Revenue

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Revenue

Revenue

Revenue Disaggregated by Service Type

Kelly has five operating segments: Professional & Industrial (“P&I”), Science, Engineering & Technology (“SET”), Education, Outsourcing & Consulting Group ("Outsourcing & Consulting," "OCG") and International. Other than OCG, each segment delivers talent through staffing services, permanent placement or outcome-based services. Our OCG segment delivers talent solutions including managed service provider ("MSP"), payroll process outsourcing ("PPO"), recruitment process outsourcing ("RPO"), and talent advisory services. International also delivers RPO talent solutions within its local markets.

The following table presents our segment revenues disaggregated by service type (in millions of dollars):

	December Year to Date
	2023		2022		2021
Professional & Industrial
Staffing services	$	1,029.0	$	1,228.2	$	1,402.4
Permanent placement	12.9		28.9		24.7
Outcome-based services	441.2		409.1		410.3
Total Professional & Industrial	1,483.1		1,666.2		1,837.4
Science, Engineering & Technology
Staffing services	792.7		869.0		813.2
Permanent placement	17.8		29.7		24.4
Outcome-based services	380.3		366.7		319.2
Total Science, Engineering & Technology	1,190.8		1,265.4		1,156.8
Education
Staffing services	834.9		627.8		411.5
Permanent placement	7.0		8.4		5.0
Total Education	841.9		636.2		416.5
Outsourcing & Consulting
Talent solutions	454.7		468.0		432.1
Total Outsourcing & Consulting	454.7		468.0		432.1
International
Staffing services	860.2		892.3		1,032.9
Permanent placement	21.8		22.6		21.3
Talent solutions	2.8		17.3		13.6
Total International	884.8		932.2		1,067.8
Total Intersegment	(19.6)		(2.6)		(0.9)
Total Revenue from Services	$	4,835.7	$	4,965.4	$	4,909.7

Revenue Disaggregated by Geography

Our operations are subject to different economic and regulatory environments depending on geographic location. Our P&I and Education segments operate in the Americas region, our SET segment operates in the Americas and Europe regions, and OCG operates in the Americas, Europe and Asia-Pacific regions. The International segment includes Europe and Mexico operations, which are included in the Americas region. Our Russian operations were sold in the third quarter of 2022 (see Acquisitions and Dispositions footnote).

The below table presents our revenues disaggregated by geography (in millions of dollars):

	December Year to Date
	2023		2022		2021
Americas
United States	$	3,555.8	$	3,671.5	$	3,513.4
Canada	189.8		168.2		155.0
Puerto Rico	107.0		112.4		102.1
Mexico	75.7		46.5		92.7
Total Americas Region	3,928.3		3,998.6		3,863.2
Europe
Switzerland	224.2		222.8		222.2
France	194.4		199.4		223.1
Portugal	189.4		169.5		158.2
Italy	63.9		69.3		74.2
Russia	—		63.4		132.2
Other	191.8		200.3		197.1
Total Europe Region	863.7		924.7		1,007.0
Total Asia-Pacific Region	43.7		42.1		39.5
Total Kelly Services, Inc.	$	4,835.7	$	4,965.4	$	4,909.7

The below table presents our SET, OCG and International segment revenues disaggregated by geographic region (in millions of dollars):

	December Year to Date
	2023		2022		2021
Science, Engineering & Technology
Americas	$	1,175.2	$	1,250.3	$	1,149.3
Europe	15.6		15.1		7.5
Total Science, Engineering & Technology	$	1,190.8	$	1,265.4	$	1,156.8
Outsourcing & Consulting
Americas	$	375.0	$	403.3	$	369.4
Europe	36.0		22.6		23.2
Asia-Pacific	43.7		42.1		39.5
Total Outsourcing & Consulting	$	454.7	$	468.0	$	432.1
International
Americas	$	72.7	$	45.2	$	91.5
Europe	812.1		887.0		976.3
Total International	$	884.8	$	932.2	$	1,067.8

Deferred Costs

Deferred fulfillment costs, which are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the consolidated balance sheet, were $3.4 million as of year-end 2023 and $2.7 million as of 2022. Amortization expense for the deferred costs was $7.7 million for 2023, $10.1 million for 2022 and $20.5 million for 2021. As of year-end 2023, there was no impairment loss in relation to the costs capitalized.