Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Basis of Presentation	Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain amounts in prior year financial statements and notes thereto have been reclassified to conform to current year presentation.
Use of Estimates	Use of Estimates The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment, goodwill and other intangible assets; valuation allowances for receivables, inventories and income taxes; valuation of share-based compensation; assets and obligations related to employee benefits; and accounting for long-term contracts including claims. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Foreign Currency Translations	Foreign Currency Translation The Company has certain operations outside the United States that prepare financial statements in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. For these operations, results of operations and cash flows are translated using the average exchange rate throughout the period. Assets and liabilities are generally translated at end of period rates. The gains and losses associated with these translation adjustments are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in shareholders’ equity.
Concentration of Credit Risk	Concentration of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of trade accounts receivable. The carrying amounts of these items, as well as trade accounts payable and notes payable, approximate fair value due to the short-term maturity of these instruments. At December 31, 2019, one individual customer accounted for more than 10% of consolidated accounts receivable. At December 31, 2018, two individual customers accounted for more than 10% of consolidated accounts receivable. In the year ended December 31, 2019, three individual customers, the U.S. Government, The Boeing Company and a JPF DCS customer, accounted for more than 10% of consolidated net sales. In the year ended December 31, 2018, two individual customers, the U.S. Government and The Boeing Company, accounted for more than 10% of consolidated net sales. Foreign sales were approximately 44.4%, 37.9% and 44.5% of the Company’s net sales in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and are concentrated in the United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, France, Switzerland, New Zealand, the Middle East and Asia.
Additional Cash Flow Information	Additional Cash Flow Information Non-cash investing activities in 2019 include an accrual of $0.8 million for purchases of property and equipment (including finance lease obligations), $4.0 million in working capital adjustments associated with the sale of the Distribution business and the write-off of the $4.0 million note receivable associated with the sale of the U.K. Tooling business as it was deemed not likely to be collected. Additionally, in 2019, the Company repurchased a K-MAX® aircraft from a customer who was simultaneously purchasing a new aircraft to support the development of the Company's unmanned aircraft system. The repurchased aircraft was used to settle a portion ($3.1 million) of the purchase price on the customer's new K-MAX® aircraft. Non-cash financing activities in 2019 include an adjustment to other comprehensive income related to the underfunding of the pension and SERP plans. The total net adjustment was $8.9 million, net of tax of $2.6 million. Additionally, non-cash financing activities in 2019 include $5.6 million of dividends declared but not yet paid and an accrual of $1.7 million for purchases of treasury shares. Non-cash investing activities in 2018 include an accrual of $2.9 million for purchases of property and equipment (including capital lease obligations) and a note receivable with a present value of $2.5 million for the amounts to be collected associated with the sale of the U.K. Tooling business. Non-cash financing activities in 2018 include 114,778 common shares issued for the unwind of warrant transactions associated with the 2017 Notes during the first half of 2018 that had a value of approximately $7.6 million. Other non-cash financing activities in 2018 include an adjustment to other comprehensive income related to the underfunding of the pension and SERP plans and changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments that qualified for hedge accounting. The total net adjustment was $11.6 million, net of tax of $3.7 million. Additionally, non-cash financing activities in 2018 include $5.6 million of dividends declared but not yet paid. Non-cash investing activities in 2017 include an accrual of $3.6 million for purchases of property and equipment (including capital lease obligations). Non-cash financing activities in 2017 include 624,044 common shares issued for the partial unwind of warrant transactions during the second quarter of 2017 that had a value of approximately $30.3 million, the receipt of of 136,369 shares with an approximate value of $7.5 million to unwind the remaining bond hedge transactions during the fourth quarter of 2017 and the issuance to bond holders of 136,347 shares with an approximate value of $7.5 million upon conversion of the remaining 2017 Notes. Other non-cash financing activities in 2017 include an adjustment to other comprehensive income related to the underfunding of the pension and SERP plans and changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments that qualified for hedge accounting. The total net adjustment was $12.7 million, net of tax of $7.7 million. Additionally, non-cash financing activities in 2017 include $5.6 million of dividends declared but not yet paid. The Company describes its pension obligations in more detail in Note 17, Pension Plans. The Company describes the convertible notes transactions in more detail in Note 14, Debt.
Revenue Recognition	Revenue Recognition Under Accounting Standard Codification ("ASC") 606, the amount of revenue recognized for any goods or services reflects the consideration that the Company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for these goods or services. To achieve this core principle, the Company applies the following five step approach: (1) identify the contract with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when or as a performance obligation is satisfied. 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED) Revenue Recognition - continued A contract is accounted for when there has been approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of consideration is probable. Performance obligations under a contract are identified based on the goods or services that will be transferred to the customer that are both capable of being distinct and are distinct in the context of the contract. In certain instances, the Company has concluded distinct goods or services should be accounted for as a single performance obligation when they are a series of distinct goods or services that have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. To the extent a contract includes multiple promised goods or services, the Company must apply judgment to determine whether the customer can benefit from the goods or services either on their own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer (the goods or services are distinct) and if the promise to transfer the goods or services to the customer is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract (the goods or services are distinct in the context of the contract). If these criteria are not met, the promised services are accounted for as a single performance obligation. The transaction price is determined based on the consideration that the Company will be entitled to in exchange for transferring goods or services to the customer. To the extent the transaction price includes variable consideration, the Company estimates the amount of variable consideration that should be included in the transaction price, generally utilizing the most likely amount method. Determining the transaction price requires significant judgment. If the contract contains a single performance obligation, the entire transaction price is allocated to the single performance obligation. Contracts that contain multiple performance obligations require an allocation of the transaction price to each performance obligation based on a relative standalone selling price basis. Standalone selling price is determined by the price at which the performance obligation is sold separately. If the standalone selling price is not observable through past transactions, the Company estimates the standalone selling price by taking into account available information such as market conditions and internally approved pricing guidelines related to the performance obligations. Performance obligations are satisfied either over time or at a point in time as discussed in further detail below. In addition, the Company's contracts with customers generally do not include significant financing components or non-cash consideration. In certain instances, the Company has accounted for contracts using the portfolio approach, a practical expedient permissible under the standard. The determination of when the use of the portfolio approach is appropriate requires judgment from management based on consideration of all the facts and circumstances. The Company uses the portfolio approach when the effect of accounting for a group of contracts or a group of performance obligations would not differ materially from considering each contract or performance obligation separately. This determination requires the use of estimates and assumptions that reflect the size and composition of the portfolio. The Company primarily uses the portfolio approach for its commercial and defense bearings and structures businesses. The Company's primary criteria considered when using the portfolio approach is the commonality of economic factors, which generally follow the product type based on consistent production costs and standard pricing for the products. The majority of long-term contracts were historically accounted for under the percentage-of-completion method using units-of-delivery as a measurement basis. Many of these contracts moved to an over time revenue model under ASC 606. For example, revenue for the Company's Joint Programmable Fuze ("JPF") program with the U.S. Government ("USG") moved from percentage-of-completion using units-of-delivery as the measurement basis to the over time revenue recognition model using input costs as the basis for recognizing progress to completion. Conversely, revenue for the K-MAX® program moved from cost-to-cost revenue recognition under percentage-of-completion accounting to the point-in-time method, with revenue on these aircraft being recognized upon acceptance by the end customer. For certain programs, early-contract unit costs in excess of the average expected cost over the life of the contract and contractually recoverable general and administrative costs were previously capitalized and amortized over the period of performance of the contract. With the adoption of ASC 606, $32.5 million of previously capitalized deferred costs in excess of the contract average and previously contractually recoverable general and administrative costs were adjusted within the cumulative effect to retained earnings and have not been amortized into earnings after January 1, 2018. To determine the appropriate revenue recognition model for long-term contracts, the Company evaluates whether a contract exists, considering whether multiple contracts should be combined as one single contract and then whether the contract should be accounted for as more than one performance obligation. This evaluation requires significant judgment, as these decisions could change the amount of revenue and profit recorded in a given period. For certain programs, the Company may promise to provide distinct goods or services within a contract, in which case these are separated into more than one performance obligation. 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED) Revenue Recognition - continued For certain programs, the Company recognizes revenue over time because of continuous transfer of control to the customer. For USG contracts, this continuous transfer of control to the customer is supported by clauses in the contract that provide lien rights to the customer over the work in progress, thereby control transfers as costs are incurred. For non-USG contracts, the customer typically controls the work in progress because the Company is producing products that do not have an alternative use to the Company and where contractual termination clauses provide the Company rights to payment for work performed to date plus a reasonable profit. Revenue is recognized based on the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligation. The selection of the method to measure progress towards completion requires judgment and is based on the nature of the products or services to be provided. The Company generally uses the cost-to-cost measure of progress for its contracts because it best depicts the transfer of assets to the customer which occurs as cost is incurred under the contracts. Under the cost-to-cost method, the extent of progress towards completion is measured based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion of the performance obligation. Revenues, including estimated fees or profits, are recorded proportionally as costs are incurred. Total estimated contract costs generally include labor, materials and subcontractors’ costs, other direct costs and related overhead costs. These estimates also include the estimated cost of satisfying offset obligations, as required under certain contracts. The complexity of certain programs as well as technical risks and uncertainty as to the future availability of materials and labor resources could affect the Company’s ability to accurately estimate future contract costs. For contracts that recognize revenue over time, the Company performs detailed quarterly reviews of the progress and execution of its performance obligations under these contracts. As part of this process, management reviews information including, but not limited to, any outstanding key contract matters, progress towards completion and the related program schedule, identified risks and opportunities and the related changes in estimates of revenues and costs. The risks and opportunities include management's judgment about the ability and cost to achieve the schedule (e.g. the number and type of milestone events), technical requirements (e.g., a newly-developed product versus a mature product) and other contract requirements. Management must make assumptions and estimates regarding labor productivity and availability, the complexity of the work to be performed, the availability of materials, the length of time to complete the performance obligation (e.g. to estimate increases in wages and prices for materials and related support cost allocations), execution by subcontractors, the availability and timing of funding from customers and overhead cost rates, among other variables. Based upon these reviews, the Company will record the effects of adjustments in profit estimates each period. If at any time management determines that in the case of a particular contract total costs will exceed total contract revenue, a provision for the entire anticipated contract loss is recorded at that time. The Company recognized a reduction in revenue of $4.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2019. This decrease was primarily related to cost growth on the SH-2G program with Peru, a certain legacy fuzing contract and certain structures contracts, partially offset by favorable cost performance on the JPF contract with the USG. The amount of revenue recognized in the year ended December 31, 2018 from performance obligations satisfied (or partially satisfied) in previous periods was $6.7 million. This amount was primarily related to changes in the estimates of the stages of completion of certain contracts, more specifically the JPF contract with the USG and the AH-1Z contract. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the net increase in our operating income from changes in contract estimates totaled $5.7 million. The increase in 2017 was primarily a result of improved performance on the AH-1Z program, the JPF program with the USG and the SH-2G program with Peru. These improvements were partially offset by cost growth on the K-MAX® and A-10 programs. Due to the nature of the work required to be performed on many of the Company's performance obligations, the estimation of total revenue and cost at completion is complex, subject to many variables and requires significant judgment. From time-to-time the Company enters into long-term contracts with the USG and other customers that contain award fees, incentive fees or other provisions that can either increase or decrease the transaction price. These variable amounts generally are awarded upon achievement of certain performance metrics, program milestones or cost targets and can be based upon customer discretion. The Company estimates variable consideration at the most likely amount to which it expects to be entitled. Estimated amounts are included in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. Estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price are based largely on an assessment of the Company's anticipated performance and all information (historical, current and forecasted) that is reasonably available. The Company does not include financing components as variable consideration if less than one year. At December 31, 2019, the Company did not have any significant financing components. 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED) Revenue Recognition - continued Contracts are often modified to account for changes in contract specifications and requirements. The Company considers contract modifications to exist when the modification either creates new or makes changes to the existing enforceable rights and obligations. Contract modifications for goods or services that are not distinct from the existing contract are accounted for as if they were part of that existing contract. In these cases, the effect of the contract modification on the transaction price and the measure of progress for the performance obligation to which it relates is recognized as an adjustment to revenue (either as an increase in or a reduction of revenue) on a cumulative catch-up basis, except when such modifications relate to a performance obligation that is a series of substantially the same distinct goods or services. If the modification relates to a performance obligation for a series of substantially the same distinct goods or services, the modification is treated prospectively. Contract modifications for goods or services that are considered distinct from the existing contract are accounted for as separate contracts. The Company applied the practical expedient for any contracts that were modified prior to January 1, 2018; therefore, the contracts were not restated retrospectively for those modifications. For other contracts, excluding the long-term contracts discussed above, the method of revenue recognition remained substantially the same under ASC 606. For these contracts, revenue is primarily recognized at the point in time when the title transfers to the customer, as this is when the performance obligation is controlled by the customer. Additionally, a small percentage of revenue related to certain contracts for repairs and overhauls is accounted for over time under ASC 606. Under these contracts, revenue is generally recognized as work is performed in proportion to the actual costs incurred as compared to total estimated contract costs.
Cost of Sales and Selling, General and Administrative Expenses	Cost of Sales and Selling, General and Administrative Expenses Cost of sales includes costs of products and services sold (i.e., purchased product, raw material, direct labor, engineering labor, outbound freight charges, depreciation and amortization, indirect costs and overhead charges). Selling expenses primarily consist of advertising, promotion, bid and proposal, employee payroll and corresponding benefits and commissions paid to sales and marketing personnel. General and administrative expenses primarily consist of employee payroll including executive, administrative and financial personnel and corresponding benefits, incentive compensation, independent research and development, consulting expenses, warehousing costs, depreciation and amortization. Legal costs are expensed as incurred and are generally included in general and administrative expenses. The Company previously included general and administrative expenses as an element of program cost and inventory for certain government contracts prior to the adoption of ASC 606.
Cash and Cash Equivalents	Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, demand deposits and short-term cash investments. These investments are liquid in nature and have original maturities of three months or less. The Company's cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2019 included $443.2 million of Level 1 (quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities) money market funds. Bank overdraft positions, which occur when total outstanding issued checks exceed available cash balances at a single financial institution at the end of a reporting period, are reclassified to other current liabilities within the consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had bank overdrafts of $1.6 million and $0.7 million, respectively, included in other current liabilities.
Accounts Receivable	Accounts Receivable The Company has three types of accounts receivable: (a) Trade receivables, which consist of amounts billed and currently due from customers; (b) USG contracts, which consist of (1) amounts billed, and (2) costs and accrued profit – not billed; and (c) Commercial and other government contracts, which consist of (1) amounts billed, and (2) costs and accrued profit – not billed. The Company's receivables, net, consist of amounts billed and currently due from customers. The amounts due are stated at their net estimated realizable value. The allowance for doubtful accounts reflects management’s best estimate of probable losses inherent in the trade accounts receivable and billed contracts balance. Management determines the allowance based on known troubled accounts, historical experience and other currently available evidence.
Contract with Customer, Asset	Contract Assets The Company's contract assets include unbilled amounts typically resulting from sales under long-term contracts when the cost-to-cost method of revenue recognition is applied and revenue recognized exceeds the amount billed to the customer, and right to payment is not just subject to the passage of time. Amounts do not exceed their net realizable value. Contract assets are generally classified as current as such amounts are billable and collectible within twelve months.
Capitalized Contract Cost	Contract Costs Contract costs consist of costs to obtain and fulfill a contract. Costs to fulfill a contract primarily consist of nonrecurring engineering costs incurred at the start of a new program for which such costs are expected to be recovered under existing and future contracts. Such costs are amortized over the estimated revenue amount of the contract. Costs to obtain a contract consist of commissions and agent fees paid in connection with the award of a contract. If these costs are determined to have an amortization period of less than one year, the Company applies the practical expedient and the related costs are expensed as incurred. If the amortization period is determined to be greater than a year and the incremental costs to obtaining the contract qualify as an asset, then the contract costs are recorded and amortized over the estimated contract revenue.
Inventories	Inventories The Company has the following types of inventory: (a) raw materials, (b) contracts in process and other work in process, and (c) finished goods. Raw material includes certain general stock materials but primarily relates to purchases that were made in anticipation of specific programs for which production has not been started as of the balance sheet date. Raw materials are stated at the lower of the cost of the inventory or its fair market value. Contracts in process and other work in process and finished goods are valued at production cost represented by raw material, labor and overhead. Contracts in process and other work in process and finished goods are not reported at amounts in excess of net realizable values.
Property, Plant and Equipment	Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment is recorded at cost. Depreciation is computed primarily on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The estimated useful lives for buildings generally range from 15 to 40 years and for leasehold improvements range from 1 to 20 years, whereas machinery, office furniture and equipment generally have useful lives ranging from 3 to 15 years. At the time of retirement or disposal, the acquisition cost of the asset and related accumulated depreciation are eliminated and any gain or loss is credited to or charged against income. Long-lived assets, such as property, plant and equipment and purchased intangible assets subject to amortization, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require a long-lived asset be tested for possible impairment, the Company first compares undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by an asset to the carrying value of the asset. If the carrying value of the long-lived asset is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, impairment is recognized to the extent that the carrying value exceeds its fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values and third-party independent appraisals, as considered necessary. Maintenance and repair items are charged against income as incurred, whereas renewals and betterments are capitalized and depreciated. Leasing On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASC 842, Leases. Under ASC 842, the Company determines if a contract contains a lease at the inception date of the contract. To determine if the contract contains a lease, the Company evaluates if there is an identified asset in the contract and if the Company has control over the use of the identified asset. There is an identified asset in the contract if the asset is explicitly or implicitly specified in the contract, the asset is physically distinct or the Company has the right to receive substantially all of the asset's capacity, and if the supplier does not have substantive substitution rights. The Company has control over the use of the identified asset if the Company obtains substantially all economic benefits from the use of the asset and can direct the use of the asset. The Company applied the practical expedient for any contracts that existed prior to January 1, 2019; therefore, the contracts were not reassessed to determine if they contain leases. 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED) Leasing - continued The Company must classify each lease as a finance lease or operating lease. A lease is classified as a finance lease if the Company will own the asset by the end of the lease term, the Company is reasonably certain to exercise the purchase option, the lease term covers a major part of the asset's economic life, the sum of the present value of the lease payments and the present value of the residual value guarantee not included in the lease payments equal or exceed substantially all of the fair value of the underlying asset at lease commencement or if the lessor has no alternative use for the asset. If any of these criteria are not met, the lease is classified as an operating lease. The Company applied the practical expedient for any leases that existed prior to January 1, 2019; therefore, the lease classifications of existing leases were not reassessed (all existing leases classified as operating leases under ASC 840 were classified as operating leases under ASC 842 on January 1, 2019 and all existing leases classified as capital leases under ASC 840 were classified as finance leases under ASC 842 on January 1, 2019). The Company's operating leases consist of rent commitments under various leases for office space, warehouses, land and buildings at varying dates from January 2020 to December 2024. The terms of most of these leases are in the range of 3 to 8 years, with certain leases renewable for varying periods and certain leases including options to terminate the leases. While some of the Company's leases include options allowing early termination of the lease, the Company historically has not terminated its lease agreements early unless there is an economic, financial or business reason to do so. It is expected that in the normal course of business leases that expire will be renewed or replaced by leases on other similar property. Some of the Company's leases have fixed amount rent escalations or contingent rent that are recognized on a straight-line basis over the entire lease term. Material leasehold improvements and other landlord incentives are amortized over the shorter of their economic lives or the lease term, including renewal periods, if reasonably assured. Substantially all real estate taxes, insurance and maintenance expenses associated with leased facilities are obligations of the Company. The terms for most machinery and equipment leases range from 3 to 5 years. The majority of the Company's finance leases consist of assets purchased under a master leasing agreement. The terms of these leases are 5 years. These assets are included in machinery, office furniture and equipment and construction in process and amortization of these assets is included in depreciation and amortization expense. At the commencement date, the right-of-use asset and lease liability are recorded to the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets when the Company obtains control of the use of the asset. Right-of-use assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the obligation to make payments upon entering into a lease agreement. The initial measurement of the lease liability is equal to the present value of the unpaid lease payments. Subsequent to the initial measurement, the lease liability continues to be measured at the present value of unpaid lease payments throughout the lease term. The lease liability is remeasured if the lease is modified and the modification is not accounted for as a separate contract, there is a change in the assessment of the lease term, the assessment of a purchase option exercise or the amount probable of being owed under a residual value guarantee, or a contingency is resolved resulting in some or all of the variable lease payments becoming fixed payments. The initial measurement of the right-of-use asset is equal to the total of the initial measurement of the lease liability, incremental costs to obtain the lease and prepaid lease payments, less any lease incentives received. Subsequent to the initial measurement, the right-of-use asset for a finance lease is equivalent to the initial measurement less accumulated amortization and any accumulated impairment losses. Generally, amortization of finance leases is recorded to cost of sales on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Subsequent to initial measurement, the right-of-use asset for an operating lease is equivalent to initial measurement less accumulated amortization (the difference between the straight-line lease cost for the period and the accretion of the lease liability using the effective interest method). The Company has elected not to apply the recognition requirements of ASC 842 to short-term leases (leases that, at the commencement date, have a lease term of twelve months or less and do not include an option to purchase the underlying asset that the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise) as permissible under the standard. For short-term leases, the Company recognizes lease payments on a straight-line basis and variable payments in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred. 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED) Leasing - continued Leasing contracts can be separated into lease components, non-lease components and items that are not components of the contract (items that do not transfer a good or service to the Company). Two or more contracts may be combined if at least one of which is or contains a lease entered into or near the same time with the same counterparty and consider the contracts as a single transaction if the contracts are negotiated as a package with the same objective, the amount of consideration to be paid in one contract depends on the price of performance of the other contract or the rights to use the underlying assets conveyed in the contracts are a single lease component. Lease components are considered separate if the Company can benefit from the right to use either on its own or together with other resources readily available to the Company and the right to use is not highly dependent or highly interrelated with the other rights to use the underlying assets in the contract. Consideration in the contract is allocated only to lease and non-lease components of a contract. The Company has elected the practical expedient allowing the Company to combine lease and non-lease components by class as a single lease component for its real estate leases. Nonlease components for the Company's vehicles and other equipment leases are not material. The lease term is the noncancellable period for which a lessee has the right to use an underlying asset, including periods covered by an option to extend the lease if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise that option and periods covered by an option to terminate the lease if the lessee is reasonably certain not to exercise that option. For renewal options, the Company performs an assessment at commencement if it is reasonably likely to exercise the option. The assessment is based on the Company's intentions, past practices, estimates and factors that create an economic incentive for the Company. Generally, the Company is not reasonably certain to exercise the renewal option in a lease contract as it performs an assessment for most real estate leases within six months prior to termination comparing the renewal rents under the option with the fair market returns for equivalent property under similar terms and conditions. Although the Company does not historically change locations often, it is not reasonably certain the Company will exercise the renewal option; therefore, the periods covered by the renewal option are not typically included in the lease term at commencement. While some of the Company's leases include options allowing early termination of the lease, the Company historically has not terminated its lease agreements early unless there is an economic, financial or business reason to do so; therefore, the Company does not typically consider the termination option in its lease term at commencement. Consideration in the contract is the sum of lease payments relating to the use of the underlying asset, fixed payments and other in-substance fixed payments, less any incentives received. Remeasurement of variable lease payments based on an index is only required if remeasurement is required for another reason, such as a change in lease term or change in estimates of probable payments under residual value guarantees. If remeasured, the remeasurement date becomes the new date for updating the payments based on the index. The Company uses the discount rate implicit in a lease contract, if available. As most of the Company's leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses the incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. For any leases that existed prior to the adoption of the standard, the Company used the incremental borrowing rate as of January 1, 2019 based on the type of asset and term of the lease. The Company separated its real estate leases by classes of lease terms and used the incremental borrowing rate consistent with its lease term class to determine the present value of lease payments. As most of the Company's vehicles had a four-year lease term at the point of the adoption of the standard, the Company used the incremental borrowing rate consistent with a four-year lease term for all vehicles. For all other equipment leases, the Company used the incremental borrowing rate consistent with a five-year lease term as the majority of the Company's leases for other equipment had a five-year lease term at the point of the adoption of the standard.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets	Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill represents the excess of the aggregate purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired in a purchase business combination and is reviewed for impairment at least annually. ASC Topic 350, "Intangibles - Goodwill and Other," ("ASC 350") permits the assessment of qualitative factors to determine whether events and circumstances lead to the conclusion that it is necessary to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test required under ASC 350. The qualitative assessment management performs takes into consideration the following factors: general economic conditions, industry specific performance, changes in carrying values of the reporting units or asset groups, the assessment of assumptions used in the previous fair value calculation and changes in transaction multiples. 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED) Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets - continued In the first step of the two-step test, the fair value of the reporting unit is compared with its carrying value (including goodwill). If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, an indication of goodwill impairment exists for the reporting unit and the enterprise must perform step two of the impairment test (measurement). In Step 2, an impairment loss is recognized for any excess of the carrying amount of the reporting unit’s goodwill over the implied fair value of that goodwill. The implied fair value of goodwill is determined by allocating the fair value of the reporting unit in a manner similar to a purchase price allocation. The residual fair value after this allocation is the implied fair value of the reporting unit goodwill. Fair value of the reporting unit is determined using an income methodology based on management’s estimates of forecasted cash flows for each reporting unit, with those cash flows discounted to present value using rates commensurate with the risks associated with those cash flows. In addition, management uses a market-based valuation method involving analysis of market multiples of revenues and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") for (i) a group of comparable public companies and (ii) recent transactions, if any, involving comparable companies. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, step two need not be performed. Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives are evaluated annually for impairment in the fourth quarter, based on annual forecast information. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated period of benefit. Goodwill and other intangible assets are reviewed for possible impairment whenever changes in conditions indicate that the fair value of a reporting unit is more likely than not below its carrying value. During the third quarter of 2018, management identified a triggering event for possible impairment at a certain asset group in its U.K. business based on a review of historical performance, the current forecast for the remainder of the year and the loss of future orders from one of its significant customers, requiring the Company to evaluate the intangible assets for impairment. The Company performed a recoverability test by comparing the undiscounted cash flows of the asset group to its carrying value, and the estimated future cash flows of the business did not exceed the carrying value of the assets. Based on these results, the Company calculated the fair value of the asset group using an income approach, which resulted in an other intangible assets impairment charge of $10.0 million, or the remaining balance of the customer lists/relationships at a certain asset group within the U.K. business. This charge has been included in the operating results of the Aerospace business. No such charges were recorded in 2019 or 2017.
Contract with Customer, Liability	Contract Liabilities The Company's contract liabilities consist of advance payments and billings in excess of revenue recognized and deferred revenue. Advance payments and billings in excess of revenue recognized are classified as current or noncurrent based on the timing of when recognition of revenue is expected.
Unfulfilled Performance Obligations	Unfulfilled Performance Obligations Unfulfilled performance obligations ("backlog") represents the transaction price of firm orders for which work has not been performed and excludes unexercised contract options and potential orders under ordering-type contracts. As of December 31, 2019, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to backlog was $806.9 million. The Company expects to recognize revenue on approximately $511.8 million of this amount over the next 12 months, with the remaining amount to be recognized thereafter.
Self-Insured Retentions	Self-Insured Retentions To limit exposure to losses related to group health, workers’ compensation, auto and product general liability claims, the Company obtains third-party insurance coverage. The Company has varying levels of deductibles for these claims. The total liability/deductible for group health is limited to $0.3 million per claim, workers’ compensation is limited to $0.4 million per claim and for product/general liability and auto liability the limit is $0.3 million per claim. The cost of such benefits is recognized as expense based on claims filed in each reporting period and an estimate of claims incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) during such period. The estimates for the IBNR are based upon historical trends and information provided to us by the claims administrators, and are periodically revised to reflect changes in loss trends. These amounts are included in other current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Liabilities associated with these claims are estimated in part by considering historical claims experience, severity factors and other actuarial assumptions. Projections of future losses are inherently uncertain because of the random nature of insurance claim occurrences and the potential for differences between actual developments and actuarial assumptions. Such self-insurance accruals will likely include claims for which the ultimate losses will be settled over a period of years.
Research and Development	Research and Development Customer funded research expenditures (which are included in cost of sales) were $0.6 million in 2019, $1.8 million in 2018 and $1.1 million in 2017. Research and development costs not specifically covered by contracts are recognized as expense as incurred and included in selling, general and administrative expenses. Such costs amounted to $11.6 million, $9.1 million and $8.2 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Income Taxes	Income Taxes Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss, capital loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The deferred income taxes were significantly impacted by the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 ("Tax Reform"), as further discussed in Note 16, Income Taxes. The adjustments to deferred income taxes resulted in stranded tax effects of items within accumulated other comprehensive income. The Company elected to reclassify the stranded tax effects to retained earnings from accumulated other comprehensive income using the item-by-item approach. The Company records a benefit for uncertain tax positions in the financial statements only when it determines it is more likely than not that such a position will be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities based on the technical merits of the position. Unrecognized tax benefits represent the difference between the position taken in the tax return and the benefit reflected in the financial statements.
Share-Based Payment Arrangements	Share-Based Payment Arrangements The Company records compensation expense for share-based awards based upon an assessment of the grant date fair value of the awards. The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option valuation model. A number of assumptions are used to determine the fair value of options granted. These include expected term, dividend yield, volatility of the options and the risk free interest rate. See Note 22, Share-Based Arrangements, for further information.
Derivative Financial Instruments	Derivative Financial Instruments The Company is exposed to certain risks relating to its ongoing business operations, including market risks relating to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. Derivative financial instruments are recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as either assets or liabilities and are measured at fair value. Changes in the fair values of derivatives are recorded each period in earnings or accumulated other comprehensive income, depending on whether a derivative is effective as part of a hedged transaction. Gains and losses on derivative instruments reported in accumulated other comprehensive income are subsequently included in earnings in the periods in which earnings are affected by the hedged item. The Company does not use derivative instruments for speculative purposes. See Note 9, Derivative Financial Instruments, for further information.
Pension Accounting	Pension Accounting The Company accounts for its defined benefit pension plan by recognizing the overfunded or underfunded status of the plan, calculated as the difference between the plan assets and the projected benefit obligation, as an asset or liability on the balance sheet, with changes in the funded status recognized in comprehensive income in the year in which they occur. Expenses and liabilities associated with the plan are determined based upon actuarial valuations. Integral to the actuarial valuations are a variety of assumptions including expected return on plan assets and discount rate. The Company regularly reviews the assumptions, which are updated at the measurement date, December 31^st. The impact of differences between actual results and the assumptions are accumulated and generally amortized over future periods, which will affect expense recognized in future periods. The service cost component of net benefit cost is recorded in cost of sales and selling, general and administrative expenses separately from the other components of net benefit cost, which are recorded to non-service pension and postretirement benefit income. See Note 17, Pension Plans, for further information.
Recent Accounting Standards	Recent Accounting Standards Recent Accounting Standards Adopted

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain amounts in prior year financial statements and notes thereto have been reclassified to conform to current year presentation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment, goodwill and other intangible assets; valuation allowances for receivables, inventories and income taxes; valuation of share-based compensation; assets and obligations related to employee benefits; and accounting for long-term contracts including claims. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Foreign Currency Translations

Foreign Currency Translation

The Company has certain operations outside the United States that prepare financial statements in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. For these operations, results of operations and cash flows are translated using the average exchange rate throughout the period. Assets and liabilities are generally translated at end of period rates. The gains and losses associated with these translation adjustments are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in shareholders’ equity.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of trade accounts receivable. The carrying amounts of these items, as well as trade accounts payable and notes payable, approximate fair value due to the short-term maturity of these instruments. At December 31, 2019, one individual customer accounted for more than 10% of consolidated accounts receivable. At December 31, 2018, two individual customers accounted for more than 10% of consolidated accounts receivable. In the year ended December 31, 2019, three individual customers, the U.S. Government, The Boeing Company and a JPF DCS customer, accounted for more than 10% of consolidated net sales. In the year ended December 31, 2018, two individual customers, the U.S. Government and The Boeing Company, accounted for more than 10% of consolidated net sales. Foreign sales were approximately 44.4%, 37.9% and 44.5% of the Company’s net sales in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and are concentrated in the United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, France, Switzerland, New Zealand, the Middle East and Asia.

Additional Cash Flow Information

Non-cash investing activities in 2019 include an accrual of $0.8 million for purchases of property and equipment (including finance lease obligations), $4.0 million in working capital adjustments associated with the sale of the Distribution business and the write-off of the $4.0 million note receivable associated with the sale of the U.K. Tooling business as it was deemed not likely to be collected. Additionally, in 2019, the Company repurchased a K-MAX® aircraft from a customer who was simultaneously purchasing a new aircraft to support the development of the Company's unmanned aircraft system. The repurchased aircraft was used to settle a portion ($3.1 million) of the purchase price on the customer's new K-MAX® aircraft. Non-cash financing activities in 2019 include an adjustment to other comprehensive income related to the underfunding of the pension and SERP plans. The total net adjustment was $8.9 million, net of tax of $2.6 million. Additionally, non-cash financing activities in 2019 include $5.6 million of dividends declared but not yet paid and an accrual of $1.7 million for purchases of treasury shares.

Non-cash investing activities in 2018 include an accrual of $2.9 million for purchases of property and equipment (including capital lease obligations) and a note receivable with a present value of $2.5 million for the amounts to be collected associated with the sale of the U.K. Tooling business. Non-cash financing activities in 2018 include 114,778 common shares issued for the unwind of warrant transactions associated with the 2017 Notes during the first half of 2018 that had a value of approximately $7.6 million. Other non-cash financing activities in 2018 include an adjustment to other comprehensive income related to the underfunding of the pension and SERP plans and changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments that qualified for hedge accounting. The total net adjustment was $11.6 million, net of tax of $3.7 million. Additionally, non-cash financing activities in 2018 include $5.6 million of dividends declared but not yet paid.

Non-cash investing activities in 2017 include an accrual of $3.6 million for purchases of property and equipment (including capital lease obligations). Non-cash financing activities in 2017 include 624,044 common shares issued for the partial unwind of warrant transactions during the second quarter of 2017 that had a value of approximately $30.3 million, the receipt of of 136,369 shares with an approximate value of $7.5 million to unwind the remaining bond hedge transactions during the fourth quarter of 2017 and the issuance to bond holders of 136,347 shares with an approximate value of $7.5 million upon conversion of the remaining 2017 Notes. Other non-cash financing activities in 2017 include an adjustment to other comprehensive income related to the underfunding of the pension and SERP plans and changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments that qualified for hedge accounting. The total net adjustment was $12.7 million, net of tax of $7.7 million. Additionally, non-cash financing activities in 2017 include $5.6 million of dividends declared but not yet paid.

The Company describes its pension obligations in more detail in Note 17, Pension Plans. The Company describes the convertible notes transactions in more detail in Note 14, Debt.

Revenue Recognition

Under Accounting Standard Codification ("ASC") 606, the amount of revenue recognized for any goods or services reflects the consideration that the Company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for these goods or services. To achieve this core principle, the Company applies the following five step approach: (1) identify the contract with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when or as a performance obligation is satisfied.

1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

Revenue Recognition - continued

A contract is accounted for when there has been approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of consideration is probable. Performance obligations under a contract are identified based on the goods or services that will be transferred to the customer that are both capable of being distinct and are distinct in the context of the contract. In certain instances, the Company has concluded distinct goods or services should be accounted for as a single performance obligation when they are a series of distinct goods or services that have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. To the extent a contract includes multiple promised goods or services, the Company must apply judgment to determine whether the customer can benefit from the goods or services either on their own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer (the goods or services are distinct) and if the promise to transfer the goods or services to the customer is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract (the goods or services are distinct in the context of the contract). If these criteria are not met, the promised services are accounted for as a single performance obligation. The transaction price is determined based on the consideration that the Company will be entitled to in exchange for transferring goods or services to the customer. To the extent the transaction price includes variable consideration, the Company estimates the amount of variable consideration that should be included in the transaction price, generally utilizing the most likely amount method. Determining the transaction price requires significant judgment. If the contract contains a single performance obligation, the entire transaction price is allocated to the single performance obligation. Contracts that contain multiple performance obligations require an allocation of the transaction price to each performance obligation based on a relative standalone selling price basis. Standalone selling price is determined by the price at which the performance obligation is sold separately. If the standalone selling price is not observable through past transactions, the Company estimates the standalone selling price by taking into account available information such as market conditions and internally approved pricing guidelines related to the performance obligations. Performance obligations are satisfied either over time or at a point in time as discussed in further detail below. In addition, the Company's contracts with customers generally do not include significant financing components or non-cash consideration.

In certain instances, the Company has accounted for contracts using the portfolio approach, a practical expedient permissible under the standard. The determination of when the use of the portfolio approach is appropriate requires judgment from management based on consideration of all the facts and circumstances. The Company uses the portfolio approach when the effect of accounting for a group of contracts or a group of performance obligations would not differ materially from considering each contract or performance obligation separately. This determination requires the use of estimates and assumptions that reflect the size and composition of the portfolio. The Company primarily uses the portfolio approach for its commercial and defense bearings and structures businesses. The Company's primary criteria considered when using the portfolio approach is the commonality of economic factors, which generally follow the product type based on consistent production costs and standard pricing for the products.

The majority of long-term contracts were historically accounted for under the percentage-of-completion method using units-of-delivery as a measurement basis. Many of these contracts moved to an over time revenue model under ASC 606. For example, revenue for the Company's Joint Programmable Fuze ("JPF") program with the U.S. Government ("USG") moved from percentage-of-completion using units-of-delivery as the measurement basis to the over time revenue recognition model using input costs as the basis for recognizing progress to completion. Conversely, revenue for the K-MAX® program moved from cost-to-cost revenue recognition under percentage-of-completion accounting to the point-in-time method, with revenue on these aircraft being recognized upon acceptance by the end customer. For certain programs, early-contract unit costs in excess of the average expected cost over the life of the contract and contractually recoverable general and administrative costs were previously capitalized and amortized over the period of performance of the contract. With the adoption of ASC 606, $32.5 million of previously capitalized deferred costs in excess of the contract average and previously contractually recoverable general and administrative costs were adjusted within the cumulative effect to retained earnings and have not been amortized into earnings after January 1, 2018.

To determine the appropriate revenue recognition model for long-term contracts, the Company evaluates whether a contract exists, considering whether multiple contracts should be combined as one single contract and then whether the contract should be accounted for as more than one performance obligation. This evaluation requires significant judgment, as these decisions could change the amount of revenue and profit recorded in a given period. For certain programs, the Company may promise to provide distinct goods or services within a contract, in which case these are separated into more than one performance obligation.

1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

Revenue Recognition - continued

For certain programs, the Company recognizes revenue over time because of continuous transfer of control to the customer. For USG contracts, this continuous transfer of control to the customer is supported by clauses in the contract that provide lien rights to the customer over the work in progress, thereby control transfers as costs are incurred. For non-USG contracts, the customer typically controls the work in progress because the Company is producing products that do not have an alternative use to the Company and where contractual termination clauses provide the Company rights to payment for work performed to date plus a reasonable profit.

Revenue is recognized based on the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligation. The selection of the method to measure progress towards completion requires judgment and is based on the nature of the products or services to be provided. The Company generally uses the cost-to-cost measure of progress for its contracts because it best depicts the transfer of assets to the customer which occurs as cost is incurred under the contracts. Under the cost-to-cost method, the extent of progress towards completion is measured based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion of the performance obligation. Revenues, including estimated fees or profits, are recorded proportionally as costs are incurred. Total estimated contract costs generally include labor, materials and subcontractors’ costs, other direct costs and related overhead costs. These estimates also include the estimated cost of satisfying offset obligations, as required under certain contracts. The complexity of certain programs as well as technical risks and uncertainty as to the future availability of materials and labor resources could affect the Company’s ability to accurately estimate future contract costs.

For contracts that recognize revenue over time, the Company performs detailed quarterly reviews of the progress and execution of its performance obligations under these contracts. As part of this process, management reviews information including, but not limited to, any outstanding key contract matters, progress towards completion and the related program schedule, identified risks and opportunities and the related changes in estimates of revenues and costs. The risks and opportunities include management's judgment about the ability and cost to achieve the schedule (e.g. the number and type of milestone events), technical requirements (e.g., a newly-developed product versus a mature product) and other contract requirements. Management must make assumptions and estimates regarding labor productivity and availability, the complexity of the work to be performed, the availability of materials, the length of time to complete the performance obligation (e.g. to estimate increases in wages and prices for materials and related support cost allocations), execution by subcontractors, the availability and timing of funding from customers and overhead cost rates, among other variables. Based upon these reviews, the Company will record the effects of adjustments in profit estimates each period. If at any time management determines that in the case of a particular contract total costs will exceed total contract revenue, a provision for the entire anticipated contract loss is recorded at that time. The Company recognized a reduction in revenue of $4.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2019. This decrease was primarily related to cost growth on the SH-2G program with Peru, a certain legacy fuzing contract and certain structures contracts, partially offset by favorable cost performance on the JPF contract with the USG. The amount of revenue recognized in the year ended December 31, 2018 from performance obligations satisfied (or partially satisfied) in previous periods was $6.7 million. This amount was primarily related to changes in the estimates of the stages of completion of certain contracts, more specifically the JPF contract with the USG and the AH-1Z contract. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the net increase in our operating income from changes in contract estimates totaled $5.7 million. The increase in 2017 was primarily a result of improved performance on the AH-1Z program, the JPF program with the USG and the SH-2G program with Peru. These improvements were partially offset by cost growth on the K-MAX® and A-10 programs.

Due to the nature of the work required to be performed on many of the Company's performance obligations, the estimation of total revenue and cost at completion is complex, subject to many variables and requires significant judgment. From time-to-time the Company enters into long-term contracts with the USG and other customers that contain award fees, incentive fees or other provisions that can either increase or decrease the transaction price. These variable amounts generally are awarded upon achievement of certain performance metrics, program milestones or cost targets and can be based upon customer discretion. The Company estimates variable consideration at the most likely amount to which it expects to be entitled. Estimated amounts are included in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. Estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price are based largely on an assessment of the Company's anticipated performance and all information (historical, current and forecasted) that is reasonably available. The Company does not include financing components as variable consideration if less than one year. At December 31, 2019, the Company did not have any significant financing components.

1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

Revenue Recognition - continued

Contracts are often modified to account for changes in contract specifications and requirements. The Company considers contract modifications to exist when the modification either creates new or makes changes to the existing enforceable rights and obligations. Contract modifications for goods or services that are not distinct from the existing contract are accounted for as if they were part of that existing contract. In these cases, the effect of the contract modification on the transaction price and the measure of progress for the performance obligation to which it relates is recognized as an adjustment to revenue (either as an increase in or a reduction of revenue) on a cumulative catch-up basis, except when such modifications relate to a performance obligation that is a series of substantially the same distinct goods or services. If the modification relates to a performance obligation for a series of substantially the same distinct goods or services, the modification is treated prospectively. Contract modifications for goods or services that are considered distinct from the existing contract are accounted for as separate contracts. The Company applied the practical expedient for any contracts that were modified prior to January 1, 2018; therefore, the contracts were not restated retrospectively for those modifications.

For other contracts, excluding the long-term contracts discussed above, the method of revenue recognition remained substantially the same under ASC 606. For these contracts, revenue is primarily recognized at the point in time when the title transfers to the customer, as this is when the performance obligation is controlled by the customer. Additionally, a small percentage of revenue related to certain contracts for repairs and overhauls is accounted for over time under ASC 606. Under these contracts, revenue is generally recognized as work is performed in proportion to the actual costs incurred as compared to total estimated contract costs.

Cost of Sales and Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Cost of sales includes costs of products and services sold (i.e., purchased product, raw material, direct labor, engineering labor, outbound freight charges, depreciation and amortization, indirect costs and overhead charges). Selling expenses primarily consist of advertising, promotion, bid and proposal, employee payroll and corresponding benefits and commissions paid to sales and marketing personnel. General and administrative expenses primarily consist of employee payroll including executive, administrative and financial personnel and corresponding benefits, incentive compensation, independent research and development, consulting expenses, warehousing costs, depreciation and amortization. Legal costs are expensed as incurred and are generally included in general and administrative expenses. The Company previously included general and administrative expenses as an element of program cost and inventory for certain government contracts prior to the adoption of ASC 606.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, demand deposits and short-term cash investments. These investments are liquid in nature and have original maturities of three months or less. The Company's cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2019 included $443.2 million of Level 1 (quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities) money market funds.

Bank overdraft positions, which occur when total outstanding issued checks exceed available cash balances at a single financial institution at the end of a reporting period, are reclassified to other current liabilities within the consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had bank overdrafts of $1.6 million and $0.7 million, respectively, included in other current liabilities.

Accounts Receivable

The Company has three types of accounts receivable: (a) Trade receivables, which consist of amounts billed and currently due from customers; (b) USG contracts, which consist of (1) amounts billed, and (2) costs and accrued profit – not billed; and (c) Commercial and other government contracts, which consist of (1) amounts billed, and (2) costs and accrued profit – not billed. The Company's receivables, net, consist of amounts billed and currently due from customers. The amounts due are stated at their net estimated realizable value.

The allowance for doubtful accounts reflects management’s best estimate of probable losses inherent in the trade accounts receivable and billed contracts balance. Management determines the allowance based on known troubled accounts, historical experience and other currently available evidence.

Contract with Customer, Asset

Contract Assets

The Company's contract assets include unbilled amounts typically resulting from sales under long-term contracts when the cost-to-cost method of revenue recognition is applied and revenue recognized exceeds the amount billed to the customer, and right to payment is not just subject to the passage of time. Amounts do not exceed their net realizable value. Contract assets are generally classified as current as such amounts are billable and collectible within twelve months.

Capitalized Contract Cost

Contract Costs

Contract costs consist of costs to obtain and fulfill a contract. Costs to fulfill a contract primarily consist of nonrecurring engineering costs incurred at the start of a new program for which such costs are expected to be recovered under existing and future contracts. Such costs are amortized over the estimated revenue amount of the contract. Costs to obtain a contract consist of commissions and agent fees paid in connection with the award of a contract. If these costs are determined to have an amortization period of less than one year, the Company applies the practical expedient and the related costs are expensed as incurred. If the amortization period is determined to be greater than a year and the incremental costs to obtaining the contract qualify as an asset, then the contract costs are recorded and amortized over the estimated contract revenue.

Inventories

The Company has the following types of inventory: (a) raw materials, (b) contracts in process and other work in process, and (c) finished goods. Raw material includes certain general stock materials but primarily relates to purchases that were made in anticipation of specific programs for which production has not been started as of the balance sheet date. Raw materials are stated at the lower of the cost of the inventory or its fair market value. Contracts in process and other work in process and finished goods are valued at production cost represented by raw material, labor and overhead. Contracts in process and other work in process and finished goods are not reported at amounts in excess of net realizable values.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment is recorded at cost. Depreciation is computed primarily on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The estimated useful lives for buildings generally range from 15 to 40 years and for leasehold improvements range from 1 to 20 years, whereas machinery, office furniture and equipment generally have useful lives ranging from 3 to 15 years. At the time of retirement or disposal, the acquisition cost of the asset and related accumulated depreciation are eliminated and any gain or loss is credited to or charged against income.

Long-lived assets, such as property, plant and equipment and purchased intangible assets subject to amortization, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require a long-lived asset be tested for possible impairment, the Company first compares undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by an asset to the carrying value of the asset. If the carrying value of the long-lived asset is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, impairment is recognized to the extent that the carrying value exceeds its fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values and third-party independent appraisals, as considered necessary.

Maintenance and repair items are charged against income as incurred, whereas renewals and betterments are capitalized and depreciated.

Leasing

On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASC 842, Leases. Under ASC 842, the Company determines if a contract contains a lease at the inception date of the contract. To determine if the contract contains a lease, the Company evaluates if there is an identified asset in the contract and if the Company has control over the use of the identified asset. There is an identified asset in the contract if the asset is explicitly or implicitly specified in the contract, the asset is physically distinct or the Company has the right to receive substantially all of the asset's capacity, and if the supplier does not have substantive substitution rights. The Company has control over the use of the identified asset if the Company obtains substantially all economic benefits from the use of the asset and can direct the use of the asset. The Company applied the practical expedient for any contracts that existed prior to January 1, 2019; therefore, the contracts were not reassessed to determine if they contain leases.

1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

Leasing - continued

The Company must classify each lease as a finance lease or operating lease. A lease is classified as a finance lease if the Company will own the asset by the end of the lease term, the Company is reasonably certain to exercise the purchase option, the lease term covers a major part of the asset's economic life, the sum of the present value of the lease payments and the present value of the residual value guarantee not included in the lease payments equal or exceed substantially all of the fair value of the underlying asset at lease commencement or if the lessor has no alternative use for the asset. If any of these criteria are not met, the lease is classified as an operating lease. The Company applied the practical expedient for any leases that existed prior to January 1, 2019; therefore, the lease classifications of existing leases were not reassessed (all existing leases classified as operating leases under ASC 840 were classified as operating leases under ASC 842 on January 1, 2019 and all existing leases classified as capital leases under ASC 840 were classified as finance leases under ASC 842 on January 1, 2019).

The Company's operating leases consist of rent commitments under various leases for office space, warehouses, land and buildings at varying dates from January 2020 to December 2024. The terms of most of these leases are in the range of 3 to 8 years, with certain leases renewable for varying periods and certain leases including options to terminate the leases. While some of the Company's leases include options allowing early termination of the lease, the Company historically has not terminated its lease agreements early unless there is an economic, financial or business reason to do so. It is expected that in the normal course of business leases that expire will be renewed or replaced by leases on other similar property. Some of the Company's leases have fixed amount rent escalations or contingent rent that are recognized on a straight-line basis over the entire lease term. Material leasehold improvements and other landlord incentives are amortized over the shorter of their economic lives or the lease term, including renewal periods, if reasonably assured. Substantially all real estate taxes, insurance and maintenance expenses associated with leased facilities are obligations of the Company. The terms for most machinery and equipment leases range from 3 to 5 years.

The majority of the Company's finance leases consist of assets purchased under a master leasing agreement. The terms of these leases are 5 years. These assets are included in machinery, office furniture and equipment and construction in process and amortization of these assets is included in depreciation and amortization expense.

At the commencement date, the right-of-use asset and lease liability are recorded to the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets when the Company obtains control of the use of the asset. Right-of-use assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the obligation to make payments upon entering into a lease agreement. The initial measurement of the lease liability is equal to the present value of the unpaid lease payments. Subsequent to the initial measurement, the lease liability continues to be measured at the present value of unpaid lease payments throughout the lease term. The lease liability is remeasured if the lease is modified and the modification is not accounted for as a separate contract, there is a change in the assessment of the lease term, the assessment of a purchase option exercise or the amount probable of being owed under a residual value guarantee, or a contingency is resolved resulting in some or all of the variable lease payments becoming fixed payments. The initial measurement of the right-of-use asset is equal to the total of the initial measurement of the lease liability, incremental costs to obtain the lease and prepaid lease payments, less any lease incentives received. Subsequent to the initial measurement, the right-of-use asset for a finance lease is equivalent to the initial measurement less accumulated amortization and any accumulated impairment losses. Generally, amortization of finance leases is recorded to cost of sales on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Subsequent to initial measurement, the right-of-use asset for an operating lease is equivalent to initial measurement less accumulated amortization (the difference between the straight-line lease cost for the period and the accretion of the lease liability using the effective interest method). The Company has elected not to apply the recognition requirements of ASC 842 to short-term leases (leases that, at the commencement date, have a lease term of twelve months or less and do not include an option to purchase the underlying asset that the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise) as permissible under the standard. For short-term leases, the Company recognizes lease payments on a straight-line basis and variable payments in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred.

1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

Leasing - continued

Leasing contracts can be separated into lease components, non-lease components and items that are not components of the contract (items that do not transfer a good or service to the Company). Two or more contracts may be combined if at least one of which is or contains a lease entered into or near the same time with the same counterparty and consider the contracts as a single transaction if the contracts are negotiated as a package with the same objective, the amount of consideration to be paid in one contract depends on the price of performance of the other contract or the rights to use the underlying assets conveyed in the contracts are a single lease component. Lease components are considered separate if the Company can benefit from the right to use either on its own or together with other resources readily available to the Company and the right to use is not highly dependent or highly interrelated with the other rights to use the underlying assets in the contract. Consideration in the contract is allocated only to lease and non-lease components of a contract. The Company has elected the practical expedient allowing the Company to combine lease and non-lease components by class as a single lease component for its real estate leases. Nonlease components for the Company's vehicles and other equipment leases are not material.

The lease term is the noncancellable period for which a lessee has the right to use an underlying asset, including periods covered by an option to extend the lease if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise that option and periods covered by an option to terminate the lease if the lessee is reasonably certain not to exercise that option. For renewal options, the Company performs an assessment at commencement if it is reasonably likely to exercise the option. The assessment is based on the Company's intentions, past practices, estimates and factors that create an economic incentive for the Company. Generally, the Company is not reasonably certain to exercise the renewal option in a lease contract as it performs an assessment for most real estate leases within six months prior to termination comparing the renewal rents under the option with the fair market returns for equivalent property under similar terms and conditions. Although the Company does not historically change locations often, it is not reasonably certain the Company will exercise the renewal option; therefore, the periods covered by the renewal option are not typically included in the lease term at commencement. While some of the Company's leases include options allowing early termination of the lease, the Company historically has not terminated its lease agreements early unless there is an economic, financial or business reason to do so; therefore, the Company does not typically consider the termination option in its lease term at commencement.

Consideration in the contract is the sum of lease payments relating to the use of the underlying asset, fixed payments and other in-substance fixed payments, less any incentives received. Remeasurement of variable lease payments based on an index is only required if remeasurement is required for another reason, such as a change in lease term or change in estimates of probable payments under residual value guarantees. If remeasured, the remeasurement date becomes the new date for updating the payments based on the index.

The Company uses the discount rate implicit in a lease contract, if available. As most of the Company's leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses the incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. For any leases that existed prior to the adoption of the standard, the Company used the incremental borrowing rate as of January 1, 2019 based on the type of asset and term of the lease. The Company separated its real estate leases by classes of lease terms and used the incremental borrowing rate consistent with its lease term class to determine the present value of lease payments. As most of the Company's vehicles had a four-year lease term at the point of the adoption of the standard, the Company used the incremental borrowing rate consistent with a four-year lease term for all vehicles. For all other equipment leases, the Company used the incremental borrowing rate consistent with a five-year lease term as the majority of the Company's leases for other equipment had a five-year lease term at the point of the adoption of the standard.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the aggregate purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired in a purchase business combination and is reviewed for impairment at least annually.

ASC Topic 350, "Intangibles - Goodwill and Other," ("ASC 350") permits the assessment of qualitative factors to determine whether events and circumstances lead to the conclusion that it is necessary to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test required under ASC 350. The qualitative assessment management performs takes into consideration the following factors: general economic conditions, industry specific performance, changes in carrying values of the reporting units or asset groups, the assessment of assumptions used in the previous fair value calculation and changes in transaction multiples.

1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets - continued

In the first step of the two-step test, the fair value of the reporting unit is compared with its carrying value (including goodwill). If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, an indication of goodwill impairment exists for the reporting unit and the enterprise must perform step two of the impairment test (measurement). In Step 2, an impairment loss is recognized for any excess of the carrying amount of the reporting unit’s goodwill over the implied fair value of that goodwill. The implied fair value of goodwill is determined by allocating the fair value of the reporting unit in a manner similar to a purchase price allocation. The residual fair value after this allocation is the implied fair value of the reporting unit goodwill.

Fair value of the reporting unit is determined using an income methodology based on management’s estimates of forecasted cash flows for each reporting unit, with those cash flows discounted to present value using rates commensurate with the risks associated with those cash flows. In addition, management uses a market-based valuation method involving analysis of market multiples of revenues and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") for (i) a group of comparable public companies and (ii) recent transactions, if any, involving comparable companies. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, step two need not be performed.

Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives are evaluated annually for impairment in the fourth quarter, based on annual forecast information. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated period of benefit. Goodwill and other intangible assets are reviewed for possible impairment whenever changes in conditions indicate that the fair value of a reporting unit is more likely than not below its carrying value. During the third quarter of 2018, management identified a triggering event for possible impairment at a certain asset group in its U.K. business based on a review of historical performance, the current forecast for the remainder of the year and the loss of future orders from one of its significant customers, requiring the Company to evaluate the intangible assets for impairment. The Company performed a recoverability test by comparing the undiscounted cash flows of the asset group to its carrying value, and the estimated future cash flows of the business did not exceed the carrying value of the assets. Based on these results, the Company calculated the fair value of the asset group using an income approach, which resulted in an other intangible assets impairment charge of $10.0 million, or the remaining balance of the customer lists/relationships at a certain asset group within the U.K. business. This charge has been included in the operating results of the Aerospace business. No such charges were recorded in 2019 or 2017.

Contract with Customer, Liability

Contract Liabilities

The Company's contract liabilities consist of advance payments and billings in excess of revenue recognized and deferred revenue. Advance payments and billings in excess of revenue recognized are classified as current or noncurrent based on the timing of when recognition of revenue is expected.

Unfulfilled Performance Obligations

Unfulfilled performance obligations ("backlog") represents the transaction price of firm orders for which work has not been performed and excludes unexercised contract options and potential orders under ordering-type contracts. As of December 31, 2019, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to backlog was $806.9 million. The Company expects to recognize revenue on approximately $511.8 million of this amount over the next 12 months, with the remaining amount to be recognized thereafter.

Self-Insured Retentions

To limit exposure to losses related to group health, workers’ compensation, auto and product general liability claims, the Company obtains third-party insurance coverage. The Company has varying levels of deductibles for these claims. The total liability/deductible for group health is limited to $0.3 million per claim, workers’ compensation is limited to $0.4 million per claim and for product/general liability and auto liability the limit is $0.3 million per claim. The cost of such benefits is recognized as expense based on claims filed in each reporting period and an estimate of claims incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) during such period. The estimates for the IBNR are based upon historical trends and information provided to us by the claims administrators, and are periodically revised to reflect changes in loss trends. These amounts are included in other current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Liabilities associated with these claims are estimated in part by considering historical claims experience, severity factors and other actuarial assumptions. Projections of future losses are inherently uncertain because of the random nature of insurance claim occurrences and the potential for differences between actual developments and actuarial assumptions. Such self-insurance accruals will likely include claims for which the ultimate losses will be settled over a period of years.

Research and Development

Customer funded research expenditures (which are included in cost of sales) were $0.6 million in 2019, $1.8 million in 2018 and $1.1 million in 2017. Research and development costs not specifically covered by contracts are recognized as expense as incurred and included in selling, general and administrative expenses. Such costs amounted to $11.6 million, $9.1 million and $8.2 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss, capital loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The deferred income taxes were significantly impacted by the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 ("Tax Reform"), as further discussed in Note 16, Income Taxes. The adjustments to deferred income taxes resulted in stranded tax effects of items within accumulated other comprehensive income. The Company elected to reclassify the stranded tax effects to retained earnings from accumulated other comprehensive income using the item-by-item approach.

The Company records a benefit for uncertain tax positions in the financial statements only when it determines it is more likely than not that such a position will be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities based on the technical merits of the position. Unrecognized tax benefits represent the difference between the position taken in the tax return and the benefit reflected in the financial statements.

Share-Based Payment Arrangements

The Company records compensation expense for share-based awards based upon an assessment of the grant date fair value of the awards. The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option valuation model. A number of assumptions are used to determine the fair value of options granted. These include expected term, dividend yield, volatility of the options and the risk free interest rate. See Note 22, Share-Based Arrangements, for further information.

Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company is exposed to certain risks relating to its ongoing business operations, including market risks relating to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. Derivative financial instruments are recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as either assets or liabilities and are measured at fair value. Changes in the fair values of derivatives are recorded each period in earnings or accumulated other comprehensive income, depending on whether a derivative is effective as part of a hedged transaction. Gains and losses on derivative instruments reported in accumulated other comprehensive income are subsequently included in earnings in the periods in which earnings are affected by the hedged item. The Company does not use derivative instruments for speculative purposes. See Note 9, Derivative Financial Instruments, for further information.

Pension Accounting

The Company accounts for its defined benefit pension plan by recognizing the overfunded or underfunded status of the plan, calculated as the difference between the plan assets and the projected benefit obligation, as an asset or liability on the balance sheet, with changes in the funded status recognized in comprehensive income in the year in which they occur.

Expenses and liabilities associated with the plan are determined based upon actuarial valuations. Integral to the actuarial valuations are a variety of assumptions including expected return on plan assets and discount rate. The Company regularly reviews the assumptions, which are updated at the measurement date, December 31^st. The impact of differences between actual results and the assumptions are accumulated and generally amortized over future periods, which will affect expense recognized in future periods. The service cost component of net benefit cost is recorded in cost of sales and selling, general and administrative expenses separately from the other components of net benefit cost, which are recorded to non-service pension and postretirement benefit income. See Note 17, Pension Plans, for further information.

Recent Accounting Standards

Recent Accounting Standards Adopted