Implementation of New Financial Accounting Pronouncements

The following table provides a brief description of accounting standards that were effective January 1, 2018 and were adopted on that date:



Standard	Description	Effect on the financial statements or other significant matters
Accounting Standards Update 2014-09 and various other related updates, Revenue from Contracts with Customers	This standard replaced existing revenue recognition standards and requires entities to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. An entity can apply the new revenue standard retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented or with the cumulative effect of initially applying the standard recognized at the date of initial application in retained earnings. We applied the latter approach.	Application of the new standard to applicable contracts resulted in an increase of approximately $5 million to retained earnings as of January 1, 2018. Disclosures required by the new standard are included in Note 1, Note 4, and Note 18.
Accounting Standards Update 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities	This standard requires entities to recognize changes in the fair value of equity investments with readily determinable fair values in net income (except for investments accounted for under the equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee). An entity should apply the new standard through a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption.	Upon adoption, we reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss the after-tax amount of net unrealized gains resulting in an increase to retained earnings of approximately $105 million. Adoption of this standard did not result in a material change in net income in 2018.
Accounting Standards Update 2016-16, Income Taxes: Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory	This standard requires entities to recognize the income tax consequences of intra-entity transfers of assets other than inventory at the time of transfer. This standard requires a modified retrospective approach to adoption.	Upon adoption, the cumulative effect of applying the standard resulted in an increase of approximately $700 million to retained earnings, $2.5 billion to deferred tax assets, and $1.8 billion to deferred tax liabilities. Adoption of this standard did not result in a material change in net income in 2018.



Accounting Standards Update 2017-07, Compensation-Retirement Benefits: Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost	This standard was issued to improve the transparency and comparability among organizations by requiring entities to separate their net periodic pension cost and net periodic postretirement benefit cost into a service cost component and other components. Previously, the costs of the other components along with the service cost component were classified based upon the function of the employee. This standard requires entities to classify the service cost component in the same financial statement line item or items as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by pertinent employees. The other components of net benefit cost are now presented separately from the line items that include the service cost component. When applicable, the service cost component is now the only component eligible for capitalization. An entity should apply the new standard retrospectively for the classification of the service cost and other components and prospectively for the capitalization of the service cost component.	Upon adoption of this standard, pension and postretirement benefit cost components other than service costs are presented in other–net, (income) expense. The application of the new standard resulted in reclassification to other income of $248.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, while increasing cost of sales by $80.6 million, research and development expenses by $75.5 million, and marketing, selling, and administrative expenses by $92.0 million for the same period. The application of the new standard resulted in reclassification to other income of $197.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, while increasing cost of sales by $55.2 million, research and development expenses by $66.4 million, and marketing, selling, and administrative expenses by $76.0 million for the same period. We do not expect application of the new standard to have a material impact on an ongoing basis.

We elected to early adopt Accounting Standards Update 2018-02, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income: Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income as of December 31, 2017, which allowed a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive loss to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (2017 Tax Act - see Note 13). This standard allowed us to reclassify the effect of remeasuring deferred tax liabilities and assets related to items within accumulated other comprehensive loss using the then newly enacted 21 percent federal corporate income tax rate. The provisional effect of this early adoption was a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive loss, which resulted in an increase to retained earnings of $643.6 million as of December 31, 2017.

The following table provides a brief description of the accounting standard that had not yet been adopted as of December 31, 2018:

Description

Effective Date

Effect on the financial statements or other significant matters

Accounting Standards Update 2016-02, Leases

This standard was issued to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities, including leases classified as operating leases under current GAAP, on the balance sheet and requiring additional disclosures about leasing arrangements. An entity can apply the new leases standard retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented or with the cumulative effect of initially applying the standard recognized at the date of initial application in retained earnings. We plan to use the latter approach.

This standard was effective January 1, 2019, and we adopted on that date.

We expect to record a right-of-use asset and lease liability for operating leases of approximately $650 million on our consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2019. Our accounting for capital leases will remain substantially unchanged. This standard will not have a material impact on our consolidated statement of operations.