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Share-Based Arrangements
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Share-based Arrangements SHARE-BASED ARRANGEMENTS
 
General

The Company accounts for stock options, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and performance shares as equity awards and measures the cost of all share-based payments, including stock options, at fair value on the grant date and recognizes this cost in the statement of operations. The Company also has an employee stock purchase plan which is accounted for as a liability award.

Compensation expense for stock options, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the awards. Share-based compensation expense recorded for continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $4.7 million, $5.5 million and $4.9 million, respectively. These amounts were included in selling, general and administrative expenses on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Share-based compensation expense for discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $2.9 million. Of this amount, $0.5 million was included in earnings from discontinued operations, net of tax on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations. As a result of the Company selling its Distribution business, the vesting dates of all outstanding unvested stock options and restricted stock awards for Distribution employees were accelerated to vest on the closing date. These stock options and awards would not have vested prior to the closing date; therefore, the related stock-based compensation expense previously recognized through the modification date of $0.4 million was reduced to zero and a new fair value of the options and awards was established on the date the Company entered the definitive agreement to sell the Distribution business. The expense of $2.8 million was recognized ratably from the date of signing the definitive agreement to the closing date of the sale. The amount included in the gain on disposal of discontinued operations, net of tax attributable to the acceleration and modification of these awards was $2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Share-based compensation expense recorded for discontinued operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $1.0 million and $1.1 million, respectively. These amounts were included in earnings from discontinued operations, net of tax on the Company's Consolidated Statement of Operations.

Stock Incentive Plan

On April 17, 2013, the shareholders of the Company approved the 2013 Management Incentive Plan (the "2013 Plan"), which replaced the 2003 Stock Incentive Plan. The 2013 Plan was designed as a flexible share authorization plan, such that the Company's share authorization is based on the least costly type of award (stock options). Shares issued pursuant to “Full Value Awards” as defined in the 2013 Plan (awards other than stock options or stock appreciation rights which are settled by the issuance of shares, e.g., restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance shares, performance units if settled with stock, or other stock-based awards) count against the 2013 Plan's share authorization at a rate of 3 to 1, while shares issued upon exercise of stock options or stock appreciation rights count against the share authorization at a rate of 1 to 1. This means that every time an option is granted, the authorized pool of shares is reduced by one (1) share and every time a Full Value Award is granted, the authorized pool of shares is reduced by 3 shares. In deriving the valuation ratio used in the 2013 Plan, the Company used the Black Scholes Fair Value model as the basis for determining the approximate value of an option as compared to a "full value share." The 2013 Plan provided the Company with the ability to use equity-based awards of up to 2,250,000 authorized shares. On April 18, 2018, the shareholders of the Company approved the amendment and restatement of the 2013 Plan, which increased the number of authorized shares by 2,250,000 shares. As of December 31, 2019, there were 2,199,160 shares available for grant under the plan.

22. SHARE-BASED ARRANGEMENTS (CONTINUED)

Stock Incentive Plan - continued

LTIP awards provide certain senior executives an opportunity to receive award payments in either stock or cash as determined by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors in accordance with the Plan, at the end of each performance cycle. Prior to 2018, performance was based on the Company’s financial results compared to the Russell 2000 indices for the same periods based upon the following metrics: (a) average return on total capital, (b) average earnings per share growth and (c) total return to shareholders for the performance period. Beginning in 2018, the performance metrics were changed to the following: (a) average return on total capital and (b) total return to shareholders, both compared to the Russell 2000 indices for the same performance period. No awards will be payable if the Company’s performance is below the 25th percentile. The maximum award is payable if performance reaches the 75th percentile of the designated indices. Awards are paid out at 100% at the 50th percentile. Awards for performance between the 25th and 75th percentiles are determined by straight-line interpolation between 0% and 200%. Generally, LTIP awards are paid in cash.

Stock options are granted with an exercise price equal to the average market price of our stock at the date of grant. Stock options and Stock Appreciation Rights ("SARs") granted under the plan generally expire ten years from the date of grant and vest 20% each year over a 5-year period on each of the first five anniversaries of the date of grant. Restricted Stock Awards ("RSAs") are generally granted with restrictions that lapse at the rate of 20% per year over a 5-year period on each of the first five anniversaries of the date of grant. Generally, these awards are subject to forfeiture if a recipient separates from service with the Company.

From time-to-time, the Company has issued stock awards with market and performance based conditions. Throughout the course of the requisite service period, the Company monitors the level of achievement compared to the target and adjusts the number of shares expected to be earned, and the related compensation expense recorded thereafter, to reflect the most probable outcome. The number of shares earned under an award granted in 2016 has been determined at a 130% achievement level, representing 925 shares delivered in 2019. The number of shares were pro-rated to reflect the number of days the participant was employed by the Company during the performance period. There are no outstanding awards with these conditions that have not been settled. Compensation expense for these awards for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, was not material.

Stock option activity is as follows:
 
 
Options
 
Weighted average-
exercise price
Options outstanding at December 31, 2018
 
935,252

 
$
45.91

Granted
 
194,470

 
61.02

Exercised
 
(373,015
)
 
45.68

Forfeited or expired
 
(20,343
)
 
58.41

Options outstanding at December 31, 2019
 
736,364

 
$
49.67


 
The following table presents information regarding options outstanding as of December 31, 2019:
Weighted-average remaining contractual term - options outstanding (years)
6.2

Aggregate intrinsic value - options outstanding (in thousands)
$
12,171

Weighted-average exercise price - options outstanding
$
49.67

Options exercisable
312,121

Weighted-average remaining contractual term - options exercisable (years)
4.5

Aggregate intrinsic value - options exercisable (in thousands)
$
7,672

Weighted-average exercise price - options exercisable
$
41.62



The intrinsic value represents the amount by which the market price of the stock on the measurement date exceeds the exercise price of the option. The intrinsic value of options exercised in 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $6.2 million, $5.2 million and $3.9 million, respectively. The Company currently has an open stock repurchase plan, which would enable the Company to repurchase shares as needed. Since 2008 the Company has generally issued shares related to option exercises and RSAs from its authorized but unissued common stock.

22. SHARE-BASED ARRANGEMENTS (CONTINUED)

Stock Incentive Plan - continued

The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option valuation model. The following table indicates the weighted-average assumptions used in estimating fair value:
 
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Expected option term (years)
 
4.9

 
4.9

 
5.0

Expected volatility
 
19.4
%
 
18.1
%
 
19.9
%
Risk-free interest rate
 
2.5
%
 
2.6
%
 
1.9
%
Expected dividend yield
 
1.3
%
 
1.5
%
 
1.6
%
Per share fair value of options granted
 
$
11.18

 
$
10.65

 
$
8.61



The expected term of options granted represents the period of time option grants are expected to be outstanding based upon historical exercise patterns. Forfeitures of options are estimated based upon historical data and are adjusted based upon actual occurrences. The cumulative effect of stock award forfeitures was immaterial. The volatility assumption is based on the historical daily price data of the Company’s stock over a period equivalent to the weighted-average expected term of the options. Management evaluated whether there were factors during that period that were unusual and would distort the volatility figure if used to estimate future volatility and concluded that there were no such factors. The Company relies only on historical volatility since future volatility is expected to be consistent with historical volatility.

The risk-free interest rate assumption is based upon the interpolation of various U.S. Treasury rates determined at the date of option grant. Expected dividends are based upon a historical analysis of our dividend yield over the past year.

Restricted Stock Award and Restricted Stock Unit activity is as follows:
 
 
Restricted Stock
Awards
 
Weighted-
average grant
date fair value
Restricted Stock outstanding at December 31, 2018
 
143,697

 
$
49.97

Granted
 
63,804

 
60.86

Vested
 
(108,517
)
 
52.81

Forfeited or expired
 
(6,184
)
 
57.62

Restricted Stock outstanding at December 31, 2019
 
92,800

 
$
53.63


 
The grant date fair value for restricted stock is the average market price of the unrestricted shares on the date of grant. The total fair value of restricted stock awards vested during 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $6.5 million, $3.6 million and $5.7 million, respectively.

The Company records a tax benefit and associated deferred tax asset for compensation expense recognized on non-qualified stock options and restricted stock for which the Company is allowed a tax deduction. For 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, the Company recorded a tax benefit of $1.6 million, $1.4 million and $2.0 million for these two types of compensation expense.

As of December 31, 2019, future compensation costs related to non-vested stock options and restricted stock grants is $4.1 million. The Company anticipates that this cost will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.1 years.

Employees Stock Purchase Plan

The Kaman Corporation Employees Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) allows employees to purchase common stock of the Company, through payroll deductions, at 85% of the market value of shares at the time of purchase. The plan provides for the grant of rights to employees to purchase a maximum of 2,000,000 shares of common stock.

During 2019, 60,997 shares were issued to employees at prices ranging from $55.61 to $63.69. During 2018, 59,082 shares were issued to employees at prices ranging from $56.86 to $72.15. During 2017, 63,874 shares were issued to employees at prices ranging from $46.79 to $57.27. At December 31, 2019, there were 551,112 shares available for purchase under the plan.