (8 )
        

Total liabilities

   $ 23  
        

Revenues

  

Insurance fees

   $ (3 )
        

Total revenues

     (3 )
        

Benefits and Expenses

  

Interest credited

     (22 )

Benefits

     48  

Underwriting, acquisition, insurance and other expenses

     (5 )
        

Total benefits and expenses

     21  
        

Loss from continuing operations before taxes

     (24 )

Federal income tax benefit

     (8 )
        

Loss from continuing operations

   $ (16 )
        

The impact for the adoption of SFAS 157 to basic and diluted per share amounts was a decrease of $0.06.

FASB Staff Position 157-2 – Effective Date of FASB Statement No. 157

In February 2008, the FASB issued FASB Staff Position (“FSP”) No. 157-2, “Effective Date of FASB Statement No. 157” (“FSP 157-2”). FSP 157-2 delays the effective date of SFAS 157 for nonfinancial assets and nonfinancial liabilities, except for items that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis (at least annually). Accordingly, we did not apply the provisions of SFAS 157 to nonfinancial assets and nonfinancial liabilities within the scope of FSP 157-2. Examples of items to which the deferral is applicable include, but are not limited to:

 

6


   

Nonfinancial assets and nonfinancial liabilities initially measured at fair value in a business combination or other new basis event, but not measured at fair value in subsequent periods;

 

   

Reporting units measured at fair value in the goodwill impairment test under SFAS No. 142, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets” (“SFAS 142”), and indefinite-lived intangible assets measured at fair value for impairment assessment under SFAS 142;

 

   

Nonfinancial long-lived assets measured at fair value for an impairment assessment under SFAS No. 144, “Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets”;

 

   

Asset retirement obligations initially measured at fair value under SFAS No. 143, “Accounting for Asset Retirement Obligations”; and

 

   

Nonfinancial liabilities for exit or disposal activities initially measured at fair value under SFAS No. 146, “Accounting for Costs Associated with Exit or Disposal Activities.”

SFAS No. 159 – The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

In February 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 159, “The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities” (“SFAS 159”), which allows an entity to make an irrevocable election, on specific election dates, to measure eligible items at fair value. The election to measure an item at fair value may be determined on an instrument by instrument basis, with certain exceptions. If the fair value option is elected, unrealized gains and losses will be recognized in earnings at each subsequent reporting date, and any upfront costs and fees related to the item will be recognized in earnings as incurred. In addition, the presentation and disclosure requirements of SFAS 159 are designed to assist in the comparison between entities that select different measurement attributes for similar types of assets and liabilities. SFAS 159 applies to fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007, with early adoption permitted for an entity that has also elected to apply the provisions of SFAS 157. At the effective date, the fair value option may be elected for eligible items that exist on that date. Effective January 1, 2008, we elected not to adopt the fair value option for any financial assets or liabilities that existed as of January 1, 2008.

Emerging Issues Task Force Issue No. 06-10 – Accounting for Collateral Assignment Split-Dollar Life Insurance Arrangements

In March 2007, the FASB Board ratified the consensus reached by the Emerging Issues Task Force (“EITF”) in EITF Issue No. 06-10, “Accounting for Collateral Assignment Split-Dollar Life Insurance Arrangements” (“EITF 06-10”). EITF 06-10 requires an employer to recognize a liability related to a collateral assignment split-dollar life insurance arrangement in accordance with SFAS No. 106, “Employers’ Accounting for Postretirement Benefits Other Than Pensions,” if the employer has agreed to maintain a life insurance policy during the employee’s retirement. In addition, based on the split-dollar arrangement, an asset should be recognized by the employer for the estimated future cash flows to which the employer is entitled. The adoption of EITF 06-10 can be recognized either as a change in accounting principle through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings or through retrospective application to all prior periods. The consensus is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2007, including interim periods within those fiscal years.

We maintain collateral assignment split-dollar life insurance arrangements related to frozen policies that are within the scope of EITF 06-10. Effective January 1, 2008, we adopted EITF 06-10 by recording a $4 million cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings, offset by an increase to our liability for postretirement benefits. We also recorded notes receivable for the amounts due to us from participants under the split-dollar arrangements. The recording of the notes receivable did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.

Derivative Implementation Group Statement 133 Implementation Issue No. E23 – Issues Involving the Application of the Shortcut Method under Paragraph 68

In December 2007, the FASB issued Derivative Implementation Group Statement 133 Implementation Issue No. E23, “Issues Involving the Application of the Shortcut Method under Paragraph 68” (“DIG E23”), which gives clarification to the application of the shortcut method of accounting for qualifying fair value hedging relationships involving an interest-bearing financial instrument and/or an interest rate swap, originally outlined in paragraph 68 in SFAS No. 133, “Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities” (“SFAS 133”). DIG E23 clarifies that the shortcut method may be applied to a qualifying fair value hedge when the relationship is designated on the trade date of both the swap and the hedged item (for example, debt), even though the hedged item is not recognized for accounting purposes until the transaction settles (that is, until its settlement date), provided that the period of time between the trade date and the settlement date of the hedged item is within established conventions for that marketplace. DIG E23 also clarifies that Paragraph 68(b) is met for an interest rate swap that has a non-zero fair value at the inception of the hedging relationship provided that the swap was entered into at the hedge’s inception for a transaction price of zero and the non-zero fair value is due solely to the existence of a bid-ask spread in the entity’s principal market (or most advantageous market, as applicable) under SFAS 157. The interest rate swap would be reported at its fair value as determined under SFAS 157. DIG E23 is effective for hedging relationships designated on or after January 1, 2008. We adopted DIG E23 effective January 1, 2008. The adoption did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.

 

7


Future Adoption of New Accounting Standards

SFAS No. 141(R) – Business Combinations

In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 141(revised 2007), “Business Combinations” (“SFAS 141(R)”), which is a revision of SFAS No. 141 “Business Combinations” (“SFAS 141”). SFAS 141(R) retains the fundamental requirements of SFAS 141, but establishes principles and requirements for the acquirer in a business combination to recognize and measure the identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interests in the acquiree and the goodwill acquired or the gain from a bargain purchase. The revised statement requires, among other things, that assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree shall be measured at their acquisition-date fair values. For business combinations completed upon adoption of SFAS 141(R), goodwill will be measured as the excess of the consideration transferred, plus the fair value of any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree, over the fair values of the identifiable net assets acquired. Any contingent consideration shall be recognized at the acquisition-date fair value, which improves the accuracy of the goodwill measurement. Previously under SFAS 141, deferred recognition of pre-acquisition contingencies was permitted. Under SFAS 141(R), contractual pre-acquisition contingencies will be recognized at their acquisition-date fair values and noncontractual pre-acquisition contingencies will be recognized at their acquisition date fair values if it is more likely than not that the contingency gives rise to an asset or liability. Acquisition costs will be expensed in the period the costs are incurred, rather than included in the cost of the acquiree, and disclosure requirements will be enhanced to provide users with information to evaluate the nature and financial effects of the business combination. SFAS 141(R) applies prospectively to business combinations for which the acquisition date is on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period on or after December 15, 2008, with earlier adoption prohibited. We expect to adopt SFAS 141(R) on January 1, 2009 and are currently evaluating the effects of adoption on future acquisitions.

SFAS No. 160 – Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements - an amendment of Accounting Research Bulletin No. 51

In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 160, “Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements - an amendment of Accounting Research Bulletin No. 51” (“SFAS 160”), which aims to improve the relevance, comparability and transparency of the financial information that a reporting entity provides in its consolidated financial statements by establishing accounting and reporting standards surrounding noncontrolling interests, or minority interests, which are the portions of equity in a subsidiary not attributable, directly or indirectly, to a parent. The ownership interests in subsidiaries held by parties other than the parent shall be clearly identified, labeled and presented in the consolidated statement of financial position within equity, but separate from the parent’s equity. The amount of consolidated net income attributable to the parent and to the noncontrolling interest must be clearly identified and presented on the face of the Consolidated Statements of Income. Changes in a parent’s ownership interest while the parent retains its controlling financial interest in its subsidiary must be accounted for consistently as equity transactions. A parent’s ownership interest in a subsidiary changes if the parent purchases additional ownership interests in its subsidiary or sells some of its ownership interests in its subsidiary or if the subsidiary reacquires some of its ownership interests or issues additional ownership interests. When a subsidiary is deconsolidated, any retained noncontrolling equity investment in the former subsidiary must be initially measured at fair value. The gain or loss on the deconsolidation of the subsidiary is measured using the fair value of any noncontrolling equity investment rather than the carrying amount of that retained investment. Entities must provide sufficient disclosures that clearly identify and distinguish between the interests of the parent and the interests of the noncontrolling owners. SFAS 160 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning on or after December 15, 2008. We expect to adopt SFAS 160 effective January 1, 2009 and are currently evaluating the effects of SFAS 160 on our consolidated financial condition and results of operations.

SFAS No. 161 – Disclosures about Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities - an amendment of FASB Statement No. 133

In March 2008, the FASB issued SFAS No. 161, “Disclosures about Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities—an amendment of FASB Statement No. 133” (“SFAS 161”), which amends and expands current qualitative and quantitative disclosure requirements for derivative instruments and hedging activities. Enhanced disclosures will include: how and why we use derivative instruments; how derivative instruments and related hedged items are accounted for under SFAS 133; and how derivative instruments and related hedged items affect our financial position, financial performance and cash flows. Quantitative disclosures will be enhanced by requiring a tabular format by primary underlying risk and accounting designation for the fair value amount and location of derivative instruments in the financial statements and the amount and location of gains and losses in the financial statements for derivative instruments and related hedged items. The tabular disclosures should improve transparency of derivative positions existing at the period end date and the effect of using derivatives during the reporting period. SFAS 161 also requires the disclosure of credit-risk-related contingent features in derivative instruments and cross-referencing within the notes to the consolidated financial statements to assist users in locating information about derivative instruments. The amended and expanded disclosure requirements

 

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apply to all derivative instruments within the scope of SFAS 133, non-derivative hedging instruments and all hedged items designated and qualifying as hedges under SFAS 133. SFAS 161 is effective prospectively for financial statements issued for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after November 15, 2008. We expect to adopt SFAS 161 effective January 1, 2009, and are currently evaluating the effects of SFAS 161 on our financial statement disclosures related to derivative instruments and hedging activities.

FSP SFAS140-3 – Accounting for Transfers of Financial Assets and Repurchase Financing Transactions

In February 2008, the FASB issued FSP 140-3, “Accounting for Transfers of Financial Assets and Repurchase Financing Transactions” (“FSP 140-3”), regarding the criteria for a repurchase financing to be considered a linked transaction under SFAS No. 140, “Accounting for Transfers and Servicing of Financial Assets and Extinguishment of Liabilities.” A repurchase financing is a transaction where the buyer (“transferee”) of a financial asset obtains financing from the seller (“transferor”) and transfers the financial asset back to the seller as collateral until the financing is repaid. Under FSP 140-3, the transferor and the transferee shall not separately account for the transfer of a financial asset and a related repurchase financing unless the two transactions have a valid and distinct business or economic purpose for being entered into separately and the repurchase financing does not result in the initial transferor regaining control over the financial asset. In addition, an initial transfer of a financial asset and a repurchase financing entered into contemporaneously with, or in contemplation of, one another, must meet the criteria identified in FSP 140-3 in order to receive separate accounting treatment. FSP 140-3 is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2008, and interim periods within those fiscal years. FSP 140-3 will be applied prospectively to initial transfers and repurchase financings executed on or after the beginning of the fiscal year in which FSP 140-3 is initially applied. Early application is not permitted. We expect to adopt FSP 140-3 effective January 1, 2009 and are evaluating the effects of FSP 140-3 on our consolidated financial condition and results of operations.

FSP SFAS 142-3 – Determination of the Useful Life of Intangible Assets

In April 2008, the FASB issued FSP No. 142-3, “Determination of the Useful Life of Intangible Assets” (“FSP 142-3”), which applies to recognized intangible assets accounted for under the guidance in SFAS 142. When developing renewal or extension assumptions in determining the useful life of recognized intangible assets, FSP 142-3 requires an entity to consider its own historical experience in renewing or extending similar arrangements. Absent the historical experience, an entity should use the assumptions a market participant would make when renewing and extending the intangible asset consistent with the highest and best use of the asset by market participants. In addition, FSP 142-3 requires financial statement disclosure regarding the extent to which expected future cash flows associated with the asset are affected by an entity’s intent and/or ability to renew or extend an arrangement. FSP 142-3 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2008, with early adoption prohibited. FSP 142-3 should be applied prospectively to determine the useful life of a recognized intangible asset acquired after the effective date. In addition, FSP 142-3 requires prospective application of the disclosure requirements to all intangible assets recognized as of, and subsequent to, the effective date. We expect to adopt FSP 142-3 on January 1, 2009 and are currently evaluating the effects of adoption on our consolidated financial condition and results of operations.

 

9


3. Dispositions

Discontinued Media Operations

During the fourth quarter of 2007, we entered into a definitive agreement to sell our television broadcasting, Charlotte radio and sports programming businesses. These businesses were acquired as part of the Jefferson-Pilot merger on April 3, 2006. The sports programming sale closed on November 30, 2007, the Charlotte radio broadcasting sale closed on January 31, 2008 and the television broadcasting sale closed on March 31, 2008. Accordingly, in the periods prior to the closings, the assets and liabilities of these businesses were reclassified as held-for-sale and were reported within other assets and other liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The major classes of assets and liabilities held-for-sale (in millions) were as follows:

 

     As of
March 31,
2008
   As of
December 31,
2007

Goodwill

   $ —      $ 340

Specifically identifiable intangible assets

     —        266

Other

     —        146
             

Total assets held-for-sale

   $ —      $ 752
             

Liabilities held-for-sale

   $ —      $ 354
             

The results of operations of these businesses were reclassified into income (loss) from discontinued operations on our Consolidated Statements of Income and the amounts (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
     2008     2007

Discontinued Operations Before Disposal

    

Media revenues, net of agency commissions

   $ 22     $ 42
              

Income from discontinued operations before disposal, before federal income taxes

   $ 8     $ 12

Federal income taxes

     3       4
              

Income from discontinued operations before disposal

     5       8
              

Disposal

    

Loss on disposal, before federal income taxes

     (12 )     —  

Federal income tax benefit

     (3 )     —  
              

Loss on disposal

     (9 )     —  
              

Income (loss) from discontinued operations

   $ (4 )   $ 8
              

Fixed Income Investment Management Business

During the fourth quarter of 2007, we sold certain institutional taxable fixed income business to an unaffiliated investment management company. Investment Management transferred $12.3 billion of assets under management as part of this transaction. Based upon the assets transferred as of October 31, 2007, the purchase price is expected to be no more than $49 million. We expect this transaction to decrease income from operations, compared to the corresponding periods in 2007, by approximately $3 million, after-tax, per quarter in 2008.

During the fourth quarter of 2007, we received $25 million of the purchase price, with additional scheduled payments over the next three years. During 2007, we recorded an after-tax loss of $2 million on our Consolidated Statements of Income as a result of the goodwill we attributed to this business. There were certain other pipeline accounts in process at the time of the transaction closing, and any adjustment to the purchase price, if necessary, will be determined at October 31, 2008. During the first quarter of 2008, we recorded an after-tax gain of $2 million on our Consolidated Statements of Income related to this transaction.

 

10


4. Investments

Available-for-Sale Securities

The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value of available-for-sale securities (in millions) were as follows:

 

     As of March 31, 2008
     Amortized    Gross Unrealized    Fair
     Cost    Gains    Losses    Value

Corporate bonds

   $ 44,099    $ 1,265    $ 1,828    $ 43,536

U.S. Government bonds

     209      23      —        232

Foreign government bonds

     981      68      12      1,037

Asset and mortgage-backed securities:

           

Mortgage pass-through securities

     1,405      35      16      1,424

Collateralized mortgage obligations

     6,848      123      330      6,641

Commercial mortgage-backed securities

     2,636      30      181      2,485

Other asset-backed securities

     20      —        1      19

State and municipal bonds

     149      4      —        153

Redeemable preferred stocks

     102      2      7      97
                           

Total fixed maturity securities

     56,449      1,550      2,375      55,624

Equity securities

     556      7      89      474
                           

Total available-for-sale securities

   $ 57,005    $ 1,557    $ 2,464    $ 56,098
                           
     As of December 31, 2007
     Amortized    Gross Unrealized    Fair
     Cost    Gains    Losses    Value

Corporate bonds

   $ 43,973    $ 1,120    $ 945    $ 44,148

U.S. Government bonds

     205      17      —        222

Foreign government bonds

     979      67      9      1,037

Asset and mortgage-backed securities:

           

Mortgage pass-through securities

     1,226      24      4      1,246

Collateralized mortgage obligations

     6,721      78      130      6,669

Commercial mortgage-backed securities

     2,711      49      70      2,690

State and municipal bonds

     151      2      —        153

Redeemable preferred stocks

     103      9      1      111
                           

Total fixed maturity securities

     56,069      1,366      1,159      56,276

Equity securities

     548      13      43      518
                           

Total available-for-sale securities

   $ 56,617    $ 1,379    $ 1,202    $ 56,794
                           

 

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The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity available-for-sale securities by contractual maturities (in millions) were as follows:

 

     As of March 31, 2008
     Amortized
Cost
   Fair
Value

Due in one year or less

   $ 2,147    $ 2,160

Due after one year through five years

     12,831      13,204

Due after five years through ten years

     15,461      15,036

Due after ten years

     15,101      14,655
             

Subtotal

     45,540      45,055

Asset and mortgage-backed securities

     10,909      10,569
             

Total available-for-sale fixed maturity securities

   $ 56,449    $ 55,624
             

Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or pre-pay obligations.

The fair value and gross unrealized losses of available-for-sale securities (in millions), aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, were as follows:

 

     As of March 31, 2008
     Less Than Or Equal
to Twelve Months
   Greater Than
Twelve Months
   Total
     Fair
Value
   Gross
Unrealized
Losses
   Fair
Value
   Gross
Unrealized
Losses
   Fair
Value
   Gross
Unrealized
Losses

Corporate bonds

   $ 12,929    $ 1,136    $ 4,157    $ 692    $ 17,086    $ 1,828

Foreign government bonds

     164      7      65      5      229      12

Asset and mortgage-backed securities:

                 

Mortgage pass-through securities

     242      8      68      7      310      15

Collateralized mortgage obligations

     2,052      265      486      65      2,538      330

Commercial mortgage-backed securities

     1,005      106      474      76      1,479      182

Other asset-backed securities

     —        —        19      1      19      1

State and municipal bonds

     1      —        5      —        6      —  

Redeemable preferred stocks

     59      7      —        —        59      7
                                         

Total fixed maturity securities

     16,452      1,529      5,274      846      21,726      2,375

Equity securities

     397      87      12      2      409      89
                                         

Total available-for-sale securities

   $ 16,849    $ 1,616    $ 5,286    $ 848    $ 22,135    $ 2,464
                                         

Total number of securities in an unrealized loss position

                    2,555
                     

 

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     As of December 31, 2007
     Less Than Or Equal to
Twelve Months
   Greater Than
Twelve Months
   Total
     Fair
Value
   Gross
Unrealized
Losses
   Fair
Value
   Gross
Unrealized
Losses
   Fair
Value
   Gross
Unrealized
Losses

Corporate bonds

   $ 11,540    $ 679    $ 4,467    $ 266    $ 16,007    $ 945

U.S. Government bonds

     —        —        3      —        3      —  

Foreign government bonds

     95      4      51      4      146      8

Asset and mortgage-backed securities:

                 

Mortgage pass-through securities

     32      1      193      4      225      5

Collateralized mortgage obligations

     1,742      101      1,116      29      2,858      130

Commercial mortgage-backed securities

     520      47      562      23      1,082      70

State and municipal bonds

     29      —        17      —        46      —  

Redeemable preferred stocks

     13      1      —        —        13      1
                                         

Total fixed maturity securities

     13,971      833      6,409      326      20,380      1,159

Equity securities

     402      42      8      1      410      43
                                         

Total available-for-sale securities

   $ 14,373    $ 875    $ 6,417    $ 327    $ 20,790    $ 1,202
                                         

Total number of securities in an unrealized loss position

                    2,441
                     

The fair value, gross unrealized losses (in millions) and number of available-for-sale securities, where the fair value had declined below amortized cost by greater than 20%, were as follows:

 

     As of March 31, 2008
     Fair
Value
   Gross
Unrealized
Losses
   Number
of
Securities

Less than six months

   $ 100    $ 29    28

Six months or greater, but less than nine months

     170      52    21

Nine months or greater, but less than twelve months

     345      113    58

Twelve months or greater

     317      97    76
                  

Total available-for-sale securities

   $ 932    $ 291    183
                  
     As of December 31, 2007
     Fair
Value
   Gross
Unrealized
Losses
   Number
of
Securities

Less than six months

   $ 136    $ 49    22

Six months or greater, but less than nine months

     427      138    32

Nine months or greater, but less than twelve months

     364      110    17

Twelve months or greater

     183      81    60
                  

Total available-for-sale securities

   $ 1,110    $ 378    131
                  

As described more fully in Note 1 of our 2007 Form 10-K, we regularly review our investment holdings for other-than-temporary impairments. Based upon this review, the cause of the decline being principally attributable to changes in interest rates and credit spreads during the holding period and our current ability and intent to hold securities in an unrealized loss position for a period of time sufficient for recovery, we believe that these securities were not other-than-temporarily impaired as of March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007.

 

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Trading Securities

Trading securities at fair value retained in connection with modified coinsurance (“Modco”) and coinsurance with funds withheld (“CFW”) reinsurance arrangements (in millions) consisted of the following:

 

     As of
March 31,
2008
   As of
December 31,
2007

Corporate bonds

   $ 1,977    $ 1,999

U.S. Government bonds

     386      367

Foreign government bonds

     46      46

Asset and mortgage-backed securities:

     

Mortgage pass-through securities

     22      22

Collateralized mortgage obligations

     153      160

Commercial mortgage-backed securities

     101      107

State and municipal bonds

     18      19

Redeemable preferred stocks

     9      8
             

Total fixed maturity securities

     2,712      2,728

Equity securities

     2      2
             

Total trading securities

   $ 2,714    $ 2,730
             

The portion of trading losses that relate to trading securities still held as of March 31, 2008 was $10 million for the first quarter of 2008.

Mortgage Loans on Real Estate

Mortgage loans on real estate principally involve commercial real estate. The commercial loans are geographically diversified throughout the United States with the largest concentrations in California and Texas, which accounted for approximately 28% of mortgage loans as of March 31, 2008.

Net Investment Income

The major categories of net investment income (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
 
     2008     2007  

Available-for-sale fixed maturity securities

   $ 859     $ 844  

Available-for-sale equity securities

     9       9  

Trading securities

     42       45  

Mortgage loans on real estate

     122       131  

Real estate

     8       15  

Policy loans

     45       43  

Invested cash

     19       18  

Change in call option market value

     (97 )     1  

Alternative investments

     (5 )     20  

Other investments

     1       9  
                

Investment income

     1,003       1,135  

Investment expense

     (35 )     (45 )
                

Net investment income

   $ 968     $ 1,090  
                

 

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Realized Gains and Losses

The detail of the realized gain (loss) (in millions) was as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
 
     2008     2007  

Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale:

    

Gross gains

   $ 9     $ 55  

Gross losses

     (100 )     (7 )

Equity securities available-for-sale:

    

Gross gains

     3       2  

Gain (loss) on other investments

     25       (4 )

Associated amortization of DAC, VOBA, DSI, DFEL and changes in other contract holder funds

     25       (20 )
                

Total realized gain (loss) on investments, excluding trading securities

     (38 )     26  

Loss on derivative instruments, excluding reinsurance embedded derivatives

     (3 )     —    
                

Total realized gain (loss) on investments and derivative instruments

     (41 )     26  

Gain on sale of subsidiaries/businesses

     3       —    
                

Total realized gain (loss)

   $ (38 )   $ 26  
                

Write-downs for other-than-temporary impairments included in realized loss on investments above

   $ (92 )   $ (4 )
                

Securities Lending

The carrying values of securities pledged under securities lending agreements were $718 million and $655 million as of March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, respectively. The fair values of these securities were $692 million and $634 million as of March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, respectively.

Reverse Repurchase Agreements

The carrying values of securities pledged under reverse repurchase agreements were $480 million as of March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007. The fair values of these securities were $505 million and $502 million as of March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, respectively.

Investment Commitments

As of March 31, 2008, our investment commitments for fixed maturity securities (primarily private placements), limited partnerships, real estate and mortgage loans on real estate were $1.4 billion, which includes $337 million of standby commitments to purchase real estate upon completion and leasing.

Concentrations of Financial Instruments

As of March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, we did not have a significant concentration of financial instruments in a single investee, industry or geographic region of the U.S.

Credit-Linked Notes

As of March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, other contract holder funds on our Consolidated Balance Sheets included $1.2 billion outstanding in funding agreements of the Lincoln National Life Insurance Company (“LNL”). LNL invested the proceeds of $850 million received for issuing three funding agreements in 2006 and 2007 into three separate credit-linked notes originated by third party companies and $300 million of such agreements were assumed as a result of the merger of Jefferson-Pilot into LNL. The $850 million of credit-linked notes are classified as asset-backed securities and are included in our fixed maturity securities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The $300 million of investments which were assumed as a result of the merger were classified as corporate bonds and are included in our fixed maturity securities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

 

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We earn a spread between the coupon received on the credit-linked note and the interest credited on the funding agreement. Our credit linked notes were created using a trust that combines highly rated assets with credit default swaps to produce a multi-class structured security. Our affiliate, Delaware Investments, actively manages the credit default swaps in the underlying portfolios. The high quality asset in two of these transactions is a AAA-rated asset-backed security secured by a pool of credit card receivables. The high quality asset in the third transaction is a guaranteed investment contract issued by MBIA, which is further secured by a pool of high quality assets.

Consistent with other debt market instruments, we are exposed to credit losses within the structure of the credit-linked notes, which could result in principal losses to our investments. However, we have attempted to protect our investments from credit losses through the multi-tiered class structure of the credit-linked note, which requires the subordinated classes of the investment pool to absorb all of the initial credit losses. LNL owns the mezzanine tranche of these investments, which currently carries a mid- or low-AA rating. To date, there have been no defaults in any of the underlying collateral pools. Similar to other debt market instruments our maximum principal loss is limited to our original investment of $850 million as of March 31, 2008.

As in the general markets, spreads on these transactions have widened, causing unrealized losses. As of March 31, 2008, we had unrealized losses of $420 million on the $850 million in credit linked notes. As described more fully in Note 1 of our 2007 Form 10-K, we regularly review our investment holdings for other-than-temporary impairments. Based upon this review, we believe that these securities were not other-than-temporarily impaired as of March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007.

The following summarizes information regarding our investments in these securities (dollars in millions):

 

     Amount and Date of Issuance
     $400
December 2006
   $200
April 2007
   $250
April 2007

Amount of subordination (1)

   $ 2,184    $ 410    $ 1,167

Maturity

     12/20/16      3/20/17      6/20/17

Current rating of tranche (1)

     AA-      Aa2      AA

Number of entities (1)

     125      100      102

Number of countries (1)

     20      21      14

 

(1)

As of March 31, 2008.

 

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5. DAC, VOBA and DSI

Changes in DAC (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
 
     2008     2007  

Balance at beginning-of-year

   $ 6,510     $ 5,116  

Cumulative effect of adoption of Statement of Position (“SOP”) 05-1 ("SOP 05-1")

     —         (31 )

Deferrals

     443       473  

Amortization, net of interest:

    

Initial impact of the adoption of SFAS 157

     13       —    

Unlocking

     3       20  

Other amortization

     (222 )     (214 )

Adjustment related to realized (gains) losses on available-for-sale securities and derivatives

     7       (13 )

Adjustment related to unrealized (gains) losses on available-for-sale securities and derivatives

     185       (15 )

Foreign currency translation adjustment

     1       2  
                

Balance at end-of-period

   $ 6,940     $ 5,338  
                

Changes in VOBA (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
 
     2008     2007  

Balance at beginning-of-year

   $ 3,070     $ 3,304  

Cumulative effect of adoption of SOP 05-1

     —         (35 )

Business acquired

     —         14  

Deferrals

     13       15  

Amortization:

    

Initial impact of the adoption of SFAS 157

     (8 )     —    

Unlocking

     (5 )     (2 )

Other amortization

     (90 )     (123 )

Accretion of interest

     34       37  

Adjustment related to realized (gains) losses on available-for-sale securities and derivatives

     11       (5 )

Adjustment related to unrealized (gains) losses on available-for-sale securities and derivatives

     31       (10 )

Foreign currency translation adjustment

     —         2  
                

Balance at end-of-period

   $ 3,056     $ 3,197  
                

 

17


Changes in DSI (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
 
     2008     2007  

Balance at beginning-of-year

   $ 279     $ 194  

Cumulative effect of adoption of SOP 05-1

     —         (3 )

Deferrals

     27       23  

Amortization, net of interest:

    

Initial impact of the adoption of SFAS 157

     2       —    

Unlocking

     1       1  

Other amortization

     (11 )     (9 )
                

Balance at end-of-period

   $ 298     $ 206  
                

6. Goodwill

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill (in millions) by reportable segment were as follows:

 

     For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008
     Balance At
Beginning-of-Year
   Purchase
Accounting
Adjustments
    Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
    Balance At
End-of-Period

Individual Markets:

         

Life Insurance

   $ 2,201    $ (9 )   $ —       $ 2,192

Annuities

     1,046      (6 )     —         1,040

Employer Markets:

         

Retirement Products

     20      —         —         20

Group Protection

     274      —         —         274

Investment Management

     247      1       —         248

Lincoln UK

     17      —         (1 )     16

Other Operations

     339      (1 )     —         338
                             

Total goodwill

   $ 4,144    $ (15 )   $ (1 )   $ 4,128
                             

The purchase price adjustments above relate to income tax deductions recognized when stock options attributable to mergers were exercised.

See Note 3 for goodwill included within discontinued operations.

7. Guaranteed Benefit Features

We issue variable annuity contracts through our separate accounts for which investment income and investment gains and losses accrue directly to, and investment risk is borne by, the contract holder (traditional variable annuities). We also issue variable annuity and life contracts through separate accounts that include various types of guaranteed minimum death benefit (“GMDB”), guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit (“GMWB”) and guaranteed income benefit (“GIB”) features. The GMDB features include those where we contractually guarantee to the contract holder either (a) return of no less than total deposits made to the contract less any partial withdrawals (“return of net deposits”), (b) total deposits made to the contract less any partial withdrawals plus a minimum return (“minimum return”), or (c) the highest contract value on any contract anniversary date through age 80 minus any payments or withdrawals following the contract anniversary (“anniversary contract value”).

 

18


Information in the event of death on the GMDB features outstanding (dollars in millions) was as follows (our variable contracts with guarantees may offer more than one type of guarantee in each contract; therefore, the amounts listed are not mutually exclusive):

 

     As of
March 31,
2008
    As of
December 31,
2007
 

Return of Net Deposits

    

Separate account value

   $ 42,528     $ 44,833  

Net amount at risk (1)

     509       93  

Average attained age of contract holders

     55 years       55 years  

Minimum Return

    

Separate account value

   $ 313     $ 355  

Net amount at risk (1)

     44       25  

Average attained age of contract holders

     68 years       68 years  

Guaranteed minimum return

     5 %     5 %

Anniversary Contract Value

    

Separate account value

   $ 23,711     $ 25,537  

Net amount at risk (1)

     1,804       359  

Average attained age of contract holders

     64 years       64 years  

 

(1)

Represents the amount of death benefit in excess of the current account balance at the end-of-period.

The determination of GMDB liabilities is based on models that involve a range of scenarios and assumptions, including those regarding expected market rates of return and volatility, contract surrender rates and mortality experience. The following summarizes the balances of and changes in the liabilities for GMDB (in millions), which were recorded in future contract benefits on our Consolidated Balance Sheets:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
 
     2008     2007  

Balance at beginning-of-year

   $ 38     $ 23  

Cumulative effect of adoption of SOP 05-1

     —         (4 )

Changes in reserves

     14       6  

Benefits paid

     (7 )     (2 )
                

Balance at end-of-period

   $ 45     $ 23  
                

The changes to the benefit reserves amounts above are reflected in benefits on our Consolidated Statements of Income.

Also included in benefits are the results of the hedging program, which included gains of $1 million for GMDB for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and a loss of less than $1 million for the same period in 2007.

 

19


Account balances of variable annuity contracts with guarantees (in millions) were invested in separate account investment options as follows:

 

     As of
March 31,
2008
    As of
December 31,
2007
 

Asset Type

    

Domestic equity

   $ 37,325     $ 44,982  

International equity

     11,767       8,076  

Bonds

     9,277       8,034  

Money market

     4,793       6,545  
                

Total

   $ 63,162     $ 67,637  
                

Percent of total variable annuity separate account values

     98 %     97 %

8. Other Contract Holder Funds

Details of other contract holder funds (in millions) were as follows:

 

     As of
March 31,
2008
   As of
December 31,
2007

Account values and other contract holder funds

   $ 58,187    $ 57,698

Deferred front-end loads

     1,236      1,183

Contract holder dividends payable

     521      524

Premium deposit funds

     139      140

Undistributed earnings on participating business

     93      95
             

Total other contract holder funds

   $ 60,176    $ 59,640
             

9. Federal Income Taxes

The effective tax rate was 30% for the first quarters of 2008 and 2007. Differences in the effective rates and the U.S. statutory rate of 35% are the result of certain tax preferred investment income, separate account dividends-received deduction, foreign tax credits and other tax preference items.

Changes to the Internal Revenue Code, administrative rulings or court decisions could increase our effective tax rate. In this regard, on August 16, 2007, the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) issued a revenue ruling which purports, among other things, to modify the calculation of separate account deduction for dividends received by life insurance companies. Subsequently, the IRS issued another revenue ruling that suspended the August 16, 2007 ruling and announced a new regulation project on the issue. The current separate account deduction for dividends lowered the effective tax rate by approximately 4% for the quarters ended March 31, 2008 and 2007.

We are required to establish a valuation allowance for any gross deferred tax assets that are unlikely to reduce taxes payable in future years’ tax returns. At March 31, 2008, we believe that it is more likely than not that all gross deferred tax assets will reduce taxes payable in future years.

As of March 31, 2008, there have been no material changes to the balance of unrecognized tax benefits reported at December 31, 2007. We anticipate a change to our unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months in the range of none to $12 million.

We recognize interest and penalties, if any, accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of tax expense.

In the normal course of business we are subject to examination by taxing authorities throughout the United States and the United Kingdom. At any given time, we may be under examination by state, local or non-U.S. income tax authorities.

10. Contingencies and Commitments

See “Contingencies and Commitments” in Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements in our 2007 Form 10-K for a discussion of commitments and contingencies, which information is incorporated herein by reference.

 

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Regulatory and Litigation Matters

Federal and state regulators continue to focus on issues relating to fixed and variable insurance products, including, but not limited to, suitability, replacements and sales to seniors. Like others in the industry, we have received inquiries including requests for information regarding sales to seniors from the Financial Industry Regulation Authority. We are in the process of responding to these inquiries. We continue to cooperate fully with such authority.

In the ordinary course of its business, LNC and its subsidiaries are involved in various pending or threatened legal proceedings, including purported class actions, arising from the conduct of business. In some instances, these proceedings include claims for unspecified or substantial punitive damages and similar types of relief in addition to amounts for alleged contractual liability or requests for equitable relief. After consultation with legal counsel and a review of available facts, it is management’s opinion that these proceedings, after consideration of any reserves and rights to indemnification, ultimately will be resolved without materially affecting the consolidated financial position of LNC. However, given the large and indeterminate amounts sought in certain of these proceedings and the inherent difficulty in predicting the outcome of such legal proceedings, including the proceeding described below, it is possible that an adverse outcome in certain matters could be material to our operating results for any particular reporting period.

Transamerica Investment Management, LLC and Transamerica Investments Services, Inc. v. Delaware Management Holdings, Inc. (dba Delaware Investments), Delaware Investment Advisers and certain individuals, was filed in the San Francisco County Superior Court on April 28, 2005. The plaintiffs are seeking substantial compensatory and punitive damages. The complaint alleges breach of fiduciary duty, breach of duty of loyalty, breach of contract, breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, unfair competition, interference with prospective economic advantage, conversion, unjust enrichment and conspiracy, in connection with Delaware Investment Advisers’ hiring of a portfolio management team from the plaintiffs. We and the individual defendants dispute the allegations and are vigorously defending these actions.

United Kingdom Selling Practices

Various selling practices of the Lincoln UK operation have come under scrutiny by the U.K. regulators. These include the sale and administration of mortgage endowment products.

In July 2006, we negotiated a memorandum of understanding with certain of our liability carriers, from whom we received a reimbursement during the third quarter of 2006 of $26 million for certain losses incurred in connection with certain U.K. selling practices. The reimbursement was included in net income during the third quarter of 2006 in Other Operations. Although we continue to consider our options against the other liability carriers, we currently believe that it is unlikely that we will receive any future reimbursement from such carriers.

 

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11. Stockholders’ Equity and Shares

Stockholders’ Equity

The changes in our preferred and common stock (number of shares) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
 
     2008     2007  

Series A Preferred Stock

    

Balance at beginning-of-year

   11,960     12,706  

Conversion into common stock

   (298 )   (180 )
            

Balance at end-of-period

   11,662     12,526  
            

Common Stock

    

Balance at beginning-of-year

   264,233,303     275,752,668  

Conversion of Series A preferred stock

   4,768     2,880  

Stock compensation/issued for benefit plans

   417,962     2,144,891  

Retirement of common stock/cancellation of shares

   (5,450,000 )   (7,214,917 )
            

Balance at end-of-period

   259,206,033     270,685,522  
            

Common stock at end-of-period:

    

Assuming conversion of preferred stock

   259,392,625     270,885,938  

Diluted basis

   260,490,490     274,004,126  

Earnings Per Share

The income used in the calculation of our diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) is our income before cumulative effect of accounting change and net income, reduced by minority interest adjustments related to outstanding stock options under the Delaware Investments U.S., Inc. (“DIUS”) stock option incentive plan of less than $1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007.

A reconciliation of the denominator (number of shares) in the calculations of basic and diluted net income and income from discontinued operations per share was as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
 
     2008     2007  

Weighted-average shares, as used in basic calculation

   260,951,566     274,889,645  

Shares to cover conversion of preferred stock

   189,056     200,960  

Shares to cover non-vested stock

   239,923     1,148,067  

Average stock options outstanding during the period

   9,994,302     14,322,952  

Assumed acquisition of shares with assumed proceeds and benefits from exercising stock options (at average market price for the year)

   (9,824,263 )   (12,137,623 )

Shares repurchaseable from measured but unrecognized stock option expense

   (69,606 )   (255,647 )

Average deferred compensation shares

   1,283,671     1,308,460  
            

Weighted-average shares, as used in diluted calculation

   262,764,649     279,476,814  
            

In the event the average market price of LNC common stock exceeds the issue price of stock options, such options would be dilutive to our EPS and will be shown in the table above. Participants in our deferred compensation plans that select LNC stock for measuring the investment return attributable to their deferral amounts will be paid out in LNC stock. The obligation to satisfy these deferred compensation plan liabilities is dilutive and is shown in the table above.

 

22


12. Underwriting, Acquisition, Insurance and Other Expenses

Details underlying underwriting, acquisition, insurance and other expenses (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
 
     2008     2007  

Commissions

   $ 493     $ 515  

General and administrative expenses

     422       409  

DAC and VOBA deferrals and interest, net of amortization

     (181 )     (206 )

Other intangibles amortization

     2       4  

Media expenses

     16       14  

Taxes, licenses and fees

     62       65  

Merger-related expenses

     15       14  
                

Total

   $ 829     $ 815  
                

13. Employee Benefit Plans

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans

The components of net defined benefit pension plan and postretirement benefit plan expense (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three Months Ended March 31,  
   Pension Benefits     Other
Postretirement Benefits
 
   2008     2007     2008     2007  

U.S. Plans

        

Service cost

   $ —       $ 9     $ 1     $ 1  

Interest cost

     15       16       2       2  

Expected return on plan assets

     (20 )     (20 )       (1 )

Recognized net actuarial gain

     —         —         (1 )     —    
                                

Net periodic benefit expense (recovery)

   $ (5 )   $ 5     $ 2     $ 2  
                                

Non-U.S. Plans

        

Interest cost

   $ 5     $ 5      

Expected return on plan assets

     (5 )     (5 )    

Recognized net actuarial loss

     1       1      
                    

Net periodic benefit expense

   $ 1     $ 1      
                    

On May 1, 2007, simultaneous with our announcement of the freeze of our primary defined benefit pension plans, we announced a number of enhancements to our employees’ 401(k) plan effective January 1, 2008.

For any additional disclosures and other general information regarding our benefit plans, see note 16 in our 2007 Form 10-K.

14. Stock-Based Incentive Compensation Plans

We sponsor various incentive plans for our employees, agents and directors and our subsidiaries that provide for the issuance of stock options, stock incentive awards, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units (“performance shares”), and deferred stock units. Delaware Investments U.S., Inc. (“DIUS”) has a separate stock-based incentive compensation plan.

In the first quarter of 2008, a performance period from 2008-2010 was approved for our executive officers by the Compensation Committee. Executive officers participating in this performance period received one-half of their award in 10-year LNC or DIUS

 

23


restricted stock units, with the remainder of the award in a combination of either: 100% performance shares or 75% performance shares and 25% cash. LNC stock options granted for this performance period vest ratably over the three-year period, based solely on a service condition. DIUS restricted stock units granted for this performance period vest ratably over a four-year period, based solely on a service condition and were granted only to employees of DIUS. Depending on the performance, the actual amount of performance shares could range from zero to 200% of the granted amount. Under the 2008-2010 plan, a total of 1,564,800 LNC stock options were granted; 2,726 DIUS restricted stock units were granted; and 218,308 LNC performance shares were granted during the three months ended March 31, 2008.

In addition to the stock-based grants noted above, various other LNC stock-based awards were granted in the first quarter of 2008, which are summarized in the table below:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31, 2008

Awards

  

10-year LNC stock options

   3,554

Non-employee director stock options

   60,489

Non-employee agent stock options

   176,131

Restricted stock

   144,621

Stock appreciation rights

   234,800

 

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15. Fair Value of Financial Instruments, Carried at Fair Value

See “Fair Value of Financial Instruments” in Note 19 to the consolidated financial statements in our 2007 Form 10-K and SFAS No. 157—Fair Value Measurements in Note 2 above for discussions of the methodologies and assumptions used to determine the fair value of our financial instruments.

The following table summarizes our financial instruments carried at fair value (in millions) on a recurring basis by the SFAS 157 fair value hierarchy levels described in Note 2. We did not have any assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis during the first quarter of 2008 or as of March 31, 2008.

 

     As of March 31, 2008  
     Quoted
Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical
Assets
(Level 1)
   Significant
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
    Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
    Total
Fair
Value
 

Assets

         

Investments:

         

Available-for-sale securities:

         

Fixed maturities

   $ 206    $ 51,195     $ 4,223     $ 55,624  

Equity

     72      367       35       474  

Trading securities

     4      2,602       108       2,714  

Derivative instruments

     —        122       969       1,091  

Cash and invested cash

     —        2,447       —         2,447  

Separate account assets

     —        84,703       —         84,703  
                               

Total assets

   $ 282    $ 141,436     $ 5,335     $ 147,053  
                               

Liabilities

         

Other contract holder funds:

         

Remaining guaranteed interest and similar contracts

   $ —      $ —       $ (321 )   $ (321 )

Embedded derivative instruments—living benefits liabilities

     —        —         (535 )     (535 )

Reinsurance related derivative liability

     —        (205 )     —         (205 )
                               

Total liabilities

   $ —      $ (205 )   $ (856 )   $ (1,061 )
                               

Our investment securities are valued using market inputs, including benchmark yields, reported trades, broker-dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data. In addition, market indicators, industry and economic events are monitored and further market data is acquired if certain triggers are met. For certain security types, additional inputs may be used, or some of the inputs described above may not be applicable. For broker-quoted only securities, quotes from market makers or broker-dealers are obtained from sources recognized to be market participants. In order to validate the pricing information and broker-dealer quotes, we employ, where possible, procedures that include comparisons with similar observable positions, comparisons with subsequent sales, discussions with senior business leaders and brokers as well as observations of general market movements for those asset classes.

 

25


The following table summarizes changes to our financial instruments carried at fair value (in millions) and classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. This summary excludes any impact of amortization on DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL. When a determination is made to classify an asset or liability within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, the determination is based upon the significance of the unobservable inputs to the overall fair value measurement. Certain securities trade in less liquid or illiquid markets with limited or no pricing information, and the determination of fair value for these securities is inherently more difficult. However, level 3 fair value investments may include, in addition to the unobservable or level 3 inputs, observable components (that is, components that are actively quoted or can be validated to market-based sources). The gains and losses in the table below may include changes in fair value due in part to observable inputs that are a component of the valuation methodology.

 

     For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008  
     Beginning
Fair
Value
    Items
Included
in
Earnings,
Net
    Gains
(Losses)
in
OCI
    (Sales),
Issuances
(Maturities),
(Settlements),
(Calls),
Net
    Transfers
In or
Out
of
Level 3,
Net (1)
   Ending
Fair
Value
 

Investments:

             

Available-for-sale securities:

             

Fixed maturities

   $ 4,420     $ —       $ (399 )   $ (73 )   $ 275    $ 4,223  

Equity

     54       —         (19 )     —         —        35  

Trading securities

     112       (3 )     —         (6 )     5      108  

Derivative instruments

     767       110       10       82       —        969  

Other contract holder funds:

             

Remaining guaranteed interest and similar contracts

     (389 )     62       —         6       —        (321 )

Embedded derivative instruments - living benefits liabilities

     (279 )     (256 )     —         —         —        (535 )
                                               

Total, net

   $ 4,685     $ (87 )   $ (408 )   $ 9     $ 280    $ 4,479  
                                               

 

(1)

Transfers in or out of level 3 for available-for-sale and trading securities are displayed at amortized cost at the beginning of the period. For available-for-sale and trading securities, the difference between beginning of period amortized cost and beginning of period fair value was included in other comprehensive income (“OCI”) and earnings, respectively, in prior periods.

 

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The following table provides the components of the items included in earnings, net, excluding any impact of amortization on DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL, (in millions) as reported in the table above:

 

     For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008  
     (Amortization)
Accretion,
Net
   Other-
Than-
Temporary
Impairment
    Gains
(Losses)
from
Sales,
Maturities,
Settlements,
Calls
    Unrealized
Holding
Gains
(Losses)
    Total  

Investments:

           

Available-for-sale securities:

           

Fixed maturities (1)

   $ 2    $ (2 )   $ —       $ —       $ —    

Trading securities (1)

     1      —         —         (4 )     (3 )

Derivative instruments (2)

     —        —         (6 )     116       110  

Other contract holder funds:

           

Remaining guaranteed interest and similar contracts (3)

     —        —         4       58       62  

Embedded derivative instruments - living benefits liabilities (4)

     —        —         —         (256 )     (256 )
                                       

Total, net

   $ 3    $ (2 )   $ (2 )   $ (86 )   $ (87 )
                                       

 

(1)

Amortization and accretion, net and unrealized holding losses are included in net investment income on our Consolidated Statements of Income. All other amounts are included in realized gain (loss) on our Consolidated Statements of Income.

(2)

Of the amount reported for unrealized holding gains, items are included in net investment income, benefits expense and realized gain (loss) on our Consolidated Statements of Income. Call options (based on S&P 500 Index®) are included in net investment income. Call options (based on LNC stock), put options and variance swaps are included in benefits. Total return swaps, equity collars and available-for-sale embedded derivatives are included in realized gain (loss). Losses from sales, maturities, settlements and calls are included in realized gain (loss). For discussion of these derivative instruments, see note 5 “Derivative Instruments” to the consolidated financial statements in our 2007 Form 10-K.

(3)

Amounts are included in interest credited on our Consolidated Statements of Income.

(4)

Amounts are included in benefits on our Consolidated Statements of Income.

The fair value of available-for-sale fixed maturity securities (in millions) classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy was as follows:

 

     As of March 31, 2008  
     Fair
Value
   % of Total
Fair Value
 

Corporate bonds

   $ 2,329    55.2 %

Asset-backed securities

     861    20.4 %

Commercial mortgage-backed securities

     331    7.9 %

Collateralized mortgage obligations

     242    5.7 %

Mortgage pass-through securities

     27    0.6 %

Municipals

     139    3.3 %

Government and government agencies

     263    6.2 %

Redeemable preferred stock

     31    0.7 %
             

Total available-for-sale fixed maturity securities

   $ 4,223    100.0 %
             

 

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     As of December 31, 2007  
     Fair
Value
   % of Total
Fair Value
 

Corporate bonds

   $ 2,143    48.5 %

Asset-backed securities

     1,113    25.2 %

Commercial mortgage-backed securities

     395    8.9 %

Collateralized mortgage obligations

     296    6.7 %

Mortgage pass-through securities

     31    0.7 %

Municipals

     139    3.1 %

Government and government agencies

     272    6.2 %

Redeemable preferred stock

     31    0.7 %
             

Total available-for-sale fixed maturity securities

   $ 4,420    100.0 %
             

16. Segment Information

We provide products and services in four operating businesses: Individual Markets, Employer Markets, Investment Management and Lincoln UK, and report results through six business segments. We also have Other Operations, which includes the financial data for operations that are not directly related to the business segments. Our reporting segments reflect the manner by which our chief operating decision makers view and manage the business. Other Operations also includes the Institutional Pension business, which was previously reported in Employer Markets – Retirement Products.

Segment operating revenues and income (loss) from operations are internal measures used by our management and Board of Directors to evaluate and assess the results of our segments. Operating revenues are GAAP revenues excluding net realized gains and losses and the amortization of deferred gain arising from reserve development on business sold through reinsurance. Income (loss) from operations is GAAP net income excluding net realized investment gains and losses, losses on early retirement of debt, reserve development net of related amortization on business sold through reinsurance, initial impact of the adoption of changes in accounting principles and income (loss) from discontinued operations. Our management and Board of Directors believe that operating revenues and income (loss) from operations explain the results of our ongoing businesses in a manner that allows for a better understanding of the underlying trends in our current businesses because the excluded items are unpredictable and not necessarily indicative of current operating fundamentals or future performance of the business segments, and in many instances, decisions regarding these items do not necessarily relate to the operations of the individual segments. Operating revenues and income (loss) from operations do not replace revenues and net income as the GAAP measures of our consolidated results of operations.

 

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Segment information (in millions) was as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
     2008     2007

Revenues

    

Operating revenues:

    

Individual Markets:

    

Annuities

   $ 550     $ 605

Life Insurance

     987       971
              

Total Individual Markets

     1,537       1,576
              

Employer Markets:

    

Retirement Products

     304       316

Group Protection

     399       361
              

Total Employer Markets

     703       677
              

Investment Management (1)

     120       150

Lincoln UK (2)

     86       91

Other Operations

     118       108

Realized gain (loss)

     (38 )     26

Amortization of deferred gain on indemnity reinsurance related to reserve developments

     1       —  

Initial impact of the adoption of SFAS 157

     (3 )     —  
              

Total revenues

   $ 2,524     $ 2,628
              

 

(1)

Revenues for the Investment Management segment included inter-segment revenues for asset management services provided to our other segments. These inter-segment revenues totaled $20 million and $25 million for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively.

(2)

Revenues from our Lincoln UK segment represent our revenues from a foreign country.

 

29


     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
 
     2008     2007  

Net Income

    

Operating income (loss):

    

Individual Markets:

    

Annuities

   $ 129     $ 121  

Life Insurance

     145       167  
                

Total Individual Markets

     274       288  
                

Employer Markets:

    

Retirement Products

     52       62  

Group Protection

     26       23  
                

Total Employer Markets

     78       85  
                

Investment Management

     12       16  

Lincoln UK

     11       11  

Other Operations

     (42 )     (29 )

Realized gain (loss)

     (24 )     17  

Initial impact of the adoption of SFAS 157

     (16 )     —    
                

Income from continuing operations

     293       388  

Income (loss) from discontinued operations

     (4 )     8  
                

Net income

   $ 289     $ 396  
                

17. Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information

The following summarizes our supplemental cash flow data (in millions):

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
 
     2008     2007  

Significant non-cash investing and financing transactions:

    

Business combinations:

    

Fair value of assets acquired (includes cash and invested cash)

   $ —       $ 86  

Fair value of common stock issued and stock options recognized

     —         (20 )

Cash paid for common shares

     —         (1 )
                

Liabilities assumed

     —         65  

Business dispositions:

    

Assets disposed (includes cash and invested cash)

     (732 )     —    

Liabilities disposed

     127       —    

Cash received

     647       —    
                

Realized gain on disposal

     42       —    

Estimated gain on net assets held-for-sale in prior periods

     (54 )  
                

Loss on discontinued operations in current period

   $ (12 )   $ —    
                

Sale of subsidiaries/businesses:

    

Proceeds from sale of subsidiaries/businesses, reported as gain on sale of subsidiaries/businesses

   $ 3     $ —    
                

 

30


Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) is intended to help the reader understand the financial condition of Lincoln National Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries (“LNC,” “Lincoln” or the “Company” which also may be referred to as “we,” “our” or “us”) as of March 31, 2008, compared with December 31, 2007, and the results of operations of LNC for the three months ended March 31, 2008 as compared with the corresponding period in 2007. The MD&A is provided as a supplement to and should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements (“Notes”) presented in “Item 1. Financial Statements” and our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007 (“2007 Form 10-K”), including the sections entitled “Part I – Item 1A. Risk Factors,” “Part II – Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Part II – Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

In this report, in addition to providing consolidated revenues and net income (loss), we also provide segment operating revenues and income (loss) from operations because we believe they are meaningful measures of revenues and the profitability of our operating segments.

 

   

Operating revenues are revenues recorded in accordance with United States of America generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) excluding realized gains and losses and the amortization of deferred gains arising from reserve development on business sold through reinsurance.

 

   

Income (loss) from operations is GAAP net income excluding net realized gains and losses, losses on early retirement of debt, reserve development (net of related amortization) on business sold through reinsurance, discontinued operations and the initial impact of the adoption of changes in accounting principles.

Operating revenues and income (loss) from operations are the financial performance measures we use to evaluate and assess the results of our segments. Accordingly, we report operating revenues and income (loss) from operations by segment in Note 16. Our management and Board of Directors believe that operating revenues and income (loss) from operations explain the results of our ongoing businesses in a manner that allows for a better understanding of the underlying trends in our current businesses because the excluded items are unpredictable and not necessarily indicative of current operating fundamentals or future performance of the business segments, and, in many instances, decisions regarding these items do not necessarily relate to the operations of the individual segments. Operating revenues and income (loss) from operations do not replace revenues and net income as the GAAP measures of our consolidated results of operations.

Certain reclassifications have been made to prior periods’ financial information, including moving our Institutional Pension business results to Other Operations that was previously reported in Employer Markets – Retirement Products, to conform to the 2008 presentation.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS CAUTIONARY LANGUAGE

Certain statements made in this report and in other written or oral statements made by LNC or on LNC’s behalf are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (“PSLRA”). A forward-looking statement is a statement that is not a historical fact and, without limitation, includes any statement that may predict, forecast, indicate or imply future results, performance or achievements, and may contain words like: “believe,” “anticipate,” “expect,” “estimate,” “project,” “will,” “shall” and other words or phrases with similar meaning in connection with a discussion of future operating or financial performance. In particular, these include statements relating to future actions, trends in our business, prospective services or products, future performance or financial results and the outcome of contingencies, such as legal proceedings. LNC claims the protection afforded by the safe harbor for forward-looking statements provided by the PSLRA.

Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from the results contained in the forward-looking statements. Risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to vary materially, some of which are described within the forward-looking statements, include, among others:

 

   

Legislative, regulatory or tax changes, both domestic and foreign, that affect the cost of, or demand for, LNC’s products, the required amount of reserves and/or surplus, or otherwise affect our ability to conduct business, including changes to statutory reserves and/or risk-based capital requirements related to secondary guarantees under universal life and variable annuity products such as Actuarial Guideline VACARVM (“VACARVM”); restrictions on revenue sharing and 12b-1 payments; and the potential for U.S. Federal tax reform;

 

   

The initiation of legal or regulatory proceedings against LNC or its subsidiaries, and the outcome of any legal or regulatory proceedings, such as: adverse actions related to present or past business practices common in businesses in which LNC and its subsidiaries compete; adverse decisions in significant actions including, but not limited to, actions brought by federal and

 

31


 

state authorities and extra-contractual and class action damage cases; new decisions that result in changes in law; and unexpected trial court rulings;

 

   

Changes in interest rates causing a reduction of investment income, the margins of LNC’s fixed annuity and life insurance businesses and demand for LNC’s products;

 

   

A decline in the equity markets causing a reduction in the sales of LNC’s products, a reduction of asset-based fees that LNC charges on various investment and insurance products, an acceleration of amortization of deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”), value of business acquired (“VOBA”), deferred sales inducements (“DSI”) and deferred front-end loads (“DFEL”) and an increase in liabilities related to guaranteed benefit features of LNC’s variable annuity products;

 

   

Ineffectiveness of LNC’s various hedging strategies used to offset the impact of changes in the value of liabilities due to changes in the level and volatility of the equity markets and interest rates;

 

   

A deviation in actual experience regarding future persistency, mortality, morbidity, interest rates or equity market returns from LNC’s assumptions used in pricing its products, in establishing related insurance reserves and in the amortization of intangibles that may result in an increase in reserves and a decrease in net income, including as a result of investor-owned life insurance business;

 

   

Changes in GAAP that may result in unanticipated changes to LNC’s net income;

 

   

Lowering of one or more of LNC’s debt ratings issued by nationally recognized statistical rating organizations and the adverse impact such action may have on LNC’s ability to raise capital and on its liquidity and financial condition;

 

   

Lowering of one or more of the insurer financial strength ratings of LNC’s insurance subsidiaries and the adverse impact such action may have on the premium writings, policy retention and profitability of its insurance subsidiaries;

 

   

Significant credit, accounting, fraud or corporate governance issues that may adversely affect the value of certain investments in the portfolios of LNC’s companies requiring that LNC realize losses on such investments;

 

   

The impact of acquisitions and divestitures, restructurings, product withdrawals and other unusual items, including LNC’s ability to integrate acquisitions and to obtain the anticipated results and synergies from acquisitions, including LNC’s ability to successfully integrate Jefferson-Pilot Corporation (“Jefferson-Pilot”) businesses acquired on April 3, 2006, to achieve the expected synergies from the merger or to achieve such synergies within our expected timeframe;

 

   

The adequacy and collectibility of reinsurance that LNC has purchased;

 

   

Acts of terrorism, war or other man-made and natural catastrophes that may adversely affect LNC’s businesses and the cost and availability of reinsurance;

 

   

Competitive conditions, including pricing pressures, new product offerings and the emergence of new competitors, that may affect the level of premiums and fees that LNC can charge for its products;

 

   

The unknown impact on LNC’s business resulting from changes in the demographics of LNC’s client base, as aging baby-boomers move from the asset-accumulation stage to the asset-distribution stage of life;

 

   

Loss of key management, portfolio managers in the Investment Management segment, financial planners or wholesalers; and

 

   

Changes in general economic or business conditions, both domestic and foreign, that may be less favorable than expected and may affect foreign exchange rates, premium levels, claims experience, the level of pension benefit costs and funding and investment results.

The risks included here are not exhaustive. Other sections of this report, our 2007 Form 10-K, current reports on Form 8-K and other documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) include additional factors that could impact LNC’s business and financial performance, including “Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” and the risk discussions included in this section under “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates,” “Consolidated Investments” and “Reinsurance,” which are incorporated herein by reference. Moreover, LNC operates in a rapidly changing and competitive environment. New risk factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for management to predict all such risk factors.

Further, it is not possible to assess the impact of all risk factors on LNC’s business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. Given these risks and uncertainties, investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements as a prediction of actual results. In addition, LNC disclaims any obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances that occur after the date of this report.

INTRODUCTION

Executive Summary

We are a holding company that operates multiple insurance and investment management businesses through subsidiary companies. Through our business segments, we sell a wide range of wealth protection, accumulation and retirement income products and solutions. These products include institutional and/or retail fixed and indexed annuities, variable annuities, universal life insurance (“UL”), variable universal life insurance (“VUL”), linked-benefit UL, term life insurance, mutual funds and managed accounts.

 

32


We provide products and services in four operating businesses: Individual Markets; Employer Markets; Investment Management; and Lincoln UK, and report results through six business segments: Individual Markets – Annuities; Individual Markets – Life Insurance; Employer Markets – Retirement Products; Employer Markets – Group Protection; Investment Management; and Lincoln UK. These operating businesses and their segments are described in “Part I – Item 1. Business” of our 2007 Form 10-K. We also have Other Operations, which includes the financial data for operations that are not directly related to the business segments.

Current Market Conditions

During the quarter, the capital markets continued to experience high volatility that affected both equity market returns and interest rates. In addition, we also saw the widening of credit spreads across asset classes and reduced liquidity in the credit markets. Due to these challenges, the capital markets had a significant effect on our segment operating income and consolidated net income in the quarter. The markets primarily impact the following areas:

Earnings from Assets Under Management

Our asset gathering segments, Individual Markets – Annuities, Employer Markets – Retirement Products and Investment Management, are sensitive to the equity markets. We discuss the earnings impact of the equity markets on account values, assets under management and the related asset-based fees below in “Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk – Equity Market Risk – Impact of Equity Market Sensitivity.” From December 31, 2007 to March 31, 2008, the daily average value of the Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”) 500 Index® decreased 10%. Solely as a result of the equity markets, our assets under management as of March 31, 2008, were down $12.2 billion from the end of the year. Because we earn fees on assets under management, the decline in the equity markets reduced fee-based income by approximately $9 million. However, strong deposits over the last year helped to more than offset this impact in the first quarter of 2008 as compared to the same period in 2007.

Alternative Investment Income

We believe that overall market conditions in both the equity and credit markets caused our alternative investments portfolio, which consists mostly of hedge funds and various limited partnership investments, to under-perform relative to our expectations and the prior period. This impact was primarily in our Individual Markets – Life Insurance, Employer Markets – Retirement Products and Individual Markets – Annuities segments. See “Consolidated Investments—Alternative Investments” for additional information on our investment portfolio.

Variable Annuity Living Benefit Hedge Program Results

We offer variable annuity products with living benefit guarantees. These guarantees are considered embedded derivatives and are recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 133, “Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities” (“SFAS 133”), and SFAS No. 157, “Fair Value Measurements” (“SFAS 157”). Effective January 1, 2008, we adopted SFAS 157 which affected the valuation of our embedded derivatives. See Note 2 of this report for details on the adoption of SFAS 157. As described below in “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates – Derivatives – Guaranteed Living Benefits,” we use derivative instruments to hedge our exposure to the risks and earnings volatility that result from the embedded derivatives for living benefits in certain of our variable annuity products. The change in fair value of these instruments tends to move in the opposite direction of the change in fair value of the embedded derivatives. During the first quarter of 2008, the market conditions noted above negatively affected the net result of the change in the fair value of the living benefit embedded derivative and the change in fair value of the hedging derivatives. However, as we finalized our adoption of SFAS 157 during the first quarter, it resulted in a fair value of the embedded derivative that was lower than the fair value of the derivative instruments creating an over-hedged position driving an overall favorable result for the quarter.

Credit Losses, Impairments and Unrealized Losses

Related to the credit markets, we experienced net realized losses of $24 million in the first quarter of 2008, which included gross write-downs of securities for other-than-temporary impairments of $92 million, pre-tax. Widening spreads was the primary cause of an increase in gross unrealized losses of $1.2 billion on investments in our general account in the quarter for our available-for-sale fixed maturity securities. These unrealized losses were concentrated in the investment grade category of investments and demonstrate how reduced liquidity in the credit markets have resulted in a decline in asset values as investors shift their investments to safer government securities such as U.S. Treasuries.

The effect of the negative equity markets on our assets under management in the first quarter of 2008 will continue to dampen our earnings throughout 2008 even if, for the remainder of the year, the equity market returns are consistent with our

 

33


long-term assumptions. Accordingly, we may continue to report lower asset-based fees relative to expectations or prior periods. The volatility and uncertainty in the capital markets will also likely result in lower than expected returns on alternative investments. In addition, a continued weakness in the economic environment could lead to increased credit defaults.

In the face of these capital market challenges, we continue to focus on building our businesses through these difficult markets and beyond by developing and introducing high quality products, expanding distribution in new and existing key accounts and channels, targeting market segments that have high growth potential while maintaining a disciplined approach to managing our expenses.

Strategic and Operational Review

Continual product development and distribution expansion are important to our ability to meet the challenges of the competitive marketplace. In February 2008, our Individual Markets – Annuities segment launched a new guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit (“GMWB”), Lincoln Lifetime IncomeSM Advantage, which includes features such as: a reduced minimum age for lifetime income eligibility; a 5% benefit enhancement in each year an owner does not take a withdrawal; a health care benefit; and a guaranteed minimum accumulation benefit. In our Individual Markets – Life Insurance segment, we intend to launch a variable life insurance product in our unified product portfolio in the second quarter of 2008 after receiving appropriate regulatory approvals. Within the mid-sized market of our Employer Markets – Retirement Products segment, we launched our Lincoln SmartFutureSM retirement program to fill the gap between our Alliance program and our group variable annuities.

In terms of increasing our distribution breadth, we launched variable annuity products into two large banks and expect to launch into another bank late in the second quarter of 2008. In support of these and other activities, Lincoln Financial Distributors (“LFD”) increased the number of wholesalers by 5% in the first quarter of 2008 with additional increases expected in the remainder of the year.

Challenges and Outlook

For the remainder of 2008, we expect major challenges to include:

 

   

Continuation of volatility in the equity and credit markets;

 

   

Continuation of the low interest rate environment, which creates a challenge for our products that generate investment margin profits, such as fixed annuities and UL;

 

   

Continuation of decline in the economy or a recession;

 

   

Achieving success in our unified product portfolio and marketplace acceptance of new variable annuity features that will help maintain our competitive position;

 

   

Continuation of the successful expansion of our wholesale distribution businesses;

 

   

Ability to improve financial and sales results and increase scale in our Employer Markets and Investment Management businesses;

 

   

Continuation of focus by the government on tax reform including potential changes in company dividends-received deduction calculations, which may impact our products and overall earnings;

 

   

Continuation of competitive pressures in the life insurance and annuity marketplace; and

 

   

Regulatory scrutiny of the life and annuity industry, which may lead to higher product costs and negative perceptions about the industry.

In the face of these challenges, we expect to focus on the following throughout the remainder of 2008:

 

   

Continue to significantly invest in expanding our distribution in each of our core Individual Markets, Investment Management and Employer Markets businesses;

 

   

Continue near term product development in our manufacturing units and future product development initiatives in our Retirement Income Security Venture unit related to the evolving retirement income security marketplace;

 

   

Explore strategies to increase scale in our Employer Markets – Defined Contribution and Investment Management segments;

 

   

Further embed financial and execution discipline throughout our operations by using technology and making other investments to improve operating effectiveness and lower unit costs; and

 

   

Substantially complete the remaining platform and system consolidations necessary to achieve the final portion of integration cost saves as well as prepare us for more effective customer interaction in the future.

 

34


Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The MD&A included in our 2007 Form 10-K contains a detailed discussion of our critical accounting policies and estimates. The following information updates the critical accounting policies and estimates provided in our 2007 Form 10-K and, accordingly, should be read in conjunction with the critical accounting policies and estimates discussed in our 2007 Form 10-K.

Adoption of SFAS No. 157 – Fair Value Measurements

We adopted SFAS 157 for all our financial instruments effective January 1, 2008. For detailed discussions of the methodologies and assumptions used to determine the fair value of our financial instruments and a summary of our financial instruments carried at value as of March 31, 2008, see Notes 2 and 15 of this report and Notes 1 and 19 to the consolidated financial statements in our 2007 Form 10-K.

The adoption of SFAS 157 decreased income from continuing operations by $16 million. The impact to revenues, benefits and expenses and federal income taxes is excluded from our definition of income from operations and is reported as the initial impact of the adoption of SFAS 157. The subsequent changes in the fair value of the other contract holder funds and associated impacts to DAC, VOBA, DSI, income tax liabilities, revenues and expenses are reported in our Individual Markets – Annuities segment. For a detailed description of the impact of adoption on our consolidated financial statements, see Note 2.

We did not make any material changes to valuation techniques or models used to determine the fair value of our assets and liabilities carried at fair value during the first quarter of 2008, subsequent to the adoption of SFAS 157. As part of our on-going valuation process, we assess the reasonableness of all our valuation techniques or models and make adjustments as necessary.

Our investment securities are valued using market inputs, including benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data. In addition, market indicators and industry and economic events are monitored, and further market data is acquired if certain triggers are met. For certain security types, additional inputs may be used, or some of the inputs described above may not be applicable. For broker-quoted only securities, quotes from market makers or broker-dealers are obtained from sources recognized to be market participants. In order to validate the pricing information and broker/dealer quotes, we employ, where possible, procedures that include comparisons with similar observable positions, comparisons with subsequent sales, discussions with senior business leaders and brokers as well as observations of general market movements for those asset classes. It is possible that different valuation techniques and models could produce materially different estimates of fair values.

Our insurance liabilities that contain embedded derivatives are valued based on a stochastic projection of scenarios of the embedded derivative fees, benefits and expenses. The scenario assumptions, at each valuation date, are those we view to be appropriate for a hypothetical market participant and include capital market assumptions, actuarial lapse, benefit utilization, mortality assumptions, risk margin assumptions, assumptions regarding administrative expenses and a margin for profit. In addition, a non-performance risk component is determined each valuation date that reflects the Company’s own risk of not fulfilling the obligations of the underlying liability. The spread for the non-performance risk is added to the discount rates used in determining the fair value from the net cash flows. We believe these assumptions are consistent with those used by a market participant; however, as the related markets develop we will continue to reassess our assumptions. It is possible that different valuation techniques and assumptions could produce a materially different estimate of fair value.

The adoption of SFAS 157 increased our exposure to earnings volatility from period to period primarily due to the inclusion of the non-performance risk into the calculation of the guaranteed living benefit embedded derivative liability. For additional information, see our discussion in “Individual Markets – Annuities – Benefits” below.

The following summarizes the percentages of our financial instruments carried at fair value on a recurring basis by the SFAS 157 hierarchy levels:

 

     As of March 31, 2008  
     Level 1     Level 2     Level 3     Total
Fair
Value
 

Assets

   0 %   91 %   9 %   100 %

Liabilities

   0 %   19 %   81 %   100 %

Note: The percentages above are calculated excluding separate account assets.

Changes of our financial instruments carried at fair value and classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy result from changes

 

35


in market conditions, as well as changes in our portfolio mix and increases and decreases in fair values as a result of those classifications. During the quarter ended March 31, 2008, there were no material changes in financial instruments classified as level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. For further detail, see Note 15.

See “Consolidated Investments” below for a summary of our investments in available-for-sale securities backed by pools of residential mortgages.

Derivatives

To protect us from a variety of equity market and interest rate risks that are inherent in many of our life insurance and annuity products, we use various derivative instruments. Assessing the effectiveness of these hedging programs and evaluating the carrying values of the related derivatives often involve a variety of assumptions and estimates. We use derivatives to hedge equity market risks, interest rate risk and foreign currency exposures that are embedded in our annuity and life insurance product liabilities or investment portfolios. Derivatives held as of March 31, 2008, contain industry standard terms and are entered into with financial institutions with long-standing, superior performance records. Our accounting policies for derivatives and the potential impact on interest spreads in a falling rate environment are discussed in “Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” of this report and “Part II – Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” and Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements in our 2007 Form 10-K.

Guaranteed Living Benefits

We have a hedging strategy designed to mitigate the risk and statement of income volatility caused by changes in the equity markets, interest rates and market implied volatilities associated with the Lincoln SmartSecurity® Advantage GMWB feature and our i4LIFE® Advantage guaranteed income benefit (“GIB”) feature that is available in our variable annuity products. In the second quarter of 2007, we also began hedging our 4LATER® Advantage GIB feature available in our variable annuity products. These living benefit features are collectively referred to as guaranteed living benefits (“GLBs”). During 2007, we made adjustments to our hedging program to purchase longer dated volatility protection and increased our hedges related to volatility to better match liability sensitivities under SFAS 157. In addition, in early January 2008, we added the variable annuity business in our New York insurance subsidiary, with total account values of approximately $1.2 billion as of March 31, 2008, to our hedge program. In February 2008, we added our new GMWB Lincoln Lifetime IncomeSM Advantage to our hedging program.

The hedging strategy is designed such that changes in the value of the hedge contracts move in the opposite direction of changes in the value of the embedded derivative of the GMWB and GIB features. This dynamic hedging strategy utilizes options on U.S.-based equity indices, futures on U.S.-based and international equity indices and variance swaps on U.S.-based equity indices, as well as interest rate futures and swaps. The notional amounts of the underlying hedge instruments are such that the magnitude of the change in the value of the hedge instruments due to changes in equity markets, interest rates, and implied volatilities is designed to offset the magnitude of the change in the fair value of the GMWB and GIB guarantees caused by those same factors. As of March 31, 2008, the embedded derivatives for GMWB, the i4LIFE® Advantage GIB and the 4LATER® Advantage GIB were liabilities valued at $365 million, $104 million and $66 million, respectively.

Impact of our Guaranteed Benefit Features

The following table shows the favorable (unfavorable) earnings impacts of our guaranteed benefit features related to our variable annuity products (in millions):

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
     
     2008     2007     Change

GLB

   $ 9     $ 1     NM

GMDB (1)

     (4 )     (1 )   NM
                  

Total

   $ 5       —       NM
                  

 

(1)

Our reserves related to our guaranteed minimum death benefits (“GMDB”) are not accounted for as derivatives, and, because of this, the quarterly changes in values for our GMDB reserves and the hedging contracts may not offset each other.

NM - Not Meaningful

 

36


For additional information on our hedging results, see our discussion in “Individual Markets – Annuities – Benefits” below.

Acquisitions and Dispositions

Dispositions

Media Business

On June 7, 2007, we announced plans to explore strategic options for our former business segment, Lincoln Financial Media. During the fourth quarter of 2007, we decided to divest our television and Charlotte radio broadcasting and sports programming businesses, and, on November 12, 2007, we signed agreements to sell them. The divestiture of the sports programming business closed on November 30, 2007, the Charlotte radio broadcasting business closed on January 31, 2008, and the Television Broadcasting closed on March 31, 2008. Accordingly, we have reported the results of these businesses as discontinued operations on our Consolidated Statements of Income and the assets and liabilities as held for sale on our Consolidated Balance Sheets for all periods presented. We continue to actively manage our investment in our remaining radio clusters to maximize station performance and future valuation, which are now being reported within Other Operations. For additional information, see Note 3.

The proceeds from the sales of the above media properties were used for repurchase of shares, repayment of debt and other strategic initiatives.

The results of operations of these businesses have been reclassified into income from discontinued operations for all periods presented on the Consolidated Statements of Income. The amounts (in millions) related to operations of these businesses, included in income from discontinued operations, were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
      
     2008     2007    Change  

Discontinued Operations Before Disposal

       

Media revenues, net of agency commissions

   $ 22     $ 42    -48 %
                 

Income from discontinued operations before disposal, before federal income taxes

   $ 8     $ 12    -33 %

Federal income taxes

     3       4    -25 %
                 

Income from discontinued operations before disposal

     5       8    -38 %
                 

Disposal

       

Loss on disposal, before federal income taxes

     (12 )     —      NM  

Federal income tax benefit

     (3 )     —      NM  
                 

Loss on disposal

     (9 )     —      NM  
                 

Income (loss) from discontinued operations

   $ (4 )   $ 8    NM  
                 

During the first quarter of 2008, we adjusted our loss on disposal of discontinued media properties due primarily to changes in the net assets disposed of for Television Broadcasting.

Fixed Income Investment Management Business

During the fourth quarter of 2007, we sold certain institutional taxable fixed income business to an unaffiliated investment management company. Investment Management transferred $12.3 billion of assets under management as part of this transaction. Based upon the assets transferred as of October 31, 2007, the purchase price is expected to be no more than $49 million. We expect this transaction to decrease income from operations, compared to the corresponding periods in 2007, by approximately $3 million, after-tax, per quarter in 2008.

During the fourth quarter of 2007, we received $25 million of the purchase price, with additional scheduled payments over the next

 

37


three years. During 2007, we recorded an after-tax realized loss of $2 million on our Consolidated Statements of Income as a result of goodwill we attributed to this business. There were certain other pipeline accounts in process at the time of the transaction closing, and any adjustment to the purchase price, if necessary, will be determined at October 31, 2008. During the first quarter of 2008, we recorded an after-tax gain of $2 million on the Consolidated Statements of Income related to this transaction.

For additional information about acquisitions and dispositions, See “Part II – Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Introduction – Acquisition and Dispositions” in our 2007 Form 10-K.

RESULTS OF CONSOLIDATED OPERATIONS

Net Income

Details underlying the consolidated results and assets under management (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
   Change  
     2008     2007   

Revenues

       

Insurance premiums

   $ 509     $ 459    11 %

Insurance fees

     844       779    8 %

Investment advisory fees

     76       90    -16 %

Net investment income

     968       1,090    -11 %

Realized gain (loss)

     (38 )     26    NM  

Amortization of deferred gain on indemnity reinsurance

     19       19    0 %

Other revenues and fees

     146       165    -12 %
                 

Total revenues

     2,524       2,628    -4 %
                 

Benefits and Expenses

       

Interest credited

     510       605    -16 %

Benefits

     691       589    17 %

Underwriting, acquisition, insurance and other expenses

     829       815    2 %

Interest and debt expense

     76       61    25 %
                 

Total benefits and expenses

     2,106       2,070    2 %
                 

Income from continuing operations before taxes

     418       558    -25 %

Federal income taxes

     125       170    -26 %
                 

Income from continuing operations

     293       388    -24 %

Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of federal incomes taxes

     (4 )     8    NM  
                 

Net income

   $ 289     $ 396    -27 %
                 

 

38


     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
      
     2008     2007    Change  

Revenues

       

Operating revenues:

       

Individual Markets:

       

Annuities

   $ 550     $ 605    -9 %

Life Insurance

     987       971    2 %
                 

Total Individual Markets

     1,537       1,576    -2 %
                 

Employer Markets:

       

Retirement Products

     304       316    -4 %

Group Protection

     399       361    11 %
                 

Total Employer Markets

     703       677    4 %
                 

Investment Management

     120       150    -20 %

Lincoln UK

     86       91    -5 %

Other Operations

     118       108    9 %

Realized gain (loss)

     (38 )     26    NM  

Amortization of deferred gain on indemnity reinsurance related to reserve developments

     1       —      NM  

Initial impact of the adoption of SFAS 157

     (3 )     —      NM  
                 

Total revenues

   $ 2,524     $ 2,628    -4 %
                 

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
    Change  
     2008     2007    

Net Income

      

Operating income (loss):

      

Individual Markets:

      

Annuities

   $ 129     $ 121     7 %

Life Insurance

     145       167     -13 %
                  

Total Individual Markets

     274       288     -5 %
                  

Employer Markets:

      

Retirement Products

     52       62     -16 %

Group Protection

     26       23     13 %
                  

Total Employer Markets

     78       85     -8 %
                  

Investment Management

     12       16     -25 %

Lincoln UK

     11       11     0 %

Other Operations

     (42 )     (29 )   -45 %

Realized gain (loss)

     (24 )     17     NM  

Initial impact of the adoption of SFAS 157

     (16 )     —       NM  
                  

Income from continuing operations

     293       388     -24 %

Income (loss) from discontinued operations

     (4 )     8     NM  

Net income

   $ 289     $ 396     -27 %
                  

 

39


     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
    Change  
     2008     2007    

Deposits

      

Individual Markets:

      

Annuities

   $ 3,025     $ 2,821     7 %

Life Insurance

     966       1,039     -7 %

Employer Markets:

      

Retirement Products—Defined Contribution

     1,552       1,487     4 %

Retirement Products—Executive Benefits

     165       65     154 %

Investment Management

     4,724       6,034     -22 %

Consolidating adjustments (1)

     (1,586 )     (910 )   -74 %
                  

Total deposits

   $ 8,846     $ 10,536     -16 %
                  

Net Flows

      

Individual Markets:

      

Annuities

   $ 1,181     $ 754     57 %

Life Insurance

     579       698     -17 %

Employer Markets:

      

Retirement Products—Defined Contribution

     281       221     27 %

Retirement Products—Executive Benefits

     71       (75 )   195 %

Investment Management

     (1,165 )     (88 )   NM  

Consolidating adjustments (1)

     (69 )     44     NM  
                  

Total net flows

   $ 878     $ 1,554     -44 %
                  

 

(1)

Consolidating adjustments represent the elimination of deposits and net flows on products affecting more than one segment.

 

     As of March 31,    Change  
     2008    2007   

Assets Under Management by Advisor

        

Investment Management:

        

External assets

   $ 69,346    $ 85,164    -19 %

Inter-segment assets

     76,531      80,640    -5 %

Lincoln UK

     8,079      8,906    -9 %

Policy loans

     2,804      2,767    1 %

Assets administered through unaffiliated third parties

     67,965      59,523    14 %
                

Total assets under management

   $ 224,725    $ 237,000    -5 %
                

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

Net income decreased due primarily to the following:

 

   

Lower earnings from our variable annuity and mutual fund products as a result of declines in assets under management caused by unfavorable equity markets;

 

   

Higher write-downs for other-than-temporary impairments on our available-for-sale securities attributable primarily to unfavorable changes in credit quality and increases in credit spreads;

 

   

Higher benefits due to growth in business in force;

 

   

Lower net investment income driven by less favorable results from our alternative investments and prepayment and bond makewhole premiums;

 

   

The $16 million impact of the initial adoption of SFAS 157 on January 1, 2008;

 

40


   

Higher interest and debt expenses from increased debt;

 

   

Higher underwriting, acquisition, insurance and other expenses due primarily to 401(k) expenses associated with the enhancements made to our employees’ 401(k) plan, effective January 1, 2008; and

 

   

The first quarter of 2008 adjustment to our loss on disposition of our discontinued operations.

The decrease in net income was partially offset by:

 

   

Growth in insurance fees driven by increases in life insurance in force as a result of new sales since March 31, 2007 and favorable persistency along with increases in variable account values from positive net flows; and

 

   

Decrease to benefit expense attributable to the fair value of our embedded derivatives under SFAS 157 being lower than the fair value of the derivatives in our related hedge program.

The foregoing items are discussed in further detail in results of operations by segment discussions below. In addition, for a discussion of the earnings impact of the equity markets, see “Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk – Equity Market Risk – Impact of Equity Market Sensitivity.”

RESULTS OF INDIVIDUAL MARKETS

The Individual Markets business provides its products through two segments: Annuities and Life Insurance. Through its Annuities segment, Individual Markets provides tax-deferred investment growth and lifetime income opportunities for its clients by offering individual fixed annuities, including indexed annuities, and variable annuities. The Life Insurance segment offers wealth protection and transfer opportunities through term insurance, a linked-benefit product (which is a UL policy linked with riders that provide for long-term care costs) and both single and survivorship versions of UL and VUL.

Individual Markets – Annuities

Income from Operations

Details underlying the results for Individual Markets – Annuities (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
      
     2008    2007    Change  

Operating Revenues

        

Insurance premiums

   $ 32    $ 13    146 %

Insurance fees

     281      236    19 %

Net investment income

     150      266    -44 %

Other revenues and fees

     87      90    -3 %
                

Total operating revenues

     550      605    -9 %
                

Operating Expenses

        

Interest credited

     83      167    -50 %

Benefits

     17      21    -19 %

Underwriting, acquisition, insurance and other expenses

     277      256    8 %
                

Total operating expenses

     377      444    -15 %
                

Income from operations before taxes

     173      161    7 %

Federal income taxes

     44      40    10 %
                

Income from operations

   $ 129    $ 121    7 %
                

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

Income from operations for this segment increased due primarily to a reduction in benefits attributable to our variable annuity business. This reduction was primarily a result of the fair value of our embedded derivatives under SFAS 157 being lower than the fair value of the derivatives in our related hedge program.

 

41


The increase in income from operations was partially offset by an increase in underwriting, acquisition, insurance and other expenses and a reduction in income from operations due to lower variable account values that were impacted by unfavorable equity markets.

The increase in income from operations is discussed further below.

Insurance Fees

Details underlying insurance fees, account values and net flows (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
       
     2008     2007     Change  

Insurance Fees

      

Mortality, expense and other assessments

   $ 279     $ 233     20 %

Surrender charges

     10       10     0 %

DFEL:

      

Deferrals

     (12 )     (10 )   -20 %

Amortization, excluding unlocking

     5       4     25 %

Retrospective unlocking

     (1 )     (1 )   0 %
                  

Total insurance fees

   $ 281     $ 236     19 %
                  

 

     As of March 31,     Change  
     2008     2007    

Account Values

      

Variable portion of variable annuities

   $ 54,966     $ 50,300     9 %

Fixed portion of variable annuities

     3,469       3,476     0 %
                  

Total variable annuities

     58,435       53,776     9 %
                  

Fixed annuities, including indexed

     14,232       14,663     -3 %

Fixed annuities ceded to reinsurers

     (1,306 )     (1,689 )   23 %
                  

Total fixed annuities

     12,926       12,974     0 %
                  

Total account values

   $ 71,361     $ 66,750     7 %
                  

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
   Change  
     2008    2007   

Averages

        

Daily variable account values

   $ 55,318    $ 49,284    12 %
                

Daily S&P 500 Index®

     1,349.16      1,424.78    -5 %
                

 

42


     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
    Change  
     2008     2007    

Net Flows

      

Variable portion of variable annuity deposits

   $ 1,865     $ 2,000     -7 %

Variable portion of variable annuity withdrawals

     (1,259 )     (1,179 )   -7 %
                  

Variable portion of variable annuity net flows

     606       821     -26 %
                  

Fixed portion of variable annuity deposits

     856       535     60 %

Fixed portion of variable annuity withdrawals

     (124 )     (151 )   18 %
                  

Fixed portion of variable annuity net flows

     732       384     91 %
                  

Total variable annuity deposits

     2,721       2,535     7 %

Total variable annuity withdrawals

     (1,383 )     (1,330 )   -4 %
                  

Total variable annuity net flows

     1,338       1,205     11 %
                  

Fixed indexed annuity deposits

     218       160     36 %

Fixed indexed annuity withdrawals

     (83 )     (63 )   -32 %
                  

Fixed indexed annuity net flows

     135       97     39 %
                  

Other fixed annuity deposits

     86       126     -32 %

Other fixed annuity withdrawals

     (378 )     (674 )   44 %
                  

Other fixed annuity net flows

     (292 )     (548 )   47 %
                  

Total annuity deposits

     3,025       2,821     7 %

Total annuity withdrawals

     (1,844 )     (2,067 )   11 %
                  

Total annuity net flows

   $ 1,181     $ 754     57 %
                  

Insurance fees include charges on both our variable and fixed annuity products. We charge contract holders with mortality and expense assessments on variable annuity accounts to cover insurance and administrative expenses. These assessments are a function of the rates priced into the product and the average daily variable account values. Average daily account values are driven by net flows and equity markets. Our elective riders for guarantees that we offer, such as GMDB, GMWB and GIB, have additional assessment charges associated with them, which depending on the rider are based on either the account value or the related guarantee amount. Therefore, changes in rider utilization will impact our average assessment rates. In addition, for our fixed annuity contracts and for some variable contracts, we collect surrender charges when contract holders surrender their contracts during their surrender charge periods, to protect us from premature withdrawals.

New deposits are an important component of our effort to grow the annuity business. Although deposits do not significantly impact current period income from operations, they are an important indicator of future profitability.

The other component of net flows relates to the retention of the business. One of the key assumptions in pricing a product is the account persistency, which we refer to as the lapse rate. The lapse rate compares the amount of withdrawals to the retained account values.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

The growth in expense assessments was attributable to an increase in average variable annuity account values and an increase in average expense assessment rates driven primarily by the increase in account values with elective variable annuity guarantee riders, such as GMDB, GMWB and GIB, which have incremental expense assessment charges associated with them. The increase in account values reflects cumulative positive net flows, which offset the reduction in variable account values from unfavorable equity markets in the first quarter of 2008.

In the past several years, we have concentrated our efforts on expanding both product and distribution breadth. Annuity deposits increased as a result of continued strong sales of products with guaranteed living benefit riders and the expansion of the wholesaling force in LFD.

Overall lapse rates for the first quarter of 2008 were 8% compared to 10% for the same period in 2007.

 

43


Net Investment Income and Interest Credited

Details underlying net investment income, interest credited (in millions) and our interest rate spread were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
       
     2008     2007     Change  

Net Investment Income

      

Fixed maturity securities, mortgage loans on real estate and other, net of investment expenses

   $ 227     $ 237     -4 %

Change in call option market value (1)

     (97 )     1     NM  

Commercial mortgage loan prepayment and bond makewhole premiums (2)

     1       1     0 %

Alternative investments (3)

     —         1     -100 %

Surplus investments (4)

     18       24     -25 %

Broker-dealer

     1       2     -50 %
                  

Total net investment income

   $ 150     $ 266     -44 %
                  

Interest Credited

      

Amount provided to contract holders

   $ 183     $ 184     -1 %

Change in indexed annuity contract liabilities market value (1)

     (94 )     (1 )   NM  

SFAS 133 forward-starting option (5)

     10       4     150 %

Opening balance sheet adjustment (6)

     —         (4 )   100 %

DSI deferrals

     (26 )     (24 )   -8 %
                  

Interest credited before DSI amortization

     73       159     -54 %

DSI amortization:

      

Excluding unlocking

     11       9     22 %

Retrospective unlocking

     (1 )     (1 )   0 %
                  

Total interest credited

   $ 83     $ 167     -50 %
                  

 

(1)

The change in the call option market value in net investment income largely offsets the change in interest credited caused by fluctuations in the value of our indexed annuity contract liabilities.

(2)

See “Consolidated Investments – Commercial Mortgage Loan Prepayment and Bond Makewhole Premiums” below for additional information.

(3)

See “Consolidated Investments – Alternative Investments” below for additional information.

(4)

Represents net investment income on the required statutory surplus for this segment.

(5)

SFAS 133/157 requires that we calculate the fair values of index call options we may purchase in the future to hedge contract holder index allocations applicable to future reset periods, which we refer to as the SFAS 133/157 forward-starting option liability. This liability represents an estimate of the cost of the options we may purchase in the future less expected charges to contract holders, discounted back to the date of the balance sheet, using current market indicators of volatility and interest rates. The amount reported in this table represents the change in the fair values of this liability, which results in volatility in interest credited. The interest rate assumption used in discounting this liability within the fair value calculation is the primary driver of the change in value.

(6)

Net adjustment to the opening balance sheet of Jefferson-Pilot finalized in 2007.

 

44


     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
    Basis
Point
Change
 
     2008     2007    

Interest Rate Spread

      

Fixed maturity securities, mortgage loans on real estate and other, net of investment expenses

   5.85 %   5.88 %   (3 )

Commercial mortgage loan prepayment and bond make whole premiums

   0.03 %   0.03 %   —    

Alternative investments

   -0.01 %   0.02 %   (3 )
              

Net investment income yield on reserves

   5.87 %   5.93 %   (6 )
              

Amount provided to contract holders

   3.81 %   3.72 %   9  

SFAS 133 forward-starting option

   0.24 %   0.10 %   14  

Opening balance sheet adjustment

   0.00 %   -0.09 %   9  
              

Interest rate credited to contract holders

   4.05 %   3.73 %   32  
              

Interest rate spread

   1.82 %   2.20 %   (38 )
              

Note: The yields, rates and spreads above are calculated using whole dollars instead of dollars rounded to millions.

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
    Change  
     2008    2007    

Average invested assets on reserves

   $ 15,715    $ 16,501     -5 %

Average fixed account values, including the fixed portion of variable

     17,315      17,839     -3 %

Net flows for fixed annuities, including the fixed portion of variable

     575      (67 )   NM  

A portion of our investment income earned is credited to the contract holders of our fixed annuity products, including the fixed portion of variable annuity contracts. We expect to earn a spread between what we earn on the underlying general account investments supporting the fixed annuity product line, including the fixed portion of variable annuity contracts, and what we credit to our fixed annuity contract holders’ accounts, including the fixed portion of variable annuity contracts. The interest rate spread for this segment represents the excess of the yield on invested assets on reserves over the average crediting rate. The yield on invested assets on reserves is calculated as net investment income, excluding the amounts attributable to our surplus investments, reverse repurchase agreement interest expense, inter-segment cash management account interest expense, interest on collateral and the change in the call option fair value, divided by average invested assets on reserves. The average invested assets on reserves is calculated based upon total invested assets, excluding hedge derivatives. The average crediting rate is calculated as interest credited before DSI amortization, plus the immediate annuity reserve change (included within benefits), less the mark-to-market adjustment on the indexed business, divided by the average fixed account values, including the fixed portion of variable, net of coinsured account values. Fixed account values reinsured under modified coinsurance agreements are included in account values for this calculation. Changes in the fair value of call options, commercial mortgage loan prepayments and bond makewhole premiums, alternative investment income, surplus investment income and SFAS 133/157 forward-starting options can vary significantly from period to period due to a number of factors and, therefore, may contribute to investment income results that are not indicative of the underlying trends.

Profitability of indexed annuities is influenced by the management of derivatives to hedge the index performance of the contracts. These contracts permit the holder to elect an interest rate return or an equity market component, where interest credited to the contracts is linked to the performance of the S&P 500 Index®. Contract holders may elect to rebalance indexed options at renewal dates, either annually or biannually. At each renewal date, we have the opportunity to re-price the equity-indexed component by establishing caps, spreads and participation rates, subject to guarantees.

 

45


Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

The decrease in fixed maturity securities, mortgage loans on real estate and other net investment income was due primarily to the decrease in fixed account values, including the fixed portion of variable. Interest credited provided to contract holders remained relatively flat as a decline in our fixed, including the fixed portion of variable, business was offset by an elevated rate.

Our fixed annuity business includes products with crediting rates that are reset on an annual basis and are not subject to surrender charges. Account values for these products were $5.2 billion as of March 31, 2008, with 41% already at their minimum guaranteed rates. The average crediting rates for these products were approximately 41 basis points in excess of average minimum guaranteed rates. Our ability to retain annual reset annuities will be subject to current competitive conditions at the time interest rates for these products reset. In addition to the separate items identified in the interest rate spread table above, the other component of the interest rate credited to contract holders decreased due primarily to a roll-off of multi-year guarantee and annual reset annuities with higher interest rates.

We expect to manage the effect of spreads for near-term operating income through a combination of rate actions and portfolio management. Our expectation includes the assumption that there are no significant changes in net flows in or out of our fixed accounts or other changes that may cause interest rate spreads to differ from our expectation. For information on interest rate spreads and the interest rate risk due to falling interest rates, see “Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”

Benefits

Details underlying benefits (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
    Change  
     2008     2007    

Benefits

      

Guaranteed living benefits:

      

Change in reserves

   $ 256     $ (26 )   NM  

Results of hedge program

     (289 )     22     NM  

Guaranteed death benefits:

      

Change in reserves

     7       4     75 %

Results of hedge program

     (1 )     —       NM  

Claims paid

     7       2     250 %
                  

Total guaranteed benefits

     (20 )     2     NM  

Other (1)

     37       19     95 %
                  

Total benefits

   $ 17     $ 21     -19 %
                  

 

(1)

Composed primarily of changes in reserves on immediate annuity account values driven by premiums.

We have a hedge program that is designed to mitigate the risk and earnings volatility caused by changes in equity markets, interest rates and volatility associated with the guaranteed benefit features of our variable annuity products, including GMDB, GMWB and GIB riders. Our variable annuity products with living benefit guarantees are considered embedded derivatives and are recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value under SFAS 133 and SFAS 157. We use derivative instruments to hedge our exposure to the risks and earnings volatility that result from the embedded derivatives for living benefits in certain of our variable annuity products. The change in fair value of these instruments tends to move in the opposite direction of the change in fair value of the embedded derivatives. In the table above, we have presented the components of our guaranteed benefit results, which can be volatile especially when sudden and significant changes in equity markets and/or interest rates occur. For additional information on our guaranteed benefits, see “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates – Derivatives – Guaranteed Living Benefits” above.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

The decrease in benefits was due primarily to the impact of our guaranteed benefit hedge program exceeding the change in reserves and costs, partially offset by an increase in benefits attributable to single premium immediate annuities, which had a corresponding increase in insurance premiums.

 

46


The adoption of SFAS 157 resulted in a fair value of the embedded derivative that was lower than the fair value of the derivative instruments. This created an over-hedged position, driving a decline in our guaranteed living benefits for the first quarter of 2008. For a discussion of this fair value determination under SFAS 157, see “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” above.

Underwriting, Acquisition, Insurance and Other Expenses

Details underlying underwriting, acquisition, insurance and other expenses (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
       
     2008     2007     Change  

Underwriting, Acquisition, Insurance and Other Expenses

      

Commissions

   $ 165     $ 153     8 %

General and administration expenses

     80       69     16 %

Taxes, licenses and fees

     8       7     14 %
                  

Total expenses incurred, excluding broker-dealer

     253       229     10 %

DAC and VOBA deferrals

     (173 )     (158 )   -9 %
                  

Total pre-broker-dealer expenses incurred, excluding amortization, net of interest

     80       71     13 %

DAC and VOBA amortization, net of interest:

      

Retrospective unlocking

     (10 )     (10 )   0 %

Other amortization

     115       106     8 %

Broker-dealer expenses incurred:

      

Commissions

     67       67     0 %

General and administration expenses

     23       20     15 %

Taxes, licenses and fees

     2       2     0 %
                  

Total underwriting, acquisition, insurance and other expenses

   $ 277     $ 256     8 %
                  

DAC and VOBA deferrals

      

As a percentage of sales/deposits

     5.7 %     5.6 %  

Commissions and other costs, that vary with and are related primarily to the production of new business are deferred to the extent recoverable and are amortized over the lives of the contracts in relation to estimated gross profits (“EGPs”). We have certain trail commissions that are based upon account values that are expensed as incurred rather than being deferred and amortized.

Broker-dealer expenses that vary with and are related to sales are expensed as incurred and not deferred and amortized. These expenses are more than offset by increases to other income.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

The increase in expenses incurred, excluding broker-dealer, and DAC and VOBA amortization, excluding unlocking, was attributable primarily to growth in account values from sales.

The increase in broker-dealer general and administrative expenses was attributable primarily to increases in personnel costs.

 

47


Individual Markets – Life Insurance

Income from Operations

Details underlying the results for Individual Markets – Life Insurance (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
      
     2008    2007    Change  

Operating Revenues

        

Insurance premiums

   $ 86    $ 88    -2 %

Insurance fees

     445      419    6 %

Net investment income

     447      454    -2 %

Other revenues and fees

     9      10    -10 %
                

Total operating revenues

     987      971    2 %
                

Operating Expenses

        

Interest credited

     258      252    2 %

Benefits

     296      246    20 %

Underwriting, acquisition, insurance and other expenses

     213      221    -4 %
                

Total operating expenses

     767      719    7 %
                

Income from operations before taxes

     220      252    -13 %

Federal income taxes

     75      85    -12 %
                

Income from operations

   $ 145    $ 167    -13 %
                

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

Income from operations for this segment decreased due primarily to the following:

 

   

Higher benefits due to higher mortality and lower benefits in the first quarter of 2007 partially related to a $14 million reduction in benefits related to a purchase accounting adjustment to the opening balance sheet of Jefferson-Pilot;

 

   

Lower net investment income due to reductions in invested assets caused by a reduction in statutory reserves related to results of the merger of several of our insurance subsidiaries and certain assumption changes in the fourth quarter of 2007 and less favorable results from our alternative investment income and prepayment and bond makewhole premiums; and

 

   

A decrease attributable to unfavorable retrospective unlocking of DAC and VOBA for the first quarter of 2008 compared to favorable retrospective unlocking for the first quarter of 2007.

The decrease in income from operations was partially offset by the following:

 

   

Growth in insurance fees driven by an increase in business in force as a result of new sales since March 31, 2007, and favorable persistency, partially offset by the impact on insurance fees from lower sales in the first quarter of 2008 compared to the first quarter of 2007 and adjustments during the second quarter of 2007 resulting from adjusting account values for certain of our life insurance policies and modifying the accounting for certain of our life insurance policies.

The foregoing items are discussed further below.

Insurance Premiums

Insurance premiums relate to traditional products and are a function of the rates priced into the product and the level of insurance in force. Insurance in force, in turn, is driven by sales, persistency and mortality experience.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

Traditional in-force face amount and thus premiums remained relatively flat.

 

48


Insurance Fees

Details underlying insurance fees, sales, net flows, account values and in-force face amount (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
    Change  
     2008     2007    

Insurance Fees

      

Mortality assessments

   $ 313     $ 292     7 %

Expense assessments

     164       154     6 %

Surrender charges

     16       15     7 %

DFEL:

      

Deferrals

     (88 )     (66 )   -33 %

Amortization, excluding unlocking

     36       27     33 %

Retrospective unlocking

     4       (3 )   233 %
                  

Total insurance fees

   $ 445     $ 419     6 %
                  

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
    Change  
     2008     2007    

Sales by Product

      

UL:

      

Excluding MoneyGuard ®

   $ 114     $ 166     -31 %

MoneyGuard ®

     11       7     57 %
                  

Total UL

     125       173     -28 %

VUL

     15       21     -29 %

Term/whole life

     5       9     -44 %
                  

Total sales

   $ 145     $ 203     -29 %
                  

Net Flows

      

Deposits

   $ 966     $ 1,039     -7 %

Withdrawals and deaths

     (387 )     (341 )   -13 %
                  

Net flows

   $ 579     $ 698     -17 %
                  

Contract holder assessments

   $ 643     $ 601     7 %
                  

 

     As of March 31,    Change  
     2008    2007   

Account Values

        

UL

   $ 21,079    $ 19,982    5 %

VUL

     4,526      4,696    -4 %

Interest-sensitive whole life

     2,276      2,246    1 %
                

Total account values

   $ 27,881    $ 26,924    4 %
                

In-Force Face Amount

        

UL and other

   $ 286,187    $ 272,920    5 %

Term insurance

     234,860      235,491    0 %
                

Total in-force face amount

   $ 521,047    $ 508,411    2 %
                

Insurance fees relate only to interest-sensitive products and include mortality assessments, expense assessments (net of deferrals and amortization related to DFEL) and surrender charges. Mortality and expense assessments are deducted from our contract holders’

 

49


account values. These amounts are a function of the rates priced into the product and premiums received, face amount in force and account values. Insurance in force, in turn, is driven by sales, persistency and mortality experience. In-force growth should be considered independently with respect to term products versus UL and other products, as term products have a lower profitability relative to face amount compared to whole life and interest-sensitive products.

Sales in the table above and as discussed below were reported as follows:

 

 

 

UL, VUL, MoneyGuard®—100% of annualized expected target premiums plus 5% of paid excess premiums, including an adjustment for internal replacements at approximately 50% of target; and

 

   

Whole life and term—100% of first year paid premiums.

Sales are not recorded as a component of revenues (other than for traditional products) and do not have a significant impact on current quarter income from operations but are indicators of future profitability.

We have screening procedures to identify sales that we believe have characteristics associated with investor-owned life insurance in order to prevent policies with these characteristics from being issued. However, accurate identification of these policies can be difficult, and we continue to modify our screening procedures. We believe that our sales of UL products include some sales with investor-owned life insurance characteristics. We expect no significant impact to our profitability; however, returns on UL business sold as part of investor-owned designs are believed to be lower than traditional estate planning UL sales due in part to no expected lapses.

UL and VUL products with secondary guarantees represented approximately 32% of interest-sensitive life insurance in force as of March 31, 2008, and approximately 76% of sales for the first quarter of 2008. Actuarial Guideline 38 (“AG38”) imposes additional statutory reserve requirements for these products. See “Review of Consolidated Financial Condition – Liquidity and Capital Resources – Sources of Liquidity and Cash Flow” for further information on the manner in which we reinsure our AG38 reserves.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

The growth in mortality and expense assessments was attributable to increased business in force. Life insurance in force and account values grew as a result of new sales since March 31, 2007, and favorable persistency. In addition, insurance fees for the first quarter of 2007 were reduced by $5 million related primarily to a purchase accounting adjustment to the opening balance sheet of Jefferson-Pilot.

The first quarter of 2008 had favorable retrospective unlocking (increase to DFEL amortization) due primarily to unfavorable excess investment income, unfavorable mortality on permanent products and model adjustments on certain life insurance policies.

The first quarter of 2007 had unfavorable retrospective unlocking (decrease to DFEL amortization) due primarily to favorable persistency, higher excess investment income and lower maintenance expenses.

Net Investment Income and Interest Credited

Details underlying net investment income, interest credited (in millions) and our interest rate spread were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
   Change  
     2008    2007   

Net Investment Income

        

Fixed maturity securities, mortgage loans on real estate and other, net of investment expenses

   $ 424    $ 411    3 %

Commercial mortgage loan prepayment and bond makewhole premiums (1)

     3      11    -73 %

Alternative investments (2)

     —        8    -100 %

Surplus investments (3)

     20      24    -17 %
                

Total net investment income

   $ 447    $ 454    -2 %
                

Interest Credited

   $ 258    $ 252    2 %
                

 

50


 

(1)

See “Consolidated Investments – Commercial Mortgage Loan Prepayment and Bond Makewhole Premiums” below for additional information.

(2)

See “Consolidated Investments – Alternative Investments” below for additional information.

(3)

Represents net investment income on the required statutory surplus for this segment.

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
    Basis
Point
Change
 
     2008     2007    

Interest Rate Yields and Spread

      

Attributable to interest-sensitive products:

      

Fixed maturity securities, mortgage loans on real estate and other, net of investment expenses

   5.99 %   6.15 %   (16 )

Commercial mortgage loan prepayment and bond makewhole premiums

   0.04 %   0.20 %   (16 )

Alternative investments

   0.01 %   0.13 %   (12 )
              

Net investment income yield on reserves

   6.04 %   6.48 %   (44 )

Interest rate credited to contract holders

   4.34 %   4.46 %   (12 )
              

Interest rate spread

   1.70 %   2.02 %   (32 )
              

Attributable to traditional products:

      

Fixed maturity securities, mortgage loans on real estate and other, net of investment expenses

   6.12 %   6.35 %   (23 )

Commercial mortgage loan prepayment and bond makewhole premiums

   0.11 %   0.02 %   9  

Alternative investments

   -0.02 %   0.04 %   (6 )
              

Net investment income yield on reserves

   6.21 %   6.41 %   (20 )
              

 

Note:   The yields, rates and spreads above are calculated using whole dollars instead of dollars rounded to millions.

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
   Change  
     2008    2007   

Averages

        

Attributable to interest-sensitive products:

        

Invested assets on reserves

   $ 22,916    $ 21,696    6 %

Account values—universal and whole life

     23,258      22,059    5 %

Attributable to traditional products:

        

Invested assets on reserves

     5,304      5,018    6 %

A portion of the investment income earned for this segment is credited to contract holder accounts. Invested assets will typically grow at a faster rate than account values because of the AG38 reserve requirements. Invested assets are also affected by various reserve adjustments, primarily the result of the merger of several of our insurance subsidiaries, the modification of accounting for certain of our life insurance policies, and by capital transactions providing relief from AG38 reserve requirements, which leads to a transfer of invested assets for other corporate purposes. We expect to earn a spread between what we earn on the underlying general account investments and what we credit to our contract holders’ accounts. The interest rate spread for this segment represents the excess of the yield on invested assets on reserves over the average crediting rate on interest sensitive products. The yield on invested assets on reserves is calculated as net investment income, excluding amounts attributable to our surplus investments and reverse repurchase agreement interest expense, divided by average invested assets on reserves. In addition, we exclude the impact of earnings from affordable housing tax credit securities, which is reflected as a reduction to federal income tax expense, from our spread calculations. Traditional products use interest income to build the policy reserves. Commercial mortgage loan prepayments and bond makewhole premiums and alternative investment income can vary significantly from period to period due to a number of factors, and, therefore, may contribute to investment income results that are not indicative of the underlying trends.

 

51


Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

The increase in fixed maturity securities, mortgage loans on real estate and other net investment income was due partially to continued growth of business in force, partially offset by the impact of reductions in statutory reserves. The decrease in alternative investment income was driven primarily by unfavorable results from limited partnership investments. Higher AG38 statutory reserve liabilities on UL policies with secondary guarantees contributed to invested asset growth. At June 30, 2007, we reduced statutory reserves related to our secondary guarantee UL products by approximately $150 million, which has reduced the amount of net investment income allocated to this segment by $2 million per quarter. This statutory reserve reduction related to modifying the accounting for certain of our life insurance policies. In October 2007, we released approximately $300 million of capital that had previously supported our UL products with secondary guarantees as a result of executing on a capital transaction to provide AG38 relief. This release of capital lowered the level of assets supporting this business and has reduced net investment income by approximately $5 million per quarter. As of December 31, 2007, we reduced statutory reserves related primarily to legal entity consolidation by $344 million, which has reduced the amount of net investment income allocated to this segment by approximately $5 million in the first quarter of 2008. This reduction in statutory reserves was primarily a result of the merger of several of our insurance subsidiaries.

The increase in interest credited was attributable primarily to growth in UL account values of 5%. On June 1, 2007, we implemented a 10 basis point decrease in crediting rates on most interest-sensitive products not already at contractual guarantees, which has increased spreads approximately 5 basis points. On June 1, 2008, we expect to implement a 10 basis point decrease in crediting rates on most interest-sensitive products not already at contractual guarantees, which is expected to increase spreads approximately 5 basis points.

For the first quarter of 2008, the portfolio rates exceeded new money rates by roughly 19 basis points. For the first quarter of 2007, the portfolio rates exceeded new money rates by roughly 25 basis points. As of March 31, 2008, 53% of interest-sensitive account values have crediting rates at contract guaranteed levels, and 36% have crediting rates within 50 basis points of contractual guarantees. Going forward, we expect to be able to manage the effects of spreads on near-term income from operations through a combination of rate actions and portfolio management, which assumes no significant changes in net flows into or out of our fixed accounts or other changes that may cause interest rate spreads to differ from our expectations. For information on interest rate spreads and the interest rate risk due to falling interest rates, see “Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”

Benefits

Details underlying benefits (dollars in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
       
     2008     2007     Change  

Benefits

      

Death claims direct and assumed

   $ 546     $ 484     13 %

Death claims ceded

     (238 )     (189 )   -26 %

Reserves released on death

     (98 )     (92 )   -7 %
                  

Net death benefits

     210       203     3 %

Change in reserves for products with secondary guarantees

     26       —       NM  

Other benefits (1)

     60       43     40 %
                  

Total benefits

   $ 296     $ 246     20 %
                  

Death claims per $1,000 of inforce

     1.49       1.48     1 %

 

(1)

Other benefits include primarily traditional product changes in reserves and dividends.

 

52


Benefits for this segment include death claims incurred during the period in excess of the associated reserves for its interest-sensitive and traditional products. In addition, benefits include the change in reserves for our products with secondary guarantees. The reserve for secondary guarantees is impacted by changes in expected future trends of claims and assessments causing unlocking adjustments to this liability similar to DAC, VOBA and DFEL.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

The increase in benefits was due primarily to growth in business in force, higher mortality and an increase in reserves for products with secondary guarantees, partially offset by $14 million in the first quarter of 2007 related to a purchase accounting adjustment to the opening balance sheet of Jefferson-Pilot.

An adjustment to account values and modification of accounting related to certain life insurance policies in the second quarter of 2007 increased reserves for products with secondary guarantees. In the third quarter of 2007, we had an unfavorable prospective unlocking that also resulted in an increase in reserves for products with secondary guarantees. As a result of these changes, we expect an increase in reserves of approximately $4 million in future quarters.

Underwriting, Acquisition, Insurance and Other Expenses

Details underlying underwriting, acquisition, insurance and other expenses (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
    Change  
     2008     2007    

Underwriting, Acquisition, Insurance and Other Expenses

      

Commissions

   $ 183     $ 227     -19 %

General and administration expenses

     103       110     -6 %

Taxes, licenses and fees

     29       33     -12 %
                  

Total expenses incurred

     315       370     -15 %

DAC and VOBA deferrals

     (234 )     (289 )   19 %
                  

Total expenses recognized before amortization

     81       81     0 %

DAC and VOBA amortization, net of interest:

      

Retrospective unlocking

     10       (12 )   183 %

Other amortization

     121       151     -20 %

Other intangible amortization

     1       1     0 %
                  

Total underwriting, acquisition, insurance and other expenses

   $ 213     $ 221     -4 %
                  

DAC and VOBA deferrals

      

As a percentage of sales

     161.4 %     142.4 %  

Commissions and other general and administrative expenses that vary with and are related primarily to the production of new business are deferred to the extent recoverable and for our interest-sensitive products are generally amortized over the lives of the contracts in relation to EGPs. For our traditional products, DAC and VOBA are amortized on either a straight-line basis or as a level percent of premium of the related contracts, depending on the block of business.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

The decrease in expenses incurred was primarily a result of lower sales. The decrease in DAC and VOBA amortization, excluding unlocking, was due partially to unfavorable gross margins primarily from unfavorable investment results. In addition, DAC and VOBA amortization increased by $10 million related to adjustments to the opening balance sheet of Jefferson-Pilot finalized in the first quarter of 2007.

The first quarter of 2008 unfavorable retrospective unlocking (increase to DAC and VOBA amortization) was due primarily to unfavorable excess investment income, unfavorable mortality on permanent products, and model adjustments on certain life insurance policies.

 

53


The first quarter of 2007 favorable retrospective unlocking (decrease to DAC and VOBA amortization) was due primarily to favorable persistency, higher excess investment income and lower maintenance expenses.

RESULTS OF EMPLOYER MARKETS

The Employer Markets business provides its products through two segments: Retirement Products and Group Protection. The Retirement Products segment operates through two lines of business – Defined Contribution, which provides employer-sponsored variable and fixed annuities, and mutual-fund based programs in the 401(k), 403(b) and 457 marketplaces, and Executive Benefits, which provides corporate-owned life insurance (“COLI”) and bank-owned life insurance (“BOLI”). Our Institutional Pension business, which was previously reported as part of the Retirement Products segment, is now being reported in Other Operations. The Group Protection segment of Employer Markets offers group life, disability and dental insurance to employers.

Employer Markets – Retirement Products

Income from Operations

Details underlying the results for Employer Markets Retirement Products (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
   Change  
     2008    2007   

Operating Revenues

        

Insurance fees

   $ 75    $ 75    0 %

Net investment income

     224      236    -5 %

Other revenues and fees

     5      5    0 %
                

Total operating revenues

     304      316    -4 %
                

Operating Expenses

        

Interest credited

     144      142    1 %

Benefits

     3      3    0 %

Underwriting, acquisition, insurance and other expenses

     83      82    1 %
                

Total operating expenses

     230      227    1 %
                

Income from operations before taxes

     74      89    -17 %

Federal income taxes

     22      27    -19 %
                

Income from operations

   $ 52    $ 62    -16 %
                

The discussion of Employer Markets – Retirement Products is provided in “Retirement Products – Defined Contribution” and “Retirement Products – Executive Benefits” below.

 

54


Retirement Products – Defined Contribution

Income from Operations

Details underlying the results for Employer Markets – Retirement Products – Defined Contribution (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
   Change  
     2008    2007   

Operating Revenues

        

Insurance fees

   $ 61    $ 62    -2 %

Net investment income

     172      180    -4 %

Other revenues and fees

     5      5    0 %
                

Total operating revenues

     238      247    -4 %
                

Operating Expenses

        

Interest credited

     106      104    2 %

Underwriting, acquisition, insurance and other expenses

     76      72    6 %
                

Total operating expenses

     182      176    3 %
                

Income from operations before taxes

     56      71    -21 %

Federal income taxes

     16      21    -24 %
                

Income from operations

   $ 40    $ 50    -20 %
                

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

Income from operations for this line of business decreased due primarily to the following:

 

   

Lower net investment income driven by less favorable results from our alternative investment income and prepayment and bond makewhole premiums;

 

   

Higher underwriting, acquisition, insurance and other expenses due to unfavorable retrospective unlocking of DAC and VOBA for the first quarter of 2008; and

 

   

Unfavorable impact of lower average daily account values due to unfavorable equity markets.

The decrease in income from operations was partially offset by growth in insurance fees driven by increases in account values from positive net flows; however, a substantial increase in new deposit production is necessary to maintain earnings at current levels.

The foregoing items are discussed further below.

 

55


Insurance Fees

Details underlying insurance fees, account values and net flows (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
   Change  
     2008    2007   

Insurance Fees

        

Annuity expense assessments

   $ 55    $ 56    -2 %

Mutual fund fees

     4      4    0 %
                

Total expense assessments

     59      60    -2 %

Surrender charges

     2      2    0 %
                

Total insurance fees

   $ 61    $ 62    -2 %
                

Average Daily Variable Account Values

   $ 16,640    $ 17,582    -5 %
                

Average Daily S&P 500 Index®

     1,349.16      1,424.78    -5 %
                

 

     As of March 31,    Change  
     2008    2007   

Account Values

        

Variable portion of variable annuities

   $ 16,292    $ 17,676    -8 %

Fixed portion of variable annuities

     6,051      6,122    -1 %
                

Total variable annuities

     22,343      23,798    -6 %
                

Fixed annuities

     5,166      4,870    6 %
                

Total annuities

     27,509      28,668    -4 %

Mutual funds

     7,254      5,807    25 %
                

Total annuities and mutual funds

   $ 34,763    $ 34,475    1 %
                

 

56


     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
       
     2008     2007     Change  

Account Value Roll Forward – By Product

      

Total Micro – Small Segment:

      

Balance at beginning-of-period

   $ 7,798     $ 7,535     3 %

Gross deposits

     499       460     8 %

Withdrawals and deaths

     (570 )     (451 )   -26 %
                  

Net flows

     (71 )     9     NM  

Transfers between fixed and variable accounts

     (12 )     (5 )   NM  

Investment increase and change in market value

     (497 )     150     NM  
                  

Balance at end-of-period

   $ 7,218     $ 7,689     -6 %
                  

Total Mid – Large Segment:

      

Balance at beginning-of-period

   $ 9,463     $ 6,975     36 %

Gross deposits

     769       711     8 %

Withdrawals and deaths

     (159 )     (118 )   -35 %
                  

Net flows

     610       593     3 %

Transfers between fixed and variable accounts

     (29 )     2     NM  

Investment increase and change in market value

     (423 )     164     NM  
                  

Balance at end-of-period

   $ 9,621     $ 7,734     24 %
                  

Total Multi-Fund ® and Other Variable Annuities: (1)

      

Balance at beginning-of-period

   $ 18,797     $ 19,146     -2 %

Gross deposits

     284       316     -10 %

Withdrawals and deaths

     (542 )     (697 )   22 %
                  

Net flows

     (258 )     (381 )   32 %

Transfers between fixed and variable accounts

     (1 )     (4 )   75 %

Inter-segment transfer

     294       —       NM  

Investment increase and change in market value

     (908 )     291     NM  
                  

Balance at end-of-period

   $ 17,924     $ 19,052     -6 %
                  

Total Annuities and Mutual Funds:

      

Balance at beginning-of-period

   $ 36,058     $ 33,656     7 %

Gross deposits

     1,552       1,487     4 %

Withdrawals and deaths

     (1,271 )     (1,266 )   0 %
                  

Net flows

     281       221     27 %

Transfers between fixed and variable accounts

     (42 )     (7 )   NM  

Inter-segment transfer

     294       —       NM  

Investment increase and change in market value

     (1,828 )     605     NM  
                  

Balance at end-of-period (2)

   $ 34,763     $ 34,474     1 %
                  

 

(1)

This is our oldest block of annuity business and the return on assets is more than two times that of new deposits. Therefore, a substantial increase in new deposit production is necessary to maintain earnings at current levels.

(2)

Includes mutual fund account values. Mutual funds are not included in the separate accounts.

 

57


     For the Three
Months Ended

March 31,
    Change  
      2008     2007    

Net Flows

      

Variable portion of variable annuity deposits

   $ 674     $ 655     3 %

Variable portion of variable annuity withdrawals

     (833 )     (813 )   -2 %
                  

Variable portion of variable annuity net flows

     (159 )     (158 )   -1 %
                  

Fixed portion of variable annuity deposits

     93       100     -7 %

Fixed portion of variable annuity withdrawals

     (210 )     (233 )   10 %
                  

Fixed portion of variable annuity net flows

     (117 )     (133 )   12 %
                  

Total variable annuity deposits

     767       755     2 %

Total variable annuity withdrawals

     (1,043 )     (1,046 )   0 %
                  

Total variable annuity net flows

     (276 )     (291 )   5 %
                  

Fixed annuity deposits

     240       198     21 %

Fixed annuity withdrawals

     (160 )     (166 )   4 %
                  

Fixed annuity net flows

     80       32     150 %
                  

Total annuity deposits

     1,007       953     6 %

Total annuity withdrawals

     (1,203 )     (1,212 )   1 %
                  

Total annuity net flows

     (196 )     (259 )   24 %
                  

Mutual fund deposits

     545       534     2 %

Mutual fund withdrawals

     (68 )     (54 )   -26 %
                  

Mutual fund net flows

     477       480     -1 %
                  

Total annuity and mutual fund deposits

     1,552       1,487     4 %

Total annuity and mutual fund withdrawals

     (1,271 )     (1,266 )   0 %
                  

Total annuity and mutual fund net flows

   $ 281     $ 221     27 %
                  

We charge expense assessments to cover insurance and administrative expenses. Expense assessments are generally equal to a percentage of the daily variable account values. Our expense assessments include fees we earn for the services that we provide to our mutual fund programs. In addition, we collect surrender charges when contract holders surrender their contracts during the surrender charge periods to protect us from premature withdrawals.

New deposits are an important component of our effort to grow our business. Although deposits do not significantly impact current period income from operations, they are an important indicator of future profitability. The other component of net flows relates to the retention of our business as demonstrated by our lapse rates.

We serve the mid-large case 401(k) and 403(b) markets with our mutual fund programs. Our programs bundle our fixed annuity products with mutual funds, along with record keeping and employee education components. The amounts associated with the mutual fund programs are not included in the assets or liabilities reported on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The distribution model for the micro-small case 401(k) market is focused on driving growth through financial intermediaries. As of March 31, 2008, we had 71 wholesalers in place to support this business and intend to add an additional 18 wholesalers throughout the remainder of 2008. We are beginning to experience an increase in new business activity as a result of building our own wholesaling force for this market.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

The decrease in expense assessments was driven by lower average daily variable annuity account values due to unfavorable equity markets.

Deposits in our mid-large segment (including mutual fund program fixed annuity deposits) increased due to an increase in the number of mutual fund program accounts, which resulted in both an increase in initial deposits and an increase in ongoing periodic deposits.

 

58


The overall lapse rate for our annuity products was 16% for the first quarter of 2008 compared to 15% for the same period in 2007. The return on assets, calculated as income divided by average assets under management, for Multi-Fund® and Other Variable Annuities, our oldest block of annuity business, is more than two times that of new deposits. Therefore, a substantial increase in new deposit production is necessary to maintain earnings at current levels.

As of March 31, 2008, approximately $13.3 billion, or 60%, of variable annuity contract account values contained a return of premium death benefit feature, and the net amount at risk related to these contracts was $24 million. The remaining variable annuity contract account values contain no GMDB feature.

Net Investment Income and Interest Credited

Details underlying net investment income, interest credited (in millions) and our interest rate spread were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
   Change  
     2008     2007   

Net Investment Income

       

Fixed maturity securities, mortgage loans on real estate and other, net of investment expenses

   $ 162     $ 164    -1 %

Commercial mortgage loan prepayment and bond makewhole premiums (1)

     —         1    -100 %

Alternative investments (2)

     (1 )     2    NM  

Surplus investments (3)

     11       13    -15 %
                 

Total net investment income

   $ 172     $ 180    -4 %
                 

Interest Credited

   $ 106     $ 104    2 %
                 

 

(1)

See “Consolidated Investments – Commercial Mortgage Loan Prepayment and Bond Makewhole Premiums” below for additional information.

(2)

See “Consolidated Investments – Alternative Investments” below for additional information.

(3)

Represents net investment income on the required statutory surplus for this segment.

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
    Basis
Point

Change
 
      2008     2007    

Interest Rate Spread

      

Fixed maturity securities, mortgage loans on real estate and other, net of investment expenses

   5.93 %   6.12 %   (19 )

Commercial mortgage loan prepayment and bond makewhole premiums

   0.02 %   0.03 %   (1 )

Alternative investments

   -0.03 %   0.07 %   (10 )
              

Net investment income yield on reserves

   5.92 %   6.22 %   (30 )

Interest rate credited to contract holders

   3.81 %   3.81 %   —    
              

Interest rate spread

   2.11 %   2.41 %   (30 )
              

 

Note: The yields, rates and spreads above are calculated using whole dollars instead of dollars rounded to millions.

 

59


     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
    Change  
     2008     2007    

Average invested assets on reserves

   $ 10,888     $ 10,778     1 %

Average fixed account values, including the fixed portion of variable

     11,123       10,955     2 %

Net flows for fixed annuities, including the fixed portion of variable

     (37 )     (101 )   63 %

A portion of our investment income earned is credited to the contract holders of our fixed products. We expect to earn a spread between what we earn on the underlying general account investments supporting the fixed product line and what we credit to our fixed contract holders’ accounts, including the fixed portion of variable annuities. The interest rate spread for this segment represents the excess of the yield on invested assets on reserves over the average crediting rate. The yield on invested assets on reserves is calculated as net investment income, excluding the amounts attributable to our surplus investments, divided by average invested assets on reserves. The average crediting rate is calculated as interest credited less amortization related to DSI, divided by the average fixed account values, including the fixed portion of variable annuities. Commercial mortgage loan prepayments and bond makewhole premiums, alternative investment income and surplus investment income can vary significantly from period to period due to a number of factors and, therefore, may contribute to investment income results that are not indicative of the underlying trends.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

While fixed maturity securities, mortgage loans on real estate and other net investment income was relatively flat, the yield declined due to lower reinvestment rates, which was offset by the increase in average fixed account values, including the fixed portion of variable driven by transfers from variable annuities. In response to the competitive environment, we reduced crediting rates by 10 basis points and reduced new money rates by 25 basis points for Multi-Fund® and mutual fund products. We are currently evaluating further crediting rate actions, with the expectation of maintaining stable spreads over the near term, excluding the effects of prepayment and makewhole premiums. For information on interest rate spreads and the interest rate risk due to falling interest rates, see “Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”

 

60


Underwriting, Acquisition, Insurance and Other Expenses

Details underlying underwriting, acquisition, insurance and other expenses (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
    Change  
     2008     2007    

Underwriting, Acquisition, Insurance and Other Expenses

      

Commissions

   $ 20     $ 19     5 %

General and administration expenses

     52       50     4 %

Taxes, licenses and fees

     4       5     -20 %
                  

Total expenses incurred

     76       74     3 %

DAC deferrals

     (24 )     (22 )   -9 %
                  

Total expenses recognized before amortization

     52       52     0 %

DAC and VOBA amortization, net of interest:

      

Retrospective unlocking

     3       —       NM  

Other amortization

     21       20     5 %
                  

Total underwriting, acquisition, insurance and other expenses

   $ 76     $ 72     6 %
                  

DAC deferrals

      

As a percentage of sales/deposits

     1.5 %     1.5 %  

Commissions and other costs, that vary with and are related primarily to the production of new business, excluding those associated with our mutual fund products, are deferred to the extent recoverable and are amortized over the lives of the contracts in relation to EGPs. We do not pay commissions on sales of our mutual fund products, and distribution expenses associated with the sale of these mutual fund products are not deferred and amortized, as is the case for our insurance products.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

The increase in expenses incurred was due primarily to growth in business in force, partially offset by DAC deferrals. The increase in retrospective DAC unlocking for the three months ended March 31, 2008, was primarily attributable to higher lapses than were estimated in our DAC models.

 

61


Retirement Products – Executive Benefits

Income from Operations

Details underlying the results for Retirement Products – Executive Benefits (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
   Change  
     2008    2007   

Operating Revenues

        

Insurance fees

   $ 14    $ 13    8 %

Net investment income

     52      56    -7 %
                

Total operating revenues

     66      69    -4 %
                

Operating Expenses

        

Interest credited

     38      38    0 %

Benefits

     3      3    0 %

Underwriting, acquisition, insurance and other expenses

     7      10    -30 %
                

Total operating expenses

     48      51    -6 %
                

Income from operations before taxes

     18      18    0 %

Federal income taxes

     6      6    0 %
                

Income from operations

   $ 12    $ 12    0 %
                

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

Income from operations remained flat as lower net investment income driven by less favorable results from our alternative investment income and lower earnings on surplus were offset by lower DAC and VOBA amortization expense due to unfavorable retrospective unlocking in 2007.

The foregoing items are discussed further below.

Insurance Fees

Details underlying insurance fees, sales, net flows, account values and in force (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
    Change  
     2008     2007    

Insurance Fees

      

Mortality assessments

   $ 9     $ 9     0 %

Expense assessments

     7       4     75 %

DFEL:

      

Deferrals

     (2 )     (1 )   -100 %

Amortization

     —         1     -100 %
                  

Total insurance fees

   $ 14     $ 13     8 %
                  

 

62


     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
    Change  
     2008     2007    

COLI and BOLI - Sales

   $ 28     $ 20     40 %
                  

COLI and BOLI - Account Values

      

Balance at beginning-of-year

   $ 4,436     $ 4,305     3 %

Deposits (1)

     165       65     154 %

Withdrawals and deaths (1)

     (94 )     (140 )   33 %
                  

Net flows

     71       (75 )   195 %

Policyholder assessments

     (20 )     (18 )   -11 %

Interest credited and change in market value

     (27 )     52     NM  
                  

Balance at end-of-year

   $ 4,460     $ 4,264     5 %
                  

COLI and BOLI - In Force

   $ 15,826     $ 14,747     7 %
                  

 

(1)

Deposits and withdrawals and deaths each include $44 million related to the exchange of legacy Jefferson-Pilot products with new Lincoln products in the first quarter of 2008.

Our mortality and expense assessments are deducted from our contract holders’ account values and reported as insurance fees. For this business, the mortality and expense assessments amounts are a function of the rates priced into the product and face amount of our insurance in force. Insurance in force, in turn, is driven by sales, persistency and mortality experience.

Included in the business acquired with the Jefferson-Pilot companies are BOLI products, which accounted for $1.7 billion in contract holder fund balances as of March 31, 2008. VOBA balances, net of unearned revenue reserves, related to these blocks were approximately $115 million as of March 31, 2008. These contracts, which are generally not subject to surrender charges, are owned by several thousand contract holders. These contracts were primarily originated through, and continue to be serviced by, two marketing organizations. The surrender rate for this product may increase beyond current experience due to the absence of surrender charges and rising interest rates that may result in returns available to contract holders on competitors’ products being more attractive than on our policies in force. The following factors may influence contract holders to continue these coverages: our ability to adjust crediting rates; relatively high minimum rate guarantees; the difficulty of re-underwriting existing and additional covered lives; and unfavorable tax attributes of certain surrenders. Our assumptions for amortizing VOBA and unearned revenue for these policies reflect a higher long-term expected lapse rate than other blocks of business due to the factors noted above. Lapse experience for this block in a particular period could vary significantly from our long-term lapse assumptions.

Consistent with the way we report UL sales, we report COLI and BOLI sales as 100% of annualized expected target premium plus 5% of paid excess premium, including an adjustment for internal replacements at approximately 50% of target. Sales in this business tend to be of large case nature and can fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

Mortality and expense assessments for this business were favorably impacted by higher variable fees resulting from a customer transferring $55 million of fixed account value to variable account value in the second quarter of 2007 partially offset by declines in variable account values from unfavorable equity markets. Expense assessments are also increasing as client deposits are primarily into variable products.

 

63


Net Investment Income and Interest Credited

Details underlying net investment income and interest credited (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
   Change  
     2008    2007   

Net Investment Income

        

Fixed maturity securities, mortgage loans on real estate and other, net of investment expenses

   $ 51    $ 54    -6 %

Surplus investments (1)

     1      2    -50 %
                

Total net investment income

   $ 52    $ 56    -7 %
                

Interest Credited

   $ 38    $ 38    0 %
                

 

(1)

Represents net investment income on the required statutory surplus for this segment.

When analyzing the impact of net investment income for this segment, it is important to understand that a portion of the investment income earned is credited to the contract holders of our fixed products, including the fixed portion of variable. We expect to earn a spread between what we earn on the underlying general account investments supporting the fixed product line and what we credit to our fixed contract holders’ accounts.

Commercial mortgage loan prepayments and bond makewhole premiums, alternative investment income and surplus investment income can vary significantly from period to period due to a number of factors and, therefore, can provide results that are not indicative of the underlying trends.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

Fixed maturity securities, mortgage loans on real estate and other net investment income decreased due to the unfavorable impact of a customer transferring $55 million from fixed accounts to variable accounts in the second quarter of 2007, reducing the interest margin, and higher consent fees in 2007. Additionally, earnings on surplus investments were negatively impacted by unfavorable equity markets.

On January 1, 2008, we implemented a 25 basis point increase in crediting rates on a small block of policies that have approximately $150 million of fixed account value. This increase in interest credited partially offset the impact of a customer transferring $55 million from fixed accounts to variable accounts in the second quarter of 2007.

Benefits

Benefits for this segment include claims incurred during the period in excess of the associated account balance for its interest-sensitive products.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

Benefits remained flat despite growth in business in force due to favorable mortality. Additionally, benefits were favorably impacted by a recovery on a reinsurance agreement in 2007.

 

64


Underwriting, Acquisition, Insurance and Other Expenses

Details underlying underwriting, acquisition, insurance and other expenses (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
    Change  
     2008     2007    

Underwriting, Acquisition, Insurance and Other Expenses

      

Commissions

   $ 12     $ 6     100 %

General and administration expenses

     3       2     50 %

Taxes, licenses and fees

     2       1     100 %
                  

Total expenses incurred

     17       9     89 %

DAC and VOBA deferrals

     (12 )     (7 )   -71 %
                  

Total expenses recognized before amortization

     5       2     150 %

DAC and VOBA amortization, net of interest:

      

Retrospective unlocking

     (1 )     3     NM  

Other amortization

     3       5     -40 %
                  

Total underwriting, acquisition, insurance and other expenses

   $ 7     $ 10     -30 %
                  

DAC and VOBA deferrals

      

As a percentage of sales

     42.9 %     35.0 %  

Commissions and other costs that vary with and are related primarily to the production of new business are deferred to the extent recoverable and, for our interest-sensitive products, are amortized over the lives of the contracts in relation to EGPs.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

The increase in expenses incurred was primarily a result of increased sales.

The favorable retrospective unlocking (decrease to DAC and VOBA amortization) in the first quarter of 2008 was due primarily to favorable persistency and mortality. The unfavorable retrospective unlocking (increase to DAC and VOBA amortization) in the first quarter of 2007 was due to higher than expected surrender activity. The surrender activity occurred for a variety of reasons, and no systemic issues, such as service or product competitiveness, contributed to this surrender activity.

 

65


Employer Markets Group Protection

The Group Protection segment offers group life, disability and dental insurance to employers. The segment’s products are marketed primarily through a national distribution system of regional group offices. These offices develop business through employee benefit brokers, third-party administrators and other employee benefit firms.

Income from Operations

Details underlying the results for Employer Markets – Group Protection (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended

March 31,
   Change  
     2008    2007   

Operating Revenues

        

Insurance premiums

   $ 370    $ 332    11 %

Net investment income

     28      28    0 %

Other revenues and fees

     1      1    0 %
                

Total operating revenues

     399      361    11 %
                

Operating Expenses

        

Benefits

     269      247    9 %

Underwriting, acquisition, insurance and other expenses

     90      78    15 %
                

Total operating expenses

     359      325    10 %
                

Income from operations before taxes

     40      36    11 %

Federal income taxes

     14      13    8 %
                

Income from operations

   $ 26    $ 23    13 %
                
     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
   Change  
     2008    2007   

Income from Operations by Product Line

        

Life

   $ 10    $ 9    11 %

Disability

     15      13    15 %

Dental

     —        —      NM  
                

Total non-medical

     25      22    14 %

Medical

     1      1    0 %
                

Total income from operations

   $ 26    $ 23    13 %
                

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

Income from operations for this segment increased due to the following:

 

   

Growth in insurance premiums driven by normal, organic business growth in our non-medical products; and

 

   

Combined total non-medical loss ratio experience at the lower end of our expected range.

The increase in income from operations was partially offset by an increase to underwriting, acquisition, insurance and other expenses due to growth in our business in force, higher 401(k) expenses, elevated costs associated with investments in strategic initiatives and an increase in the allocation of expenses to this segment.

The foregoing items are discussed further below.

 

66


Insurance Premiums

Details underlying insurance premiums (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
   Change  
     2008    2007   

Insurance Premiums by Product Line

        

Life

   $ 133    $ 119    12 %

Disability

     162      145    12 %

Dental

     37      33    12 %
                

Total non-medical

     332      297    12 %

Medical

     38      35    9 %
                

Total insurance premiums

   $ 370    $ 332    11 %
                

Sales

   $ 54    $ 61    -11 %
                

Our cost of insurance and policy administration charges are embedded in the premiums charged to our customers. The premiums are a function of the rates priced into the product and our business in force. Business in force, in turn, is driven by sales and persistency experience.

Sales in the table above and as discussed below are the combined annualized premiums for our life, disability and dental products. Sales relate to long-duration contracts sold to new contract holders and new programs sold to existing contract holders. The trend in sales is an important indicator of development of business in force over time.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

The increase in insurance premiums in our non-medical business reflects normal business growth.

Net Investment Income

We use our interest income to build the associated policy reserves, which is a function of our insurance premiums and the yields on our invested assets.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

Net investment income remained flat as continued growth of business in force was offset by lower yields on required statutory surplus due to weaker results from our alternative investments.

 

67


Benefits

Details underlying benefits (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
    Change  
     2008     2007    

Benefits by Product Line

      

Life

   $ 95     $ 89     7 %

Disability

     111       101     10 %

Dental

     30       26     15 %
                  

Total non-medical

     236       216     9 %

Medical

     33       31     6 %
                  

Total benefits

   $ 269     $ 247     9 %
                  

Loss Ratios by Product Line

      

Life

     71.9 %     75.0 %  

Disability

     68.1 %     69.5 %  

Dental

     80.8 %     79.2 %  

Total non-medical

     71.0 %     72.7 %  

Medical

     87.6 %     88.6 %  

 

Note: Loss ratios presented above are calculated using whole dollars instead of dollars rounded to millions.

Management has chosen to focus on trends in loss ratios to compare actual experience with pricing expectations because group-underwriting risks change over time. We believe that loss ratios in the 71-74% range are more representative of longer-term expectations for the composite non-medical portion of this segment. We expect normal fluctuations in this range, as claim experience is inherently uncertain, and there can be no assurance that experience will fall inside this expected range.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

We experienced favorable claim experience on all of our non-medical and medical products, except for dental. Our improved total non-medical loss ratio was driven by exceptional life and disability results. Our life loss ratio benefited from favorable waiver claims experience. Our disability loss ratio has benefited from favorable termination and incidence experience.

 

68


Underwriting, Acquisition, Insurance and Other Expenses

Details underlying underwriting, acquisition, insurance and other expenses (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
    Change  
     2008     2007    

Underwriting, Acquisition, Insurance and Other Expenses

      

Commissions

   $ 44     $ 39     13 %

General and administration expenses

     42       32     31 %

Taxes, licenses and fees

     10       10     0 %
                  

Total expenses incurred

     96       81     19 %

DAC and VOBA deferrals

     (14 )     (11 )   -27 %
                  

Total expenses recognized before amortization

     82       70     17 %

DAC and VOBA amortization, net of interest

     8       8     0 %
                  

Total underwriting, acquisition, insurance and other expenses

   $ 90     $ 78     15 %
                  

DAC and VOBA deferrals

      

As a percentage of insurance premiums

     3.8 %     3.3 %  

Expenses, excluding commissions, that vary with and are related primarily to the production of new business are deferred to the extent recoverable and are amortized on either a straight-line basis or as a level percent of premium of the related contracts depending on the block of business. Commissions, which vary with and are related to paid premiums, are expensed as incurred. The level of expenses is an important driver of profitability for this segment as group insurance contracts are offered within an environment that competes on the basis of price and service.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

The increase in underwriting, acquisition, insurance and other expenses was in line with the increase in insurance premiums. Additionally, higher 401(k) expenses, elevated costs associated with investments in strategic initiatives and an increase in the allocation of expenses to this segment also contributed to the increase in general and administrative expenses. Partially offsetting the increase in expenses were higher deferrals, driven by strategic sales expenses.

 

69


RESULTS OF INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT

The Investment Management segment, through Delaware Investments, provides a broad range of managed account portfolios, mutual funds, sub-advised funds and other investment products to individual investors and to institutional investors such as private and public pension funds, foundations and endowment funds. Delaware Investments is the marketing name for Delaware Management Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Income from Operations

Details underlying the results for Investment Management (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
    Change  
     2008     2007    

Operating Revenues

      

Investment advisory fees – external

   $ 76     $ 90     -16 %

Investment advisory fees – inter-segment

     20       25     -20 %

Other revenues and fees

     24       35     -31 %
                  

Total operating revenues

     120       150     -20 %
                  

Operating Expenses

      

Underwriting, acquisition, insurance and other expenses

     101       125     -19 %
                  

Income from operations before taxes

     19       25     -24 %

Federal income taxes

     7       9     -22 %
                  

Income from operations

   $ 12     $ 16     -25 %
                  

Pre-tax operating margin (1)

     16 %     17 %  
                  

 

(1)

The pre-tax operating margin is determined by dividing pre-tax income from operations by operating revenues.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

Income from operations decreased due primarily to the following:

 

   

Lower investment advisory fees – external due to lower third-party assets under management driven by less favorable equity markets and the sale of certain fixed income business; and

 

   

Negative returns on seed capital driven by the unfavorable equity markets in the first quarter of 2008.

The decrease in income from operations was partially offset by a decrease in operating expenses resulting from:

 

   

The transfer of assets to an internal advisor within Employer Markets; and

 

   

The transfer of assets to an unaffiliated investment management company.

The foregoing items are discussed further below.

 

70


Investment Advisory Fees

Details underlying assets under management and net flows (in millions) were as follows:

 

     As of March 31,     Change  
      2008     2007    

Assets Under Management

      

Retail – equity

   $ 27,409     $ 32,362     -15 %

Retail – fixed

     11,238       9,380     20 %
                  

Total retail

     38,647       41,742     -7 %
                  

Institutional – equity

     19,512       20,943     -7 %

Institutional – fixed

     11,187       22,479     -50 %
                  

Total institutional

     30,699       43,422     -29 %
                  

Inter-segment assets – separate account

     9,191       12,982     -29 %

Inter-segment assets – general account

     67,340       67,658     0 %
                  

Total inter-segment assets

     76,531       80,640     -5 %
                  

Total assets under management

   $ 145,877     $ 165,804     -12 %
                  

Total Sub-Advised Assets, Included Above

      

Retail

   $ 14,212     $ 18,466     -23 %

Institutional

     4,071       4,645     -12 %
                  

Total sub-advised assets

   $ 18,283     $ 23,111     -21 %
                  
     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
    Change  
     2008     2007    

Net Flows – External (1)

      

Retail equity sales

   $ 1,493     $ 2,120     -30 %

Retail equity redemptions and transfers

     (2,615 )     (2,143 )   -22 %
                  

Retail equity net flows

     (1,122 )     (23 )   NM  
                  

Retail fixed income sales

     1,376       1,093     26 %

Retail fixed income redemptions and transfers

     (978 )     (652 )   -50 %
                  

Retail fixed income net flows

     398       441     -10 %
                  

Total retail sales

     2,869       3,213     -11 %

Total retail redemptions and transfers

     (3,593 )     (2,795 )   -29 %
                  

Total retail net flows

     (724 )     418     NM  
                  

Institutional equity inflows

     968       818     18 %

Institutional equity withdrawals and transfers

     (1,043 )     (2,156 )   52 %
                  

Institutional equity net flows

     (75 )     (1,338 )   94 %
                  

Institutional fixed income inflows

     168       1,502     -89 %

Institutional fixed income withdrawals and transfers

     (574 )     (437 )   -31 %
                  

Institutional fixed income net flows

     (406 )     1,065     NM  
                  

Total institutional inflows

     1,136       2,320     -51 %

Total institutional redemptions and transfers

     (1,617 )     (2,593 )   38 %
                  

Total institutional net flows

     (481 )     (273 )   -76 %
                  

Total sales/inflows

     4,005       5,533     -28 %

Total redemptions and transfers

     (5,210 )     (5,388 )   3 %
                  

Total net flows

   $ (1,205 )   $ 145     NM  
                  

 

(1)

Includes Delaware Variable Insurance Product (“VIP”) funds. Lincoln Financial Insurance subsidiaries as well as unaffiliated insurers participate in these funds.

 

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     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
    Change  
     2008     2007    

Net Flows – Inter-Segment (1)

      

Total sales/inflows (2)

     719       501     44 %

Total redemptions and transfers

     (679 )     (734 )   7 %
                  

Total net flows

   $ 40     $ (233 )   117 %
                  

 

(1)

Includes net flows from retail and institutional and excludes net flows from the general account.

(2)

Sales/inflows include contributions, dividend reinvestment and in kind transfers. The table above excludes the transfer of $780 million in assets to Other Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2007, because we do not consider these to be net flows.

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
   Change  
     2008    2007   

Average daily S&P 500 Index®

   1,349.16    1,424.78    -5 %
            

Investment advisory fees are generally a function of the rates priced into the product and our average assets under management, which is driven by net flows and equity markets. Investment advisory fees – external include amounts that are ultimately paid to sub-advisors for managing the sub-advised assets. The amounts paid to sub-advisors are generally included in the segment’s expenses.

Investment advisory fees – inter-segment consists of fees for asset management services this segment provides to Individual Markets and Employer Markets for managing general account assets supporting fixed income products and surplus and separate account assets. These inter-segment amounts are not reported on our Consolidated Statements of Income as they are eliminated along with the associated expenses incurred by Individual Markets and Employer Markets. Individual Markets and Employer Markets reports the cost as a reduction to net investment income, which is the same methodology that would be used if these services were provided by an external party.

The level of net flows may vary considerably from period to period, and therefore results in one period are not indicative of net flows in subsequent periods.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

Investment advisory fees – external decreased due primarily to lower third-party average assets under management as a result of less favorable equity market returns, a decrease in net flows and lower advisory revenues as a result of the fixed income transaction, as discussed below. Market value changes on assets under management in the first quarter of 2008 were $(3.0) billion in retail and $(2.1) billion in institutional compared to $0.8 billion in retail and $0.6 billion in institutional for the same period in 2007.

Net flows decreased due to the closing of several products and the variability of institutional sales. In addition, we believe sales slowed during the first quarter of 2008 as a result of the fixed income transaction discussed below. While we expect investment performance to remain solid in the remainder of 2008, capacity constraints in certain investment strategies and the fixed income transaction, as discussed below, may limit sales growth.

On October 31, 2007, we sold certain institutional taxable fixed income business to an unaffiliated investment management company. As a result of this transaction, assets under management decreased by $12.3 billion which resulted in a $4 million decrease to investment advisory fees – external in the first quarter of 2008.

Investment advisory fees – inter-segment decreased due to a decline in total inter-segment assets under management, primarily related to the transition of the investment advisory role for the Lincoln Variable Insurance Trust product effective May 1, 2007, to Employer Markets. In the role of investment advisor, Investment Management provided investment performance and compliance

 

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oversight on third-party investment managers in exchange for a fee. Investment Management will continue to manage certain of the assets as a sub-advisor. As a result of this change, Investment Management’s assets under management decreased by $3.2 billion, however, there was no impact to our consolidated assets under management or consolidated net income.

Other Revenues and Fees

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

Other revenues and fees decreased due primarily to a $6 million decrease in the return on seed capital due to unfavorable equity markets. Seed capital investments are important to establishing a track record for products that will later be sold to investors.

Operating Expenses

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

Operating expenses decreased due primarily to the elimination of certain expenses as a result of transferring the investment advisory role of Lincoln Variable Insurance Trust to another internal advisor, selling certain fixed income business to an unaffiliated investment management company and transitioning the investment accounting function to a third party, as discussed above. These decreases were partially offset by expenses that vary with the levels of assets and revenues.

RESULTS OF LINCOLN UK

Lincoln UK is headquartered in Barnwood, Gloucester, England, and is licensed to do business throughout the United Kingdom. Lincoln UK primarily focuses on protecting and enhancing the value of its existing customer base. The segment accepts new deposits from existing relationships and markets a limited range of new products including retirement income solutions. Lincoln UK’s product portfolio principally consists of unit-linked life and pension products, which are similar to U.S. produced variable life and annuity products, where the risk associated with the underlying investments is borne by the contract holders. The segment is sensitive to changes in the foreign currency exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the British pound sterling. A significant increase in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to the British pound would have a significant adverse effect on the segment’s operating results.

 

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Income from Operations

Details underlying the results for Lincoln UK (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
   Change  
     2008    2007   

Operating Revenues

        

Insurance premiums

   $ 19    $ 24    -21 %

Insurance fees

     46      47    -2 %

Net investment income

     21      20    5 %
                

Total operating revenues

     86      91    -5 %
                

Operating Expenses

        

Benefits

     31      36    -14 %

Underwriting, acquisition, insurance and other expenses

     38      38    0 %
                

Total operating expenses

     69      74    -7 %
                

Income from operations before taxes

     17      17    0 %

Federal income taxes

     6      6    0 %
                

Income from operations

   $ 11    $ 11    0 %
                

Exchange Rate Ratio-U.S. Dollars to Pounds Sterling

        

Average for the period

     1.987      1.964    1 %

End-of-period

     1.985      1.968    1 %

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

Income from operations remained flat as decreases in revenues were offset by decreases in expenses.

The decreases in revenues and expenses are discussed further below.

Insurance Premiums

Excluding the effect of the exchange rate, insurance premiums are primarily a function of the rates priced into the product and face amount of our insurance in force.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

Excluding the effect of the exchange rate, insurance premiums decreased 22%, primarily reflecting a $4 million decrease in the annuitization of vesting pension policies, due to variability in the rate at which pension policies vest resulting from policyholder options. The decrease in the amount of premiums received resulted in a corresponding decrease in benefits. Our annualized policy lapse rate for the first quarter of 2008 was 6.3% as compared to 6.7% for the corresponding period in 2007, as measured by the number of policies in force.

 

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Insurance Fees

Details underlying insurance fees, business in force and unit-linked assets (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
    Change  
     2008     2007    

Insurance Fees

      

Mortality assessments

   $ 9     $ 10     -10 %

Expense assessments

     30       31     -3 %

DFEL:

      

Deferrals

     (1 )     (1 )   0 %

Amortization, excluding unlocking

     7       6     17 %

Retrospective unlocking

     1       1     0 %
                  

Total insurance fees

   $ 46     $ 47     -2 %
                  
     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
    Change  
     2008     2007    

Individual life insurance in force

   $ 18,283     $ 19,307     -5 %
     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
    Change  
     2008     2007    

Unit-Linked Assets

      

Balance at beginning-of-period

   $ 8,850     $ 8,757     1 %

Deposits

     60       68     -12 %

Withdrawals and deaths

     (213 )     (240 )   11 %
                  

Net flows

     (153 )     (172 )   11 %

Investment income and change in market value

     (608 )     277     NM  

Foreign currency adjustment

     (10 )     44     NM  
                  

Balance at end-of-period

   $ 8,079     $ 8,906     -9 %
                  

The insurance fees reflect mortality and expense assessments on unit-linked account values to cover insurance and administrative charges. These assessments, excluding the effect of the exchange rate, are primarily a function of the rates priced into the product, the face amount of insurance in force and the average unit-linked assets, which is driven by net flows on the account values and the financial markets. Although the use of the reversion to the mean process has lessened the impact of short-term volatility in equity markets, the segment’s fee income remains subject to volatility in the equity markets as it affects the level of the underlying assets that drive the fee income.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

Excluding the effects of exchange rates and unlocking, insurance fees decreased 3%, due primarily to lower average unit-linked account values resulting largely from less favorable equity markets, as the average Financial Times Stock Exchange (“FTSE”) 100 index was 6% lower, and a $1 million decrease in linked-taxes deducted from unit-linked funds due to decreasing bond values.

Net Investment Income

We use our interest income to build the associated policy reserves, which is a function of our insurance premiums and the yields on our invested assets.

 

75


Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

Excluding the effects of exchange rates, net investment income remained relatively flat.

Benefits

Benefits for this segment include claims incurred during the period in excess of the associated account balance for its unit-linked products. Benefits are recognized when incurred.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

Excluding the effect of the exchange rate, benefits were 15% lower, reflecting a $3 million decrease due to lower levels of vested annuity premiums and a $1 million decrease related to lower Guaranteed Annuity Option (“GAO”) reserves. The decrease in GAO reserves is offset by lower linked-taxes on the unit-linked funds mentioned above.

Lincoln UK maintains reserves originally established in 1997 and 1999 for mis-selling activities. On an ongoing basis, Lincoln UK evaluates various assumptions underlying these estimated liabilities, including the expected levels of future complaints and the potential implications with respect to the adequacy of the aggregate liability associated with U.K. selling practice matters. Future changes in complaint levels could affect Lincoln UK’s ultimate exposure to mis-selling issues, although we believe that any future change would not materially affect our consolidated financial position.

Underwriting, Acquisition, Insurance and Other Expenses

Details underlying underwriting, acquisition, insurance and other expenses (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
    Change  
     2008     2007    

Underwriting, Acquisition, Insurance and Other Expenses

      

Commissions

   $ 1     $ 1     0 %

General and administration expenses

     27       27     0 %
                  

Total expenses incurred

     28       28     0 %

DAC and VOBA deferrals

     (1 )     (1 )   0 %
                  

Total expenses recognized before amortization

     27       27     0 %

DAC and VOBA amortization, net of interest:

      

Retrospective unlocking

     (1 )     (1 )   0 %

Other amortization, net of interest

     12       12     0 %
                  

Total underwriting, acquisition, insurance and other expenses

   $ 38     $ 38     0 %
                  

Commissions and other costs, which vary with and are related primarily to the production of new business, are deferred to the extent recoverable and for our interest-sensitive products are amortized over the lives of the contracts in relation to EGPs. For our traditional products, DAC and VOBA are amortized on either a straight-line basis or as a level percent of premium of the related contracts depending on the block of business.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

Total underwriting, acquisition, insurance and other expenses remained flat.

RESULTS OF OTHER OPERATIONS

Other Operations includes investments related to the excess capital in our insurance subsidiaries, investments in media properties and other corporate investments, benefit plan net assets, the unamortized deferred gain on indemnity reinsurance, which was sold to Swiss Re in 2001, corporate debt and corporate reinsurance. We are actively managing our remaining radio station clusters to maximize performance and future value. Other Operations also includes the Institutional Pension business which was

 

76


previously reported in Employer Markets – Retirement Products. The Institutional Pension business is a closed-block of pension business, the majority of which was sold on a group annuity basis, and is currently in run-off.

Loss from Operations

Details underlying the results for Other Operations (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
    Change  
     2008     2007    

Operating Revenues

      

Insurance premiums

   $ 1     $ 3     -67 %

Net investment income

     99       86     15 %

Amortization of deferred gain on indemnity reinsurance

     18       19     -5 %

Media revenues (net)

     22       25     -12 %

Other revenues and fees

     (2 )     —       NM  

Inter-segment elimination of investment advisory fees

     (20 )     (25 )   20 %
                  

Total operating revenues

     118       108     9 %
                  

Operating Expenses

      

Interest credited

     45       44     2 %

Benefits

     28       36     -22 %

Media expenses

     16       15     7 %

Other expenses

     36       25     44 %

Interest and debt expenses

     76       61     25 %

Inter-segment elimination of investment advisory fees

     (20 )     (25 )   20 %
                  

Total operating expenses

     181       156     16 %
                  

Loss from operations before taxes

     (63 )     (48 )   -31 %

Federal income taxes

     (21 )     (19 )   -11 %
                  

Loss from operations

   $ (42 )   $ (29 )   -45 %
                  

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

Loss from operations for this segment increased due primarily to the following:

 

   

Higher interest and debt expenses from increased debt;

 

   

Higher other expenses primarily attributable to relocation costs associated with the move of our corporate office and increased facilities costs;

 

   

Lower effective tax rate as increased losses did not have a proportionate increase in permanent differences between GAAP and income tax basis adjustments; and

 

   

Lower media earnings related to softening market conditions.

The increase in loss from operations was partially offset by the following:

 

   

Higher net investment income from an increase in invested assets driven by distributable earnings received from our insurance segments, dividends received from our other segments and issuances of debt as these items exceeded share repurchases and dividends paid to stockholders; and

 

   

Favorable mortality in our Institutional Pension business.

The foregoing items are discussed further below.

 

77


Net Investment Income and Interest Credited

We utilize an internal formula to determine the amount of capital that is allocated to our business segments. Investment income on capital in excess of the calculated amounts is reported in Other Operations. If regulations require increases in our insurance segments’ statutory reserves and surplus, the amount of capital allocated to Other Operations would decrease and net investment income would be negatively impacted. In addition, as discussed below in “Review of Consolidated Financial Condition –

Alternative Sources of Liquidity,” the holding company maintains an inter-segment cash management account where other segments can borrow from or lend money to the holding company. The inter-segment cash management account impacts net investment income for Other Operations as all inter-segment eliminations are reported within Other Operations.

The majority of our interest credited relates to our reinsurance operations sold to Swiss Re in 2001. A substantial amount of the business was sold through indemnity reinsurance transactions resulting in some of the business still flowing through our consolidated financial statements. The interest credited corresponds to investment income earnings on the assets we continue to hold for this business. There is no impact to income or loss in Other Operations or on a consolidated basis for these amounts.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

The increase in net investment income was driven by an increase in invested assets driven by distributable earnings received from our insurance segments, dividends received from our other segments and issuances of debt. These items exceeded the amount of share repurchases and dividends paid to stockholders. Also, a decrease in our inter-segment cash management account favorably impacted net investment income.

In the first quarter of 2008, we had write-downs for other-than-temporary impairments, which decreased the recorded value of our invested assets. These write-downs are not included in the income from operations of our operating segments. When impairment occurs, assets are transferred to the operating segments’ portfolios and will reduce the future net investment income for Other Operations, but should not have an impact on a consolidated basis unless the impairments are related to defaulted securities.

Benefits

Benefits are recognized when incurred for Institutional Pension products.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

The decrease in benefits was a result of favorable mortality in our Institutional Pension business.

Other Expenses

Details underlying other expenses (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
   Change  
     2008    2007   

Other Expenses

        

Merger-related expenses

   $ 15    $ 14    7 %

Branding

     7      7    0 %

Retirement Income Security Ventures

     2      1    100 %

Taxes, licenses and fees

     2      3    -33 %

Other

     10      —      NM  
                

Total other expenses

   $ 36    $ 25    44 %
                

Other expenses for Other Operations include expenses that are corporate in nature such as merger-related expenses, restructuring costs, branding, charitable contributions, certain litigation reserves, amortization of Federal Communications Commission license intangibles on our radio clusters, other expenses not allocated to our business segments and inter-segment expense eliminations, excluding those associated with our inter-segment investment advisory fees.

 

78


Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

The amount labeled as “Other” in the table above relates primarily to costs associated with the relocation of our corporate offices and facilities expense on held-for-use properties.

Merger-related expenses are the result of actions undertaken by us to eliminate duplicate operations and functions as a result of the Jefferson-Pilot merger along with costs related to the implementation of our new unified product portfolio and other initiatives. These actions will be ongoing and are expected to be substantially complete by the first half of 2009. Our current estimate of integration expenses is approximately $205 million to $215 million, pre-tax and excludes amounts capitalized or recorded to goodwill.

Interest and Debt Expense

The timing and/or discretionary nature of uses of cash for the repurchase of stock, incentive compensation and the availability of funds from our cash management account may result in changes in external financing and volatility in interest expense. For additional information on our financing activities, see “Review of Consolidated Financial Condition – Liquidity and Capital Resources – Sources of Liquidity and Cash Flow – Financing Activities” below.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

The increase in interest and debt expense was due primarily to the increase in our debt, including $750 million issued late in the first quarter of 2007 to pay down short-term debt that was used to refinance several high coupon securities that we called late in 2006 and early 2007 and for the repurchase of stock. We also issued $375 million to fund a captive reinsurance company. This new subsidiary was created for the purpose of reinsuring the policy liabilities of our existing insurance affiliates, primarily related to statutory reserves on UL products with secondary guarantees. These reserves are calculated under prevailing statutory reserving requirements as promulgated under AG38. The transaction released approximately $300 million of capital previously supporting our UL products with secondary guarantees. We intend to use the released capital for general corporate purposes, including for share repurchase and supporting future business growth.

Federal Income Tax Benefit

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008 to 2007

The effective federal income tax rate decreased to 33% from 40%, as increased losses did not have a proportionate increase in permanent differences between GAAP and income tax basis adjustments.

 

79


CONSOLIDATED INVESTMENTS

Details underlying our consolidated investment balances (in millions) were as follows:

 

     As of
March 31,
2008
   As of
December 31,
2007
   Percentage of
Total Investments
 
           As of
March 31,
2008
    As of
December 31,
2007
 

Investments

          

Available-for-sale securities:

          

Fixed maturity

   $ 55,624    $ 56,276    77.7 %   78.2 %

Equity

     474      518    0.7 %   0.7 %

Trading securities

     2,714      2,730    3.8 %   3.8 %

Mortgage loans on real estate

     7,532      7,423    10.5 %   10.3 %

Real estate

     175      258    0.2 %   0.4 %

Policy loans

     2,804      2,835    4.0 %   4.0 %

Derivative instruments

     1,091      807    1.5 %   1.1 %

Alternative investments

     789      799    1.1 %   1.1 %

Other investments

     352      276    0.5 %   0.4 %
                          

Total investments

   $ 71,555    $ 71,922    100.0 %   100.0 %
                          

Investment Objective

Invested assets are an integral part of our operations. We follow a balanced approach to investing for both current income and prudent risk management, with an emphasis on generating sufficient current income, net of income tax, to meet our obligations to customers, as well as other general liabilities. This balanced approach requires the evaluation of expected return and risk of each asset class utilized, while still meeting our income objectives. This approach is important to our asset-liability management, since decisions can be made based upon both the economic and current investment income considerations affecting assets and liabilities. For a discussion on our risk management process, see “Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”

Investment Portfolio Composition and Diversification

Fundamental to our investment policy is diversification across asset classes. Our investment portfolio, excluding cash and invested cash, is composed of fixed maturity securities, mortgage loans on real estate, real estate (either wholly-owned or in joint ventures) and other long-term investments. We purchase investments for our segmented portfolios that have yield, duration and other characteristics that take into account the liabilities of the products being supported.

We have the ability to maintain our investment holdings throughout credit cycles because of our capital position, the long-term nature of our liabilities and the matching of our portfolios of investment assets with the liabilities of our various products.

Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities Portfolios

Fixed maturity securities and equity securities consist of portfolios classified as available-for-sale and trading. Mortgage-backed and private securities are included in both available-for-sale and trading portfolios.

Details underlying our fixed maturity and equity securities portfolios by industry classification (in millions) are presented in the below tables. These tables agree in total with the presentation of available-for-sale securities in Note 4; however, the categories below represent a more detailed breakout of the available-for-sale portfolio; therefore, the investment classifications listed below do not agree to the investment categories provided in Note 4.

 

80


     As of March 31, 2008  
     Amortized
Cost
   Unrealized
Gains
   Unrealized
Losses
   Fair
Value
   % Fair
Value
 

Available-For-Sale - Fixed Maturity

              

Corporate bonds:

              

Financial services

   $ 11,094    $ 194    $ 573    $ 10,715    19.4 %

Basic industry

     2,148      58      67      2,139    3.8 %

Capital goods

     2,685      80      40      2,725    4.9 %

Communications

     2,865      85      100      2,850    5.1 %

Consumer cyclical

     3,048      59      130      2,977    5.4 %

Consumer non-cyclical

     4,010      122      44      4,088    7.3 %

Energy

     2,679      143      25      2,797    5.0 %

Technology

     656      18      6      668    1.1 %

Transportation

     1,351      49      44      1,356    2.4 %

Industrial other

     712      24      8      728    1.3 %

Utilities

     8,262      254      114      8,402    15.2 %

Asset-backed securities:

              

Collateralized debt obligations and credit-linked notes

     1,050      10      441      619    1.1 %

Commercial real estate collateralized debt obligations

     62      —        9      53    0.1 %

Credit card

     160      —        14      146    0.3 %

Home equity

     1,195      5      177      1,023    1.8 %

Manufactured housing

     158      7      5      160    0.3 %

Auto loan

     3      —        —        3    0.0 %

Other

     228      8      7      229    0.4 %

Commercial mortgage-backed securities:

              

Non-agency backed

     2,637      30      181      2,486    4.5 %

Collateralized mortgage obligations:

              

Agency backed

     4,686      126      28      4,784    8.6 %

Non-agency backed

     2,328      4      301      2,031    3.7 %

Mortgage pass-throughs:

              

Agency backed

     1,120      28      2      1,146    2.1 %

Non-agency backed

     151      —        19      132    0.2 %

Municipals:

              

Taxable

     131      6      —        137    0.2 %

Tax-exempt

     6      —        —        6    0.0 %

Government and government agencies:

              

United States

     1,255      137      2      1,390    2.5 %

Foreign

     1,667      101      31      1,737    3.1 %

Redeemable preferred stock

     102      2      7      97    0.2 %
                                  

Total available-for-sale - fixed maturity

     56,449      1,550      2,375      55,624    100.0 %
                  

Available-For-Sale - Equity

     556      7      89      474   
                              

Total available-for-sale securities

     57,005      1,557      2,464      56,098   

Trading Securities (1)

     2,506      288      80      2,714   
                              

Total available-for-sale and trading securities

   $ 59,511    $ 1,845    $ 2,544    $ 58,812   
                              

 

81


     As of December 31, 2007  
     Amortized
Cost
   Unrealized
Gains
   Unrealized
Losses
   Fair
Value
   % Fair
Value
 

Available-For-Sale - Fixed Maturity

              

Corporate bonds:

              

Financial services

   $ 11,234    $ 187    $ 300    $ 11,121    19.8 %

Basic industry

     2,148      52      35      2,165    3.8 %

Capital goods

     2,665      66      16      2,715    4.8 %

Communications

     2,903      123      46      2,980    5.3 %

Consumer cyclical

     3,038      56      94      3,000    5.3 %

Consumer non-cyclical

     3,898      101      25      3,974    7.1 %

Energy

     2,688      121      14      2,795    5.0 %

Technology

     660      15      5      670    1.2 %

Transportation

     1,409      39      19      1,429    2.5 %

Industrial other

     710      22      6      726    1.3 %

Utilities

     8,051      195      77      8,169    14.5 %

Asset-backed securities:

              

Collateralized debt obligations and credit-linked notes

     996      8      205      799    1.4 %

Commercial real estate collateralized debt obligations

     42      —        4      38    0.1 %

Mortgage-backed securities collateralized debt obligations

     1      —        —        1    0.0 %

Credit card

     160      1      2      159    0.3 %

Home equity

     1,209      4      76      1,137    2.0 %

Manufactured housing

     161      7      5      163    0.3 %

Auto loan

     4      —        —        4    0.0 %

Other

     235      4      1      238    0.4 %

Commercial mortgage-backed securities:

              

Non-agency backed

     2,711      48      70      2,689    4.8 %

Collateralized mortgage obligations:

              

Agency backed

     4,547      74      19      4,602    8.2 %

Non-agency backed

     2,347      10      110      2,247    4.0 %

Mortgage pass-throughs:

              

Agency backed

     933      18      2      949    1.7 %

Non-agency backed

     153      1      4      150    0.3 %

Municipals:

              

Taxable

     133      5      —        138    0.2 %

Tax-exempt

     6      —        —        6    0.0 %

Government and government agencies:

              

United States

     1,261      108      4      1,365    2.4 %

Foreign

     1,663      92      19      1,736    3.1 %

Redeemable preferred stock

     103      9      1      111    0.2 %
                                  

Total available-for-sale - fixed maturity

     56,069      1,366      1,159      56,276    100.0 %
                  

Available-For-Sale - Equity

     548      13      43      518   
                              

Total available-for-sale securities

     56,617      1,379      1,202      56,794   

Trading Securities (1)

     2,512      265      47      2,730   
                              

Total available-for-sale and trading securities

   $ 59,129    $ 1,644    $ 1,249    $ 59,524   
                              

 

(1)

Our trading securities support our modified coinsurance arrangements (“Modco”) and the investment results are passed directly to the reinsurers. Refer below to “Trading Securities” section for further details.

 

82


The change in gross unrealized losses on our available-for-sale fixed maturity securities from December 31, 2007, to March 31, 2008, was $1.2 billion. This increase was concentrated primarily in our residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities and investments in corporate bonds in the financial and industrial sectors. The increase in unrealized losses in these asset classes was attributable to a combination of reduced liquidity in several market segments and deterioration in credit fundamentals. In addition, the increase in our gross unrealized losses was attributable to securities with various rating categories, with 19% of the securities with a AAA rating, 29% with a AA rating, 22% with an A rating, 20% with a BBB rating and 10% with a rating of BB or below.

Available-for-Sale Securities

Because the general intent of the available-for-sale accounting rules is to reflect stockholders’ equity as if unrealized gains and losses were actually recognized, it is necessary that we consider all related accounting adjustments that would occur upon such a hypothetical recognition of unrealized gains and losses. Such related balance sheet effects include adjustments to the balances of DAC, VOBA, DFEL, other contract holder funds and deferred income taxes. Adjustments to each of these balances are charged or credited to accumulated other comprehensive income. For instance, DAC is adjusted upon the recognition of unrealized gains or losses since the amortization of DAC is based upon an assumed emergence of gross profits on certain insurance business. In a similar manner, adjustments to the balance of other contract holder funds are made because we either have a contractual obligation or have a consistent historical practice of making allocations of investment gains or losses to certain contract holders. Deferred income tax balances are also adjusted, since unrealized gains or losses do not affect actual taxes currently paid.

The quality of our available-for-sale fixed maturity securities portfolio, as measured at estimated fair value and by the percentage of fixed maturity securities invested in various ratings categories, relative to the entire available-for-sale fixed maturity security portfolio (in millions) was as follows:

 

    

Rating Agency Equivalent Designation

   As of March 31, 2008     As of December 31, 2007  

NAIC Designation

      Amortized
Cost
    Fair
Value
    % of
Total
    Amortized
Cost
    Fair
Value
    % of
Total
 

Investment Grade Securities

            
1    Aaa / Aa / A    $ 34,625     $ 34,029     61.2 %   $ 34,648     $ 34,741     61.8 %
2    Baa      18,526       18,477     33.2 %     18,168       18,339     32.6 %
                                               
        53,151       52,506     94.4 %     52,816       53,080     94.4 %

Below Investment Grade Securities

 

3    Ba      2,162       2,114     3.9 %     2,184       2,159     3.8 %
4    B      809       746     1.3 %     787       783     1.4 %
5    Caa and lower      316       244     0.4 %     270       238     0.4 %
6    In or near default      11       14     0.0 %     12       16     0.0 %
                                               
        3,298       3,118     5.6 %     3,253       3,196     5.6 %
                                               

Total securities

   $ 56,449     $ 55,624     100.0 %   $ 56,069     $ 56,276     100.0 %
                                               

Securities below investment grade as a % of total available-for-sale fixed maturity securities

     5.8 %     5.6 %       5.8 %     5.7 %  

Comparisons between the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) ratings and rating agency designations are published by the NAIC. The NAIC assigns securities quality ratings and uniform valuations, which are used by insurers when preparing their annual statements. The NAIC ratings are similar to the rating agency designations of the Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations for marketable bonds. NAIC ratings 1 and 2 include bonds generally considered investment grade (rated Baa3 or higher by Moody’s, or rated BBB- or higher by S&P and Fitch), by such ratings organizations. NAIC ratings 3 through 6 include bonds generally considered below investment grade (rated Ba1 or lower by Moody’s, or rated BB+ or lower by S&P and Fitch).

The estimated fair value for all private securities was $7.7 billion as of March 31, 2008, compared to $7.8 billion as of December 31, 2007, representing approximately 11% of total invested assets as of March 31, 2008, and December 31, 2007.

As of March 31, 2008, and December 31, 2007, the carrying amount of fixed maturity securities, mortgage loans on real estate and real estate that were non-income producing was $19 million and $21 million, respectively.

 

83


Trading Securities

Trading securities, which support certain reinsurance funds withheld and our Modco reinsurance agreements, are carried at estimated fair value and changes in estimated fair value are recorded in net income as they occur. Investment results for these portfolios, including gains and losses from sales, are passed directly to the reinsurers through the contractual terms of the reinsurance arrangements. Offsetting these amounts are corresponding changes in the fair value of the embedded derivative liability associated with the underlying reinsurance arrangement. See Note 1 in our 2007 Form 10-K for more information regarding our accounting for Modco.

Mortgage-Backed Securities

Our fixed maturity securities include mortgage-backed securities. These securities are subject to risks associated with variable prepayments. This may result in differences between the actual cash flow and maturity of these securities than that expected at the time of purchase. Securities that have an amortized cost greater than par and are backed by mortgages that prepay faster than expected will incur a reduction in yield or a loss. Those securities with an amortized cost lower than par that prepay faster than expected will generate an increase in yield or a gain. In addition, we may incur reinvestment risks if market yields are lower than the book yields earned on the securities. Prepayments occurring slower than expected have the opposite impact. We may incur reinvestment risks if market yields are higher than the book yields earned on the securities and we are forced to sell the securities. The degree to which a security is susceptible to either gains or losses is influenced by: the difference between its amortized cost and par; the relative sensitivity of the underlying mortgages backing the assets to prepayment in a changing interest rate environment; and the repayment priority of the securities in the overall securitization structure.

We limit the extent of our risk on mortgage-backed securities by prudently limiting exposure to the asset class, by generally avoiding the purchase of securities with a cost that significantly exceeds par, by purchasing securities backed by stable collateral and by concentrating on securities with enhanced priority in their trust structure. Such securities with reduced risk typically have a lower yield (but higher liquidity) than higher-risk mortgage-backed securities. At selected times, higher-risk securities may be purchased if they do not compromise the safety of the general portfolio. As of March 31, 2008, we did not have a significant amount of higher-risk mortgage-backed securities. A significant amount of assets in our mortgage-backed securities portfolio are either guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises or are supported in the securitization structure by junior securities enabling the assets to achieve high investment grade status.

Our exposure to subprime mortgage lending is limited to investments in banks and other financial institutions that may be impacted by subprime lending and direct investments in asset-backed securities collateralized debt obligations, asset-backed securities (“ABS”) and residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”). Mortgage-related ABS are backed by home equity loans and RMBS are backed by residential mortgages. These securities are backed by loans that are characterized by borrowers of differing levels of creditworthiness: prime, Alt-A and subprime. Prime lending is the origination of residential mortgage loans to customers with excellent credit profiles. Alt-A lending is the origination of residential mortgage loans to customers who have Prime credit profiles but lack documentation to substantiate income. Subprime lending is the origination of loans to customers with weak or impaired credit profiles.

The slowing U.S. housing market, increased interest rates and relaxed underwriting standards for some originators of residential mortgage loans and home equity loans have recently led to higher delinquency rates, especially for loans originated in the past few years. We expect delinquency rates and loss rates on residential mortgages and home equity loans to increase in the future; however, we continue to expect to receive payments in accordance with contractual terms for a significant amount of our securities, largely due to the seniority of the claims on the collateral of the securities that we own. The tranches of the securities will experience losses according to their seniority level with the least senior (or most junior), typically the unrated residual tranche, taking the initial loss. The credit ratings of our securities reflect the seniority of the securities that we own. Our RMBS had a market value of $9.3 billion and an unrealized loss of $377 million, or 4%, as of March 31, 2008. The unrealized loss was primarily due to a lack of investor interest in RMBS causing a general level of illiquidity in the market and resulting in price declines in many structured products.

 

84


The market value of investments backed by subprime loans was $669 million and represented 1% of our total investment portfolio as of March 31, 2008. Investments rated A or above represented 96% of the subprime investments and $321 million in market value of our subprime investments was backed by loans originating in 2005 and forward. Available-for-sale securities represent most of the subprime exposure with trading securities being only $18 million, or 2.7%, as of March 31, 2008. The tables below summarize our investments in available-for-sale securities backed by pools of residential mortgages (in millions):

 

     Fair Value as of March 31, 2008
     Prime
Agency
   Prime/
Non -
Agency
   Alt-A    Subprime    Total

Type

              

Collateralized mortgage obligations and pass throughs

   $ 5,849    $ 1,389    $ 855    $ —      $ 8,093

Asset-backed securities home equity

     —        —        372      651      1,023
                                  

Total (1)

   $ 5,849    $ 1,389    $ 1,227    $ 651    $ 9,116
                                  

Rating

              

AAA

   $ 5,808    $ 1,104    $ 1,000    $ 505    $ 8,417

AA

     20      248      168      42      478

A

     21      16      40      78      155

BBB

     —        7      4      24      35

BB and below

     —        14      15      2      31
                                  

Total (1)

   $ 5,849    $ 1,389    $ 1,227    $ 651    $ 9,116
                                  

Origination Year

              

2004 and prior

   $ 3,248    $ 415    $ 392    $ 330    $ 4,385

2005

     808      257      295      222      1,582

2006

     309      245      440      99      1,093

2007

     1,484      472      100      —        2,056
                                  

Total (1)

   $ 5,849    $ 1,389    $ 1,227    $ 651    $ 9,116
                                  

 

(1)

Does not include the fair value of trading securities totaling $217 million which support our Modco reinsurance agreements since investment results for these agreements are passed directly to the reinsurers. The $217 million in trading securities consisted of $161 million prime, $38 million Alt-A and $18 million subprime.

 

85


     Amortized Cost as of March 31, 2008
     Prime
Agency
   Prime/
Non -
Agency
   Alt-A    Subprime    Total

Type

              

Collateralized mortgage obligations and pass throughs

   $ 5,714    $ 1,576    $ 995    $ —      $ 8,285

Asset-backed securities home equity

     —        —        416      779      1,195
                                  

Total (1)

   $ 5,714    $ 1,576    $ 1,411    $ 779    $ 9,480
                                  

Rating

              

AAA

   $ 5,674    $ 1,200    $ 1,094    $ 578    $ 8,546

AA

     20      326      228      55      629

A

     20      22      61      107      210

BBB

     —        14      5      34      53

BB and below

     —        14      23      5      42
                                  

Total (1)

   $ 5,714    $ 1,576    $ 1,411    $ 779    $ 9,480
                                  

Origination Year

              

2004 and prior

   $ 3,168    $ 448    $ 419    $ 370    $ 4,405

2005

     806      286      337      257      1,686

2006

     304      298      510      152      1,264

2007

     1,436      544      145      —        2,125
                                  

Total (1)

   $ 5,714    $ 1,576    $ 1,411    $ 779    $ 9,480
                                  

 

(1)

Does not include the amortized cost of trading securities totaling $231 million which support our Modco reinsurance agreements since investment results for these agreements are passed directly to the reinsurers. The $231 million in trading securities consisted of $167 million prime, $44 million Alt-A and $20 million subprime.

None of these investments include any direct investments in subprime lenders or mortgages. We are not aware of material exposure to subprime loans in our alternative asset portfolio.

The following summarizes our investments in available-for-sale securities backed by pools of consumer loan asset-backed securities (in millions):

 

     As of March 31, 2008
     Credit Card (1)    Auto Loans    Total
     Fair
Value
   Amortized
Cost
   Fair
Value
   Amortized
Cost
   Fair
Value
   Amortized
Cost

Rating

                 

AAA

   $ 115    $ 127    $ 3    $ 3    $ 118    $ 130

BBB

     31      33      —        —        31      33
                                         

Total (2)

   $ 146    $ 160    $ 3    $ 3    $ 149    $ 163
                                         

 

(1)

Additional indirect credit card exposure through structured securities is excluded from this table. See “Credit-Linked Notes” section below and in Note 4.

(2)

Does not include the fair value of trading securities totaling $5 million which support our Modco reinsurance agreements since investment results for these agreements are passed directly to the reinsurers. The $5 million in trading securities consisted of credit card securities.

 

86


The following summarizes our investments in available-for-sale securities backed by pools of commercial mortgages (in millions):

 

     As of March 31, 2008
     Multiple Property    Single Property    Commercial Real
Estate Collateralized
Debt Obligations
   Total
     Fair
Value
   Amortized
Cost
   Fair
Value
   Amortized
Cost
   Fair
Value
   Amortized
Cost
   Fair
Value
   Amortized
Cost

Type

                       

Commercial mortgage- backed securities

   $ 2,348    $ 2,469    $ 138    $ 168    $ —      $ —      $ 2,486    $ 2,637

Commercial real estate collateralized debt obligations

     —        —        —        —        53      62      53      62
                                                       

Total (1)

   $ 2,348    $ 2,469    $ 138    $ 168    $ 53    $ 62    $ 2,539    $ 2,699
                                                       

Rating

                       

AAA

   $ 1,699    $ 1,730    $ 76    $ 78    $ 31    $ 39    $ 1,806    $ 1,847

AA

     392      432      11      17      3      3      406      452

A

     153      188      49      67      19      20      221      275

BBB

     82      98      2      6      —        —        84      104

BB and below

     22      21      —        —        —        —        22      21
                                                       

Total (1)

   $ 2,348    $ 2,469    $ 138    $ 168    $ 53    $ 62    $ 2,539    $ 2,699
                                                       

Origination Year

                       

2004 and prior

   $ 1,718    $ 1,750    $ 81    $ 82    $ 23    $ 24    $ 1,822    $ 1,856

2005

     337      370      42      61      10      15      389      446

2006

     182      219      15      25      20      23      217      267

2007

     111      130      —        —        —        —        111      130
                                                       

Total (1)

   $ 2,348    $ 2,469    $ 138    $ 168    $ 53    $ 62    $ 2,539    $ 2,699
                                                       

 

(1)

Does not include the fair value of trading securities totaling $104 million which support our Modco reinsurance agreements since investment results for these agreements are passed directly to the reinsurers. The $104 million in trading securities consisted of $101 million commercial mortgage-backed securities and $3 million commercial real estate collateralized debt obligations.

Monoline insurers provide guarantees on debt for issuers, often in the form of credit wraps, which enhance the credit of the issuer. Monoline insurers guarantee the timely repayment of bond principal and interest when a bond issuer defaults and generally provide credit enhancement for bonds issues such as municipal bonds and private placements as well as other types and structures of securities. Our direct exposure represents our bond holdings of the actual Monoline insurers. Our insured bonds represent our holdings in bonds of other issuers that are insured by Monoline insurers.

 

87


The following summarizes our exposure to Monoline insurers (in millions):

 

     As of March 31, 2008
     Direct
Exposure
   Insured
Bonds (1)
   Total
Amortized
Cost
   Total
Unrealized
Gain
   Total
Unrealized
Loss
   Total
Fair
Value

Monoline Name

                 

AMBAC

   $ —      $ 110    $ 110    $ 3    $ 4    $ 109

CAPMAC

     —        4      4      —        —        4

FGIC

     6      55      61      1      5      57

FSA

     —        41      41      2      —        43

MBIA

     12      77      89      4      4      89

MGIC

     11      8      19      —        2      17

PMI GROUP INC

     27      —        27      —        6      21

RADIAN GROUP INC

     19      —        19      —        7      12

SECURITY CAPITAL ASSURANCE LTD

     2      —        2      —        —        2

XL CAPITAL LTD

     72      65      137      2      11      128
                                         

Total (2)

   $ 149    $ 360    $ 509    $ 12    $ 39    $ 482
                                         

 

(1)

Additional indirect insured exposure through structured securities is excluded from this table. See “Credit-Linked Notes” in Note 4.

(2)

Does not include the fair value of trading securities totaling $33 million which support our Modco reinsurance agreements since investment results for these agreements are passed directly to the reinsurers. The $33 million in trading securities consisted of $11 million of direct exposure and $22 million of insured exposure. This table also excludes insured exposure totaling $15 million for a guaranteed investment tax credit partnership.

 

88


Mortgage Loans on Real Estate

The following summarizes key information on mortgage loans (in millions):

 

     As of March 31, 2008  
     Amount    %  

Property Type

     

Apartment

   $ 751    10 %

Retail

     1,825    24 %

Office Building

     2,543    34 %

Industrial

     1,928    26 %

Hotel/Motel

     332    4 %

Mixed Use

     43    1 %

Other Commercial

     110    1 %
             
   $ 7,532    100 %
             

Geographic Region

     

New England

   $ 187    2 %

Middle Atlantic

     522    7 %

East North Central

     838    11 %

West North Central

     437    6 %

South Atlantic

     1,756    24 %

East South Central

     400    5 %

West South Central

     666    9 %

Mountain

     744    10 %

Pacific

     1,982    26 %
             
   $ 7,532    100 %
             
     As of March 31, 2008  
     Amount    %  

State Exposure

     

CA

   $ 1,539    20 %

TX

     615    8 %

MD

     429    6 %

VA

     345    5 %

FL

     330    4 %

AZ

     325    4 %

WA

     301    4 %

IL

     294    4 %

NC

     288    4 %

TN

     281    4 %

PA

     272    4 %

GA

     247    3 %

OH

     225    3 %

NV

     212    3 %

IN

     192    3 %

NJ

     149    2 %

MN

     140    2 %

MA

     127    2 %

MO

     111    1 %

Other states under 1%

     1,110    14 %
             
   $ 7,532    100 %
             

 

All mortgage loans that are impaired have an established allowance for credit loss. Changing economic conditions impact our valuation of mortgage loans. Changing vacancies and rents are incorporated into the discounted cash flow analysis that we perform for monitored loans and may contribute to the establishment of (or an increase or decrease in) an allowance for credit losses. In addition, we continue to monitor the entire commercial mortgage loan portfolio to identify risk. Areas of emphasis are properties that have deteriorating credits or have experienced debt coverage reduction. Where warranted, we have established or increased loss reserves based upon this analysis. There were no impaired mortgage loans as of March 31, 2008, and December 31, 2007. As of March 31, 2008, there were no commercial mortgage loans that were two or more payments delinquent. As of December 31, 2007, we had one commercial mortgage loan that was two or more payments delinquent. The total principal and interest due on these loans as of December 31, 2007, was less than $1 million. See Note 4 for additional detail regarding impaired mortgage loans. See Note 1 in our 2007 Form 10-K for more information regarding our accounting policy relating to the impairment of mortgage loans.

 

89


Alternative Investments

The carrying value of our consolidated alternative investments by business segment (in millions), which consists primarily of investments in limited partnerships, were as follows:

 

     As of
March 31,
2008
   As of
December 31,
2007

Individual Markets:

     

Annuities

   $ 82    $ 108

Life Insurance

     536      528

Employer Markets:

     

Retirement Products

     120      130

Other Operations

     51      33
             

Total alternative investments

   $ 789    $ 799
             

Income derived from our consolidated alternative investments by business segment (in millions) was as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
   Change  
     2008     2007   

Individual Markets:

       

Annuities

   $ (1 )   $ 4    -125 %

Life Insurance

     (1 )     10    -110 %

Employer Markets:

       

Retirement Products

     (2 )     5    -140 %

Other Operations

     (1 )     1    -200 %
                 

Total alternative investments (1)

   $ (5 )   $ 20    -125 %
                 

 

(1)

Includes net investment income on the required statutory surplus invested within alternative investments.

The decline in our alternative investment income presented in the table above was due primarily to the general deterioration of the financial markets during the first quarter of 2008 and the weakness was spread across the various categories of investments within our alternative investment portfolio.

As of March 31, 2008, and December 31, 2007, alternative investments include investments in approximately 104 and 102 different partnerships, respectively, that allow us to gain exposure to a broadly diversified portfolio of asset classes such as venture capital, hedge funds, oil and gas and real estate. The partnerships do not represent off-balance sheet financing and generally involve several third-party partners. Select partnerships contain capital calls, which require us to contribute capital upon notification by the general partner. These capital calls are contemplated during the initial investment decision and are planned for well in advance of the call date. The capital calls are not material in size and are not material to our liquidity. Alternative investments are accounted for using the equity method of accounting and are included in other investments on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

 

90


Net Investment Income

Details underlying net investment income (in millions) and our investment yield were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
    Change  
     2008     2007    

Net Investment Income

      

Available-for-sale fixed maturity securities

   $ 858     $ 829     3 %

Available-for-sale equity securities

     9       9     0 %

Trading securities

     42       45     -7 %

Mortgage loans on real estate

     116       131     -11 %

Real estate

     7       11     -36 %

Standby real estate equity commitments

     1       4     -75 %

Policy loans

     45       43     5 %

Invested cash

     19       18     6 %

Change in call option market value (1)

     (97 )     1     NM  

Commercial mortgage loan prepayment and bond makewhole premiums (2)

     7       15     -53 %

Alternative investments (3)

     (5 )     20     NM  

Consent fees

     —         7     -100 %

Other investments

     1       2     -50 %
                  

Investment income

     1,003       1,135     -12 %

Investment expense

     (35 )     (45 )   22 %
                  

Net investment income

   $ 968     $ 1,090     -11 %
                  

 

(1)

The change in the call option market value in net investment income largely offsets the change in interest credited caused by fluctuations in the value of our indexed annuity contract liabilities.

(2)

See “Commercial Mortgage Loan Prepayment and Bond Makewhole Premiums” below for additional information.

(3)

See “Alternative Investments” above for additional information.

 

     For the Three
Month Ended
March 31,
    Basis
Point

Change
 
     2008     2007    

Interest Rate Yield

      

Fixed maturity securities, mortgage loans on real estate and other, net of investment expenses

   5.99 %   5.97 %   2  

Change in call option market value

   -0.55 %   0.01 %   (56 )

Commercial mortgage loan prepayment and bond makewhole premiums

   0.04 %   0.09 %   (5 )

Alternative investments

   -0.03 %   0.11 %   (14 )

Consent fees

   0.00 %   0.04 %   (4 )

Standby real estate equity commitments

   0.01 %   0.02 %   (1 )
              

Net investment income yield on invested assets

   5.46 %   6.24 %   (78 )
              

 

91


     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
   Change  
     2008    2007   

Average invested assets at amortized cost

   $ 70,941    $ 69,906    1 %

We earn investment income on our general account assets supporting fixed annuity, term life, whole life, UL and interest-sensitive whole life insurance products. The profitability of our fixed annuity and life insurance products is affected by our ability to achieve target spreads, or margins, between the interest income earned on the general account assets and the interest credited to the contract holder on our average fixed account values, including the fixed portion of variable. Net investment income and the interest rate yield table each include changes in the fair value of call options, commercial mortgage loan prepayments and bond makewhole premiums, alternative investments and contingent interest and standby real estate equity commitments. These items can vary significantly from period to period due to a number of factors and therefore can provide results that are not indicative of the underlying trends.

The growth in net investment income on fixed maturity securities when comparing the first quarter of 2008 to the same period in 2007 was attributable to positive net flows and continued growth in our business from sales and favorable persistency.

Commercial Mortgage Loan Prepayment and Bond Makewhole Premiums

Prepayment and makewhole premiums are collected when borrowers elect to call or prepay their debt prior to the stated maturity. A prepayment or makewhole premium allows investors to attain the same yield as if the borrower made all scheduled interest payments until maturity. These premiums are designed to make investors indifferent to prepayment.

The decline in prepayment and makewhole premiums when comparing the three months ended March 31, 2008, to 2007 was attributable primarily to the general tightening of credit conditions in the market resulting in less refinancing activity and less prepayment income.

Realized Gains and Losses

The detail of the realized gain (loss) (in millions) was as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
 
     2008     2007  

Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale:

    

Gross gains

   $ 9     $ 55  

Gross losses

     (100 )     (7 )

Equity securities available-for-sale:

    

Gross gains

     3       2  

Gain (loss) on other investments

     25       (4 )

Associated amortization of DAC, VOBA, DSI, DFEL and changes in other contract holder funds

     25       (20 )
                

Total realized gain (loss) on investments, excluding trading securities

     (38 )     26  

Loss on derivative instruments, excluding reinsurance embedded derivatives

     (3 )     —    
                

Total realized gain (loss) on investments and derivative instruments

     (41 )     26  

Gain on sale of subsidiaries/businesses

     3       —    
                

Total realized gain (loss)

   $ (38 )   $ 26  
                

Write-downs for other-than-temporary impairments included in realized loss on investments above

   $ (92 )   $ (4 )
                

Amortization expense of DAC, VOBA, DSI, DFEL and changes in other contract holder funds reflects an assumption for an expected level of credit-related investment losses. When actual credit-related investment losses are realized, we recognize a true up to

 

92


our DAC, VOBA, DSI, and DFEL amortization and changes in other contract holder funds within realized gains and losses reflecting the incremental impact of actual versus expected credit-related investment losses. These actual to expected amortization adjustments could create volatility in net realized gains and losses. The write-down for impairments includes both credit-related and interest-rate related impairments.

Realized gains and losses generally originate from asset sales to reposition the portfolio or to respond to product experience. During the first quarter of 2008 and 2007, respectively, we sold securities for gains and losses. In the process of evaluating whether a security with an unrealized loss reflects declines that are other-than-temporary, we consider our ability and intent to hold the security until its value recovers. However, subsequent decisions on securities sales are made within the context of overall risk monitoring, assessing value relative to other comparable securities and overall portfolio maintenance. Although our portfolio managers may, at a given point in time, believe that the preferred course of action is to hold securities with unrealized losses that are considered temporary until such losses are recovered, the dynamic nature of portfolio management may result in a subsequent decision to sell. These subsequent decisions are consistent with the classification of our investment portfolio as available-for-sale. We expect to continue to manage all non-trading invested assets within our portfolios in a manner that is consistent with the available-for-sale classification.

We consider economic factors and circumstances within countries and industries where recent write-downs have occurred in our assessment of the status of securities we own of similarly situated issuers. While it is possible for realized or unrealized losses on a particular investment to affect other investments, our risk management has been designed to identify correlation risks and other risks inherent in managing an investment portfolio. Once identified, strategies and procedures are developed to effectively monitor and manage these risks. The areas of risk correlation that we pay particular attention to are risks that may be correlated within specific financial and business markets, risks within specific industries and risks associated with related parties.

When the detailed analysis by our credit analysts and investment portfolio managers leads to the conclusion that a security’s decline in fair value is other-than-temporary, the security is written down to estimated fair value. In instances where declines are considered temporary, the security will continue to be carefully monitored. See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis – Introduction – Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” in our 2007 Form 10-K for additional information on our portfolio management strategy.

Details underlying write-downs taken as a result of other-than-temporary impairments (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
    
     2008    2007    Change

Other-Than-Temporary Impairments

        

Corporate bonds

   $ 91    $ 4    NM

Asset and mortgage-backed securities:

     1      —      NM
                

Total fixed maturity securities

     92      4    NM
                

Total other-than-temporary impairments

   $ 92    $ 4    NM
                

The $92 million of impairments taken during the quarter are split between $49 million of credit related impairments and $53 million on non-credit related impairments. The credit related impairments are largely attributable to deterioration in the credit fundamentals of several Monoline insurers. The non-credit related impairments were incurred due to declines in values of securities for which the company is uncertain of its intent to hold until recovery or maturity.

Unrealized Gains and Losses on Available-for-Sale Securities

When considering unrealized gain and loss information, it is important to recognize that the information relates to the status of securities at a particular point in time and may not be indicative of the status of our investment portfolios subsequent to the balance sheet date. Further, since the timing of the recognition of realized investment gains and losses through the selection of which securities are sold is largely at management’s discretion, it is important to consider the information provided below within the context of the overall unrealized gain or loss position of our investment portfolios. These are important considerations that should be included in any evaluation of the potential impact of unrealized loss securities on our future earnings.

 

93


For our securities classified as available-for-sale that we held as of March 31, 2008, and December 31, 2007, that were subject to enhanced analysis and monitoring for potential changes in unrealized loss status, the fair value, amortized cost, unrealized loss (in millions) and total time period that the security has been in an unrealized loss position were as follows:

 

     As of March 31, 2008  
     Fair
Value
   % Fair
Value
    Amortized
Cost
   % Amortized
Cost
    Unrealized
Loss
   % Unrealized
Loss
 

< = 90 days

   $ 29    20.4 %   $ 35    16.1 %   $ 6    7.9 %

> 90 days but < = 180 days

     4    2.8 %     5    2.3 %     1    1.3 %

> 180 days but < = 270 days

     20    14.1 %     25    11.5 %     5    6.6 %

> 270 days but < = 1 year

     49    34.5 %     67    30.7 %     18    23.7 %

> 1 year

     40    28.2 %     86    39.4 %     46    60.5 %
                                       

Total

   $ 142    100.0 %   $ 218    100.0 %   $ 76    100.0 %
                                       
     As of December 31, 2007  
     Fair
Value
   % Fair
Value
    Amortized
Cost
   % Amortized
Cost
    Unrealized
Loss
   % Unrealized
Loss
 

< = 90 days

   $ 63    58.4 %   $ 65    48.5 %   $ 2    7.7 %

> 90 days but < = 180 days

     16    14.8 %     28    20.9 %     12    46.2 %

> 180 days but < = 270 days

     23    21.3 %     30    22.4 %     7    26.9 %

> 270 days but < = 1 year

     1    0.9 %     1    0.7 %     —      0.0 %

> 1 year

     5    4.6 %     10    7.5 %     5    19.2 %
                                       

Total

   $ 108    100.0 %   $ 134    100.0 %   $ 26    100.0 %
                                       

 

94


We have no concentrations of issuers or guarantors of fixed maturity and equity securities. The composition by industry categories of securities subject to enhanced analysis and monitoring for potential changes in unrealized loss status (in millions), was as follows:

 

     As of March 31, 2008  
     Fair
Value
   % Fair
Value
    Amortized
Cost
   % Amortized
Cost
    Unrealized
Loss
   % Unrealized
Loss
 

Media - non-cable

   $ 33    23.1 %   $ 70    32.1 %   $ 37    48.6 %

Property and casualty

     38    26.8 %     61    28.0 %     23    30.3 %

Financial - other

     6    4.2 %     12    5.5 %     6    7.9 %

Paper

     16    11.3 %     21    9.6 %     5    6.6 %

Non-captive consumer

     36    25.4 %     40    18.3 %     4    5.3 %

Collateralized mortgage obligations

     12    8.5 %     13    6.0 %     1    1.3 %

Non-captive diversified

     1    0.7 %     1    0.5 %     —      0.0 %
                                       

Total

   $ 142    100.0 %   $ 218    100.0 %   $ 76    100.0 %
                                       
     As of December 31, 2007  
     Fair
Value
   % Fair
Value
    Amortized
Cost
   % Amortized
Cost
    Unrealized
Loss
   % Unrealized
Loss
 

Property and casualty

   $ 33    30.5 %   $ 48    35.8 %   $ 15    57.7 %

Collateralized mortgage obligations

     17    15.7 %     25    18.7 %     8    30.8 %

Commercial mortgage-backed securities

     2    1.9 %     5    3.7 %     3    11.5 %

ABS

     6    5.6 %     6    4.5 %     —      0.0 %

Non-captive consumer

     37    34.3 %     37    27.6 %     —      0.0 %

Banking

     8    7.4 %     8    6.0 %     —      0.0 %

Consumer cyclical services

     5    4.6 %     5    3.7 %     —      0.0 %
                                       

Total

   $ 108    100.0 %   $ 134    100.0 %   $ 26    100.0 %
                                       

 

95


The composition by industry categories of all securities in unrealized loss status (in millions), was as follows:

 

     As of March 31, 2008  
     Fair
Value
   % Fair
Value
    Amortized
Cost
   % Amortized
Cost
    Unrealized
Loss
   % Unrealized
Loss
 

ABS

   $ 1,735    7.7 %   $ 2,388    9.7 %   $ 653    26.5 %

Banking

     3,202    14.5 %     3,571    14.5 %     369    15.0 %

Collateralized mortgage obligations

     2,562    11.6 %     2,891    11.8 %     329    13.3 %

Commercial mortgage-backed securities

     1,479    6.7 %     1,660    6.7 %     181    7.3 %

Electric

     1,505    6.8 %     1,564    6.4 %     59    2.5 %

Media - non-cable

     381    1.7 %     440    1.8 %     59    2.4 %

Property and casualty insurers

     441    2.0 %     495    2.0 %     54    2.2 %

Non-captive diversified

     310    1.4 %     361    1.5 %     51    2.1 %

Real estate investment trusts

     697    3.1 %     746    3.0 %     49    2.0 %

Paper

     305    1.4 %     349    1.4 %     44    1.8 %

Brokerage

     477    2.2 %     515    2.1 %     38    1.5 %

Financial - other

     368    1.7 %     405    1.6 %     37    1.5 %

Home construction

     264    1.2 %     299    1.2 %     35    1.4 %

Retailers

     445    2.0 %     480    2.0 %     35    1.4 %

Non-captive consumer

     247    1.0 %     282    1.0 %     35    1.4 %

Pipelines

     703    3.2 %     734    3.0 %     31    1.3 %

Gaming

     236    1.1 %     263    1.1 %     27    1.1 %

Wireless

     189    0.9 %     212    0.9 %     23    0.9 %

Building materials

     290    1.3 %     311    1.3 %     21    0.9 %

Distributors

     483    2.2 %     503    2.0 %     20    0.8 %

Food and beverage

     427    1.9 %     446    1.8 %     19    0.8 %

Wirelines

     462    2.1 %     481    2.0 %     19    0.8 %

Non Agency

     122    0.6 %     141    0.6 %     19    0.8 %

Transportation Services

     235    1.1 %     253    1.0 %     18    0.7 %

Owned No Guarantee

     198    0.9 %     215    0.9 %     17    0.7 %

Metals and mining

     257    1.2 %     272    1.1 %     15    0.6 %

Airlines

     88    0.4 %     103    0.4 %     15    0.6 %

Automotive

     150    0.7 %     163    0.7 %     13    0.5 %

Life

     239    1.1 %     252    1.0 %     13    0.5 %

Diversified Manufacturing

     373    1.7 %     386    1.6 %     13    0.5 %

Sovereigns

     199    0.8 %     211    0.8 %     12    0.5 %

Railroads

     169    0.8 %     180    0.7 %     11    0.4 %

Entertainment

     347    1.6 %     357    1.5 %     10    0.4 %

Industries with unrealized losses less than $10

     2,550    11.4 %     2,670    10.9 %     120    4.9 %
                                       

Total

   $ 22,135    100.0 %   $ 24,599    100.0 %   $ 2,464    100.0 %
                                       

 

96


     As of December 31, 2007  
     Fair
Value
   % Fair
Value
    % Amortized
Cost
   Amortized
Cost
    Unrealized
Loss
   % Unrealized
Loss
 

ABS

   $ 1,946    9.4 %   $ 2,239    10.2 %   $ 293    24.4 %

Banking

     3,147    15.0 %     3,328    15.1 %     181    15.1 %

Collateralized mortgage obligations

     2,881    13.8 %     3,010    13.7 %     129    10.8 %

Commercial mortgage-backed securities

     1,083    5.2 %     1,153    5.2 %     70    5.8 %

Electric

     1,406    6.8 %     1,440    6.5 %     34    2.9 %

Property and casualty insurers

     494    2.4 %     528    2.4 %     34    2.8 %

Non-captive diversified

     314    1.5 %     347    1.6 %     33    2.7 %

Home construction

     287    1.4 %     319    1.5 %     32    2.7 %

Media - non-cable

     223    1.1 %     254    1.2 %     31    2.6 %

Retailers

     443    2.1 %     469    2.1 %     26    2.2 %

Non-captive consumer

     258    1.2 %     284    1.3 %     26    2.2 %

Pipelines

     593    2.9 %     614    2.8 %     21    1.7 %

Real estate investment trusts

     572    2.8 %     593    2.7 %     21    1.7 %

Paper

     273    1.3 %     291    1.3 %     18    1.5 %

Financial - other

     354    1.7 %     371    1.7 %     17    1.4 %

Brokerage

     434    2.1 %     449    2.0 %     15    1.2 %

Gaming

     126    0.6 %     140    0.6 %     14    1.2 %

Distributors

     429    2.1 %     442    2.0 %     13    1.1 %

Food and beverage

     419    2.0 %     431    2.0 %     12    1.0 %

Metals and mining

     328    1.6 %     338    1.5 %     10    0.8 %

Building materials

     226    1.1 %     236    1.1 %     10    0.8 %

Automotive

     184    0.9 %     194    0.9 %     10    0.8 %

Industries with unrealized losses less than $10

     4,370    21.0 %     4,522    20.6 %     152    12.6 %
                                       

Total

   $ 20,790    100.0 %   $ 21,992    100.0 %   $ 1,202    100.0 %
                                       

Unrealized Loss on Below-Investment-Grade Available-for-Sale Fixed Maturity Securities

Gross unrealized losses on available-for-sale below-investment-grade fixed maturity securities represented 10.6% and 12.1% of total gross unrealized losses on all available-for-sale securities as of March 31, 2008, and December 31, 2007, respectively. Generally, below-investment-grade fixed maturity securities are more likely than investment-grade securities to develop credit concerns. The remaining 89.4% and 87.9% of the gross unrealized losses as of March 31, 2008, and December 31, 2007, respectively, relate to investment grade available-for-sale securities. The ratios of estimated fair value to amortized cost reflected in the table below were not necessarily indicative of the market value to amortized cost relationships for the securities throughout the entire time that the securities have been in an unrealized loss position nor are they necessarily indicative of these ratios subsequent to March 31, 2008.

 

97


Details underlying fixed maturity securities below investment grade and in an unrealized loss position (in millions) were as follows:

 

          As of March 31, 2008

Aging Category

  

Ratio of Amortized
Cost to Fair Value

   Fair
Value
   Amortized
Cost
   Unrealized
Loss

< or = 90 days

   70% to 100%    $ 512    $ 533    $ 21
   40% to 70%      6      13      7
   Below 40%      1      4      3
                       

< or = 90 days total

        519      550      31
                       

>90 days but < or = 180 days

   70% to 100%      211      229      18
   40% to 70%      46      67      21
                       

>90 days but < or = 180 days total

        257      296      39
                       

>180 days but < or = 270 days

   70% to 100%      214      239      25
   40% to 70%      10      15      5
                       

>180 days but < or = 270 days total

        224      254      30
                       

>270 days but < or = 1 year

   70% to 100%      320      359      39
   40% to 70%      10      14      4
                       

>270 days but < or = 1 year total

        330      373      43
                       

>1 year

   70% to 100%      421      469      48
   40% to 70%      56      102      46
   Below 40%      12      35      23
                       

>1 year total

        489      606      117
                       

Total below-investment-grade

      $ 1,819    $ 2,079    $ 260
                       
          As of December 31, 2007

Aging Category

  

Ratio of Amortized
Cost to Fair Value

   Fair
Value
   Amortized
Cost
   Unrealized
Loss

< or = 90 days

   70% to 100%    $ 446    $ 468    $ 22
   40% to 70%      —        1      1
                       

< or = 90 days total

        446      469      23
                       

>90 days but < or = 180 days

   70% to 100%      218      231      13
   40% to 70%      1      1      —  
                       

>90 days but < or = 180 days total

        219      232      13
                       

>180 days but < or = 270 days

   70% to 100%      378      408      30
                       

>180 days but < or = 270 days total

        378      408      30
                       

>270 days but < or = 1 year

   70% to 100%      121      135      14
                       

>270 days but < or = 1 year total

        121      135      14
                       

>1 year

   70% to 100%      328      362      34
   40% to 70%      52      84      32
                       

>1 year total

        380      446      66
                       

Total below-investment-grade

      $ 1,544    $ 1,690    $ 146
                       

 

98


As of March 31, 2008, and December 31, 2007, there were $142 million and $108 million, respectively, of publicly traded and private securities held that were subject to enhanced analysis and monitoring for potential changes in unrealized loss status. As of March 31, 2008, 42.5% of these were rated as investment grade while 50.6% were rated as investment grade as of December 31, 2007. As of March 31, 2008, the range of maturity dates for these securities varies, with 35.5% maturing in greater than 10 years, 30.1% maturing between 5 and 10 years, 32.8% maturing between 1 and 5 years and 1.6% maturing in 1 year or less. As of December 31, 2007, the range of maturity dates for these securities was 46.4% maturing in greater than 10 years, 26.7% maturing between 5 and 10 years and 26.9% maturing between 1 and 5 years.

As of March 31, 2008, and December 31, 2007, 89.9% and 90.7%, respectively, of total publicly traded and private securities in unrealized loss status were rated as investment grade. See Note 4 for ratings and maturity date information for our fixed maturity investment portfolio.

As of March 31, 2008, gross unrealized losses totaled $2.5 billion compared to gross unrealized losses of $1.2 billion as of December 31, 2007. The change in unrealized losses was due primarily to weakness in the corporate credit markets and a general level of illiquidity in the structure product markets during the period. This increase was concentrated primarily in our residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities and investments in corporate bonds in the financial and industrial sectors. The increase in unrealized losses in these asset classes was attributable to a combination of reduced liquidity in several market segments and deterioration in credit fundamentals.

 

99


Unrealized Loss on Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities Available-for-Sale in Excess of $10 million

As of March 31, 2008, available-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities with gross unrealized losses greater than $10 million (in millions) were as follows:

 

          As of March 31, 2008
     Length of Time in Loss Position    Fair
Value
   Amortized
Cost
   Unrealized
Loss

Investment Grade

           

Credit-linked note

   >1 year    $ 212    $ 400    $ 188

Credit-linked note

   >270 days but < or = 1 year      116      250      134

Credit-linked note

   >270 days but < or = 1 year      102      200      98

Domestic bank and finance

   >90 days but < or = 180 days      396      461      65

Domestic bank and finance

   >1 year      103      123      20

Domestic bank and finance

   >270 days but < or = 1 year      98      116      18

International bank and finance

   <= 90 days      12      30      18

International forestry

   >270 days but <=1 year      80      98      18

UK bank and finance

   >180 days but <=270 days      43      60      17

Domestic finance

   >1 year      51      67      16

UK bank and finance

   >270 days but <=1 year      89      105      16

Domestic brokerage

   >1 year      96      110      14

Domestic bank and finance

   >270 days but < or = 1 year      54      66      12

UK bank and finance

   >1 year      71      83      12

UK bank and finance

   >1 year      45      56      11

Domestic bank and finance

   >90 days but < or = 180 days      100      110      10

Domestic communications

   >270 days but <=1 year      43      53      10

Domestic finance

   >270 days but <=1 year      34      44      10

Domestic retailer

   >1 year      61      71      10

Property and casualty insurance

   >180 days but <=270 days      62      72      10
                       

Total investment grade

      $ 1,868    $ 2,575    $ 707
                       

Non Investment Grade

           

Domestic media company

   >1 year    $ 33    $ 70    $ 37

Domestic bank and finance

   >90 days but < or = 180 days      48      67      19

Domestic entertainment

   > 1 year      27      43      16

Domestic homebuilding

   > 1 year      79      91      12
                       

Total non investment grade

      $ 187    $ 271    $ 84
                       

The information presented above is subject to rapidly changing conditions. As such, we expect that the level of securities with overall unrealized losses will fluctuate, as will the level of unrealized loss securities that are subject to enhanced analysis and monitoring. The volatility of financial market conditions results in increased recognition of both investment gains and losses, as portfolio risks are adjusted through sales and purchases. As discussed above, this is consistent with the classification of our investment portfolios as available-for-sale.

Credit-Linked Notes

As of March 31, 2008, and December 31, 2007, other contract holder funds on our Consolidated Balance Sheets included $1.2 billion outstanding in funding agreements of the Lincoln National Life Insurance Company (“LNL”). LNL invested the proceeds of $850 million received for issuing three funding agreements in 2006 and 2007 into three separate credit-linked notes originated by third party companies and $300 million of such agreements were assumed as a result of the merger of Jefferson-Pilot into LNL. The $850 million of credit-linked notes are classified as asset-backed securities and are included in our fixed maturity securities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The $300 million of investments which were assumed as a result of the merger are classified as corporate bonds and are included in our fixed maturity securities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

 

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We earn a spread between the coupon received on the credit-linked note and the interest credited on the funding agreement. Our credit linked notes were created using a trust that combines highly rated assets with credit default swaps to produce a multi-class structured security. Our affiliate, Delaware Investments, actively manages the credit default swaps in the underlying portfolios. The high quality asset in two of these transactions is a AAA-rated ABS secured by a pool of credit card receivables. The high quality asset in the third transaction is a guaranteed investment contract issued by MBIA, which is further secured by a pool of high quality assets.

Consistent with other debt market instruments, we are exposed to credit losses within the structure of the credit-linked notes, which could result in principal losses to our investments. However, we have attempted to protect our investments from credit losses through the multi-tiered class structure of the credit-linked note, which requires the subordinated classes of the investment pool to absorb all of the initial credit losses. LNL owns the mezzanine tranche of these investments, which currently carries a mid- or low-AA rating. Generally, based upon our models, the transactions can sustain anywhere from 6-11 defaults, depending on the transaction, in the underlying collateral pools with no loss to LNL. However, if that number of defaults is realized, any additional defaults will significantly impact our recovery. Once the subordination is completely exhausted, losses will be incurred on LNL’s investment. In general, the entire investment can be lost with 3-5 additional defaults. To date, there have been no defaults in any of the underlying collateral pools. Similar to other debt market instruments our maximum principal loss is limited to our original investment of $850 million as of March 31, 2008.

As in the general markets, spreads on these transactions have widened, causing unrealized losses. As of March 31, 2008, we had unrealized losses of $420 million on the $850 million in credit linked notes. As described more fully in Note 1 of our 2007 Form 10-K, we regularly review our investment holdings for other-than-temporary impairments. Based upon this review and the information in the paragraph above, we believe that these securities were not other-than-temporarily impaired as of March 31, 2008, and December 31, 2007. The following summarizes the fair value to amortized cost ratio of the credit-linked notes:

 

     As of
April 30,
2008
    As of
March 31,
2008
    As of
December 31,
2007
 

Fair value

   $ 532     $ 430     $ 660  

Amortized cost

     850       850       850  

Fair value to amortized cost ratio

     63 %     51 %     78 %

The following summarizes the exposure of the credit-linked notes’ underlying collateral by industry and rating as of March 31, 2008:

 

Industry

   AAA     AA     A     BBB     BB     B     Total  

Financial intermediaries

   0 %   7 %   2 %   2 %   0 %   1 %   12 %

Telecommunications

   0 %   0 %   6 %   4 %   0 %   0 %   10 %

Oil & gas

   0 %   1 %   2 %   4 %   0 %   0 %   7 %

Chemicals & plastics

   0 %   0 %   3 %   1 %   0 %   0 %   4 %

Insurance

   0 %   2 %   2 %   0 %   0 %   0 %   4 %

Utilities

   0 %   0 %   4 %   0 %   0 %   0 %   4 %

Drugs

   1 %   2 %   1 %   0 %   0 %   0 %   4 %

Monoline insurance

   2 %   0 %   1 %   0 %   0 %   0 %   3 %

Retailers (except food & drug)

   0 %   0 %   2 %   2 %   0 %   0 %   4 %

Other Industry < 4% (32 Industries)

   2 %   5 %   22 %   17 %   2 %   0 %   48 %
                                          

Total

   5 %   17 %   45 %   30 %   2 %   1 %   100 %
                                          

REINSURANCE

Our insurance companies cede insurance to other companies. The portion of risks exceeding each of our insurance companies’ retention limits is reinsured with other insurers. We seek reinsurance coverage within the businesses that sell life insurance to limit our exposure to mortality losses and enhance our capital management.

Portions of our deferred annuity business have been reinsured on a modified coinsurance basis with other companies to limit our exposure to interest rate risks. As of March 31, 2008, the reserves associated with these reinsurance arrangements totaled $1.3 billion. To cover products other than life insurance, we acquire other insurance coverage with retentions and limits that management believes are appropriate for the circumstances. The consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 reflect premiums, benefits and DAC, net of insurance ceded. Our insurance companies remain liable if their reinsurers are unable to meet contractual obligations under applicable reinsurance agreements.

 

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Our amounts recoverable from reinsurers represent receivables from and reserves ceded to reinsurers. As of March 31, 2008, the amounts recoverable from reinsurers were $8.4 billion compared to $8.2 billion as of December 31, 2007. We obtain reinsurance from a diverse group of reinsurers and we monitor concentration, as well as financial strength ratings, of our principal reinsurers. Swiss Re represents our largest exposure. In 2001, we sold our reinsurance business to Swiss Re primarily through indemnity reinsurance arrangements. Because we are not relieved of our liability to the ceding companies for this business, the liabilities and obligations associated with the reinsured policies remain on our Consolidated Balance Sheets with a corresponding reinsurance receivable from the business sold to Swiss Re, which totaled $4.4 billion and $4.3 billion as of March 31, 2008, and December 31, 2007, respectively. Swiss Re has funded a trust with a balance of $1.8 billion as of March 31, 2008, to support this business. In addition to various remedies that we would have in the event of a default by Swiss Re, we continue to hold assets in support of certain of the transferred reserves. These assets consist of those reported as trading securities and certain mortgage loans. Our liabilities for funds withheld and embedded derivatives included $2.1 billion and $0.2 billion, respectively, as of March 31, 2008, related to the business sold to Swiss Re.

Included in the business sold to Swiss Re through indemnity reinsurance in 2001 was disability income business. Swiss Re is disputing its obligation to pay approximately $50 million of reinsurance recoverables on certain of this income disability business. We have agreed to arbitrate this dispute with Swiss Re. Although the outcome of the arbitration is uncertain, we currently believe that it is probable that we will ultimately collect the full amount of the reinsurance recoverable from Swiss Re and that Swiss Re will ultimately remain at risk on all of its obligations on the disability income business that it acquired from us in 2001.

On July 31, 2007, we entered into a reinsurance arrangement with Swiss Re covering Lincoln SmartSecurity® Advantage, our rider related to our Individual Market’s variable annuity products. Under the arrangement, Swiss Re provides 50% quota share coinsurance of the lifetime guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit for business written in 2007 and 2008, up to a total of $3.8 billion in rider sales. We expect to achieve the sales level covered under this arrangement during the second quarter of 2008. The arrangement will not be renewed for new business, but this will not affect our ability to continue to write new business.

During the third quarter of 2006, one of our reinsurers, Scottish Re Group Ltd (“Scottish Re”), received rating downgrades from various rating agencies. Of the $800 million of fixed annuity business that we reinsure with Scottish Re, approximately 73% is reinsured through the use of modified coinsurance treaties, in which we possess the investments that support the reserves ceded to Scottish Re. For our annuity business ceded on a coinsurance basis, Scottish Re had previously established an irrevocable investment trust supporting the reserves for the benefit of LNC. In addition to fixed annuities, we have approximately $112 million of policy liabilities on the life insurance business we have reinsured with Scottish Re. Scottish Re continues to perform under its contractual responsibilities to us. We continue to evaluate the impact of these ratings downgrades with respect to our existing exposures to Scottish Re. Based on current information, we do not believe that Scottish Re’s ratings downgrades will have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity or financial condition.

As of March 31, 2008, we had reinsurance recoverables of $721 million and policy loans of $48 million, which were related to the businesses of Jefferson-Pilot that are coinsured with Household International (“HI”) affiliates. HI has provided payment, performance and capital maintenance guarantees with respect to the balances receivable. We regularly evaluate the financial condition of our reinsurers and monitor concentrations of credit risk related to reinsurance activities.

REVIEW OF CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL CONDITION

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity and Cash Flow

Liquidity refers to the ability of an enterprise to generate adequate amounts of cash from its normal operations to meet cash requirements with a prudent margin of safety. Our principal sources of cash flow from operating activities are insurance premiums and fees, investment advisory fees and investment income, while sources of cash flows from investing activities result from maturities and sales of invested assets. Our operating activities provided cash of $98 and $469 million for the first quarter of 2008 and 2007, respectively. The change in cash provided by operating activities is primarily related to the timing of federal income tax payments. When considering our liquidity and cash flow, it is important to distinguish between the needs of our insurance subsidiaries and the needs of the holding company, LNC. As a holding company with no operations of its own, LNC derives its cash primarily from its operating subsidiaries.

The sources of liquidity of the holding company are principally comprised of dividends and interest payments from subsidiaries augmented by holding company short-term investments, bank lines of credit, a commercial paper program and the ongoing

 

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availability of long-term public financing under an SEC filed shelf registration statement. These sources of liquidity and cash flow support the general corporate needs of the holding company, including its common stock dividends, interest and debt service, funding of callable securities, securities repurchases and acquisitions.

Details underlying the primary sources of our holding company cash flows (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
  

For the

Year Ended

December 31,

     2008    2007    2007

Dividends from Subsidiaries

        

LNL

   $ 200    $ 146    $ 769

First Penn-Pacific

     —        —        150

Lincoln Financial Media

     658      17      86

Delaware Investments

     15      15      55

Other non-regulated companies(1)

     —        —        395

Lincoln UK

     —        16      75

Loan Repayments and Interest from Subsidiary

        

LNL interest on intercompany notes (2)

     21      21      82
                    
   $ 894    $ 215    $ 1,612
                    

Other Cash Flow and Liquidity Items

        

Net capital received from stock option exercises

   $ 7    $ 47    $ 107
                    

 

(1)

For the year ended December 31, 2007, amount represents a dividend of Bank of America shares to LNC from a subsidiary occurring in September 2007.

(2)

Primarily represents interest on the holding company’s $1.3 billion in surplus note investments in LNL.

The table above focuses on significant and recurring cash flow items and excludes the effects of certain financing activities, namely the periodic issuance and retirement of debt and cash flows related to our inter-company cash management account (discussed below). Taxes have been eliminated from the analysis due to a tax sharing agreement among our primary subsidiaries resulting in a modest impact on net cash flows at the holding company. Also excluded from this analysis is the modest amount of investment income on short-term investments of the holding company.

Subsidiaries

Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to certain insurance department regulatory restrictions as to the transfer of funds and payment of dividends to the holding company. Under Indiana laws and regulations, our Indiana insurance subsidiaries, including our primary insurance subsidiary, LNL, may pay dividends to LNC without prior approval of the Indiana Insurance Commissioner (the “Commissioner”) up to a certain threshold, or must receive prior approval of the Commissioner to pay a dividend if such dividend, along with all other dividends paid within the preceding twelve consecutive months exceed the statutory limitation. The current statutory limitation is the greater of (i) 10% of the insurer’s contract holders’ surplus, as shown on its last annual statement on file with the Commissioner or (ii) the insurer’s statutory net gain from operations for the prior calendar year. Indiana law gives the Commissioner broad discretion to disapprove requests for dividends in excess of these limits. New York, the state of domicile of our other major insurance subsidiary, LLANY, has similar restrictions, except that in New York it is the lesser of (i) 10% of surplus to contract holders as of the immediately preceding calendar year or (ii) net gain from operations for the immediately preceding calendar year, not including realized capital gains.

Based upon anticipated ongoing positive statutory earnings and favorable credit markets, we expect our domestic insurance subsidiaries could pay dividends of approximately $957 million in 2008 without prior approval from the respective state commissioners. The actual amount of surplus that our insurance subsidiaries could pay as dividends is constrained by the amount of surplus we hold to maintain our ratings, to provide an additional layer of margin for risk protection and for future investment in our businesses.

Our insurance subsidiaries have statutory surplus and risk based capital levels well above current regulatory required levels. As

 

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mentioned earlier, more than 75% of our life sales consist of products containing secondary guarantees, which require reserving practices under AG38. Our insurance subsidiaries are employing strategies to lessen the burden of increased AG38 and Valuation of Life Insurance Policies Model Regulation (“XXX”) statutory reserves associated with certain UL products and other products with secondary guarantees subject to these statutory reserving requirements. See “Financing Activities” below for additional details.

Included in the letters of credit (“LOCs”) issued as of March 31, 2008, reported in the revolving credit facilities table in “Financing Activities,” was approximately $1.2 billion of LOCs supporting the reinsurance obligations of our non-U.S. domiciled subsidiary to LNL on UL business with secondary guarantees. Recognizing that LOCs are generally one to five years in duration, it is likely that our insurance companies will apply a mix of LOCs, reinsurance and capital market strategies in addressing long-term AG38 and XXX needs. LOCs and related capital market alternatives lower the RBC impact of the UL business with secondary guarantee products. An inability to obtain the necessary LOC capacity or other capital market alternatives could impact our returns on UL business with secondary guarantee products. We are continuing to pursue capital management strategies related to our AG38 reserves involving reinsurance and securitizations. We completed our issuance of $375 million of 6.30% senior notes in the fourth quarter of 2007, which resulted in the release of approximately $300 million of capital previously supporting our UL products with secondary guarantees. See “Results of Other Operations” for additional information. We are targeting another transaction during 2008 that will finance a portion of statutory reserves related to our insurance products with secondary guarantees. See “Part I – Item 1. Business – Regulatory” in our 2007 Form 10-K for further information on AG38 reserves. In addition, a portion of our term life insurance business is reinsured with a domestic reinsurance captive as part of our overall strategy of managing the statutory capital of our insurance subsidiaries. There are no outstanding LOCs related to this business.

A new statutory reserving standard (VACARVM) is being developed by the NAIC replacing current statutory reserve practices for variable annuities with guaranteed benefits, such as GMWBs. The timing for adoption of VACARVM is anticipated to occur sometime in 2008, with an effective date of December 31, 2008. Because the NAIC has not determined the final version of VACARVM, we cannot estimate the ultimate impact that VACARVM will have on our liquidity and capital resources. However, in its current draft form, VACARVM has the potential to require statutory reserves well in excess of current levels for certain variable annuity riders sold by us. We plan to utilize existing captive reinsurance structures, as well as pursue additional third-party reinsurance arrangements, to lessen any negative impact on statutory capital and dividend capacity in our life insurance subsidiaries. However, additional statutory reserves could lead to lower risk-based capital ratios and potentially reduce future dividend capacity from our insurance subsidiaries.

Lincoln UK’s operations consist primarily of unit-linked life and pension products, which are similar to U.S. produced variable life and annuity products. Lincoln UK’s insurance subsidiaries are regulated by the FSA and are subject to capital requirements as defined by the U.K. Capital Resources Requirement. All insurance companies operating in the U.K. also have to complete a risk-based capital (“RBC”) assessment to demonstrate to the FSA that they hold sufficient capital to cover their risks. RBC requirements in the U.K. are different than the NAIC requirements. In addition, the FSA has imposed certain minimum capital requirements for the combined U.K. subsidiaries. Lincoln UK typically maintains approximately 1.5 to 2 times the required capital as prescribed by the regulatory margin. As is the case with regulated insurance companies in the U.S., changes to regulatory capital requirements can impact the dividend capacity of the U.K. insurance subsidiaries and cash flow to the holding company. During the first quarter of 2008, Lincoln UK fell below its targeted capital levels due to significant increases in corporate bond spreads and restrictions imposed by the U.K. statutory valuation basis. As a result of falling below targeted capital levels, Lincoln UK did not pay dividends to the holding company. However, this did not have an adverse effect on our liquidity.

Financing Activities

Although our subsidiaries generate adequate cash flow to meet the needs of our normal operations, periodically we may issue debt or equity securities to fund internal growth, acquisitions and the retirement of our debt and equity securities.

We currently have an effective shelf registration statement, which allows us to issue, in unlimited amounts, securities, including debt securities, preferred stock, common stock, warrants, stock purchase contracts, stock purchase units and trust preferred securities of our affiliated trusts.

 

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Details underlying debt and financing activity (in millions) were as follows:

 

     For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2008
     Beginning
Balance
   Issuance    Maturities
and
Repayments
    Change
in Fair
Value
Hedges
   Other
Changes (1)
    Ending
Balance

Short-Term Debt

               

Commercial paper

   $ 265    $ —      $ —       $ —      $ (54 )   $ 211

Current maturities of long-term debt

     285      —        (100 )     —        15       200
                                           

Total short-term debt

   $ 550    $ —      $ (100 )   $ —      $ (39 )   $ 411
                                           

Long-Term Debt

               

Senior notes

   $ 2,892    $ —      $ —       $ 23    $ (14 )   $ 2,901

Junior subordinated debentures issued to affiliated trusts

     155      —        —         —        —         155

Capital securities

     1,571      —        —         —        —         1,571
                                           

Total long-term debt

   $ 4,618    $ —      $ —       $ 23    $ (14 )   $ 4,627
                                           

 

(1)

Other changes include the net increase (decrease) in commercial paper, non-cash reclassification of long-term debt to current maturities of long-term debt, accretion of discounts and (amortization) of premiums.

Details underlying our credit facilities with a group of domestic and foreign banks (in millions) were as follows:

 

    

Expiration Date

   As of March 31, 2008
        Maximum
Available
   Loans
Outstanding

Revolving Credit Facilities

        

Five-year revolving credit facility

   March 2011    $ 1,750    $ —  

Five-year revolving credit facility

   February 2011      1,350      —  

U.K. revolving credit facility

   November 2008      20      —  
                

Total

      $ 3,120    $ —  
                

Letters of credit issued

         $ 1,794
            

The LOCs support inter-company reinsurance transactions and specific treaties associated with our former Reinsurance segment. LOCs are primarily used to satisfy the U.S. regulatory requirements of domestic clients of the former Reinsurance segment who have contracted with the reinsurance subsidiaries not domiciled in the United States and, as discussed above, for the reserve credit provided by our affiliated offshore reinsurance company to our domestic insurance companies for ceded business.

Under the credit agreements, we must maintain a minimum consolidated net worth level. In addition, the agreements contain covenants restricting our ability to incur liens, merge or consolidate with another entity where we are not the surviving entity and dispose of all or substantially all of our assets. As of March 31, 2008, we were in compliance with all such covenants. All of our credit agreements are unsecured.

If current debt ratings and claims paying ratings were downgraded in the future, certain covenants of various contractual obligations may be triggered which could negatively impact overall liquidity. In addition, contractual selling agreements with intermediaries could be negatively impacted which could have an adverse impact on overall sales of annuities, life insurance and investment products. As of March 31, 2008, we maintained adequate current financial strength and senior debt ratings and do not anticipate any ratings-based impact to future liquidity. See “Part I – Item 1. Business – Ratings” in our 2007 Form 10-K for additional information on our ratings.

Divestitures

For a discussion of our divestitures, see “Introduction – Acquisitions and Dispositions.”

 

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Alternative Sources of Liquidity

In order to maximize the use of available cash, the holding company maintains an inter-company cash management account where subsidiaries can borrow from the holding company to meet their short-term needs and can invest their short-term funds with the holding company. The holding company finances this program from its primary sources of cash flow discussed above. Depending on the overall cash availability or need, the holding company invests excess cash in short-term investments or borrows funds in the financial markets.

The holding company had an average loan balance of $435 million from the cash management account during the first quarter of 2008. The holding company had a maximum and minimum amount of financing that is used from the cash management account during this period of $603 million and $284 million, respectively.

Our insurance subsidiaries, by virtue of their general account fixed income investment holdings, can access liquidity through securities lending programs and repurchase agreements. As of March 31, 2008, our insurance subsidiaries had securities with a carrying value of $718 million out on loan under the securities lending program and $480 million carrying value subject to reverse-repurchase agreements.

LNC has a $1.0 billion commercial paper program that is rated A-1, P-2, F-1. The commercial paper program is backed by a bank line of credit. During the first quarter of 2008, LNC had an average of $361 million in commercial paper outstanding with a maximum amount of $575 million outstanding at any time. LNC had $211 million of commercial paper outstanding as of March 31, 2008.

Uses of Capital

Our principal uses of cash are to pay policy claims and benefits, operating expenses, commissions and taxes, to purchase new investments, to purchase reinsurance, to fund policy surrenders and withdrawals, to pay dividends to our stockholders and to repurchase our stock and debt securities.

Return of Capital to Stockholders

One of the holding company’s primary goals is to provide a return to our stockholders. Through dividends and stock repurchases, we have an established record of providing significant cash returns to our stockholders. We have increased our dividend in each of the last 25 years. In determining our dividend payout, we balance the desire to increase the dividend against capital needs, rating agency considerations and requirements for financial flexibility. Details underlying this activity (in millions, except per share data) were as follows:

 

     For the Three
Months Ended
March 31,
        

For the

Year Ended

December 31,

     2008    2007    Change     2007

Dividends to stockholders

   $ 110    $ 109    1 %   $ 430

Repurchase of common stock

     286      512    -44 %     986
                      

Total cash returned to stockholders

   $ 396    $ 621    -36 %   $ 1,416
                      

Number of shares repurchased

     5.450      7.215    -24 %     15.381

Average price per share

   $ 52.42    $ 70.92    -26 %   $ 64.13

On November 6, 2007, the Board of Directors approved an increase in the quarterly dividend to stockholders from $0.395 per share to $0.415 per share effective in 2008.

Significant Trends in Sources and Uses of Cash Flow

As stated above, LNC’s cash flow, as a holding company, is largely dependent upon the dividend capacity and surplus note interest payments of its insurance company subsidiaries. The insurance company subsidiaries’ dividend capacity is impacted by factors influencing their risk-based capital and statutory earnings performance. Currently, we expect to have sufficient liquidity and capital resources to meet our obligations in 2008. For factors that could affect our expectations for liquidity and capital, see “Part I – Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our 2007 Form 10-K.

 

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OTHER MATTERS

Other Factors Affecting Our Business

In general, our businesses are subject to a changing social, economic, legal, legislative and regulatory environment. Some of the changes include initiatives to require more reserves to be carried by our insurance subsidiaries, to make permanent recent reductions in individual tax rates, to permanently repeal the estate tax and to increase regulation of our annuity and investment management businesses. Although the eventual effect on us of the changing environment in which we operate remains uncertain, these factors and others could have a material effect on our results of operations, liquidity and capital resources. For factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those set forth in this section, see “Part I – Item 1A – Risk Factors” in our 2007 Form 10-K and “Forward-looking Statements – Cautionary Language” in this report.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements that have been implemented during the periods presented or that have been issued and are to be implemented in the future.

RESTRUCTURING ACTIVITIES

See Note 15 in our 2007 Form 10-K for discussion of our restructuring activities.

 

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We analyze and manage the risks arising from market exposures of financial instruments, as well as other risks, in an integrated asset-liability management process that takes diversification into account. By aggregating the potential effect of market and other risks on the entire enterprise, we estimate, review and in some cases manage the risk to our earnings and shareholder value. We have exposures to several market risks including interest rate risk, foreign currency exchange risk, equity market risk, default risk and credit risk. The exposures of financial instruments to market risks, and the related risk management processes, are most important in the Employer Markets and Individual Markets businesses, where most of the invested assets support accumulation and investment-oriented insurance products. As an important element of our integrated asset-liability management process, we use derivatives to minimize the effects of changes in interest levels and the shape of the yield curve. In this context, derivatives are designated as a hedge and serve to reduce interest rate risk by mitigating the effect of significant increases in interest rates on our earnings. Additional market exposures exist in our other general account insurance products and in our debt structure and derivatives positions. The primary sources of market risk are: substantial, relatively rapid and sustained increases or decreases in interest rates; fluctuations in currency exchange rates; or a sharp drop in equity market values. These market risks are discussed in detail in the following pages.

Interest Rate Risk

With respect to accumulation and investment-oriented products, we seek to earn a stable and profitable spread, or margin, between investment income and interest credited to account values. If we have adverse experience on investments that cannot be passed on to customers, our spreads are reduced. Provided interest rates continue to gradually return to levels that are more typical from a long-term perspective, we do not view the near term risk to spreads over the next twelve months to be material. The combination of a probable range of interest rate changes over the next twelve months, asset-liability management strategies, flexibility in adjusting policy crediting rate levels and protection afforded by policy surrender charges and other switching costs all work together to mitigate this risk. The interest rate scenarios of concern are those in which there is a substantial, relatively rapid increase or decrease in interest rates that is then sustained over a long period.

 

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Interest Rate Risk—Falling Rates

The spreads on our fixed annuity and interest-sensitive whole life, universal life (“UL”) and fixed portion of variable universal life (“VUL”) insurance policies are at risk if interest rates decline and remain low for a period of time, which has generally been the case in recent years. Should interest rates remain at current levels that are significantly lower than those existing prior to the declines of recent years, the average earned rate of return on our annuity and UL investment portfolios will continue to decline. Declining portfolio yields may cause the spreads between investment portfolio yields and the interest rate credited to contract holders to deteriorate as our ability to manage spreads can become limited by minimum guaranteed rates on annuity and UL policies. Minimum guaranteed rates on annuity and UL policies generally range from 1.5% to 5.0%, with an average guaranteed rate of approximately 4%. The following table provides detail on the percentage differences between the current interest rates being credited to contract holders and the respective minimum guaranteed policy rate, broken out by contract holder account values reported within the Employer Markets and Individual Markets businesses (in millions):

 

     As of March 31, 2008  
     Account Values   

Percent

of Total
Account
Values

 
     Employer
Markets -
Defined
Contribution
   Individual Markets    Total   
        Annuities    Life
Insurance
     

Excess of Crediting Rates over Contract Minimums

              

CD and on-benefit type annuities

   $ 1,448    $ 10,583    $ —      $ 12,031    23.56 %

Discretionary rate setting products (1)

              

No difference

     3,251      3,244      11,621      18,116    35.48 %

up to .1%

     4,660      1,733      49      6,442    12.61 %

0.11% to .20%

     2      849      4,447      5,298    10.37 %

0.21% to .30%

     4      179      2,428      2,611    5.11 %

0.31% to .40%

     1      162      204      367    0.72 %

0.41% to .50%

     275      40      803      1,118    2.19 %

0.51% to .60%

     1,002      56      106      1,164    2.28 %

0.61% to .70%

     85      281      1,054      1,420    2.78 %

0.71% to .80%

     44      11      45      100    0.20 %

0.81% to .90%

     —        2      3      5    0.01 %

0.91% to 1.0%

     155      7      170      332    0.65 %

1.01% to 1.50%

     29      50      617      696    1.36 %

1.51% to 2.00%

     78      403      288      769    1.51 %

2.01% to 2.50%

     —        398      14      412    0.81 %

2.51% to 3.00%

     9      —        2      11    0.02 %

3.01% and above

     174      1      —        175    0.34 %
                                  

Total discretionary rate setting products

     9,769      7,416      21,851      39,036    76.44 %
                                  

Total account values

   $ 11,217    $ 17,999    $ 21,851    $ 51,067    100.00 %
                                  

 

(1)

Contracts currently within new money rate bands are grouped according to the corresponding portfolio rate band in which they will fall upon their first anniversary.

The maturity structure and call provisions of the related portfolios are structured to afford protection against erosion of investment portfolio yields during periods of declining interest rates. We devote extensive effort to evaluating the risks associated with falling interest rates by simulating asset and liability cash flows for a wide range of interest rate scenarios. We seek to manage these exposures by maintaining a suitable maturity structure and by limiting our exposure to call risk in each respective investment portfolio.

Interest Rate Risk—Rising Rates

For both annuities and UL, a rapid and sustained rise in interest rates poses risks of deteriorating spreads and high surrenders. The portfolios supporting these products have fixed-rate assets laddered over maturities generally ranging from one to ten years or more. Accordingly, the earned rate on each portfolio lags behind changes in market yields.

 

108


As rates rise, the lag may be increased by slowing mortgage-backed securities prepayments. The greater and faster the rise in interest rates, the more the earned rate will tend to lag behind market rates. If we set renewal crediting rates to earn the desired spread, the gap between our renewal crediting rates and competitors’ new money rates may be wide enough to cause increased surrenders that could cause us to liquidate a portion of our portfolio to fund these surrenders. If we credit more competitive renewal rates to limit surrenders, our spreads will narrow. We devote extensive effort to evaluating these risks by simulating asset and liability cash flows for a wide range of interest rate scenarios. Such analysis has led to adjustments in the target maturity structure and to hedging the risk of rising rates by buying out-of-the-money interest rate cap agreements and swaptions. With these instruments in place, the potential adverse impact of a rapid and sustained rise in rates is kept within our risk tolerances.

Debt

We manage the timing of maturities and the mixture of fixed-rate and floating-rate debt as part of the process of integrated management of interest rate risk for the entire enterprise.

Derivatives

We have entered into derivative transactions to reduce our exposure to rapid changes in interest rates. The derivative programs are used to help us achieve more stable margins while providing competitive crediting rates to policyholders during periods when interest rates are changing. Such derivatives include interest rate swaps, interest rate futures, interest rate caps and treasury locks. During the first three months of 2008, the more significant changes in our derivative positions were as follows:

 

   

Interest rate swap agreements hedging floating rate bond coupon payments with a notional amount of $37 million matured or terminated, resulting in a remaining notional amount of $981 million. A gain of $1 million was recognized on the terminations. We also entered into $1.6 billion notional amount of interest rate swap agreements hedging a portion of the liability exposure on certain options in our variable annuity products, resulting in a total notional amount of $6.3 billion. These interest rate swap agreements convert floating rate bond coupon payments into a fixed rate of return;

 

   

Interest rate cap agreements with a notional amount of $250 million matured, resulting in a remaining notional amount of $3.9 billion. These interest rate cap agreements are used to hedge our annuity business against a negative impact of a significant and sustained rise in interest rates; and

 

   

We entered into and terminated forward-starting interest rate swap agreements with a notional amount of $80 million and $90 million, respectively, resulting in a remaining notional amount of $40 million. These swaps are used to hedge interest rate risk associated with assets that support our annuity liabilities. A loss of $2 million was recognized on certain terminations and was reported in other comprehensive income (“OCI”). The loss will be reclassified from accumulated OCI recognized in income over the life of the purchased assets. A loss of $1 million was recognized on other terminations and was recorded in net income as benefits.

In addition to continuing existing programs, we may use derivative instruments in other strategies to limit risk and enhance returns, particularly in the management of investment spread businesses. We have established policies, guidelines and internal control procedures for the use of derivatives as tools to enhance management of the overall portfolio of risks assumed in our operations. Annually, our Board of Directors reviews our derivatives policy.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

Foreign Currency Denominated Investments

We invest in foreign currency securities for incremental return and risk diversification relative to United States Dollar-Denominated (“USD”) securities. We use foreign currency swaps and foreign currency forwards to hedge some of the foreign exchange risk related to our investment in securities denominated in foreign currencies. The currency risk is hedged using foreign currency derivatives of the same currency as the bonds.

We use foreign currency swaps to convert the cash flow of foreign currency securities to U.S. dollars. A foreign currency swap is a contractual agreement to exchange the currencies of two different countries at a specified rate of exchange in the future.

We use foreign currency forward contracts to hedge dividends received from our U.K. based subsidiary, Lincoln UK. The foreign currency forward contracts obligate us to deliver a specified amount of currency at a future date and a specified exchange rate.

 

109


Equity Market Risk

Our revenues, assets, liabilities and derivatives are exposed to equity market risk. Due to the use of our reversion to the mean (“RTM”) process and our hedging strategies, we expect that, in general, short-term fluctuations in the equity markets should not have a significant impact on our quarterly earnings from unlocking of assumptions for deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”), deferred sales inducements (“DSI”), value of business acquired (“VOBA”), and deferred front-end sales loads (“DFEL”). However, there is an impact to earnings from the effects of equity market movements on account values and assets under management and the related fees we earn on those assets.

Fee Revenues

The fee revenues of our Investment Management segment and fees earned from variable annuities and variable life insurance products are exposed to the risk of a decline in equity market values. These fees are generally a fixed percentage of the market value of assets under management. In a severe equity market decline, fee income could be reduced by not only reduced market valuations but also by customer withdrawals and redemptions. Such withdrawals and redemptions from equity funds and accounts might be partially offset by transfers to our fixed-income accounts and the transfer of funds to us from our competitors’ customers.

Assets and Liabilities

While we invest in equity assets with the expectation of achieving higher returns than would be available in our core fixed-income investments, the returns on, and values of, these equity investments are subject to somewhat greater market risk than our fixed-income investments. These investments, however, add diversification benefits to our fixed-income investments.

We have exposure to changes in our stock price through stock appreciation rights issued. This program is being hedged with equity derivatives.

Derivatives Hedging Equity Market Risk

During the first three months of 2008, the more significant changes in our derivative positions hedging equity market risk were as follows:

 

   

We had 0.2 million call options on Lincoln National Corporation (“LNC”) stock mature, resulting in a remaining 0.4 million call options on an equal number of shares of LNC stock. These call options are hedging the increase in liabilities arising from stock appreciation rights granted on LNC stock;

 

   

We entered into variance swaps with a notional amount of $25 million, resulting in a total notional amount of $31 million. These swaps are used to hedge the liability exposure on certain options in variable annuity products;

 

 

 

We entered into Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”) 500 Index® call options with a notional amount of $535 million. In addition, call options with a notional amount of $475 million expired, resulting in a remaining notional amount of $2.9 billion. These call options are hedging the impact of the equity-index interest credited to our equity annuity products;

 

   

We entered into and terminated put option agreements with a notional amount of $825 million and $400 million, respectively, resulting in a remaining notional amount of $4.5 billion. These put options are hedging a portion of the liability exposure on certain options in our variable annuity products. No gain or loss was recognized as a result of the terminations; and

 

   

We had net purchases and terminations in financial futures with a notional amount of $1.4 billion, resulting in a remaining notional amount of $1.9 billion. These futures are hedging a portion of the liability exposure on certain options in variable annuity products. No gain or loss was recognized as a result of the terminations.

 

110


Impact of Equity Market Sensitivity

Due to the use of our RTM process and our hedging strategies as described in “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” in our 2007 Form 10-K, we expect that in general, short-term fluctuations in the equity markets should not have a significant impact on our quarterly earnings from unlocking of assumptions for DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL, as we do not unlock our long-term equity market assumptions based upon short-term fluctuations in the equity markets. However, there is an impact to earnings from the effects of equity market movements on account values and assets under management and the related asset-based fees we earn on those assets net of related expenses we incur based upon the level of assets. The table below presents our estimate of the annual, after-tax, after-DAC, impact on income from operations, from both a 1% and 10% decline in the equity markets (in millions), excluding any impact related to sales, prospective and retrospective unlocking, persistency, hedge program performance or customer behavior caused by the equity market change:

 

Segment

  

Relevant Measure

   Impact per
1% Change
   Impact per
10% Change

Investment Management

   Composite of Equity Assets (1)    $ 2    $ 15

Individual Markets - Annuities

   Average daily change in the S&P 500      3      37

Employer Markets - Defined Contribution

   Average daily change in the S&P 500      1      14

Lincoln UK

   Average daily change in the FTSE 100      —        4

 

(1)

The Investment Management segment manages equity-based assets of varying styles (growth, value, blend and international) and underlying products (mutual funds, institutional accounts, insurance separate accounts, etc.). No single equity benchmark is an accurate predictor of the change in earnings for this segment and the earnings impact summarized above includes the return on seed capital.

The impact on earnings summarized above is an expected annual effect. The result of the above factors should be multiplied by 25% to arrive at an estimated quarterly effect. The effect of quarterly equity market changes upon fee revenues and asset-based expenses will not be fully recognized in the current quarter due to the fact that fee revenues are earned and related expenses are incurred based upon daily variable account values. The difference between the current period average daily variable account values compared to the end of period variable account values impacts fee revenues in subsequent periods. Additionally, the impact on earnings may not necessarily be symmetrical with comparable increases in the equity markets. This discussion concerning the estimated effects of ongoing equity market volatility on the fees we earn from account values and assets under management is intended to be illustrative. Actual effects may vary depending on a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control, such as changing customer behaviors that might result in changes in the mix of our business between variable and fixed annuity contracts, switching among investment alternatives available within variable products, changes in sales production levels or changes in policy persistency. For purposes of this guidance, the change in account values is assumed to correlate with the change in the relevant index.

Default Risk

Our portfolio of invested assets was $71.6 billion and $71.9 billion as of March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, respectively. Of this total, $45.5 billion and $46.1 billion consist of corporate bonds and $7.5 billion and $7.4 billion consist of commercial mortgages as of March 31, 2008, and December 31, 2007, respectively. We manage the risk of adverse default experience on these investments by applying disciplined credit evaluation and underwriting standards, prudently limiting allocations to lower-quality, higher-yielding investments and diversifying exposures by issuer, industry, region and property type. For each counterparty or borrowing entity and its affiliates, our exposures from all transactions are aggregated and managed in relation to formal limits set by rating quality and industry group. We remain exposed to occasional adverse cyclical economic downturns during which default rates may be significantly higher than the long-term historical average used in pricing.

We are depending on the ability of derivative product dealers and their guarantors to honor their obligations to pay the contract amounts under various derivatives agreements. In order to minimize the risk of default losses, we diversify our exposures among several dealers and limit the amount of exposure to each in accordance with the credit rating of each dealer or its guarantor. We generally limit our selection of counterparties that are obligated under these derivative contracts to those with an A credit rating or above.

Credit-Related Derivatives

We use various credit-related derivatives to minimize exposure to various credit-related risks. We use credit default swaps to hedge against a drop in bond prices due to credit concerns of certain bond issuers. A credit default swap allows us to put the bond back to the counterparty at par upon a default event by the bond issuer. A default event is defined as bankruptcy, failure to pay or obligation acceleration. As of March 31, 2008, and December 31, 2007, we had no purchased credit default swaps outstanding.

 

111


We also sell credit default swaps to offer credit protection to investors. The credit default swaps hedge the investor against a drop in bond prices due to credit concerns of certain bond issuers. A credit swap allows the investor to put the bond back to us at par upon a default event by the bond issuer. As of March 31, 2008, and December 31, 2007, we had credit default swaps with a notional amount of $60 million, which expire in 2010 through 2012.

Credit Risk

By using derivative instruments, we are exposed to credit risk (our counterparty fails to make payment) and market risk (the value of the instrument falls and we are required to make a payment). When the fair value of a derivative contract is positive, this generally indicates that the counterparty owes us and, therefore, creates a credit risk for us equal to the extent of the fair value gain in the derivative. When the fair value of a derivative contract is negative, this generally indicates we owe the counterparty and therefore we have no credit risk, but have been affected by market risk. We minimize the credit risk in derivative instruments by entering into transactions with high quality counterparties with minimum credit ratings that are reviewed regularly by us, by limiting the amount of credit exposure to any one counterparty, and by requiring certain counterparties to post collateral if our credit risk exceeds certain limits. We also maintain a policy of requiring all derivative contracts to be governed by an International Swaps and Derivatives Association (“ISDA”) Master Agreement. We do not believe that the credit or market risks associated with derivative instruments are material to any insurance subsidiary or the Company.

 

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Conclusions Regarding Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures, which are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. As of the end of the period covered by this report, we, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act). Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective in timely alerting them to material information relating to us and our consolidated subsidiaries required to be disclosed in our periodic reports under the Exchange Act.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2008, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Further, because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the company have been detected. Projections of any evaluation of controls effectiveness to future periods are subject to risks. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures.

 

112


PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

 

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

Information regarding reportable legal proceedings is contained in “Part I – Item 3. Legal Proceedings” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007.

 

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

(c) The following table summarizes purchases of equity securities by the issuer during the quarter ended March 31, 2008 (dollars in millions, except per share data):

 

Period

   (a) Total
Number

of Shares
(or Units)
Purchased (1)
   (b) Average
Price Paid
per Share
(or Unit)
   (c) Total Number
of Shares (or Units)
Purchased as Part of
Publicly Announced
Plans or Programs (2)
   (d) Approximate Dollar
Value of Shares (or
Units) that May Yet Be
Purchased Under the
Plans or Programs (3)

1/1/08 - 1/31/08

   392    $ 54.31    —      $ 1,663.4

2/1/08 - 2/29/08

   5,327,250      52.44    5,300,000      1,385.5

3/1/08 - 3/31/08

   157,508      51.17    150,000      1,377.9

 

(1)

Of the total number of shares purchased, 28,883 shares were received in connection with the exercise of stock options and related taxes and 6,267 shares were withheld for taxes on the vesting of restricted stock. For the quarter ended March 31, 2008, there were 5,450,000 shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs.

(2)

On February 23, 2007, our Board approved a $2 billion increase to our securities repurchase authorization, bringing the total authorization at that time to $2.6 billion. As of March 31, 2008, our security repurchase authorization was $1.4 billion. The security repurchase authorization does not have an expiration date. The amount and timing of share repurchase depends on key capital ratios, rating agency expectations, the generation of free cash flow and an evaluation of the costs and benefits associated with alternative uses of capital. The shares repurchased in connection with the awards described in footnote (1) are not included in our security repurchase.

(3)

As of the last day of the applicable month.

 

Item 6. Exhibits

The Exhibits included in this report are listed in the Exhibit Index beginning on page E-1, which is incorporated herein by reference.

 

113


SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 

LINCOLN NATIONAL CORPORATION
By:  

/s/ FREDERICK J. CRAWFORD

  Frederick J. Crawford
  Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
By:  

/s/ DOUGLAS N. MILLER

  Douglas N. Miller
  Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer

Date: May 9, 2008

 

114


LINCOLN NATIONAL CORPORATION

Exhibit Index for the Report on Form 10-Q

For the Quarter Ended March 31, 2008

 

10.1   Form of 2008-2010 Performance Cycle Agreement under the LNC Amended and Restated Incentive Compensation Plan is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of LNC’s Form 8-K (File No. 1-6028) filed with the SEC on February 13, 2008.
10.2   Form of 2008 Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement under the LNC Amended and Restated Incentive Compensation Plan is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of LNC’s Form 8-K (File No. 1-6028) filed with the SEC on February 13, 2008.
10.3   Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Delaware Investments U.S., Inc. Incentive Compensation Plan is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of LNC’s Form 8-K (File No. 1-6028) filed with the SEC on February 13, 2008.
10.4   Description of Special 2008 Annual Incentive Payout Arrangement with Terrance J. Mullen, President of Lincoln Financial Distributors, is filed herewith.
10.5   LNC Deferred Compensation and Supplemental/Excess Retirement Plan is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 of LNC’s Form 10-K (File No. 1-6028) for the year ended December 31, 2007.
10.6   Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the LNC Amended and Restated Incentive Compensation Plan, adopted February 7, 2008, is filed herewith.
10.7   Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement is filed herewith.
10.8   Amendment No. 2 to the Amended and Restated Incentive Compensation Plan is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of LNC’s Form 10-K (File No. 1-6028) for the year ended December 31, 2007.
12.1   Historical Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges.
31.1   Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2   Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1   Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2   Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 

E-1

EX-10.4 2 dex104.htm DESCRIPTION OF SPECIAL 2008 ANNUAL INCENTIVE PAYOUT ARRANGEMENT Description of Special 2008 Annual Incentive Payout Arrangement

EXHIBIT 10.4

On February 13, 2008, the Compensation Committee of LNC’s Board of Directors approved a special arrangement regarding the payout of 2008 Annual Incentive Plan award (“AIP”) for Terrance J. Mullen, President of Lincoln Financial Distributors. Under this arrangement, LNC will make a payment to Mr. Mullen on or before July 4, 2008 at 75% of the estimated 2008 AIP payout consistent with that used for financial statement purposes. In early 2009, LNC will make a second payment to Mr. Mullen if the year-end AIP payout based on satisfaction of performance measures exceeds the July payment. Mr. Mullen must be actively employed and in good standing on July 4, 2008 to receive the first payment and on December 31, 2008 (consistent with all participants with AIP) to receive the year-end payout.

EX-10.6 3 dex106.htm FORM OF RESTRICTED STOCK UNIT AWARD AGREEMENT Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement

EXHIBIT 10.6

Lincoln National Corporation

Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement

This Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (the “Agreement”) is by and between Lincoln National Corporation (“LNC”) on behalf of itself and its affiliates, and                          (the “Grantee”), and evidences the grant on February 7, 2008 of Restricted Stock Units to Grantee, and Grantee’s acceptance of the Restricted Stock Units in accordance with the provisions of the Lincoln National Corporation Incentive Compensation Plan, as amended, effective May 10, 2007 (the “Plan”) and this Agreement. LNC and Grantee agree as follows:

 

  1. Number of Shares Granted. Grantee is awarded                          Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”) subject to the terms and restrictions as set forth in the Plan and in this Agreement. In the event an adjustment pursuant to Section 10(c) of the Plan is required, the number of RSUs awarded under this Agreement and/or the number of shares of common stock issued pursuant to RSUs granted under this Agreement shall be adjusted in accordance with Section 10(c) of the Plan. All RSUs after such adjustment (and/or shares of LNC common stock issuable pursuant to an RSU granted under this Agreement) shall be subject to the same restrictions applicable to such RSUs (and/or shares of LNC common stock issuable pursuant to an RSU granted under this Agreement) before the adjustment.

 

  2. Restrictions. Neither the RSUs granted under this Agreement, nor any interest or right therein or part thereof, shall be sold, transferred, pledged, hypothecated, margined or otherwise encumbered by the Grantee. The RSUs shall be subject to the restrictions in this Paragraph 2 until such time as shares are distributed in settlement of the RSUs, as described in Paragraph 7 below.

 

  3. Voting Rights. Grantee shall have no voting rights with respect to RSUs.

 

  4. Cancellation for Breach of Non-Competition, Non-Solicitation, Non-Disparagement and Non-Disclosure Provisions or Termination for Cause. Any RSUs may be cancelled by action of the Committee or its delegate if Grantee is terminated for Cause (as defined below), or fails to comply with the non-competition, non-solicitation, non-disparagement and/or non-disclosure provisions described below before shares are distributed in settlement of the RSUs, as described in Paragraph 7. At the time shares are to be distributed pursuant to this Agreement, Grantee shall certify on a form acceptable to the Committee that Grantee is in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Plan, and with the provisions in subparagraphs 4(a) through 4(d) below. Failure to comply with these conditions prior to such time shall cause the RSUs granted hereunder to be rescinded, except as provided under the Plan.

 

  (a) Non-Competition. Grantee may not become employed by, work on behalf of, or otherwise render services that are the same or similar to the services rendered by Grantee to the business unit employing Grantee for any other organization or business which competes with or provides, or is planning to provide, the same or similar products and/or services as the business unit in which Grantee was employed or otherwise had responsibilities for at the time of his/her termination. Grantee understands and agrees that this restriction is nationwide in scope. If Grantee has terminated employment, Grantee shall be free, however, to purchase, as an investment or otherwise, stock or other securities of such organization or business so long as they are listed upon a recognized securities exchange or traded over-the-counter and such investment does not represent a greater than five percent equity interest in the organization or business.

 

  (b) Non-Solicitation. Grantee shall not directly or indirectly hire, manage, solicit or recruit any employees, agents, financial planners, salespeople, financial advisors, vendors or service providers of LNC (including, but not limited to, doing a “lift-out” of same) whom Grantee had hired, managed, supervised, or otherwise became familiar with as a result of his/her employment with LNC.

 

  (c) Non-Disparagement. Grantee shall not (i) make any public statements regarding his/her employment with LNC (other than factual statements concerning the dates of employment and positions held) or his/her termination or Retirement (as defined in Paragraph 5 below) from LNC that are not agreed to by LNC, such approval not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed; and (ii) Grantee shall not disparage LNC or any of its subsidiaries or affiliates, its and their respective employees, executives, officers, or Boards of Directors.

 

  (d) Non-Disclosure & Ideas Provision. Grantee shall not, without prior written authorization from LNC, disclose to anyone outside LNC, or use in other than LNC’s business, any information or material relating to the business of LNC that LNC considers confidential and/or proprietary pursuant to its Code of Conduct. Furthermore, Grantee agrees to disclose and assign to LNC all rights and interest in any invention or idea that Grantee developed or helped develop for actual or related business, research, or development work during the period of their Service with LNC.


For purposes of this Agreement, “Cause” means, as determined by LNC in its sole discretion, a conviction of a felony or any fraudulent of willful misconduct by Grantee that is materially and demonstrably injurious to the business or reputation of LNC.

 

  5. Vesting of Restricted Stock Units. Subject to Paragraph 4 above, the RSUs indicated below shall vest upon the earliest to occur of the following dates, provided Grantee remains in Service (as defined below) through such date:

 

  (a) 100% on February 7, 2011; or

 

  (b) 100% as of the date on which the Grantee is certified as disabled and becomes eligible for long-term disability (“LTD”) benefits under a LTD program sponsored by LNC; or

 

  (c) 100% as of the date of the Grantee’s death; or

 

  (d) 100% as of the date on which a Change of Control occurs as that term is defined by Section 2(e) of the Plan pursuant to the definition in effect on the day immediately preceding such Change of Control; or

 

  (e) Pro-rata as of the date Grantee’s position is Job Eliminated, as that term is defined under the LNC Severance Pay Plan, and Grantee no longer provides Service to LNC or any subsidiaries; or

 

  (f) Pro-rata as of the date on which Grantee Retires from LNC; except that if a Grantee Retires at age 62 or older, the Grantees RSUs shall be 100% vested as of that date.

For purposes of this Agreement, the term “Service” includes service as a common law employee or planner of LNC or any subsidiary. In the event that Grantee’s Service terminates prior to the vesting of RSUs as set forth above, other than under the circumstances described in subparagraphs 5(b) through (f), the RSUs shall be forfeited and automatically transferred back to LNC. Upon forfeiture, Grantee shall have no further rights in such RSUs or shares of common stock issuable pursuant to an RSU granted hereunder.

For purposes of this Agreement, “Retire” or “Retirement” refers to a separation from service after having attained age 55 with credit for five (5) or more years of Service with LNC.

Awards that vest pro-rata upon certain events shall vest according to a pro-ration formula equal to the number of days during the three-year period beginning on the date of grant, February 7, 2008, and ending on the third anniversary of the grant date, on February 7, 2011 that Grantee provided Service to LNC or a subsidiary, divided by the total number of days in that three year period, multiplied by the number of RSUs awarded (rounding up the nearest whole RSU).

 

  6. Dividend Equivalent Rights. No cash dividends shall be payable with respect to the RSUs. Instead, a Dividend Equivalent Rights Payment Account (“DER Account”) shall be established and maintained for Grantee. For each RSU, Grantee shall have a dividend equivalent right (“DER”). The DER shall entitle the Grantee to have additional RSUs credited to his DER Account on each date that dividends are paid on LNC common stock while the RSU is outstanding. The number of RSUs to be credited on a dividend payment date based on each DER shall equal the number of shares of LNC common stock (or fraction thereof) that could be purchased on that date with the per share dividend amount paid on that date. DERs have the same restrictions as the underlying RSUs.

 

  7. Distribution of Shares. A share of LNC common stock shall be distributed to Grantee (or to Grantee’s estate) for every vested RSU (including RSUs credited based on DERs), on the earliest to occur of:

 

  (a) February 7, 2011; or

 

  (b) The date of the Grantee’s death; or

 

  (c) The date of a “change of control event,” within the meaning of Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”);

 

  (d) The date of the Grantee’s “disability” within the meaning of Section 409A of Code; or

 

  (e) The date of the Grantee’s “separation from service,” within the meaning of Section 409A of the Code (“Separation from Service”).


A share of common stock shall be distributed for each RSU as soon as practicable after the earliest date set forth above, but in no event longer than 90 days later. The appropriate officer or agent of LNC shall create a book entry account in the name of the Grantee, to which shares of LNC common stock issued in settlement of the RSUs shall be credited. Once a share has been issued with respect to an RSU pursuant to the Agreement and the Plan, the Grantee shall have no further rights with respect to the RSU.

Notwithstanding anything in this Paragraph 7 to the contrary, in the case of a Key Employee of LNC, a distribution upon the Key Employee’s Separation from Service shall be made on the date that is six (6) months after the date on which the Key Employee Separates from Service. A “Key Employee” means an Employee treated as a “specified employee” as of his Separation from Service under Code Section 409A(a)(2)(B)(i) of LNC or its affiliates, i.e., a Key Employee (as defined in Code Section 416(i) without regard to paragraph (5) thereof). Key Employees shall be determined in accordance with Code Section 409A using December 31st as the determination date. A listing of Key Employees as of a determination date shall be effective for the 12-month period beginning on the April 1st following the determination date.

 

  8. Tax Withholding. LNC will require Grantee to remit an amount equal to any tax withholding required by federal, state, or local law on the value of the RSUs at such time as LNC is required to withhold such amounts. LNC may satisfy any necessary withholding by requiring Grantee to surrender a portion of his or her RSU award.

 

  9. Compliance with Securities Laws. LNC common stock shall not be issued with respect to RSUs unless the issuance and delivery of such common stock shall comply with all relevant provisions of state and federal laws, rules and regulations, and, in the discretion of the LNC, shall be further subject to the approval of counsel for LNC with respect to that compliance.

 

  10. Incorporation of Plan Terms. This Award is subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan. Such terms and conditions of the Plan are incorporated into and made a part of this Agreement by reference. In the event of any conflicts between the provisions of this Agreement and the terms of the Plan, the terms of the Plan will control. Capitalized terms used but not defined in the Agreement shall have the meanings set forth in the Plan unless the context clearly requires an alternative meaning.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, LNC, by its duly authorized officer has signed this Agreement as of the effective date set out above. The terms and provisions of this Agreement are acknowledged and agreed to by Grantee, as evidenced by his or her signature below.

 

LINCOLN NATIONAL CORPORATION
By:  

 

  Dennis R. Glass
  President and Chief Executive Officer

 

Agreed and Acknowledged by Grantee:
By:  

 

Name:  

February 7, 2008

Restricted Stock Unit Grant

EX-10.7 4 dex107.htm FORM OF RESTRICTED STOCK AWARD AGREEMENT Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement

EXHIBIT 10.7

FORM OF RESTRICTED STOCK AWARD AGREEMENT

This Restricted Stock Award Agreement (the “Agreement”) is by and between LNC and [Name of Grantee] (the “Grantee”), and evidences the grant, by LNC on August 2, 2007 (“Date of Grant”) of a Restricted Stock Award to Grantee, and Grantee’s acceptance of the Restricted Stock Award in accordance with the provisions of the Lincoln National Corporation Incentive Compensation Plan, as Amended and Restated effective May 10, 2007, and any amendments thereto (the “Plan”) and this Agreement. LNC and Grantee agree as follows:

 

  1. Number of Shares Granted. Grantee is awarded [Number of Shares] shares of LNC common stock subject to the restrictions set out in the Plan and in this Agreement (the “Restricted Shares”). In the event of a stock dividend or stock split, the number of Restricted Shares shall be automatically increased in the same manner as all outstanding shares of LNC common stock and shall be subject to the same restrictions as the underlying shares.

 

  2. Restrictions. The Restricted Shares granted pursuant to this Agreement shall be subject to the following Restrictions until such time as the Restrictions shall lapse, as described in Paragraph 7 below: (a) neither the Restricted Shares nor any interest or right therein or part thereof shall be sold, transferred, pledged, hypothecated, margined or otherwise encumbered by the Grantee; and (b) in the event that Grantee’s Service (as defined below) with LNC and all subsidiaries terminates prior to the vesting dates set forth in subsection 7(a) below other than on account of death or disability or a Change of Control (as defined below), the Restricted Shares shall be forfeited and transferred back to LNC. Upon forfeiture, Grantee shall have no further rights in such Restricted Shares nor in the Dividend Equivalent Rights Account (as described below).

For purposes of this Agreement, the term “Service” includes service as a common law employee, a full time life insurance salesman under contract with LNC or a subsidiary (“planner”), or the furnishing of exclusive consulting services to LNC or a subsidiary after Retirement (termination on or after age 55 with 5 years of Service) pursuant to a written agreement.

 

  3. Voting Rights. Grantee shall have voting rights on the Restricted Shares.

 

  4. Dividend Equivalent Rights. No cash dividends shall be payable on the Restricted Shares. Instead, a Dividend Equivalent Rights Payment Account (“DER Account”) shall be established and maintained for Grantee. Stock units equal in value to dividends attributable to the Restricted Shares shall be credited to the DER Account as of the dividend payable date. These stock units have the same restrictions as the underlying Restricted Shares.

 

  5. Registration of Restricted Shares. The Secretary of LNC will register Restricted Shares in the name of Grantee, to be held in book entry form by the LNC’s transfer agent until such time as the restrictions lapse or until the Restricted Shares are canceled or forfeited. The transfer of these Restricted Shares is restricted under the terms of this Agreement (as described in Paragraph 2 above).

 

  6. Compliance with Non-Competition, Non-Solicitation, Non-Disparagement and Non-Disclosure Provisions. Any unvested portion of this award may be canceled by action of the Compensation Committee of the LNC Board of Directors or its delegates if Grantee is terminated for Cause (as defined below), or if Grantee fails to comply with the non-competition, non-solicitation, non-disparagement and/or non-disclosure provisions described below. In addition, if Grantee is terminated for Cause at any time, or if Grantee fails to comply with the non-competition, non-solicitation, non-disparagement and/or non-disclosure provisions described below during the period beginning with the date of grant and ending on the date six months after the date that Restricted Shares vest LNC may rescind this award and Grantee must deliver to LNC within ten (10) business days after receiving written notice of rescission from LNC [Insert Number from Paragraph 1 above] shares of LNC common stock:

 

  (a) Non-Competition. Grantee may not become employed by, work on behalf of, or otherwise render services that are the same or similar to the services rendered by Grantee at LNC for any organization or business which competes with or provides, or is planning to provide, the same or similar products and/or services as any LNC business unit in which Grantee was employed or otherwise had responsibilities for at the time of his/her termination. Grantee understands and agrees that this restriction is nationwide in scope. If Grantee has terminated employment, Grantee shall be free, however, to purchase, as an investment or otherwise, stock or other securities of such organization or business so long as they are listed upon a recognized securities exchange or traded over-the-counter and such investment does not represent a greater than five percent equity interest in the organization or business.


  (b) Non-Solicitation. Grantee shall not directly or indirectly hire, manage, solicit or recruit any employees, agents, financial planners, salespeople, financial advisors, vendors or service providers of LNC whom Grantee had hired, managed, supervised, or otherwise became familiar with as a result of his/her employment with LNC and who were employed at LNC at the time of Grantee’s termination of LNC employment or had been employed at LNC within three (3) months of Grantee’s date of termination of LNC employment.

 

  (c) Non-Disparagement. Except as required by law or subpoena, Grantee shall not (i) make any public statements regarding his/her employment with LNC (other than factual statements concerning the dates of employment and positions held) or his/her termination or retirement from LNC that are not agreed to by LNC, such approval not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed; (ii) Grantee shall not disparage LNC or any of its subsidiaries or affiliates, its and their respective employees, executives, officers, or Boards of Directors.

 

  (d) Non-Disclosure. Grantee shall not, without prior written authorization from LNC, disclose to anyone outside of LNC, or use in other than LNC’s business, any information or material relating to the business of LNC that LNC considers confidential and/or proprietary pursuant to its Code of Conduct. In addition, Grantee agrees that, in the event of termination of employment for any reason, Grantee shall immediately return all confidential and proprietary LNC information to LNC.

For purposes of this Agreement, “Cause” means, as determined by LNC in its sole discretion, a conviction of a felony or any fraudulent of willful misconduct by Grantee that is materially and demonstrably injurious to the business or reputation of LNC.

 

  7. Lapse of Restrictions. Subject to Paragraph 6 above, the Restrictions on the Restricted Stock shall lapse, and the Shares shall vest fully on the earlier of the following dates:

 

  (a) 1/3 or          Shares on August 2, 2008;

1/3 or          Shares on August 2, 2009; and

1/3 or          Shares on August 2, 2010.

 

  (b) The date on which the Compensation Committee of the LNC Board of Directors determines the total disability of Grantee, as determined pursuant to any applicable federal taxation rules; or

 

  (c) The date of the Grantee’s death; or

 

  (d) The date on which a Change of Control of LNC occurs as that term is defined in the Lincoln National Corporation Executives’ Severance Benefit Plan on the day immediately preceding such Change of Control and pursuant to any applicable federal taxation rules.

Unless the Restricted Shares have been canceled or forfeited, the Restricted Shares shall be distributed to Grantee (or Grantee’s designee or estate) without restrictions as soon as practicable. LNC shall create a book entry account in the name of the Grantee, to which shares of LNC common stock representing the Restricted Shares and the stock units credited to the Grantee’s DER Account shall be credited. In addition, the Compensation Committee of the LNC Board of Directors may exercise its sole discretion to defer all or a portion of such Restricted Shares and the DER Account under the Deferred Compensation Plan if the Grantee is a Reporting Person under Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Grantee’s employer would be denied a tax deduction under Internal Revenue Code Section 162(m) for the value of such Restricted Shares and the DER Account.

 

  8. Tax Withholding. Grantee must remit to the Secretary of LNC an amount equal to any tax withholding required by federal, state, or local law on the value of the Restricted Shares and the DER Account at such time as they are taxable to Grantee. Grantee may elect, in accordance with procedures established by the Committee, to surrender shares of LNC common stock (including the shares which are a part of this award) with a fair market value on the date of surrender that satisfies all or part of the withholding requirements.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, LNC, by its duly authorized officer has signed this Agreement as of the effective date set out above.

 

LINCOLN NATIONAL CORPORATION
By:  

 

  Dennis R. Glass
  Chief Executive Officer

SMC Restricted Stock Award

August 2 2007

EX-12.1 5 dex121.htm HISTORICAL RATIO OF EARNINGS TO FIXED CHARGES Historical Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges

Exhibit 12.1

LINCOLN NATIONAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

HISTORICAL RATIO OF EARNINGS TO FIXED CHARGES

(dollars in millions)

 

     For the Three Months
Ended March 31,
     2008    2007

Income from continuing operations before taxes

   $ 418    $ 558

Sub-total of fixed charges

     87      71
             

Sub-total of adjusted income

     505      629

Interest on annuities and financial products

     548      620
             

Adjusted income base

   $ 1,053    $ 1,249
             

Fixed Charges

     

Interest and debt expense

   $ 81    $ 66

Portion of rent expense representing interest

     6      5
             

Sub-total of fixed charges excluding interest on annuities and financial products

     87      71

Interest on annuities and financial products

     548      620
             

Total fixed charges

   $ 635    $ 691
             

Ratio of sub-total of adjusted income to sub-total of fixed charges excluding interest on annuities and financial products

     5.80      8.86

Ratio of adjusted income base to total fixed charges

     1.66      1.81
EX-31.1 6 dex311.htm CERTIFICATION OF THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER Certification of the Chief Executive Officer

EXHIBIT 31.1

Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the

Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Dennis R. Glass, President and Chief Executive Officer, certify that:

 

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Lincoln National Corporation;

 

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

 

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

 

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

 

  a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

 

  b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

 

  c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

 

  d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

 

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

 

  a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

 

  b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

 

Dated: May 9, 2008    

/s/ Dennis R. Glass

    Dennis R. Glass
    President and Chief Executive Officer
EX-31.2 7 dex312.htm CERTIFICATION OF THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER Certification of the Chief Financial Officer

EXHIBIT 31.2

Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the

Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Frederick J. Crawford, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, certify that:

 

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Lincoln National Corporation;

 

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

 

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

 

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

 

  a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

 

  b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

 

  c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

 

  d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

 

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

 

  a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

 

  b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

 

Dated: May 9, 2008    

/s/ Frederick J. Crawford

    Frederick J. Crawford
    Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
EX-32.1 8 dex321.htm CERTIFICATION OF THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER Certification of the Chief Executive Officer

EXHIBIT 32.1

Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350,

As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906

Of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, the undersigned officer of Lincoln National Corporation (the “Company”), hereby certifies that the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2008 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

 

Dated: May 9, 2008      

/s/ Dennis R. Glass

    Name:   Dennis R. Glass
    Title:   President and Chief Executive Officer

The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350 and is not being filed as part of the Report or as a separate disclosure document.

A signed original of this written statement required under Section 906 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

EX-32.2 9 dex322.htm CERTIFICATION OF THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER Certification of the Chief Financial Officer

EXHIBIT 32.2

Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350,

As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906

Of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, the undersigned officer of Lincoln National Corporation (the “Company”), hereby certifies that the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2008 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

 

Dated: May 9, 2008      

/s/ Frederick J. Crawford

    Name:   Frederick J. Crawford
    Title:   Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350 and is not being filed as part of the Report or as a separate disclosure document.

A signed original of this written statement required under Section 906 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

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