Income Taxes

We file a consolidated federal income tax return. Taxes based on income from continuing operations for the years ended June 30 have been provided as follows:



	2016			2015		2014
Currently payable:
Federal	$	57,116		$	47,601	$	48,718
State and local	6,502			5,229		4,526
Total current provision	63,618			52,830		53,244
Deferred federal, state and local (benefit) provision	(749		)	36		(951		)
Total taxes based on income	$	62,869		$	52,866	$	52,293

Certain tax benefits recorded directly to common stock for each of the years ended June 30 were as follows:



	2016		2015		2014
Tax benefits recorded directly to common stock	$	1,417	$	563	$	1,020

For the years ended June 30, our effective tax rate varied from the statutory federal income tax rate as a result of the following factors:



	2016		2015		2014
Statutory rate	35.0	%	35.0	%	35.0	%
State and local income taxes	2.3		2.2		2.0
ESOP dividend deduction	(0.4	)	(0.2	)	(0.2	)
Domestic manufacturing deduction for qualified income	(3.0	)	(3.0	)	(3.0	)
Other	0.2		0.2		0.3
Effective rate	34.1	%	34.2	%	34.1	%

As referenced in Note 1, we adopted new accounting guidance for deferred taxes effective December 31, 2015. Our net deferred tax liability for all periods presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets has been classified as noncurrent. The tax effect of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities at June 30 were comprised of:



	2016			2015
Deferred tax assets:
Inventories	$	1,034		$	1,179
Employee medical and other benefits	12,533			11,135
Receivable and other allowances	5,626			5,652
Other accrued liabilities	1,740			2,229
Total deferred tax assets	20,933			20,195
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property, plant and equipment	(21,573		)	(22,968		)
Intangible assets	(14,555		)	(15,223		)
Goodwill	(6,117		)	(4,869		)
Other	(121		)	(75		)
Total deferred tax liabilities	(42,366		)	(43,135		)
Net deferred tax liability	$	(21,433	)	$	(22,940	)

Prepaid federal income taxes of $4.3 million and $3.8 million were included in Other Current Assets at June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Prepaid state and local income taxes of $0.5 million and $0.6 million were included in Other Current Assets at June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Cash payments for income taxes for each of the years ended June 30 were as follows:



	2016		2015		2014
Cash payments for income taxes	$	62,901	$	43,027	$	37,277

The gross tax contingency reserve at June 30, 2016 was $1.6 million and consisted of estimated tax liabilities of $1.0 million and interest and penalties of $0.6 million. The unrecognized tax benefits recorded as the gross tax contingency reserve noted in the following table for June 30, 2016 and 2015 would affect our effective tax rate, if recognized.

The following table sets forth changes in our total gross tax contingency reserve (including interest and penalties):



	2016			2015
Balance, beginning of year	$	1,487		$	963
Tax positions related to the current year:
Additions	54			54
Reductions	—			—
Tax positions related to prior years:
Additions	121			516
Reductions	(63		)	(46		)
Settlements	—			—
Balance, end of year	$	1,599		$	1,487

We have not classified any of the gross tax contingency reserve at June 30, 2016 as a current liability as none of these amounts are expected to be resolved within the next 12 months. Consequently, the entire liability of $1.6 million was included in other noncurrent liabilities. We expect that the amount of these liabilities will change within the next 12 months; however, we do not expect the change to have a significant effect on our financial position or results of operations.

We recognize interest and penalties related to these tax liabilities in income tax expense. For each of the years ended June 30, we recognized the change in the accrual for net tax-related interest and penalties as follows:



	2016		2015
Expense recognized for net tax-related interest and penalties	$	92	$	87

We had accrued interest and penalties at June 30 as follows:



	2016		2015
Accrued interest and penalties included in the gross tax contingency reserve	$	571	$	479

We file income tax returns in the U.S. and various state and local jurisdictions. With limited exceptions, we are no longer subject to examination of U.S. federal or state and local income taxes for years prior to 2013.

The American Jobs Creation Act provided a tax deduction calculated as a percentage of qualified income from manufacturing in the United States. The deduction percentage for 2016 was 9%. In accordance with FASB guidance, this deduction is treated as a special deduction, as opposed to a tax rate reduction and is properly reflected in the effective tax rate table.