We may be deemed to be controlled by Ms. Simmons and the Family Trust. See Note 1. Corporations that may be deemed to be controlled by or affiliated with such individuals sometimes engage in (a) intercorporate transactions such as guarantees, management and expense sharing arrangements, shared fee arrangements, joint ventures, partnerships, loans, options, advances of funds on open account, and sales, leases and exchanges of assets, including securities issued by both related and unrelated parties and (b) common investment and acquisition strategies, business combinations, reorganizations, recapitalizations, securities repurchases, and purchases and sales (and other acquisitions and dispositions) of subsidiaries, divisions or other business units, which transactions have involved both related and unrelated parties and have included transactions which resulted in the acquisition by one related party of a publicly-held noncontrolling interest in another related party. While no transactions of the type described above are planned or proposed with respect to us other than as set forth in these financial statements, we continuously consider, review and evaluate, and understand that Contran and related entities consider, review and evaluate such transactions. Depending upon the business, tax and other objectives then relevant, it is possible that we might be a party to one or more such transactions in the future.

From time to time, we may have loans and advances outstanding between us and various related parties, including Contran, pursuant to term and demand notes. We generally enter into these loans and advances for cash management purposes. When we loan funds to related parties, we are generally able to earn a higher rate of return on the loan than we would earn if we invested the funds in other instruments. While certain of these loans may be of a lesser credit quality than cash equivalent instruments otherwise available to us, we believe we have evaluated the credit risks involved and appropriately reflect those credit risks in the terms of the applicable loans. When we borrow from related parties, we are generally able to pay a lower rate of interest than we would pay if we borrowed from unrelated parties. See Note 9 for more information on the Valhi credit facility with Contran. We paid Contran $18.9 million, $19.9 million and $14.2 million in interest on borrowings and unused commitment fees under credit facilities in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively.

We and a subsidiary of Contran guaranteed (i) Tremont’s obligation under its $2.0 million promissory note payable to NERT discussed in Note 9 and (ii) Tremont’s $9.9 million ($11.1 million face value) deferred payment obligation discussed in Note 10. In connection with the payment in full of the promissory note in 2020 and the deferred payment obligation in 2021, the guaranty obligations were released.

Under the terms of various intercorporate services agreements (“ISAs”) we enter into with Contran, employees of Contran provide us certain management, tax planning, financial and administrative services on a fee basis. Such charges are based upon estimates of the time devoted by the Contran employees to our affairs, and the compensation and other expenses associated with those persons. Because of the number of companies affiliated with Contran, we believe we benefit from cost savings and economies of scale gained by not having certain management, financial and administrative staffs duplicated at all of our subsidiaries, thus allowing certain Contran employees to provide services to multiple companies but only be compensated by Contran. We negotiate fees annually, and agreements renew quarterly. The net ISA fees charged to us by Contran aggregated $39.6 million in 2018, $43.9 million in 2019 and $41.3 million in 2020.

At December 31, 2020, we had an aggregate 21.7 million shares of our Kronos common stock pledged as collateral for certain debt obligations of Contran. We receive a fee from Contran for pledging these Kronos shares, determined by a formula based on the market value of the shares pledged. We received $3.1 million in 2018, $1.9 million in 2019 and $1.4 million in 2020 from Contran for this pledge.

Contran and certain of its subsidiaries and affiliates, including us, purchase certain of their insurance policies as a group, with the costs of the jointly-owned policies being apportioned among the participating companies. Tall Pines Insurance Company, our subsidiary, underwrites certain insurance policies for Contran and certain of its subsidiaries and affiliates, including us. Tall Pines purchases reinsurance from third-party insurance carriers with an A.M. Best Company rating of generally at least A-(excellent) for substantially all of the risks it underwrites. EWI RE, Inc., our subsidiary, brokered certain of our insurance policies, provided claims and risk management services and, where appropriate, engaged certain third-party risk management consultants prior to NL’s sale of EWI’s insurance and risk management business to a third party in November 2019. Consistent with insurance industry practices, Tall Pines receives commissions from reinsurance underwriters and/or assesses fees for certain of the policies that it underwrites, and prior to November 2019 EWI received commissions from the insurance and reinsurance underwriters for the policies that it brokered. We received cash payments under the group insurance program from Contran and certain other affiliates not members of our consolidated financial reporting group of $5.4 million in 2018 and $.7 million in 2019. These amounts principally represent insurance premiums paid to Tall Pines or EWI, including amounts paid to EWI that EWI then remitted, net of brokerage commissions, to insurers. These amounts also include payments to insurers or reinsurers through EWI for the reimbursement of claims within our applicable deductible or retention ranges that such insurers and reinsurers paid to third parties on our behalf, as well as amounts for claims and risk management services and various other third-party fees and expenses incurred by the program. Following the sale of EWI’s insurance and risk management business, Contran engaged the third-party insurance broker that purchased the business to provide many of the services previously provided by EWI and we continue to utilize Tall Pines to underwrite certain insurance risks. The aggregate amount paid under the group insurance program by us, our subsidiaries and our joint venture in 2020 was $23.1 million. The aggregate amount paid under the program in 2020 principally represents premiums for insurance, but also includes payments to insurers or reinsurers for the reimbursement of claims within our applicable deductible or retention ranges that such insurers or reinsurers paid to third parties on our behalf, and amounts for claims and risk management services and various other third-party fees and expenses incurred by the program. We expect these relationships will continue in 2021.

With respect to certain of such jointly-owned policies, it is possible that unusually large losses incurred by one or more insureds during a given policy period could leave the other participating companies without adequate coverage under that policy for the balance of the policy period. As a result, and in the event that the available coverage under a particular policy would become exhausted by one or more claims, Contran and certain of its subsidiaries and affiliates, including us, have entered into a loss sharing agreement under which any uninsured loss arising because the available coverage had been exhausted by one or more claims will be shared ratably amongst those entities that had submitted claims under the relevant policy. We believe the benefits in the form of reduced premiums and broader coverage associated with the group coverage for such policies justify the risk associated with the potential for any uninsured loss.

Contran and certain of its subsidiaries participate in a combined information technology data recovery program that Contran provides from a data recovery center that it established. Pursuant to the program, Contran and certain of its subsidiaries, as a group, share information technology data recovery services. The program apportions its costs among the participating companies. We paid Contran $.3 million in 2018, $.2 million in 2019 and $.3 million in 2020 for such services. Under the terms of a sublease agreement between Contran and Kronos, Kronos leases certain office space from Contran. Kronos paid Contran $.1 million in 2019 and $.4 million in 2020 for such rent and related ancillary services. We expect that these relationships with Contran will continue in 2021.

	December 31,
	2019		2020
	(In millions)
Current receivables from affiliates:
Contran trade items	$	.4	$	1.7
Louisiana Pigment Company, L.P.		4.7		-
Other		2.2		2.8
Total	$	7.3	$	4.5
Current payables to affiliates:
Louisiana Pigment Company, L.P.	$	16.4	$	19.3
Contran income taxes		4.0		8.3
Total	$	20.4	$	27.6
Noncurrent payable to affiliates:
Contran - income taxes	$	56.3	$	50.4
Payables to affiliate included in long-term debt
Valhi - Contran credit facility	$	313.0	$	270.7

Amounts payable to LPC are generally for the purchase of TiO₂, while amounts receivable from LPC are generally from the sale of TiO₂ feedstock. See Note 7. Purchases of TiO₂ from LPC were $165.9 million in 2018, $176.2 million in 2019 and $167.8 million in 2020. Sales of feedstock to LPC were $66.9 million in 2018, $84.1 million in 2019 and $84.2 million in 2020. The noncurrent payable to Contran for income taxes is discussed in Note 14.