Derivative Financial Instruments

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Derivative Financial Instruments

Purpose of Derivatives

We are exposed to certain risks relating to our ongoing business operations. The primary risks managed by using derivative instruments are interest rate risk, risk related to matching duration for our assets and liabilities, foreign currency risk, and credit risk. Historically, we have utilized current and forward interest rate swaps, current and forward currency swaps, forward benchmark interest rate locks, currency forward contracts, forward contracts on specific fixed income securities, and credit default swaps. Transactions hedging interest rate risk are primarily associated with our individual and group long-term care and individual and group disability products. All other product portfolios are periodically reviewed to determine if hedging strategies would be appropriate for risk management purposes. We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes.

Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges and used to reduce our exposure to interest rate and duration risk are as follows:

•Interest rate swaps were used to hedge interest rate risks and to improve the matching of assets and liabilities. An interest rate swap is an agreement in which we agree with other parties to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed rate and variable rate interest amounts. We used interest rate swaps to hedge the anticipated purchase of fixed maturity securities thereby protecting us from the potential adverse impact of declining interest rates on the associated policy reserves. We also used interest rate swaps to hedge the potential adverse impact of rising interest rates in anticipation of issuing fixed rate long-term debt.

•Forward benchmark interest rate locks are used to minimize interest rate risk associated with the anticipated purchase or disposal of fixed maturity securities or the anticipated issuance of fixed rate long-term debt. A forward benchmark interest rate lock is a derivative contract without an initial investment where we and the counterparty agree to purchase or sell a specific benchmark interest rate fixed maturity bond at a future date at a pre-determined price or yield.

Derivatives designated as fair value hedges and previously used to reduce our exposure to interest rate and duration risk included:

•Interest rate swaps were used to effectively convert certain fixed rate, long-term debt into floating rate long-term debt. Under these swap agreements, we received a fixed rate of interest and paid a variable rate of interest.

Derivatives designated as either cash flow or fair value hedges and used to reduce our exposure to foreign currency risk are as follows:

•Foreign currency interest rate swaps are used to hedge the currency risk of certain foreign currency-denominated fixed maturity securities owned for portfolio diversification. Under these swap agreements, we agree to pay, at specified intervals, fixed rate foreign currency-denominated principal and interest payments in exchange for fixed rate payments in the functional currency of the operating segment.

Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments and used to reduce our exposure to foreign currency risk, credit losses on securities owned and volatility of the underlying deferred assets in our non-qualified defined contribution plan are as follows:

•Foreign currency interest rate swaps previously designated as hedges were used to hedge the currency risk of certain foreign currency-denominated fixed maturity securities owned for portfolio diversification. These derivatives were effective hedges prior to novation to a new counterparty. In conjunction with the novation, these derivatives were de-designated as hedges. We agree to pay, at specified intervals, fixed rate foreign currency-denominated principal and interest payments in exchange for fixed rate payments in the functional currency of the operating segment. We hold offsetting swaps wherein we agree to pay fixed rate principal and interest payments in the functional currency of the operating segment in exchange for fixed rate foreign currency-denominated payments.

•Credit default swaps were used as economic hedges against credit risk but do not qualify for hedge accounting. A credit default swap is an agreement in which we agree with another party to pay, at specified intervals, a fixed-rate fee in exchange for insurance against a credit event on a specific investment. If a defined credit event occurred, our counterparty could have either paid us a net cash settlement, or we could have surrendered the specific investment to them in exchange for cash equal to the full notional amount of the swap. Credit events typically include events such as bankruptcy, failure to pay, or certain types of debt restructuring.

•Foreign currency forward contracts are used to minimize foreign currency risk. A foreign currency forward is a derivative without an initial investment where we and the counterparty agree to exchange a specific amount of currencies, at a specific exchange rate, on a specific date. We use these forward contracts to hedge the currency risk arising from foreign-currency denominated investments.

•Total Return Swaps are used to economically hedge a portion of the liability related to our non-qualified defined contribution plan. A total return swap is an agreement in which we pay a floating rate of interest to the counterparty and receive the total return on a portfolio of exchange traded funds. These swaps are cash settled on the last day of every month and the notional is re-established each month based on periodic distributions from and contributions to the plan assets.

Derivative Risks

The basic types of risks associated with derivatives are market risk (that the value of the derivative will be adversely impacted by changes in the market, primarily the change in interest and exchange rates) and credit risk (that the counterparty will not perform according to the terms of the contract). The market risk of the derivatives should generally offset the market risk associated with the hedged financial instrument or liability. To help limit the credit exposure of the derivatives, we enter into master netting agreements with our counterparties whereby contracts in a gain position can be offset against contracts in a loss position. We also typically enter into bilateral, cross-collateralization agreements with our counterparties to help limit the credit exposure of the derivatives. These agreements require the counterparty in a loss position to submit acceptable collateral with the other counterparty in the event the net loss position meets or exceeds an agreed upon amount. Credit exposure on derivatives is limited to the value of those contracts in a net gain position, including accrued interest receivable less collateral held. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we had $1.7 million and $1.3 million credit exposure on derivatives, respectively. The table below summarizes the nature and amount of collateral received from and posted to our derivative counterparties.

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
	(in millions of dollars)
Carrying Value of Collateral Received from Counterparties
Cash	$	81.7	$	32.0
Fixed Maturity Securities	13.7		—
	$	95.4	$	32.0
Carrying Value of Collateral Posted to Counterparties
Cash	$	6.1	$	—
Fixed Maturity Securities	20.7		27.6
	$	26.8	$	27.6

See Note 4 for further discussion of our master netting agreements.

The majority of our derivative instruments contain provisions that require us to maintain specified issuer credit ratings and financial strength ratings. Should our ratings fall below these specified levels, we would be in violation of the provisions, and our derivatives counterparties could terminate our contracts and request immediate payment. The aggregate fair value of all derivative instruments with credit risk-related contingent features that were in a liability position was $56.4 million and $35.0 million at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

Cash Flow Hedges

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we had $178.0 million and $181.3 million, respectively, notional amount of receive fixed, pay fixed, open current and forward foreign currency interest rate swaps to hedge fixed income foreign currency-denominated securities.

During the third quarter and first nine months of 2022, we entered into $500.0 million and $679.0 million, respectively, of notional forward benchmark interest rate locks in order to hedge the anticipated purchase of fixed maturity securities. As of September 30, 2022, we had $664.0 million notional amount of forward benchmark interest rate locks.

During the second quarter of 2021, we entered into a $250.0 million notional forward benchmark interest rate lock in order to hedge the interest rate risk associated with the cash flows related to the early redemption of certain of our debt securities. We terminated the interest rate lock in the second quarter of 2021 and recognized a loss of $1.2 million that was reported as a cost related to the early retirement of debt in our income statement.

During the first quarter of 2021, in connection with the Closed Block individual disability reinsurance transaction, we reclassified $0.6 million of deferred gains from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings included in the net investment gain (loss) line item on our income statement. The deferred gains were related to previously terminated interest

rate swaps designated as hedging instruments of fixed maturity securities in the Closed Block individual disability product line. See Note 12 for further discussion.

As of September 30, 2022, we expect to amortize approximately $39.2 million of net deferred gains on derivative instruments during the next twelve months. This amount will be reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings and reported on the same income statement line item as the hedged item. The income statement line items that will be affected by this amortization are net investment income and interest and debt expense. Additional amounts that may be reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings to offset the earnings impact of foreign currency translation of hedged items are not estimable.

As of September 30, 2022, we are hedging the variability of future cash flows associated with forecasted transactions through the year 2052.

Fair Value Hedges

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we had $558.2 million and $498.5 million notional amount of receive fixed, pay fixed, open current and forward foreign currency interest rate swaps to hedge fixed income foreign currency-denominated securities.

The following table summarizes the carrying amount of hedged assets and the related cumulative basis adjustments related to our fair value hedges:

	Carrying Amount of Hedged Assets				Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets
	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021		September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
	(in millions of dollars)
Fixed maturity securities:
Receive fixed functional currency interest, pay fixed foreign currency interest	$	346.6	$	466.3	$	(60.6)	$	2.0

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, $0.2 million and $13.9 million, respectively, of the derivative instruments' gain was excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, $0.4 million and $10.6 million, respectively, of the derivative instruments' gain was excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness. There were no instances wherein we discontinued fair value hedge accounting due to a hedged firm commitment no longer qualifying as a fair value hedge.

Derivatives not Designated as Hedging Instruments

At both September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we held $148.2 million notional amount of receive fixed, pay fixed, foreign currency interest rate swaps. These derivatives are not designated as hedges, and as such, changes in fair value related to these derivatives are reported in earnings as a component of net investment gain or loss.

As of September 30, 2022, we held no single name credit default swaps. As of December 31, 2021, we held $11.6 million notional amount of single name credit default swaps. We entered into these swaps in order to mitigate the credit risk associated with specific securities owned.

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we held $54.3 million and $41.7 million, respectively, notional amount of foreign currency forwards to mitigate the foreign currency risk associated with specific securities owned.

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we held $70.2 million and $89.2 million, respectively, notional amount of total return swaps to mitigate the volatility associated with changes in the fair value of the underlying notional assets in our

non-qualified defined contribution plan. This derivative is an economic hedge not designated as a hedging instrument, and changes in fair value are reported as a component of other expenses in our income statement.

We have an embedded derivative in a modified coinsurance arrangement for which we include in our net investment gains and losses, a calculation intended to estimate the value of the option of our reinsurance counterparty to cancel the reinsurance contract with us. However, neither party can unilaterally terminate the reinsurance agreement except in extreme circumstances resulting from regulatory supervision, delinquency proceedings, or other direct regulatory action. Cash settlements or collateral related to this embedded derivative are not required at any time during the reinsurance contract or at termination of the reinsurance contract. There are no credit-related counterparty triggers, and any accumulated embedded derivative gain or loss reduces to zero over time as the reinsured business winds down.

Locations and Amounts of Derivative Financial Instruments

The following tables summarize the notional amounts and fair values of derivative financial instruments, as reported in our consolidated balance sheets. Derivative assets are included in other long-term investments, while derivative liabilities are included in other liabilities within our consolidated balance sheets. The notional amounts represent the basis upon which our counterparty pay and receive amounts are calculated.

	September 30, 2022
			Derivative Assets		Derivative Liabilities
	Notional Amount		Fair Value		Fair Value
	(in millions of dollars)
Designated as Hedging Instruments
Cash Flow Hedges
Forward Benchmark Interest Rate Locks	$	664.0	$	—	$	29.0
Foreign Currency Interest Rate Swaps	178.0		22.4		2.2
Total Cash Flow Hedges	842.0		22.4		31.2
Fair Value Hedges
Foreign Currency Interest Rate Swaps	558.2		98.4		5.8
Total Designated as Hedging Instruments	$	1,400.2	$	120.8	$	37.0
Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Foreign Currency Forwards	$	54.3	$	7.3	$	—
Foreign Currency Interest Rate Swaps	148.2		—		19.4
Total Return Swaps	70.2		—		—
Embedded Derivative in Modified Coinsurance Arrangement	—		—		19.4
Total Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	$	272.7	$	7.3	$	38.8
Total Derivatives	$	1,672.9	$	128.1	$	75.8

	December 31, 2021
			Derivative Assets		Derivative Liabilities
	Notional Amount		Fair Value			Fair Value
	(in millions of dollars)
Designated as Hedging Instruments
Cash Flow Hedges
Foreign Currency Interest Rate Swaps	$	181.3	$	16.2		$	7.0
Fair Value Hedges
Foreign Currency Interest Rate Swaps	498.5		21.9			5.7
Total Designated as Hedging Instruments	$	679.8	$	38.1		$	12.7
Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Credit Default Swaps	$	11.6	$	—		$	—
Foreign Currency Forwards	41.7		—			—
Foreign Currency Interest Rate Swaps	148.2		1.4			22.3
Total Return Swaps	89.2		—			—
Embedded Derivative in Modified Coinsurance Arrangement	—		—			30.1
Total Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	$	290.7	$	1.4		$	52.4
Total Derivatives	$	970.5	$	39.5		$	65.1

The following tables summarize the location of gains and losses of derivative financial instruments designated as hedging instruments, as reported in our consolidated statements of income.

	Three Months Ended September 30
	2022						2021
	Net Investment Income		Net Investment Gain (Loss)		Interest and Debt Expense		Net Investment Income		Net Investment Gain (Loss)		Interest and Debt Expense
	(in millions of dollars)
Total Income and Expense Presented in the Consolidated Statements of Income of Which Hedged Items are Recorded	$	511.6	$	(4.4)	$	47.0	$	550.2	$	(0.1)	$	44.7
Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedging Relationships
Interest Rate Swaps:
Hedged items	50.2		—		0.7		63.4		0.3		7.3
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments	14.1		—		—		14.6		0.2		0.1
Foreign Exchange Contracts:			—
Hedged items	2.7		(0.5)		—		2.9		—		—
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments	(1.5)		—		—		0.3		(0.1)		—
Forward Benchmark Interest Rate Locks:
Hedged items	0.2		—		—		—		—		—
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments	—		—		—		—		—		—
Gain (Loss) on Fair Value Hedging Relationships
Foreign Exchange Contracts
Hedged items	2.9		(29.6)		—		2.5		(10.4)		—
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments	1.0		29.6		—		0.9		10.4		—

	Nine Months Ended September 30
	2022						2021
	Net Investment Income		Net Investment Gain (Loss)		Interest and Debt Expense		Net Investment Income		Net Investment Gain (Loss)		Interest and Debt Expense
	(in millions of dollars)
Total Income and Expense Presented in the Consolidated Statements of Income of Which Hedged Items are Recorded	$	1,597.8	$	(22.3)	$	141.3	$	1,662.4	$	85.4	$	134.4
Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedging Relationships
Interest Rate Swaps:
Hedged items	150.9		—		2.1		170.2		2.7		21.9
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments	40.5		—		—		46.6		2.0		0.3
Foreign Exchange Contracts:
Hedged items	8.3		(0.5)		—		10.1		—		—
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments	(0.9)		—		—		1.2		(0.1)		—
Forward Benchmark Interest Rate Locks:
Hedged items	0.2		—		—		—		—		—
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments	—		—		—		—		—		—
Gain (Loss) on Fair Value Hedging Relationships
Foreign Exchange Contracts
Hedged items	8.7		(62.5)		—		7.2		(18.8)		—
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments	5.1		62.5		—		3.1		18.8		—

The following table summarizes the location of gains and losses of derivative financial instruments designated as cash flow hedging instruments, as reported in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).

	Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
	2022		2021		2022		2021
	(in millions of dollars)
Gain (Loss) Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) on Derivatives
Forwards	$	(34.3)	$	(0.2)	$	(32.0)	$	(0.2)
Foreign Exchange Contracts	7.1		4.6		11.4		3.5
Total	$	(27.2)	$	4.4	$	(20.6)	$	3.3

The following table summarizes the location of gains and losses on our derivatives not designated as hedging instruments, as reported in our consolidated statements of income.

	Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
	2022		2021		2022		2021
	(in millions of dollars)
Net Investment Gain (Loss)
Credit Default Swaps	$	—	$	(0.1)	$	—	$	(0.3)
Foreign Exchange Contracts	(0.9)		0.8		4.6		2.6
Embedded Derivative in Modified Coinsurance Arrangement	14.9		2.6		10.7		21.2
Total	$	14.0	$	3.3	$	15.3	$	23.5
Other Expenses
(Gain) Loss on Total Return Swaps	$	4.3	$	0.6	$	23.0	$	(3.1)