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Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2014
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities [Abstract]  
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

14. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

 

Risk Management Objectives

 

(All Registrants)

 

PPL has a risk management policy approved by the Board of Directors to manage market risk associated with commodities, interest rates on debt issuances and foreign exchange (including price, liquidity and volumetric risk) and credit risk (including non-performance risk and payment default risk). The RMC, comprised of senior management and chaired by the Chief Risk Officer, oversees the risk management function. Key risk control activities designed to ensure compliance with the risk policy and detailed programs include, but are not limited to, credit review and approval, validation of transactions and market prices, verification of risk and transaction limits, VaR analyses, portfolio stress tests, gross margin at risk analyses, sensitivity analyses and daily portfolio reporting, including open positions, determinations of fair value, and other risk management metrics.

 

Market Risk

 

Market risk includes the potential loss that may be incurred as a result of price changes associated with a particular financial or commodity instrument as well as market liquidity and volumetric risks. Forward contracts, futures contracts, options, swaps and structured transactions are utilized as part of risk management strategies to minimize unanticipated fluctuations in earnings caused by changes in commodity prices, volumes of full-requirement sales contracts, basis exposure, interest rates and/or foreign currency exchange rates. Many of the contracts meet the definition of a derivative. All derivatives are recognized on the Balance Sheets at their fair value, unless NPNS is elected.

 

The table below summarizes the market risks that affect PPL and its Subsidiary Registrants.

      PPL PPL         
   PPL Energy Supply Electric LKE LG&E KU
Commodity price risk (including basis and                  
 volumetric risk) X X M M M M
Interest rate risk:                  
 Debt issuances X X M M M M
 Defined benefit plans X X M M M M
 NDT securities X X        
Equity securities price risk:                  
 Defined benefit plans X X M M M M
 NDT securities X X        
 Future stock transactions X          
Foreign currency risk - WPD investment and             
 earnings X          

X       = PPL and PPL Energy Supply actively mitigate market risks through their risk management programs described above.

M       = The regulatory environments for PPL's regulated entities, by definition, significantly mitigate market risk.

 

Commodity price risk

 

       PPL is exposed to commodity price risk through its domestic subsidiaries as described below. Volumetric risk is significantly mitigated at WPD as a result of the method of regulation in the U.K.

 

       PPL Energy Supply is exposed to commodity price risk for energy and energy-related products associated with the sale of electricity from its generating assets and other electricity and gas marketing activities and the purchase of fuel and fuel-related commodities for generating assets, as well as for proprietary trading activities.

 

       PPL Electric is exposed to commodity price risk from its obligation as PLR; however, its PUC-approved cost recovery mechanism substantially eliminates its exposure to this risk. PPL Electric also mitigates its exposure to volumetric risk by entering into full-requirement supply agreements to serve its PLR customers. These supply agreements transfer the volumetric risk associated with the PLR obligation to the energy suppliers.

 

       LG&E's and KU's rates include certain mechanisms for fuel, gas supply and environmental expenses. These mechanisms generally provide for timely recovery of market price and volumetric fluctuations associated with these expenses.

 

Interest rate risk

 

       PPL and its subsidiaries are exposed to interest rate risk associated with forecasted fixed-rate and existing floating-rate debt issuances. WPD holds over-the-counter cross currency swaps to limit exposure to market fluctuations on interest and principal payments from changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. LG&E utilizes over-the-counter interest rate swaps to limit exposure to market fluctuations on floating-rate debt and LG&E and KU utilize forward starting interest rate swaps to hedge changes in benchmark interest rates, when appropriate, in connection with future debt issuances. This risk for PPL Electric, LG&E and KU is significantly mitigated due to recovery mechanisms in place.

 

       PPL and its subsidiaries are exposed to interest rate risk associated with debt securities held by defined benefit plans. This risk is significantly mitigated to the extent that the plans are sponsored at, or sponsored on behalf of, the regulated domestic utilities and for certain plans at WPD due to the recovery mechanisms in place. Additionally, PPL Energy Supply is exposed to interest rate risk associated with debt securities held by the NDT.

 

Equity securities price risk

 

       PPL and its subsidiaries are exposed to equity securities price risk associated with defined benefit plans. This risk is significantly mitigated at the regulated domestic utilities and for certain plans at WPD due to the recovery mechanisms in place. Additionally, PPL Energy Supply is exposed to equity securities price risk in the NDT funds.

 

       PPL is exposed to equity securities price risk from future stock sales and/or purchases.

 

Foreign currency risk

 

       PPL is exposed to foreign currency exchange risk primarily associated with its investments and earnings in U.K. affiliates.

 

Credit Risk

 

Credit risk is the potential loss that may be incurred due to a counterparty's non-performance.

 

PPL is exposed to credit risk from "in-the-money" interest rate and foreign currency derivatives with financial institutions, as well as additional credit risk through certain of its subsidiaries, as discussed below.

 

PPL Energy Supply is exposed to credit risk from "in-the-money" commodity derivatives with its energy trading partners, which include other energy companies, fuel suppliers, financial institutions, other wholesale customers and retail customers.

 

The majority of PPL and PPL Energy Supply's credit risk stems from commodity derivatives for multi-year contracts for energy sales and purchases. If PPL Energy Supply's counterparties fail to perform their obligations under such contracts and PPL Energy Supply could not replace the sales or purchases at the same or better prices as those under the defaulted contracts, PPL Energy Supply would incur financial losses. Those losses would be recognized immediately or through lower revenues or higher costs in future years, depending on the accounting treatment for the defaulted contracts. In the event a supplier of LKE (through its subsidiaries LG&E and KU) or PPL Electric defaults on its obligation, those entities would be required to seek replacement power or replacement fuel in the market. In general, incremental costs incurred by these entities would be recoverable from customers in future rates, thus mitigating the financial risk for these entities.

 

PPL and its subsidiaries have credit policies in place to manage credit risk, including the use of an established credit approval process, daily monitoring of counterparty positions and the use of master netting agreements or provisions. These agreements generally include credit mitigation provisions, such as margin, prepayment or collateral requirements. PPL and its subsidiaries may request additional credit assurance, in certain circumstances, in the event that the counterparties' credit ratings fall below investment grade, their tangible net worth falls below specified percentages or their exposures exceed an established credit limit. See Note 13 for credit concentration associated with energy trading partners.

 

Master Netting Arrangements

 

Net derivative positions on the balance sheets are not offset against the right to reclaim cash collateral (a receivable) or the obligation to return cash collateral (a payable) under master netting arrangements.

 

PPL's and PPL Energy Supply's obligation to return counterparty cash collateral under master netting arrangements was $10 million and $9 million at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013.

 

PPL Electric, LKE and LG&E had no obligation to return cash collateral under master netting arrangements at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013.

 

PPL, LKE and LG&E had posted cash collateral under master netting arrangements of $21 million and $22 million at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013.

 

PPL Energy Supply, PPL Electric and KU had not posted any cash collateral under master netting arrangements at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013.

 

See "Offsetting Derivative Investments" below for a summary of derivative positions presented in the balance sheets where a right of setoff exists under these arrangements.

(PPL and PPL Energy Supply)

 

Commodity Price Risk (Non-trading)

 

Commodity price risk, including basis and volumetric risk, is among PPL's and PPL Energy Supply's most significant risks due to the level of investment that PPL and PPL Energy Supply maintain in their competitive generation assets, as well as the extent of their marketing activities. Several factors influence price levels and volatilities. These factors include, but are not limited to, seasonal changes in demand, weather conditions, available generating assets within regions, transportation/transmission availability and reliability within and between regions, market liquidity, and the nature and extent of current and potential federal and state regulations.

 

PPL Energy Supply maximizes the value of its unregulated wholesale and unregulated retail energy portfolios through the use of non-trading strategies that include sales of competitive baseload generation, optimization of competitive intermediate and peaking generation and marketing activities.

 

PPL Energy Supply has a formal hedging program to economically hedge the forecasted purchase and sale of electricity and related fuels for its competitive baseload generation fleet, which includes 7,369 MW (summer rating) of nuclear, coal and hydroelectric generating capacity. PPL Energy Supply attempts to optimize the overall value of its competitive intermediate and peaking fleet, which includes 3,309 MW (summer rating) of natural gas and oil-fired generation. PPL Energy Supply's marketing portfolio is comprised of full-requirement sales contracts and related supply contracts, retail natural gas and electricity sales contracts and other marketing activities. The strategies that PPL Energy Supply uses to hedge its full-requirement sales contracts include purchasing energy (at a liquid trading hub or directly at the load delivery zone), capacity and RECs in the market and/or supplying the energy, capacity and RECs from its generation assets.

 

PPL and PPL Energy Supply enter into financial and physical derivative contracts, including forwards, futures, swaps and options, to hedge the price risk associated with electricity, natural gas, oil and other commodities. Certain contracts are non-derivatives or NPNS is elected and therefore they are not reflected in the financial statements until delivery. PPL and PPL Energy Supply segregate their non-trading activities into two categories: cash flow hedges and economic activity as discussed below.

 

Cash Flow Hedges

 

Certain derivative contracts have qualified for hedge accounting so that the effective portion of a derivative's gain or loss is deferred in AOCI and reclassified into earnings when the forecasted transaction occurs. There were no active cash flow hedges during the three months ended March 31, 2014. At March 31, 2014, the accumulated net unrecognized after-tax gains (losses) that are expected to be reclassified into earnings during the next 12 months were $24 million for PPL and PPL Energy Supply. Cash flow hedges are discontinued if it is no longer probable that the original forecasted transaction will occur by the end of the originally specified time periods and any amounts previously recorded in AOCI are reclassified into earnings once it is determined that the hedge transaction is probable of not occurring. There were no such reclassifications for the three months ended March 31, 2014 and 2013.

 

For the three months ended March 31, 2014 and 2013, there was no hedge ineffectiveness associated with energy derivatives.

 

Economic Activity

 

Many derivative contracts economically hedge the commodity price risk associated with electricity, natural gas, oil and other commodities but do not receive hedge accounting treatment because they were not eligible for hedge accounting or because hedge accounting was not elected. These derivatives hedge a portion of the economic value of PPL Energy Supply's competitive generation assets and unregulated full-requirement and retail contracts, which are subject to changes in fair value due to market price volatility and volume expectations. Additionally, economic activity also includes the ineffective portion of qualifying cash flow hedges (see "Cash Flow Hedges" above). The derivative contracts in this category that existed at March 31, 2014 range in maturity through 2019.

 

Examples of economic activity may include hedges on sales of baseload generation, certain purchase contracts used to supply full-requirement sales contracts, FTRs or basis swaps used to hedge basis risk associated with the sale of competitive generation or supplying full-requirement sales contracts, Spark Spread hedging contracts, retail electric and natural gas activities, and fuel oil swaps used to hedge price escalation clauses in coal transportation and other fuel-related contracts. PPL Energy Supply also uses options, which include the sale of call options and the purchase of put options tied to a particular generating unit. Since the physical generating capacity is owned, price exposure is generally capped at the price at which the generating unit would be dispatched and therefore does not expose PPL Energy Supply to uncovered market price risk.

 

The unrealized gains (losses) for economic activity for the periods ended March 31 were as follows.

     Three Months
       2014 2013
Operating Revenues            
 Unregulated wholesale energy        $ (789) $ (822)
 Unregulated retail energy         (26)   (8)
Operating Expenses            
 Fuel         (1)   (1)
 Energy purchases         580   634

Commodity Price Risk (Trading)

 

PPL Energy Supply has a proprietary trading strategy which is utilized to take advantage of market opportunities. As a result, PPL Energy Supply may at times create a net open position in its portfolio that could result in losses if prices do not move in the manner or direction anticipated. Net energy trading margins, which are included in "Unregulated wholesale energy" on the Statements of Income, were insignificant for the three months ended March 31, 2014 and 2013.

 

Commodity Volumes

 

At March 31, 2014, the net volumes of derivative (sales)/purchase contracts used in support of the various strategies discussed above were as follows.

    Volumes (a)
Commodity Unit of Measure 2014 (b) 2015 2016 Thereafter
           
Power MWh  (27,112,584)  (28,794,377)  3,496,447  14,130,735
Capacity MW-Month  (14,918)  (5,120)  501  9
Gas MMBtu  63,248,020  14,120,116  57,884,707  25,814,197
Coal Tons  25,000      
FTRs MW-Month  4,734  1,705    
Oil Barrels  156,000  436,233  331,258  279,060

(a)       Volumes for option contracts factor in the probability of an option being exercised and may be less than the notional amount of the option.

(b)       Represents balance of the current year.

Interest Rate Risk

 

(PPL, LKE, LG&E and KU)

 

PPL and its subsidiaries issue debt to finance their operations, which exposes them to interest rate risk. Various financial derivative instruments are utilized to adjust the mix of fixed and floating interest rates in their debt portfolio, adjust the duration of the debt portfolio and lock in benchmark interest rates in anticipation of future financing, when appropriate. Risk limits under PPL's risk management program are designed to balance risk exposure to volatility in interest expense and changes in the fair value of the debt portfolio due to changes in benchmark interest rates.

 

Cash Flow Hedges

 

(PPL)

 

Interest rate risks include exposure to adverse interest rate movements for outstanding variable rate debt and for future anticipated financings. Financial interest rate swap contracts that qualify as cash flow hedges may be entered into to hedge floating interest rate risk associated with both existing and anticipated debt issuances. At March 31, 2014, outstanding interest rate swap contracts range in maturity through 2025 for PPL's domestic interest rate swaps. These swaps had an aggregate notional value of $500 million at March 31, 2014.

 

At March 31, 2014, PPL held a notional position in cross-currency interest rate swaps totaling $1.3 billion that range in maturity through 2028 to hedge the interest payments and principal of WPD's U.S. dollar-denominated senior notes.

 

For the three months ended March 31, 2014 and 2013, hedge ineffectiveness associated with interest rate derivatives was insignificant.

 

Cash flow hedges are discontinued if it is no longer probable that the original forecasted transaction will occur by the end of the originally specified time period and any amounts previously recorded in AOCI are reclassified into earnings once it is determined that the hedged transaction is probable of not occurring. PPL had an insignificant amount reclassified for the three months ended March 31, 2014 associated with discontinued cash flow hedges and no such reclassifications for the three months ended March 31, 2013.

 

At March 31, 2014, the accumulated net unrecognized after-tax gains (losses) on qualifying derivatives that are expected to be reclassified into earnings during the next 12 months were $(12) million. Amounts are reclassified as the hedged interest payments are made.

Economic Activity (PPL, LKE and LG&E)

 

LG&E enters into interest rate swap contracts that economically hedge interest payments on variable rate debt. Because realized gains and losses from the swaps, including a terminated swap contract, are recoverable through regulated rates, any subsequent changes in fair value of these derivatives are included in regulatory assets or liabilities until they are realized as interest expense. Realized gains and losses are recognized in "Interest Expense" on the Statements of Income when the underlying interest expense is recorded. At March 31, 2014, LG&E held contracts with a notional amount of $179 million that range in maturity through 2033.

Foreign Currency Risk

 

(PPL)

 

PPL is exposed to foreign currency risk, primarily through investments in and earnings of U.K. affiliates. PPL has adopted a foreign currency risk management program designed to hedge certain foreign currency exposures, including firm commitments, recognized assets or liabilities, anticipated transactions and net investments. In addition, PPL enters into financial instruments to protect against foreign currency translation risk of expected earnings.

 

Net Investment Hedges

 

PPL enters into foreign currency contracts on behalf of a subsidiary to protect the value of a portion of its net investment in WPD. The contracts outstanding at March 31, 2014 had a notional amount of £345 million (approximately $549 million based on contracted rates). The settlement dates of these contracts range from May 2014 through December 2015.

 

Additionally, a PPL Global subsidiary that has a U.S. dollar functional currency entered into GBP intercompany loans payable with PPL WEM subsidiaries that have GBP functional currency. The loans qualify as a net investment hedge for the PPL Global subsidiary. As such, the foreign currency gains and losses on the intercompany loans for the PPL Global subsidiary are recorded to the foreign currency translation adjustment component of OCI. At March 31, 2014, the outstanding balances of the intercompany loans were £40 million (approximately $67 million based on spot rates). For the three months ended March 31, 2014 and 2013, PPL recognized an insignificant amount and $5 million of net investment hedge gains (losses) on the intercompany loans in the foreign currency translation adjustment component of OCI.

 

At March 31, 2014, PPL had $(5) million of accumulated net investment hedge after-tax gains (losses) that were included in the foreign currency translation adjustment component of AOCI, compared to an insignificant amount at December 31, 2013.

 

Economic Activity

 

PPL enters into foreign currency contracts on behalf of a subsidiary to economically hedge GBP-denominated anticipated earnings. At March 31, 2014, the total exposure hedged by PPL was approximately £1.8 billion (approximately $3.0 billion based on contracted rates). These contracts had termination dates ranging from April 2014 through October 2016.

Accounting and Reporting

 

(All Registrants)

 

All derivative instruments are recorded at fair value on the Balance Sheet as an asset or liability unless NPNS is elected. NPNS contracts for PPL and PPL Energy Supply include certain full-requirement sales contracts, other physical purchase and sales contracts and certain retail energy and physical capacity contracts, and for PPL Electric include certain full-requirement purchase contracts and other physical purchase contracts. Changes in the fair value of derivatives not designated as NPNS are recognized currently in earnings unless specific hedge accounting criteria are met and designated as such, except for the changes in fair values of LG&E's interest rate swaps that are recognized as regulatory assets. See Note 6 for amounts recorded in regulatory assets and regulatory liabilities at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013. PPL and PPL Energy Supply have many physical and financial commodity purchases and sales contracts that economically hedge commodity price risk but do not receive hedge accounting treatment. As such, realized and unrealized gains (losses) on these contracts are recorded currently in earnings. Generally each contract is considered a unit of account and PPL and PPL Energy Supply present gains (losses) on physical and financial commodity sales contracts in "Unregulated wholesale energy" or "Unregulated retail energy" and (gains) losses on physical and financial commodity purchase contracts in "Fuel" or "Energy purchases" on the Statements of Income. Certain of the economic hedging strategies employed by PPL Energy Supply utilize a combination of financial purchases and sales contracts which are similarly reported gross as an expense and revenue, respectively, on the Statements of Income. PPL Energy Supply records realized hourly net sales or purchases of physical power with PJM in its Statements of Income as "Unregulated wholesale energy" if in a net sales position and "Energy purchases" if in a net purchase position.

 

See Notes 1 and 19 in each Registrant's 2013 Form 10-K for additional information on accounting policies related to derivative instruments.

(PPL)

 

The following table presents the fair value and location of derivative instruments recorded on the Balance Sheets.

       March 31, 2014 December 31, 2013
       Derivatives designated as  Derivatives not designated Derivatives designated as  Derivatives not designated
       hedging instruments  as hedging instruments  hedging instruments  as hedging instruments
       Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
Current:                        
 Price Risk Management                         
  Assets/Liabilities (a):                        
   Interest rate swaps (b) $ 7 $ 3    $ 4 $ 82       $ 4
   Cross-currency swaps (b)      4          $ 4      
   Foreign currency                        
    contracts      18      62      16      55
   Commodity contracts       $ 1,080   1,211       $ 860   750
     Total current   7   25   1,080   1,277   82   20   860   809
Noncurrent:                        
 Price Risk Management                         
  Assets/Liabilities (a):                        
   Interest rate swaps (b)   2   4      36   9         32
   Cross-currency swaps (b)      51            28      
   Foreign currency                        
    contracts      6   5   37      4      31
   Commodity contracts         337   316         328   320
     Total noncurrent   2   61   342   389   9   32   328   383
Total derivatives $ 9 $ 86 $ 1,422 $ 1,666 $ 91 $ 52 $ 1,188 $ 1,192

(a)       Represents the location on the Balance Sheets.

(b)       Excludes accrued interest, if applicable.

 

The following tables present the pre-tax effect of derivative instruments recognized in income, OCI or regulatory assets and regulatory liabilities for the three months ended March 31.

              2014 2013
                 Gain (Loss)    Gain (Loss)
                 Recognized    Recognized
                 in Income    in Income
              on Derivative   on Derivative
           Gain (Loss) (Ineffective Gain (Loss) (Ineffective
        Location of Reclassified Portion and Reclassified Portion and
     Derivative Gain Gain (Loss) from AOCI Amount from AOCI Amount
     (Loss) Recognized in Recognized into Income Excluded from into Income Excluded from
Derivative   OCI (Effective Portion)  in Income  (Effective Effectiveness (Effective Effectiveness
Relationships 2014 2013 on Derivative Portion) Testing) Portion) Testing)
Cash Flow Hedges:                    
 Interest rate swaps $ (46) $ 9 Interest expense $ (5) $ 2 $ (5)   
 Cross-currency swaps   (25)   73 Other income            
            (expense) - net   (29)      69   
 Commodity contracts       Unregulated             
            wholesale energy   1      67 $ 1
           Energy purchases   7      (16)   
           Depreciation   1         
Total $ (71) $ 82    $ (25) $ 2 $ 115 $ 1
                         
Net Investment Hedges:                     
  Foreign currency contracts $ (4) $ 16               

Derivatives Not Designated as Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in      
Hedging Instruments  Income on Derivative 2014 2013
         
Foreign currency contracts Other income (expense) - net $ (24) $ 119
Interest rate swaps Interest expense   (2)   (2)
Commodity contracts Unregulated wholesale energy (a)   (3,044)   (706)
  Unregulated retail energy   (64)   (7)
  Fuel   (1)   1
  Energy purchases (b)   2,364   586
  Total $ (771) $ (9)
         
Derivatives Not Designated as Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized as      
Hedging Instruments Regulatory Liabilities/Assets 2014 2013
         
Interest rate swaps Regulatory assets - noncurrent $ (4) $ 4
         
Derivatives Designated as Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized as      
Cash Flow Hedges Regulatory Liabilities/Assets 2014 2013
         
Interest rate swaps Regulatory liabilities - noncurrent    $ 10

(a)       2014 includes significant realized and unrealized losses on physical and financial commodity sales contracts due to the unusually cold weather.

(b)       2014 includes significant realized and unrealized gains on physical and financial commodity purchase contracts due to the unusually cold weather.

(PPL Energy Supply)

 

The following table presents the fair value and location of derivative instruments recorded on the Balance Sheets.

       March 31, 2014 December 31, 2013
       Derivatives not designated Derivatives not designated
       as hedging instruments  as hedging instruments
       Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
Current:            
 Price Risk Management             
  Assets/Liabilities (a):            
   Commodity contracts $ 1,080 $ 1,211 $ 860 $ 750
     Total current   1,080   1,211   860   750
Noncurrent:            
 Price Risk Management             
  Assets/Liabilities (a):            
   Commodity contracts   337   316   328   320
     Total noncurrent   337   316   328   320
Total derivatives $ 1,417 $ 1,527 $ 1,188 $ 1,070

(a)       Represents the location on the Balance Sheets.

 

The following tables present the pre-tax effect of derivative instruments recognized in income or OCI for the three months ended March 31.

 

             2014 2013
                Gain (Loss)    Gain (Loss)
                 Recognized    Recognized
                in Income    in Income
                on Derivative    on Derivative
          Gain (Loss) (Ineffective Gain (Loss) (Ineffective
        Location of Reclassified Portion and Reclassified Portion and
     Derivative Gain  Gains (Losses) from AOCI Amount from AOCI Amount
     (Loss) Recognized in Recognized into Income Excluded from into Income Excluded from
Derivative  OCI (Effective Portion)  in Income (Effective Effectiveness (Effective Effectiveness
Relationships 2014 2013 on Derivative  Portion)  Testing) Portion) Testing)
Cash Flow Hedges:                    
  Commodity contracts       Unregulated             
            wholesale energy $ 1    $ 67 $ 1
           Energy purchases   7      (16)   
           Depreciation   1         
Total          $ 9    $ 51 $ 1
                         
                      
                        

Derivatives Not Designated as Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in      
Hedging Instruments  Income on Derivatives 2014 2013
         
Commodity contracts Unregulated wholesale energy (a) $ (3,044) $ (706)
  Unregulated retail energy   (64)   (7)
  Fuel   (1)   1
  Energy purchases (b)   2,364   586
  Total $ (745) $ (126)

(a)       2014 includes significant realized and unrealized losses on physical and financial commodity sales contracts due to the unusually cold weather.

(b)       2014 includes significant realized and unrealized gains on physical and financial commodity purchase contracts due to the unusually cold weather.

(LKE)

 

The following table presents the pre-tax effect of derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges that are recognized in regulatory liabilities for the three months ended March 31.

Derivatives Instruments Location of Gain (Loss) 2014 2013
         
Interest rate swaps Regulatory liabilities - noncurrent    $ 10

(LG&E)

 

The following table presents the pre-tax effect of derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges that are recognized in regulatory liabilities for the three months ended March 31.

Derivative Instruments Location of Gain (Loss) 2014 2013
         
Interest rate swaps Regulatory liabilities - noncurrent    $ 5

(KU)

 

The following table presents the pre-tax effect of derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges that are recognized in regulatory liabilities for the three months ended March 31.

Derivative Instruments Location of Gain (Loss) 2014 2013
         
Interest rate swaps Regulatory liabilities - noncurrent    $ 5

(LKE and LG&E)

 

The following table presents the fair value and the location on the Balance Sheets of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments.

       March 31, 2014 December 31, 2013
       Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
Current:            
 Price Risk Management             
  Assets/Liabilities (a):            
   Interest rate swaps    $ 4    $ 4
     Total current      4      4
Noncurrent:            
 Price Risk Management             
  Assets/Liabilities (a):            
   Interest rate swaps      36      32
     Total noncurrent      36      32
Total derivatives    $ 40    $ 36

(a)       Represents the location on the Balance Sheets.

 

The following tables present the pre-tax effect of derivatives not designated as cash flow hedges that are recognized in income or regulatory assets for the three months ended March 31.

Derivative Instruments Location of Gain (Loss) 2014 2013
         
Interest rate swaps Interest expense $ (2) $ (2)
         
Derivative Instruments Location of Gain (Loss) 2014 2013
         
Interest rate swaps Regulatory assets - noncurrent $ (4) $ 4

(All Registrants except PPL Electric and KU)

 

Offsetting Derivative Instruments

 

PPL, PPL Energy Supply, LKE, LG&E and KU or certain of their subsidiaries have master netting arrangements or similar agreements in place including derivative clearing agreements with futures commission merchants (FCMs) to permit the trading of cleared derivative products on one or more futures exchanges. The clearing arrangements permit an FCM to use and apply any property in its possession as a set off to pay amounts or discharge obligations owed by a customer upon default of the customer and typically do not place any restrictions on the FCM's use of collateral posted by the customer. PPL, PPL Energy Supply, LKE, LG&E and KU and their subsidiaries also enter into agreements pursuant to which they trade certain energy and other products. Under the agreements, upon termination of the agreement as a result of a default or other termination event, the non-defaulting party typically would have a right to setoff amounts owed under the agreement against any other obligations arising between the two parties (whether under the agreement or not), whether matured or contingent and irrespective of the currency, place of payment or place of booking of the obligation.

 

PPL, PPL Energy Supply, LKE, LG&E and KU have elected not to offset derivative assets and liabilities and not to offset net derivative positions against the right to reclaim cash collateral pledged (an asset) or the obligation to return cash collateral received (a liability) under derivatives agreements. The table below summarizes the derivative positions presented in the balance sheets where a right of setoff exists under these arrangements and related cash collateral received or pledged.

     Assets Liabilities
        Eligible for Offset       Eligible for Offset   
           Cash          Cash   
        Derivative Collateral       Derivative Collateral   
     Gross Instruments Received Net Gross Instruments Pledged Net
March 31, 2014                        
PPL                        
 Energy Commodities $ 1,417 $ 1,268 $ 8 $ 141 $ 1,527 $ 1,268 $ 94 $ 165
 Treasury Derivatives   14   14         225   14   24   187
Total $ 1,431 $ 1,282 $ 8 $ 141 $ 1,752 $ 1,282 $ 118 $ 352
                           
PPL Energy Supply                        
 Energy Commodities $ 1,417 $ 1,268 $ 8 $ 141 $ 1,527 $ 1,268 $ 94 $ 165

LKE                        
 Treasury Derivatives             $ 40    $ 20 $ 20
                           
LG&E                        
 Treasury Derivatives             $ 40    $ 20 $ 20

December 31, 2013                        
PPL                        
 Energy Commodities $ 1,188 $ 912 $ 7 $ 269 $ 1,070 $ 912 $ 1 $ 157
 Treasury Derivatives   91   61      30   174   61   23   90
Total $ 1,279 $ 973 $ 7 $ 299 $ 1,244 $ 973 $ 24 $ 247
                           
PPL Energy Supply                        
 Energy Commodities $ 1,188 $ 912 $ 7 $ 269 $ 1,070 $ 912 $ 1 $ 157

LKE                        
 Treasury Derivatives             $ 36    $ 20 $ 16
                           
LG&E                        
 Treasury Derivatives             $ 36    $ 20 $ 16

Credit Risk-Related Contingent Features

 

Certain derivative contracts contain credit risk-related contingent features which, when in a net liability position, would permit the counterparties to require the transfer of additional collateral upon a decrease in the credit ratings of PPL, PPL Energy Supply, LKE, LG&E and KU or certain of their subsidiaries. Most of these features would require the transfer of additional collateral or permit the counterparty to terminate the contract if the applicable credit rating were to fall below investment grade. Some of these features also would allow the counterparty to require additional collateral upon each downgrade in the credit rating at levels that remain above investment grade. In either case, if the applicable credit rating were to fall below investment grade (i.e., below BBB- for S&P or Fitch, or Baa3 for Moody's), and assuming no assignment to an investment grade affiliate were allowed, most of these credit contingent features require either immediate payment of the net liability as a termination payment or immediate and ongoing full collateralization on derivative instruments in net liability positions.

 

Additionally, certain derivative contracts contain credit risk-related contingent features that require adequate assurance of performance be provided if the other party has reasonable concerns regarding the performance of PPL's obligation under the contract. A counterparty demanding adequate assurance could require a transfer of additional collateral or other security, including letters of credit, cash and guarantees from a creditworthy entity. This would typically involve negotiations among the parties. However, amounts disclosed below represent assumed immediate payment or immediate and ongoing full collateralization for derivative instruments in net liability positions with "adequate assurance" features.

 

At March 31, 2014, the effect of a decrease in credit ratings below investment grade on derivative contracts that contain credit risk-related contingent features and were in a net liability position is summarized as follows:

      PPL      
    PPL Energy Supply LKE LG&E
               
Aggregate fair value of derivative instruments in a net liability             
 position with credit risk-related contingent features $ 339 $ 168 $ 27 $ 27
Aggregate fair value of collateral posted on these derivative instruments   57   36   21   21
Aggregate fair value of additional collateral requirements in the event of            
 a credit downgrade below investment grade (a)   363  209   7  7

(a)       Includes the effect of net receivables and payables already recorded on the Balance Sheet.

[1]
[1] 2014 includes significant realized and unrealized losses on physical and financial commodity sales contracts due to the unusually cold weather.