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Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2012
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities [Abstract]  
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

19. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

 

Risk Management Objectives

 

(PPL, PPL Energy Supply, PPL Electric, LKE, LG&E and KU)

 

PPL has a risk management policy approved by the Board of Directors to manage market risk (including price, liquidity and volumetric risk) and credit risk (including non-performance risk and payment default risk). The RMC, comprised of senior management and chaired by the Chief Risk Officer, oversees the risk management function. Key risk control activities designed to ensure compliance with the risk policy and detailed programs include, but are not limited to, credit review and approval, validation of transactions and market prices, verification of risk and transaction limits, VaR analyses, portfolio stress tests, gross margin at risk analyses, sensitivity analyses and daily portfolio reporting, including open positions, determinations of fair value and other risk management metrics.

 

Market Risk

 

Market risk includes the potential loss that may be incurred as a result of price changes associated with a particular financial or commodity instrument as well as liquidity and volumetric risks. Forward contracts, futures contracts, options, swaps and structured transactions, such as tolling agreements, are utilized as part of risk management strategies to minimize unanticipated fluctuations in earnings caused by changes in commodity prices, volumes of full-requirement sales contracts, basis exposure, interest rates and/or foreign currency exchange rates. Many of the contracts meet the definition of a derivative. All derivatives are recognized on the Balance Sheets at their fair value, unless they qualify for NPNS.

 

The table below summarizes the market risks that affect PPL and its subsidiaries.

      PPL PPL         
   PPL Energy Supply Electric LKE LG&E KU
Commodity price risk (including basis and                  
 volumetric risk) X X M M M M
Interest rate risk:                  
 Debt issuances X X M M M M
 Defined benefit plans X X M M M M
 NDT securities X X        
Equity securities price risk:                  
 Defined benefit plans X X M M M M
 NDT securities X X        
 Future stock transactions X          
Foreign currency risk - WPD investment X          

X       = PPL and PPL Energy Supply actively mitigate market risks through their risk management programs described above.

M       = The regulatory environments for PPL's regulated entities, by definition, significantly mitigate market risk.

 

Commodity price and volumetric risks

 

       PPL Energy Supply is exposed to commodity price, basis and volumetric risks for energy and energy-related products associated with the sale of electricity from its generating assets and other electricity and gas marketing activities (including full-requirement sales contracts) and the purchase of fuel and fuel-related commodities for generating assets, as well as for proprietary trading activities;

       PPL Electric is exposed to commodity price and volumetric risks from its obligation as PLR; however, its PUC-approved cost recovery mechanism substantially eliminates its exposure to market risk. PPL Electric also mitigates its exposure to volumetric risk by entering into full-requirement supply agreements to serve its PLR customers. These supply agreements transfer the volumetric risk associated with the PLR obligation to the energy suppliers; and

       LG&E's and KU's rates include certain mechanisms for fuel, gas supply and environmental expenses. These mechanisms generally provide for timely recovery of market price and volumetric fluctuations associated with these expenses.

 

Interest rate risk

 

       PPL and its subsidiaries are exposed to interest rate risk associated with forecasted fixed-rate and existing floating-rate debt issuances. WPD holds over-the-counter cross currency swaps to limit exposure to market fluctuations on interest and principal payments from foreign currency exchange rates. LG&E utilizes over-the-counter interest rate swaps to limit exposure to market fluctuations on floating-rate debt and LG&E and KU utilize forward starting interest rate swaps to hedge changes in benchmark interest rates.

 

       PPL and its subsidiaries are exposed to interest rate risk associated with debt securities held by defined benefit plans. Additionally, PPL Energy Supply is exposed to interest rate risk associated with debt securities held by the NDT.

 

Equity securities price risk

 

       PPL and its subsidiaries are exposed to equity securities price risk associated with equity securities held by defined benefit plans. Additionally, PPL Energy Supply is exposed to equity securities price risk in the NDT funds.

 

       PPL is exposed to equity securities price risk from future stock sales and/or purchases.

 

Foreign currency risk

 

       PPL is exposed to foreign currency exchange risk primarily associated with its investments in U.K. affiliates.

 

Credit Risk

 

Credit risk is the potential loss that may be incurred due to a counterparty's non-performance, including defaults on payments and energy commodity deliveries.

 

PPL is exposed to credit risk from "in-the-money" interest rate and foreign currency derivatives with financial institutions, as well as additional credit risk through certain of its subsidiaries, as discussed below.

 

PPL Energy Supply is exposed to credit risk from "in-the-money" commodity derivatives with its energy trading partners, which include other energy companies, fuel suppliers and financial institutions.

 

LKE, LG&E and KU are exposed to credit risk from "in-the-money" interest rate derivatives with financial institutions.

 

The majority of credit risk stems from commodity derivatives for multi-year contracts for energy sales and purchases. If PPL Energy Supply's counterparties fail to perform their obligations under such contracts and PPL Energy Supply could not replace the sales or purchases at the same or better prices as those under the defaulted contracts, PPL Energy Supply would incur financial losses. Those losses would be recognized immediately or through lower revenues or higher costs in future years, depending on the accounting treatment for the defaulted contracts. In the event a supplier of LKE (through its subsidiaries LG&E and KU) or PPL Electric defaults on its obligation, those entities would be required to seek replacement power or replacement fuel in the market. In general, incremental costs incurred by these entities would be recoverable from customers in future rates, thus mitigating the risk for these entities.

 

PPL and its subsidiaries have credit policies in place to manage credit risk, including the use of an established credit approval process, daily monitoring of counterparty positions and the use of master netting agreements. These agreements generally include credit mitigation provisions, such as margin, prepayment or collateral requirements. PPL and its subsidiaries may request additional credit assurance, in certain circumstances, in the event that the counterparties' credit ratings fall below investment grade or their exposures exceed an established credit limit. See Note 18 for credit concentration associated with energy trading partners.

 

Master Netting Arrangements

 

Net derivative positions are not offset against the right to reclaim cash collateral (a receivable) or the obligation to return cash collateral (a payable) under master netting arrangements.

 

PPL's and PPL Energy Supply's obligation to return counterparty cash collateral under master netting arrangements was $112 million and $147 million at December 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011.

 

PPL Electric, LKE, and LG&E had no obligation to return cash collateral under master netting arrangements at December 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011.

 

PPL, LKE and LG&E had posted cash collateral under master netting arrangements of $32 million at December 31, 2012 and $29 million at December 31, 2011.

 

PPL Energy Supply and PPL Electric had not posted any cash collateral under master netting arrangements at December 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011.

(PPL and PPL Energy Supply)

 

Commodity Price Risk (Non-trading)

 

Commodity price risk, including basis and volumetric risk, is among PPL's and PPL Energy Supply's most significant risks due to the level of investment that PPL and PPL Energy Supply maintain in their competitive generation assets, as well as the extent of their marketing activities. Several factors influence price levels and volatilities. These factors include, but are not limited to, seasonal changes in demand, weather conditions, available generating assets within regions, transportation/transmission availability and reliability within and between regions, market liquidity, and the nature and extent of current and potential federal and state regulations.

 

PPL Energy Supply maximizes the value of its wholesale and retail energy portfolios through the use of non-trading strategies that include sales of competitive baseload generation, optimization of competitive intermediate and peaking generation and marketing activities.

 

PPL Energy Supply has a formal hedging program to economically hedge the forecasted purchase and sale of electricity and related fuels for its competitive baseload generation fleet, which includes 7,275 MW (summer rating) of nuclear, coal and hydroelectric generating capacity. PPL Energy Supply attempts to optimize the overall value of its competitive intermediate and peaking fleet, which includes 3,316 MW (summer rating) of natural gas and oil-fired generation. PPL Energy Supply's marketing portfolio is comprised of full-requirement sales contracts and related supply contracts, retail natural gas and electricity sales contracts and other marketing activities. The strategies that PPL Energy Supply uses to hedge its full-requirement sales contracts include purchasing energy (at a liquid trading hub or directly at the load delivery zone), capacity and RECs in the market and/or supplying the energy, capacity and RECs from its generation assets.

 

PPL and PPL Energy Supply enter into financial and physical derivative contracts, including forwards, futures, swaps and options, to hedge the price risk associated with electricity, natural gas, oil and other commodities. Certain contracts qualify for NPNS or are non-derivatives and are therefore not reflected in the financial statements until delivery. PPL and PPL Energy Supply segregate their non-trading activities into two categories: cash flow hedges and economic activity. In addition, the monetization of certain full-requirement sales contracts in 2010 impacted both the cash flow hedge and economic activity, as discussed below.

 

Monetization of Certain Full-Requirement Sales Contracts

 

In July 2010, in order to raise additional cash for the LKE acquisition, PPL Energy Supply monetized certain full-requirement sales contracts that resulted in cash proceeds of $249 million and triggered certain accounting:

 

       A portion of these sales contracts had previously been accounted for as NPNS and received accrual accounting treatment. PPL Energy Supply could no longer assert that it was probable that any contracts with these counterparties would result in physical delivery. Therefore, the fair value of the NPNS contracts of $160 million was recorded on the Balance Sheet in "Price risk management assets," with a corresponding gain of $144 million recorded to "Wholesale energy marketing - Realized" on the Statement of Income, and $16 million recorded to "Wholesale energy marketing - Unrealized economic activity," related to full-requirement sales contracts that had not been monetized.

 

  • The related purchases to supply these sales contracts were accounted for as cash flow hedges, with the effective portion of the change in fair value being recorded in AOCI and the ineffective portion recorded in "Energy purchases - Unrealized economic activity." The corresponding cash flow hedges were dedesignated and all amounts previously recorded in AOCI were reclassified to earnings. This resulted in a pre-tax reclassification of $(173) million of losses from AOCI into "Energy purchases - Unrealized economic activity" on the Statement of Income. An additional charge of $(39) million was also recorded in "Wholesale energy marketing - Unrealized economic activity" on the Statement of Income to reflect the fair value of the sales contracts previously accounted for as economic activity.

 

       The net result of these transactions, excluding the full-requirement sales contracts that have not been monetized, was a loss of $(68) million, or $(40) million, after tax.

 

The proceeds of $249 million from these monetizations are reflected in the Statement of Cash Flows as a component of "Net cash provided by operating activities."

 

Cash Flow Hedges

 

Certain derivative contracts have qualified for hedge accounting so that the effective portion of a derivative's gain or loss is deferred in AOCI and reclassified into earnings when the forecasted transaction occurs. The cash flow hedges that existed at December 31, 2012 range in maturity through 2016. At December 31, 2012, the accumulated net unrecognized after-tax gains (losses) that are expected to be reclassified into earnings during the next 12 months were $124 million for PPL and PPL Energy Supply. Cash flow hedges are discontinued if it is no longer probable that the original forecasted transaction will occur by the end of the originally specified time periods and any amounts previously recorded in AOCI are reclassified into earnings once it is determined that the hedge transaction is probable of not occurring. For 2012 and 2011 such reclassifications were insignificant. For 2010, such reclassifications were after-tax gains (losses) of $(89) million. The amounts recorded in 2010 were primarily due to the monetization of certain full-requirement sales contracts, for which the associated hedges are no longer required, as discussed above.

 

Hedge ineffectiveness associated with energy derivatives was insignificant in 2012. For 2011 and 2010, after-tax gains (losses) from hedge ineffectiveness were $(22) million and $(30) million.

 

Prior to the adoption of new accounting guidance, in 2010, after-tax gains of $82 million, which had been recognized in a previous period due to ineffectiveness on cash flow hedges, were reversed from earnings based on prospective regression analysis demonstrating that these hedges were expected to be highly effective over their term.

 

Economic Activity

 

Many derivative contracts economically hedge the commodity price risk associated with electricity, natural gas, oil and other commodities but do not receive hedge accounting treatment because they were not eligible for hedge accounting or for which hedge accounting was not elected. These derivatives hedge a portion of the economic value of PPL Energy Supply's competitive generation assets and unregulated full-requirement and retail contracts, which are subject to changes in fair value due to market price volatility and volume expectations. Additionally, economic activity includes the ineffective portion of qualifying cash flow hedges (see "Cash Flow Hedges" above). The derivative contracts in this category that existed at December 31, 2012 range in maturity through 2019.

 

Examples of economic activity include hedges on sales of baseload generation, certain purchase contracts used to supply full-requirement sales contracts, FTRs or basis swaps used to hedge basis risk associated with the sale of competitive generation or supplying unregulated full-requirement sales contracts, Spark Spread hedging contracts, retail electric and natural gas activities, and fuel oil swaps used to hedge price escalation clauses in coal transportation and other fuel-related contracts. PPL Energy Supply also uses options, which include the sale of call options and the purchase of put options tied to a particular generating unit. Since the physical generating capacity is owned, price exposure is generally limited to the cost of the generating unit and does not expose PPL Energy Supply to uncovered market price risk.

 

Unrealized activity associated with monetizing certain full-requirement sales contracts was also included in economic activity during 2012, 2011 and 2010.

 

The net fair value of economic positions at December 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011 was a net asset (liability) of $346 million and $(63) million for PPL and PPL Energy Supply. The unrealized gains (losses) for economic activity were as follows.

   2012 2011 2010
           
Operating Revenues         
 Unregulated retail electric and gas $ (17) $ 31 $ 1
 Wholesale energy marketing    (311)   1,407   (805)
Operating Expenses         
 Fuel   (14)   6   29
 Energy purchases   442   (1,123)   286

The net gains (losses) recorded in "Wholesale energy marketing" resulted primarily from hedges of baseload generation, from certain full-requirement sales contracts, from hedge ineffectiveness, as discussed in "Cash Flow Hedges" above, and from the monetization of certain full-requirement sales contracts in 2010, also discussed above. The net gains (losses) recorded in "Energy purchases" resulted primarily from certain purchase contracts to supply the full-requirement sales contracts noted above, from hedge ineffectiveness, and from purchase contracts that no longer hedge the full-requirement sales contracts that were monetized in 2010.

(PPL and PPL Energy Supply)

 

Commodity Price Risk (Trading)

 

PPL Energy Supply also has a proprietary trading strategy which is utilized to take advantage of market opportunities. As a result, PPL Energy Supply may at times create a net open position in its portfolio that could result in significant losses if prices do not move in the manner or direction anticipated. The proprietary trading portfolio is not a significant part of PPL Energy Supply's business and is shown in "Net energy trading margins" on the Statements of Income.

Commodity Volumetric Activity

 

As of December 31, 2012, the net notional volumes of derivative (sales)/purchase contracts used in support of the various strategies discussed above were as follows.

    Volume
Commodity Unit of Measure 2013 2014 2015 Thereafter
           
Power MWh  (38,791,951)  (16,720,361)  1,636,197  3,871,199
Capacity MW-Month  (8,248,465)  (135,110)  (37,208)  525
Gas MMBtu  18,419,599  (21,663,269)  (10,386,745)  (5,027,288)
Coal Tons  (240,000)      
FTRs MW-Month  28,690  6,389  1,465  
Oil Barrels  (4,022,000)  240,000  300,000  180,000

Interest Rate Risk

 

(PPL, LKE, LG&E and KU)

 

PPL and its subsidiaries issue debt to finance their operations, which exposes them to interest rate risk. Various financial derivative instruments are utilized to adjust the mix of fixed and floating interest rates in their debt portfolio, adjust the duration of the debt portfolio and lock in benchmark interest rates in anticipation of future financing, when appropriate. Risk limits under PPL's risk management program are designed to balance risk exposure to volatility in interest expense and changes in the fair value of the subsidiaries' debt portfolio due to changes in benchmark interest rates.

 

Cash Flow Hedges

 

(PPL)

 

Interest rate risks include exposure to adverse interest rate movements for outstanding variable rate debt and for future anticipated financings. Financial interest rate swap contracts that qualify as cash flow hedges may be entered into to hedge floating interest rate risk associated with both existing and anticipated debt issuances. Outstanding interest rate swap contracts ranged in maturity through 2024 for WPD and through 2043 for PPL's domestic interest rate swaps. These swaps had an aggregate notional value of $1.2 billion at December 31, 2012, of which £290 million (approximately $465 million based on spot rates) was related to WPD. Included in this total are forward-starting interest rate swaps entered into by PPL on behalf of LG&E and KU. LG&E and KU believe that realized gains and losses from the swaps are probable of recovery through regulated rates; as such, the fair value of these derivatives have been reclassified from AOCI to regulatory assets or liabilities. The gains and losses will be recognized in "Interest Expense" on the Statements of Income over the life of the underlying debt when the hedged transaction occurs.

 

PPL holds a notional position in cross-currency interest rate swaps totaling $1.3 billion that mature through 2028 to hedge the interest payments and principal of WPD's U.S. dollar-denominated senior notes.

 

For 2012, hedge ineffectiveness associated with interest rate derivatives was insignificant. For 2011, hedge ineffectiveness associated with these derivatives resulted in a net after-tax gain (loss) of $(9) million, which included a gain (loss) of $(4) million attributable to certain interest rate swaps that failed hedge effectiveness testing during the second quarter of 2011. For 2010, hedge ineffectiveness associated with these derivatives resulted in a net after-tax gain (loss) of $(9) million.

 

Cash flow hedges are discontinued if it is no longer probable that the original forecasted transaction will occur by the end of the originally specified time periods and any amounts previously recorded in AOCI are reclassified into earnings once it is determined that the hedged transaction is probable of not occurring. PPL had no such reclassifications for 2012 and 2011. As a result of the expected net proceeds from the anticipated sale of certain non-core generation facilities, coupled with the monetization of certain full-requirement sales contracts, debt that had been planned to be issued by PPL Energy Supply in 2010 was no longer needed. As a result, hedge accounting associated with interest rate swaps entered into by PPL in anticipation of a debt issuance by PPL Energy Supply was discontinued. PPL reclassified into earnings a net after-tax gain (loss) of $(19) million in 2010.

 

At December 31, 2012, the accumulated net unrecognized after-tax gains (losses) on qualifying derivatives that are expected to be reclassified into earnings during the next 12 months were $(13) million. Amounts are reclassified as the hedged interest payments are made.

 

(LKE, LG&E and KU)

 

In November 2012, LG&E and KU entered into forward-starting interest rate swaps with PPL that hedge the interest payments on new debt that is expected to be issued in 2013. These hedging instruments have terms identical to forward-starting swaps entered into by PPL with third parties. LG&E and KU believe that realized gains and losses from the swaps are probable of recovery through regulated rates; as such, the fair value of these derivatives have been reclassified from AOCI to regulatory assets or liabilities. The gains and losses will be recognized in "Interest Expense" on the Statements of Income over the life of the underlying debt when the hedged transaction occurs. At December 31, 2012, LG&E and KU each held contracts with aggregate notional amounts of $150 million that range in maturity through 2043.

 

(PPL Energy Supply)

 

In January 2011, PPL Energy Supply distributed its membership interest in PPL Global to PPL Energy Supply's parent, PPL Energy Funding. Therefore, effective January 2011, PPL Energy Supply is no longer subject to interest rate risk associated with investments in U.K. affiliates. For 2010, hedge ineffectiveness associated with these derivatives was insignificant for interest rate cross-currency swaps contracts. For 2010, PPL Energy Supply had no reclassifications for cash flows hedges that were discontinued when it was no longer probable that the original forecasted transaction would occur by the end of the originally specified period.

 

Fair Value Hedges

 

(PPL)

 

PPL is exposed to changes in the fair value of its debt portfolio. To manage this risk, financial contracts may be entered into to hedge fluctuations in the fair value of existing debt issuances due to changes in benchmark interest rates. In July 2012, contracts held by PPL that ranged in maturity through 2047 and had a notional value of $99 million were canceled without penalties by the counterparties. PPL did not hold any such contracts at December 31, 2012. PPL did not recognize gains or losses resulting from the ineffective portion of fair value hedges or from a portion of the hedging instrument being excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness or from hedges of debt issuances that no longer qualified as fair value hedges for 2012, 2011 and 2010.

 

In 2011, PPL Electric redeemed $400 million of 7.125% Senior Secured Bonds due 2013. As a result of this redemption, PPL recorded a gain (loss) of $22 million, or $14 million after tax, for 2011 in "Other Income (Expense) - net" on the Statement of Income as a result of accelerated amortization of the fair value adjustments to the debt in connection with previously settled fair value hedges.

 

(PPL Energy Supply)

 

In January 2011, PPL Energy Supply distributed its membership interest in PPL Global to PPL Energy Supply's parent, PPL Energy Funding. Therefore, effective January 2011, PPL Energy Supply is no longer subject to interest rate risk associated with investments in U.K. affiliates. PPL Energy Supply did not recognize gains or losses resulting from the ineffective portion of fair value hedges or from a portion of the hedging instrument being excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness or resulting from hedges of debt issuances that no longer qualified as fair value hedges for 2010.

Economic Activity (PPL, LKE and LG&E)

 

LG&E enters into interest rate swap contracts that economically hedge interest payments on variable rate debt. Because realized gains and losses from the swaps, including a terminated swap contract, are recoverable through regulated rates, any subsequent changes in fair value of these derivatives are included in regulatory assets or liabilities until they are realized as interest expense. Realized gains and losses are recognized in "Interest Expense" on the Statements of Income when the hedged transaction occurs. At December 31, 2012, LG&E held contracts with aggregate notional amounts of $179 million that range in maturity through 2033. The fair value of these contracts were recorded as liabilities of $58 million and $60 million at December 31, 2012 and 2011, with equal offsetting amounts recorded as regulatory assets.

 

 

Foreign Currency Risk

 

(PPL)

 

PPL is exposed to foreign currency risk, primarily through investments in U.K. affiliates. PPL has adopted a foreign currency risk management program designed to hedge certain foreign currency exposures, including firm commitments, recognized assets or liabilities, anticipated transactions and net investments. In addition, PPL enters into financial instruments to protect against foreign currency translation risk of expected earnings.

 

Net Investment Hedges

 

PPL enters into foreign currency contracts on behalf of a subsidiary to protect the value of a portion of its net investment in WPD. The contracts outstanding at December 31, 2012 had an aggregate notional amount of £162 million (approximately $261 million based on contracted rates). The settlement dates of these contracts range from May 2013 through December 2013. At December 31, 2012 and 2011, the fair value of these positions was a net asset (liability) of $(2) million and $7 million.

 

Additionally, in 2012, a PPL Global subsidiary that has a U.S. dollar functional currency entered into a GBP intercompany loan payable with a PPL WEM subsidiary that has a GBP functional currency. The loan qualifies as a net investment hedge for the PPL Global subsidiary. As such, the foreign currency gains and losses on the intercompany loan for the PPL Global subsidiary are recorded to the foreign currency translation adjustment component of AOCI. At December 31, 2012, the intercompany loan outstanding was £47 million (approximately $76 million based on spot rates).

 

For 2012, PPL recognized after-tax net investment hedge gains (losses) of $(5) million in the foreign currency translation adjustment component of AOCI. For 2011 and 2010, PPL recognized after-tax net investment hedge gains (losses) of $4 million in the foreign currency translation adjustment component of AOCI. At December 31, 2012 and 2011, PPL had $14 million and $19 million of accumulated net investment hedge after-tax gains (losses) that were included in the foreign currency translation adjustment component of AOCI.

 

(PPL Energy Supply)

 

In January 2011, PPL Energy Supply distributed its membership interest in PPL Global to PPL Energy Supply's parent, PPL Energy Funding. Therefore, effective January 2011, PPL Energy Supply is no longer subject to foreign currency exchange risk associated with investments in U.K. affiliates. For 2010, PPL Energy Supply recognized insignificant amounts in the foreign currency translation adjustment component of AOCI.

 

Cash Flow Hedges

 

(PPL)

 

PPL may enter into foreign currency derivatives associated with foreign currency-denominated debt and the exchange rate associated with firm commitments (including those for the purchase of equipment) denominated in foreign currencies; however, at December 31, 2012, there were no existing contracts of this nature. Amounts previously settled and recorded in AOCI are reclassified as the hedged interest payments are made and as the related equipment is depreciated. Insignificant amounts are expected to be reclassified into earnings during the next 12 months.

 

During 2012, 2011 and 2010, no cash flow hedges were discontinued because it was probable that the original forecasted transaction would not occur by the end of the originally specified time periods.

 

Fair Value Hedges

 

PPL enters into foreign currency forward contracts to hedge the exchange rate risk associated with firm commitments denominated in foreign currencies; however, at December 31, 2012, there were no existing contracts of this nature and no gains or losses recorded for 2012, 2011 and 2010 related to hedge ineffectiveness, or from a portion of the hedging instrument being excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness, or from hedges of firm commitments that no longer qualified as fair value hedges.

 

Economic Activity

 

PPL enters into foreign currency contracts on behalf of a subsidiary to economically hedge GBP-denominated anticipated earnings. At December 31, 2012, the total exposure hedged by PPL was approximately £1.3 billion (approximately $2.0 billion based on contracted rates) and the net fair value of these positions was an asset (liability) of $(42) million. These contracts had termination dates ranging from January 2013 through February 2015. Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on these contracts are included in "Other Income (Expense) - net" on the Statements of Income and were $(52) million for 2012. At December 31, 2011, the total exposure hedged by PPL was £288 million and the net fair value of these positions was an asset (liability) of $11 million. Realized and unrealized gains (losses) were $10 million for 2011 and insignificant for 2010.

 

In anticipation of the repayment of a portion of the GBP-denominated borrowings under the 2011 Bridge Facility with U.S. dollar proceeds received from PPL's issuance of common stock and 2011 Equity Units and PPL WEM's issuance of U.S. dollar-denominated senior notes, PPL entered into forward contracts to purchase GBP in order to economically hedge the foreign currency exchange rate risk related to the repayment. When these trades were settled in April 2011, PPL recorded $55 million of pre-tax, net gains (losses) in "Other Income (Expense) - net" on the Statements of Income.

 

(PPL Energy Supply)

 

In January 2011, PPL Energy Supply distributed its membership interest in PPL Global to PPL Energy Supply's parent, PPL Energy Funding. Therefore, effective January 2011, PPL Energy Supply is no longer subject to earnings denominated in British pounds sterling. PPL Energy Supply recorded gains (losses) on these contracts, both realized and unrealized, in "Income (Loss) from Discontinued Operations (net of income taxes)" on the Statements of Income. For 2010, PPL Energy Supply recorded insignificant gains (losses).

Accounting and Reporting

 

(PPL, PPL Energy Supply, PPL Electric, LKE, LG&E and KU)

 

All derivative instruments are recorded at fair value on the Balance Sheet as an asset or liability unless they qualify for NPNS. NPNS contracts for PPL and PPL Energy Supply include full-requirement sales contracts, other physical purchases and sales contracts and certain retail energy and physical capacity contracts, and for PPL Electric include full-requirement purchase contracts and other physical purchase contracts. Changes in the fair value of derivatives not designated as NPNS are recognized currently in earnings unless specific hedge accounting criteria are met, except for the changes in fair value of LG&E's and KU's interest rate swaps, which beginning in the third quarter of 2010, are recognized as regulatory assets or liabilities. See Note 6 for amounts recorded in regulatory assets at December 31, 2012 and 2011.

 

See Note 1 for additional information on accounting policies related to derivative instruments.

(PPL)

 

The following tables present the fair value and location of derivative instruments recorded on the Balance Sheets.

       December 31, 2012 December 31, 2011
       Derivatives designated as  Derivatives not designated Derivatives designated as  Derivatives not designated
       hedging instruments  as hedging instruments (a) hedging instruments  as hedging instruments (a)
       Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
Current:                        
 Price Risk Management                         
  Assets/Liabilities (b):                        
   Interest rate swaps $ 14 $ 22    $ 5 $ 3 $ 3    $ 5
   Cross-currency swaps       3            2      
   Foreign currency                        
    contracts      2      23   7    $ 11   
   Commodity contracts   59    $ 1,452   1,010   872   3   1,655   1,557
     Total current   73   27   1,452   1,038   882   8   1,666   1,562
Noncurrent:                        
 Price Risk Management                         
  Assets/Liabilities (b):                        
   Interest rate swaps   1         53            55
   Cross-currency swaps    14   1         24         
   Foreign currency                        
    contracts            19            
   Commodity contracts   27      530   556   42   2   854   783
     Total noncurrent   42   1   530   628   66   2   854   838
Total derivatives $ 115 $ 28 $ 1,982 $ 1,666 $ 948 $ 10 $ 2,520 $ 2,400

(a)       $300 million and $237 million of net gains associated with derivatives that were no longer designated as hedging instruments are recorded in AOCI at December 31, 2012 and 2011.

(b)       Represents the location on the Balance Sheet.

 

The after-tax balances of accumulated net gains (losses) (excluding net investment hedges) in AOCI were $132 million, $527 million and $695 million at December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010.

 

The following tables present the pre-tax effect of derivative instruments recognized in income, OCI or regulatory assets and regulatory liabilities.

 Derivatives in Hedged Items in Location of Gain      
 Fair Value Hedging Fair Value Hedging (Loss) Recognized Gain (Loss) Recognized Gain (Loss) Recognized
 Relationships Relationships in Income in Income on Derivative  in Income on Related Item
            
2012          
 Interest rate swaps Fixed rate debt Interest Expense    $ 3
            
2011          
 Interest rate swaps Fixed rate debt Interest Expense $ 2 $ 25
     Other Income       
     (Expense) - net      22
2010          
 Interest rate swaps Fixed rate debt Interest Expense $ 48 $ (6)

             Gain (Loss) Recognized
             in Income on Derivative
     Derivative Gain   Gain (Loss) Reclassified (Ineffective Portion and
   Derivative  (Loss) Recognized in Location of Gain (Loss) from AOCI into Income Amount Excluded from
   Relationships  OCI (Effective Portion) Recognized in Income (Effective Portion) Effectiveness Testing)
2012           
 Cash Flow Hedges:           
  Interest rate swaps $ (28) Interest Expense $ (18)   
        Other Income (Expense) - net   1   
  Cross-currency swaps   (15) Interest Expense   (2)   
        Other Income (Expense) - net   (23)   
  Commodity contracts   114 Wholesale energy marketing   891 $ (1)
        Depreciation   2   
        Energy purchases   (139)   (2)
 Total $ 71   $ 712 $ (3)
 Net Investment Hedges:           
  Foreign currency contracts $ (7)        
               
2011           
 Cash Flow Hedges:           
  Interest rate swaps $ (55) Interest Expense $ (13) $ (13)
  Cross-currency swaps   (35) Interest Expense   5   
        Other Income (Expense) - net   29   
  Commodity contracts   431 Wholesale energy marketing   835   (39)
        Fuel   1   
        Depreciation   2   
        Energy purchases   (243)   1
 Total $ 341   $ 616 $ (51)
 Net Investment Hedges:           
  Foreign currency contracts $ 6        
               
2010           
 Cash Flow Hedges:           
  Interest rate swaps $ (145) Interest Expense $ (4) $ (17)
        Other Income (Expense) - net   (30)   
  Cross-currency swaps   25 Interest Expense   2   
        Other Income (Expense) - net   16   
  Commodity contracts   487 Wholesale energy marketing   680   (201)
        Fuel   2   
        Depreciation   2   
        Energy purchases   (458)   3
 Total $ 367   $ 210 $ (215)
 Net Investment Hedges:           
  Foreign currency contracts $ 5        

Derivatives Not Designated as Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in         
Hedging Instruments  Income on Derivatives  2012  2011  2010
            
Foreign currency contracts Other Income (Expense) - net $ (52) $ 65 $ 3
Interest rate swaps Interest Expense   (8)   (8)   
Commodity contracts Utility      (1)   (2)
  Unregulated retail electric and gas   30   39   11
  Wholesale energy marketing   1,191   1,606   (70)
  Net energy trading margins (a)   8   (6)   1
  Fuel      (1)   12
  Energy purchases   (965)   (1,493)   (405)
  Total $ 204 $ 201 $ (450)
            
Derivatives Not Designated as Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized as         
Hedging Instruments Regulatory Liabilities/Assets  2012  2011   
            
Interest rate swaps Regulatory assets - noncurrent $ 1 $ (26)   
            
Derivatives Designated as Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized as         
Cash Flow Hedges Regulatory Liabilities/Assets  2012  2011   
            
Interest rate swaps Regulatory liabilities - noncurrent $ 14      

(a)       Differs from the Statement of Income due to intra-month transactions that PPL defines as spot activity, which is not accounted for as a derivative.

(PPL Energy Supply)

 

The following tables present the fair value and location of derivative instruments recorded on the Balance Sheets.

       December 31, 2012 December 31, 2011
       Derivatives designated as Derivatives not designated Derivatives designated as Derivatives not designated
       hedging instruments  as hedging instruments (a) hedging instruments  as hedging instruments (a)
       Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
Current:                        
 Price Risk Management                         
  Assets/Liabilities (b):                        
   Commodity contracts $ 59    $ 1,452 $ 1,010 $ 872 $ 3 $ 1,655 $ 1,557
     Total current   59      1,452   1,010   872   3   1,655   1,557
Noncurrent:                        
 Price Risk Management                         
  Assets/Liabilities (b):                        
   Commodity contracts   27      530   556   42   2   854   783
     Total noncurrent   27      530   556   42   2   854   783
Total derivatives $ 86    $ 1,982 $ 1,566 $ 914 $ 5 $ 2,509 $ 2,340

(a)       $300 million and $237 million of net gains associated with derivatives that were no longer designated as hedging instruments are recorded in AOCI at December 31, 2012 and 2011.

(b)       Represents the location on the Balance Sheet.

 

The after-tax balances of accumulated net gains (losses) (excluding net investment hedges) in AOCI were $210 million, $605 million and $733 million at December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010. The December 31, 2011 AOCI balance reflects the effect of PPL Energy Supply's distribution of its membership interest in PPL Global to its parent, PPL Energy Funding. See Note 9 for additional information.

 

The following tables present the pre-tax effect of derivative instruments recognized in income or OCI. There were no gains (losses) on interest rate swaps for 2012.

 Derivatives in Hedged Items in Location of Gain      
 Fair Value Hedging Fair Value Hedging (Loss) Recognized Gain (Loss) Recognized Gain (Loss) Recognized
 Relationships Relationships in Income in Income on Derivative  in Income on Related Item
            
2011          
 Interest rate swaps Fixed rate debt Interest Expense    $ 2
            
2010          
 Interest rate swaps Fixed rate debt Interest Expense    $ 2

             Gain (Loss) Recognized
             in Income on Derivative
     Derivative Gain   Gain (Loss) Reclassified (Ineffective Portion and
   Derivative  (Loss) Recognized in Location of Gain (Loss) from AOCI into Income Amount Excluded from
   Relationships  OCI (Effective Portion) Recognized in Income (Effective Portion) Effectiveness Testing)
2012           
 Cash Flow Hedges:           
  Commodity contracts $ 114 Wholesale energy marketing $ 891 $ (1)
        Depreciation   2   
        Energy purchases   (139)   (2)
 Total $ 114   $ 754 $ (3)
               
2011           
 Cash Flow Hedges:           
  Commodity contracts $ 431 Wholesale energy marketing $ 835 $ (39)
        Fuel   1   
        Depreciation   2   
        Energy purchases   (243)   1
 Total $ 431   $ 595 $ (38)
               
2010           
 Cash Flow Hedges:           
  Interest rate swaps   Discontinued Operations (net of       
         income taxes)    $ (3)
  Cross-currency swaps$ 25 Discontinued Operations (net of       
         income taxes) $ 18   
  Commodity contracts   487 Wholesale energy marketing   680   (201)
        Fuel   2   
        Depreciation   2   
        Energy purchases   (458)   3
 Total $ 512   $ 244 $ (201)
 Net Investment Hedges:           
  Foreign currency contracts $ 5        

Derivatives Not Designated as Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in         
Hedging Instruments  Income on Derivatives  2012  2011  2010
            
Foreign currency contracts Discontinued Operations         
   (net of income taxes)       $ 3
Commodity contracts Unregulated retail electric and gas $ 30 $ 39   11
  Wholesale energy marketing   1,191   1,606   (70)
  Net energy trading margins (a)   8   (6)   1
  Fuel      (1)   12
  Energy purchases   (965)   (1,493)   (405)
  Total $ 264 $ 145 $ (448)

(a)       Differs from the Statement of Income due to intra-month transactions that PPL Energy Supply defines as spot activity, which is not accounted for as a derivative.

(LKE)

 

The following table presents the fair value and location of derivative instruments recorded on the Balance Sheets:

       December 31, 2012 December 31, 2011
       Derivatives designated as  Derivatives not designated Derivatives designated as  Derivatives not designated
       hedging instruments  as hedging instruments  hedging instruments  as hedging instruments
Current: Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
 Other Current                         
  Assets/Liabilities (a):                        
   Interest rate swaps $ 14       $ 5          $ 5
     Total current   14         5            5
Noncurrent:                        
 Price Risk Management                         
  Assets/Liabilities (a):                        
   Interest rate swaps            53            55
     Total noncurrent            53            55
Total derivatives $ 14       $ 58          $ 60
                              

(a)       Represents the location on the Balance Sheet.

 

The following tables present the pre-tax effect of derivative instruments recognized in income or regulatory assets and regulatory liabilities for the periods ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010, for the Successor and Predecessor.

    Successor  Predecessor
        Two Months Ended  Ten Months Ended
Derivatives Not Designated as Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in December 31, December 31, December 31,  October 31,
Hedging Instruments  Income on Derivatives 2012 2011 2010  2010
                
Interest rate swaps Interest Expense $ (8) $ (8) $ (1)  $ (7)
Commodity contracts Operating Revenues      (1)   (2)    3
  Total $ (8) $ (9) $ (3)  $ (4)
                
                
Derivatives Not Designated as Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized as         
Hedging Instruments Regulatory Liabilities/Assets December 31, 2012 December 31, 2011
                
Interest rate swaps Regulatory assets - noncurrent $    1 $     (26)
                
                
Derivatives Designated as Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized as         
Cash Flow Hedges Regulatory Liabilities/Assets December 31, 2012 December 31, 2011
                
Interest rate swaps Regulatory liabilities - noncurrent $    14       

(LG&E)

 

The following table presents the fair value and location of derivative instruments recorded on the Balance Sheets:

       December 31, 2012 December 31, 2011
       Derivatives designated as  Derivatives not designated Derivatives designated as  Derivatives not designated
       hedging instruments  as hedging instruments  hedging instruments  as hedging instruments
Current: Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
 Other Current                         
  Assets/Liabilities (a):                        
   Interest rate swaps $ 7       $ 5          $ 5
     Total current   7         5            5
Noncurrent:                        
 Price Risk Management                         
  Assets/Liabilities (a):                        
   Interest rate swaps            53            55
     Total noncurrent            53            55
Total derivatives $ 7       $ 58          $ 60

(a)       Represents the location on the balance sheet.

 

The following tables present the pre-tax effect of derivative instruments recognized in income or regulatory assets and regulatory liabilities for the periods ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010, for the Successor and Predecessor.

    Successor  Predecessor
    Year Ended  Year Ended  Two Months Ended  Ten Months Ended
Derivatives Not Designated as Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in December 31, December 31, December 31,  October 31,
Hedging Instruments  Income on Derivatives 2012 2011 2010  2010
                
Interest rate swaps Interest Expense $ (8) $ (8) $ (1)  $ (7)
Commodity contracts Operating Revenues      (1)   (2)    3
  Total $ (8) $ (9) $ (3)  $ (4)
                
                
Derivatives Not Designated as Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized as         
Hedging Instruments Regulatory Liabilities/Assets December 31, 2012 December 31, 2011
                
Interest rate swaps Regulatory assets - noncurrent $    1 $     (26)
                
                
Derivatives Designated as Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized as         
Cash Flow Hedges Regulatory Liabilities/Assets December 31, 2012 December 31, 2011
                
Interest rate swaps Regulatory liabilities - noncurrent $    7       

(KU)

 

At December 31, 2012, KU had interest rate swaps, which were designated as hedging instruments, of $7 million recorded in "Other current assets" on the Balance Sheet. KU recognized a $7 million, pre-tax gain on the derivative instruments in "Noncurrent regulatory liabilities" at December 31, 2012.

Credit Risk-Related Contingent Features (PPL, PPL Energy Supply, LKE, LG&E and KU)

 

Certain derivative contracts contain credit risk-related contingent features which, when in a net liability position, would permit the counterparties to require the transfer of additional collateral upon a decrease in the credit ratings of PPL, PPL Energy Supply, LKE, LG&E, KU or certain of their subsidiaries. Most of these provisions would require the transfer of additional collateral or permit the counterparty to terminate the contract if the applicable credit rating were to fall below investment grade. Some of these provisions also would allow the counterparty to require additional collateral upon each decrease in the credit rating at levels that remain above investment grade. In either case, if the applicable credit rating were to fall below investment grade (i.e., below BBB- for S&P and Fitch, or Baa3 for Moody's), and assuming no assignment to an investment grade affiliate were allowed, most of these credit contingent provisions require either immediate payment of the net liability as a termination payment or immediate and ongoing full collateralization on derivative instruments in net liability positions.

 

Additionally, certain derivative contracts contain credit risk-related contingent provisions that require adequate assurance of performance be provided if the other party has reasonable concerns regarding the performance of PPL's obligation under the contract. A counterparty demanding adequate assurance could require a transfer of additional collateral or other security, including letters of credit, cash and guarantees from a creditworthy entity. This would typically involve negotiations among the parties. However, amounts disclosed below represent assumed immediate payment or immediate and ongoing full collateralization for derivative instruments in net liability positions with "adequate assurance" provisions.

 

At December 31, 2012, the effect of a decrease in credit ratings below investment grade on derivative contracts that contain credit risk-related contingent features and were in a net liability position is summarized as follows:

       PPL      
    PPL Energy Supply LKE LG&E
               
Aggregate fair value of derivative instruments in a net liability             
 position with credit risk-related contingent provisions $ 219 $ 142 $ 39 $ 39
Aggregate fair value of collateral posted on these derivative instruments   39   7   32   32
Aggregate fair value of additional collateral requirements in the event of            
 a credit downgrade below investment grade (a)   202  155   9  9

(a)       Includes the effect of net receivables and payables already recorded on the Balance Sheet.