	Three months ended						Nine months ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2020			2021			2020			2021
	(In millions)
Expected tax expense, at U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 21%	$	1.7		$	14.9		$	15.6		$	30.3
Incremental net tax benefit on earnings and losses of non-U.S., U.S. and non-tax group companies		(3.9	)		(.7	)		(7.8	)		(2.6	)
Non-U.S. tax rates		(.2	)		1.3			.8			3.1
Valuation allowance		(2.1	)		(.7	)		4.9			.8
Adjustment to the reserve for uncertain tax positions, net		(.5	)		.3			.7			.1
Global intangible low-tax income, net		(6.8	)		.9			6.3			1.9
Nondeductible expenses		(.5	)		.3			1.3			.7
U.S. state income taxes and other, net		.9			.6			(.6	)		.9
Income tax expense (benefit)	$	(11.4	)	$	16.9		$	21.2		$	35.2
Comprehensive provision (benefit) for income taxes allocable to:
Net income	$	(11.4	)	$	16.9		$	21.2		$	35.2
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Currency translation		1.2			(.8	)		(1.5	)		(.4	)
Pension plans		1.9			2.0			5.5			6.2
Other		(.1	)		(.1	)		(.2	)		(.2	)
Total	$	(8.4	)	$	18.0		$	25.0		$	40.8

The amount shown in the preceding table of our income tax rate reconciliation for non-U.S. tax rates represents the result determined by multiplying the pre-tax earnings or losses of each of our non-U.S. subsidiaries by the difference between the applicable statutory income tax rate for each non-U.S. jurisdiction and the U.S. federal statutory tax rate. The amount shown on such table for incremental net tax benefit on earnings and losses of non-U.S., U.S. and non-tax group companies includes, as applicable, (i) deferred income taxes (or deferred income tax benefits) associated with the current-year earnings of all of our Chemicals Segment’s non-U.S. subsidiaries, (ii) current U.S. income taxes (or current income tax benefit) including U.S. personal holding company tax, as applicable, attributable to current-year income (losses) of one of Kronos’ non-U.S. subsidiaries, which subsidiary is treated as a dual resident for U.S. income tax purposes, (iii) deferred income taxes associated with our direct investment in Kronos and (iv) current and deferred income taxes associated with distributions and earnings from our investments in LandWell and BMI.

On March 27, 2020, the “Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security (CARES) Act” was signed into law in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act, among other things, includes modifications to the limitation of business interest for tax years beginning in 2019 and 2020 increasing the business interest limitation from 30% of adjusted taxable income to 50% of adjusted taxable income which increased our allowable interest expense deduction for 2019 and 2020. Consequently, in the first quarter of 2020 we recognized a cash tax benefit of $1.0 million related to an adjustment to the valuation allowance recognized in 2019 for the portion of the disallowed interest expense we did not expect to fully utilize at December 31, 2019.

Tax authorities are examining certain of our U.S. and non-U.S. income tax returns and may propose tax deficiencies, including penalties and interest. We believe we have adequate accruals for additional taxes and related interest expense which could ultimately result from tax examinations. We believe the ultimate disposition of tax examinations should not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or liquidity. We currently estimate that our unrecognized tax benefits will decrease by approximately $4.0 million during the next twelve months primarily due to the expiration of certain statutes of limitations.