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Investments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

6. Investments

FIXED MATURITY SECURITIES

Bonds held to maturity are carried at amortized cost when we have the ability and positive intent to hold these securities until maturity. When we do not have the ability or positive intent to hold bonds until maturity, these securities are classified as available for sale or the fair value option has been elected. None of our fixed maturity securities met the criteria for held to maturity classification at December 31, 2023 or 2022.

Unrealized gains and losses from available for sale investments in fixed maturity securities carried at fair value were reported as a separate component of AOCI, net of policy related amounts and deferred income taxes, in shareholders’ equity. Realized and unrealized gains and losses from fixed maturity securities for which the fair value option has been elected are reflected in Net investment income. Investments in fixed maturity securities are recorded on a trade-date basis.

Interest income is recognized using the effective yield method and reflects amortization of premium and accretion of discount. Premiums and discounts arising from the purchase of bonds classified as available for sale are treated as yield adjustments over their estimated holding periods, until maturity, or call date, if applicable. For investments in certain structured securities, recognized yields are updated based on current information regarding the timing and amount of expected undiscounted future cash flows. For high credit quality structured securities, effective yields are recalculated based on actual payments received and updated prepayment expectations, and the amortized cost is adjusted to the amount that would have existed had the new effective yield been applied since acquisition with a corresponding charge or credit to net investment income. For structured securities that are not high credit quality, the structured securities yields are based on expected cash flows which take into account both expected credit losses and prepayments.

An allowance for credit losses is not established upon initial recognition of the asset (unless the security is determined to be a purchased credit deteriorated (PCD) asset which is discussed in more detail below). Subsequently, differences between actual and expected cash flows and changes in expected cash flows are recognized as adjustments to the allowance for credit losses. Changes that cannot be reflected as adjustments to the allowance for credit losses are accounted for as prospective adjustments to yield.

SECURITIES AVAILABLE FOR SALE

The following table presents the amortized cost and fair value of our available for sale securities:


(in millions)		Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses(a)		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
December 31, 2023
Bonds available for sale:
U.S. government and government sponsored entities	$	5,885	$	—	$	58	$	(327)	$	5,616
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions		11,387		—		118		(842)		10,663
Non-U.S. governments		13,668		(3)		137		(1,349)		12,453
Corporate debt		154,674		(90)		1,898		(18,050)		138,432
Mortgage-backed, asset-backed and collateralized:
RMBS		20,875		(35)		821		(1,217)		20,444
CMBS		15,379		(34)		46		(1,263)		14,128
CLO/ABS		31,167		—		183		(1,353)		29,997
Total mortgage-backed, asset-backed and collateralized		67,421		(69)		1,050		(3,833)		64,569
Total bonds available for sale(b)	$	253,035	$	(162)	$	3,261	$	(24,401)	$	231,733
December 31, 2022
Bonds available for sale:
U.S. government and government sponsored entities	$	7,094	$	—	$	21	$	(496)	$	6,619
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions		13,195		—		99		(1,195)		12,099
Non-U.S. governments		15,133		(6)		91		(1,733)		13,485
Corporate debt		160,242		(132)		1,152		(23,423)		137,839
Mortgage-backed, asset-backed and collateralized:
RMBS		19,584		(37)		807		(1,537)		18,817
CMBS		15,610		(11)		14		(1,420)		14,193
CLO/ABS		25,135		—		38		(2,069)		23,104


(in millions)		Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses(a)		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Total mortgage-backed, asset-backed and collateralized		60,329		(48)		859		(5,026)		56,114
Total bonds available for sale(b)	$	255,993	$	(186)	$	2,222	$	(31,873)	$	226,156

(a)Represents the allowance for credit losses that has been recognized. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded through Net realized gains (losses) and are not recognized in OCI.

(b)At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the fair value of bonds available for sale held by us that were below investment grade or not rated totaled $17.1 billion or 7 percent and $22.3 billion or 10 percent, respectively.

Securities Available for Sale in a Loss Position for Which No Allowance for Credit Loss Has Been Recorded

The following table summarizes the fair value and gross unrealized losses on our available for sale securities, aggregated by major investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for which no allowance for credit loss has been recorded:


		Less than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
(in millions)		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
December 31, 2023
Bonds available for sale:
U.S. government and government sponsored entities	$	1,046	$	12	$	1,550	$	315	$	2,596	$	327
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions		1,994		133		5,218		709		7,212		842
Non-U.S. governments		1,901		168		7,483		1,175		9,384		1,343
Corporate debt		15,483		1,936		93,649		16,076		109,132		18,012
RMBS		4,154		288		7,246		880		11,400		1,168
CMBS		2,864		219		8,192		1,027		11,056		1,246
CLO/ABS		6,965		202		13,436		1,151		20,401		1,353
Total bonds available for sale	$	34,407	$	2,958	$	136,774	$	21,333	$	171,181	$	24,291




December 31, 2022
Bonds available for sale:
U.S. government and government sponsored entities	$	3,493	$	368	$	1,816	$	128	$	5,309	$	496
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions		8,697		1,180		73		15		8,770		1,195
Non-U.S. governments		10,702		1,526		779		191		11,481		1,717
Corporate debt		110,683		19,756		13,778		3,609		124,461		23,365
RMBS		10,953		1,293		1,005		182		11,958		1,475
CMBS		11,620		1,094		1,728		326		13,348		1,420
CLO/ABS		16,852		1,388		4,307		681		21,159		2,069
Total bonds available for sale	$	173,000	$	26,605	$	23,486	$	5,132	$	196,486	$	31,737

At December 31, 2023, we held 27,930 individual fixed maturity securities that were in an unrealized loss position and for which no allowance for credit losses has been recorded (including 22,663 individual fixed maturity securities that were in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more). At December 31, 2022, we held 36,549 individual fixed maturity securities that were in an unrealized loss position and for which no allowance for credit losses has been recorded (including 4,048 individual fixed maturity securities that were in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more). We did not recognize the unrealized losses in earnings on these fixed maturity securities at December 31, 2023 because it was determined that such losses were due to non-credit factors. Additionally, we neither intend to sell the securities nor do we believe that it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell these securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis. For fixed maturity securities with significant declines, we performed fundamental credit analyses on a security-by-security basis, which included consideration of credit enhancements, liquidity position, expected defaults, industry and sector analysis, forecasts and available market data.

Contractual Maturities of Fixed Maturity Securities Available for Sale

The following table presents the amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity securities available for sale by contractual maturity:


December 31, 2023		Total Fixed Maturity Securities Available for Sale
(in millions)		Amortized Cost, Net of Allowance		Fair Value

Due in one year or less	$	7,963	$	7,860
Due after one year through five years		47,489		46,165
Due after five years through ten years		40,869		38,202
Due after ten years		89,200		74,937
Mortgage-backed, asset-backed and collateralized		67,352		64,569
Total	$	252,873	$	231,733

Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain borrowers have the right to call or prepay certain obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

The following table presents the gross realized gains and gross realized losses from sales or maturities of our available for sale securities:


	Years Ended December 31,
		2023	2022					2021
(in millions)					Gross Realized Gains		Gross Realized Losses			Gross Realized Gains		Gross Realized Losses		Gross Realized Gains		Gross Realized Losses
Fixed maturity securities				$	267	$	1,329		$	446	$	1,628	$	1,369	$	441

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the aggregate fair value of available for sale securities sold was $23.6 billion, $20.5 billion and $27.3 billion, respectively, which resulted in net realized gains (losses) of $(1.1) billion, $(1.2) billion and $928 million, respectively. Included within the net realized gains (losses) are $(133) million, $(311) million and $717 million of net realized gains (losses) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which relate to Fortitude Re funds withheld assets. These net realized gains (losses) are included in Net realized gains (losses) on Fortitude Re funds withheld assets.

OTHER SECURITIES MEASURED AT FAIR VALUE

The following table presents the fair value of fixed maturity securities measured at fair value based on our election of the fair value option, which are reported in the other bond securities caption in the financial statements, and equity securities measured at fair value:


(in millions)		December 31, 2023				December 31, 2022
		Fair Value	Percent of Total			Fair Value	Percent of Total
Fixed maturity securities:

Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions	$	91	2	%	$	111	2	%
Non-U.S. governments		37	1			66	1
Corporate debt		2,908	49			2,392	47
Mortgage-backed, asset-backed and collateralized:
RMBS		263	4			286	6
CMBS		261	4			331	7
CLO/ABS and other collateralized		1,681	28			1,299	26
Total mortgage-backed, asset-backed and collateralized		2,205	36			1,916	39
Total fixed maturity securities		5,241	88			4,485	89
Equity securities		728	12			575	11
Total	$	5,969	100	%	$	5,060	100	%

OTHER INVESTED ASSETS

The following table summarizes the carrying amounts of other invested assets:


(in millions)		December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Alternative investments(a)(b)	$	11,320	$	11,809
Investment real estate(c)		2,237		2,153
All other investments(d)		2,660		1,991
Total	$	16,217	$	15,953

(a)At December 31, 2023, included hedge funds of $0.7 billion and private equity funds of $10.6 billion. At December 31, 2022, included hedge funds of $1.4 billion and private equity funds of $10.4 billion.

(b)The majority of our hedge fund investments are redeemable upon a single month or quarter’s notice, though redemption terms vary from single, immediate withdrawals, to withdrawals staggered up to six quarters. Some of the portfolio consists of illiquid run-off or “side-pocket” positions whose liquidation horizons are uncertain and likely beyond a year after submission of the redemption notice.

(c)Represents values net of accumulated depreciation. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the accumulated depreciation was $853 million and $786 million, respectively.

(d)Includes AIG's ownership interest in Fortitude Group Holdings, LLC (FRL), and DaVinciRe Holdings Ltd, Class D (DVRH), which are recorded using the measurement alternative for equity securities. Our investment in FRL totaled $156 million and $156 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our investment in DVRH totaled $300 million at December 31, 2023.

Other Invested Assets Carried at Fair Value

Certain hedge funds, private equity funds, and other investment partnerships for which we have elected the fair value option are reported at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in Net investment income.

Other Invested Assets – Equity Method Investments

We account for hedge funds, private equity funds and other investment partnerships using the equity method of accounting unless our interest is so minor that we may have virtually no influence over partnership operating and financial policies, or we have elected the fair value option. Under the equity method of accounting, our carrying amount generally is our share of the net asset value of the funds or the partnerships, and changes in our share of the net asset values are recorded in Net investment income. In applying the equity method of accounting, we consistently use the most recently available financial information provided by the general partner or manager of each of these investments. Hedge funds are reported as of the balance sheet date. Private equity funds are generally reported on a one-quarter lag. The financial statements of these investees are generally audited annually. The carrying amount of equity method investments totaled $5.5 billion and $6.0 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, representing various ownership percentages each period.

Summarized Financial Information of Equity Method Investees

The following is the aggregated summarized financial information of our equity method investees, including those for which the fair value option has been elected:


Years Ended December 31,
(in millions)		2023		2022		2021
Operating results:
Total revenues	$	4,589	$	28,500	$	31,560
Total expenses		(2,212)		(2,789)		(2,241)
Net income	$	2,377	$	25,711	$	29,319
At December 31,
(in millions)				2023		2022
Balance sheet:
Total assets			$	59,359	$	134,435
Total liabilities			$	(5,893)	$	(14,701)

Other Investments

Also included in Other invested assets are real estate held for investment. These investments are reported at cost, less depreciation and are subject to impairment review, as discussed below.

The following table presents the components of Net investment income:


Years Ended December 31,	2023						2022						2021
(in millions)	Excluding Fortitude Re Funds Withheld Assets		Fortitude Re Funds Withheld Assets		Total		Excluding Fortitude Re Funds Withheld Assets		Fortitude Re Funds Withheld Assets		Total		Excluding Fortitude Re Funds Withheld Assets		Fortitude Re Funds Withheld Assets		Total
Available for sale fixed maturity securities, including short-term investments	$	10,780	$	917	$	11,697	$	8,664	$	1,067	$	9,731	$	8,583	$	1,468	$	10,051
Other fixed maturity securities(a)		43		339		382		(363)		(459)		(822)		(19)		7		(12)
Equity securities		94		—		94		(53)		—		(53)		(237)		—		(237)
Interest on mortgage and other loans		2,450		237		2,687		1,959		203		2,162		1,745		207		1,952
Alternative investments(b)		233		86		319		819		170		989		2,579		321		2,900
Real estate		42		—		42		57		—		57		225		—		225
Other investments(c)		162		(6)		156		359		(5)		354		250		5		255
Total investment income		13,804		1,573		15,377		11,442		976		12,418		13,126		2,008		15,134
Investment expenses		756		29		785		618		33		651		485		37		522
Net investment income	$	13,048	$	1,544	$	14,592	$	10,824	$	943	$	11,767	$	12,641	$	1,971	$	14,612

(a)Included in the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were income (loss) of $(195) million and $(49) million, respectively, related to fixed maturity securities measured at fair value that economically hedge liabilities described in (c) below.

(b)Included income from hedge funds, private equity funds and affordable housing partnerships. Hedge funds are recorded as of the balance sheet date. Private equity funds are generally reported on a one-quarter lag.

(c)Included in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were income (loss) of $(9) million, $186 million and $65 million, respectively, related to liabilities measured at fair value that are economically hedged with fixed maturity securities as described in (a) above.

NET REALIZED GAINS AND LOSSES

Net realized gains and losses are determined by specific identification. The net realized gains and losses are generated primarily from the following sources:

•Sales of available for sale fixed maturity securities, real estate and other alternative investments.

•Reductions to the amortized cost basis of available for sale fixed maturity securities that have been written down due to our intent to sell them or it being more likely than not that we will be required to sell them.

•Changes in the allowance for credit losses on bonds available for sale, mortgage and other loans receivable, and loans commitments.

•Most changes in the fair value of free standing and embedded derivatives, including changes in the non-performance adjustment are included in Net realized gains (losses). However, changes in derivatives designated as hedging instruments when the fair value of the hedged item is not reported in Net realized gains (losses) are excluded from Net realized gains (losses). Changes in the fair value of free standing derivatives that hedge certain MRBs are excluded from Net realized gains (losses).

•Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions.

•Changes in fair value of the embedded derivative related to the Fortitude Re funds withheld assets.

The following table presents the components of Net realized gains (losses):


Years Ended December 31,	2023						2022						2021
(in millions)	Excluding Fortitude Re Funds Withheld Assets		Fortitude Re Funds Withheld Assets			Total	Excluding Fortitude Re Funds Withheld Assets		Fortitude Re Funds Withheld Assets			Total	Excluding Fortitude Re Funds Withheld Assets		Fortitude Re Funds Withheld Assets			Total
Sales of fixed maturity securities	$	(929)	$	(133)	$	(1,062)	$	(871)	$	(311)	$	(1,182)	$	211	$	717	$	928
Intent to sell		—		—		—		(66)		—		(66)		—		—		—
Change in allowance for credit losses on fixed maturity securities		(211)		(9)		(220)		(184)		(32)		(216)		19		7		26
Change in allowance for credit losses on loans		(167)		(62)		(229)		(55)		(47)		(102)		163		9		172
Foreign exchange transactions		101		19		120		(20)		(5)		(25)		22		(5)		17
Index-linked interest credited embedded derivatives, net of related hedges		(784)		—		(784)		(119)		—		(119)		(5)		—		(5)
All other derivatives and hedge accounting*		(374)		(105)		(479)		1,230		(134)		1,096		260		28		288
Sales of alternative investments and real estate investments		98		(2)		96		193		43		236		988		237		1,225
Other		(40)		(3)		(43)		(39)		—		(39)		213		10		223
Net realized gains (losses) – excluding Fortitude Re funds withheld embedded derivative		(2,306)		(295)		(2,601)		69		(486)		(417)		1,871		1,003		2,874
Net realized gains (losses) on Fortitude Re funds withheld embedded derivative		—		(2,007)		(2,007)		—		7,481		7,481		—		(603)		(603)
Net realized gains (losses)	$	(2,306)	$	(2,302)	$	(4,608)	$	69	$	6,995	$	7,064	$	1,871	$	400	$	2,271

*Derivative activity related to hedging MRBs is recorded in Change in the fair value of MRBs, net. For additional disclosures about MRBs, see Note 14.

CHANGE IN UNREALIZED APPRECIATION (DEPRECIATION) OF INVESTMENTS

The following table presents the increase (decrease) in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) of our available for sale securities and other investments:



Years Ended December 31,
(in millions)		2023		2022
Increase (decrease) in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) of investments:
Fixed maturity securities	$	8,511	$	(47,741)
Other investments		—		(25)
Total increase (decrease) in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) of investments*	$	8,511	$	(47,766)

*Excludes net unrealized gains and losses attributable to businesses held for sale at December 31, 2023.

The following table summarizes the unrealized gains and losses recognized in Net investment income during the reporting period on equity securities and other investments still held at the reporting date:


Years Ended December 31,		2023						2022
(in millions)		Equities		Other Invested Assets		Total		Equities		Other Invested Assets		Total
Net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities and other investments	$	94	$	489	$	583	$	(53)	$	355	$	302
Less: Net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities and other investments sold during the period		163		(20)		143		96		(23)		73
Unrealized gains (losses) recognized during the reporting period on equity securities and other investments still held at the reporting date	$	(69)	$	509	$	440	$	(149)	$	378	$	229

EVALUATING INVESTMENTS FOR AN ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES AND IMPAIRMENTS

Fixed Maturity Securities

If we intend to sell a fixed maturity security or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell a fixed maturity security before recovery of its amortized cost basis and if the fair value of the security is below amortized cost, an impairment has occurred and the amortized cost is written down to current fair value, with a corresponding charge to Net realized gains (losses). No allowance is established in these situations and any previously recorded allowance is reversed. The new cost basis is not adjusted for subsequent increases in estimated fair value. When assessing our intent to sell a fixed maturity security, or whether it is more likely than not that

we will be required to sell a fixed maturity security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, management evaluates relevant facts and circumstances including, but not limited to, decisions to reposition our investment portfolio, sales of securities to meet cash flow needs and sales of securities to take advantage of favorable pricing.

For fixed maturity securities for which a decline in the fair value below the amortized cost is due to credit related factors, an allowance is established for the difference between the estimated recoverable value and amortized cost with a corresponding charge to Net realized gains (losses). The allowance for credit losses is limited to the difference between amortized cost and fair value. The estimated recoverable value is the present value of cash flows expected to be collected, as determined by management. The difference between fair value and amortized cost that is not associated with credit related factors is presented in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) of fixed maturity securities on which an allowance for credit losses was previously recognized (a separate component of AOCI). Accrued interest is excluded from the measurement of the allowance for credit losses.

When estimating future cash flows for structured fixed maturity securities (e.g., RMBS, CMBS, CLO, ABS) management considers the historical performance of underlying assets and available market information as well as bond-specific structural considerations, such as credit enhancement and the priority of payment structure of the security. In addition, the process of estimating future cash flows includes, but is not limited to, the following critical inputs, which vary by asset class:

•Current delinquency rates;

•Expected default rates and the timing of such defaults;

•Loss severity and the timing of any recovery; and

•Expected prepayment speeds.

When estimating future cash flows for corporate, municipal and sovereign fixed maturity securities determined to be credit impaired, management considers:

•Expected default rates and the timing of such defaults;

•Loss severity and the timing of any recovery; and

•Scenarios specific to the issuer and the security, which may also include estimates of outcomes of corporate restructurings, political and macroeconomic factors, stability and financial strength of the issuer, the value of any secondary sources of repayment and the disposition of assets.

We consider severe price declines in our assessment of potential credit impairments. We may also modify our model inputs when we determine that price movements in certain sectors are indicative of factors not captured by the cash flow models.

Under the current expected credit loss (CECL) model, credit losses are reassessed each period. The allowance for credit losses and the corresponding charge to Net realized gains (losses) can be reversed if conditions change, however, the allowance for credit losses will never be reduced below zero. When we determine that all or a portion of a fixed maturity security is uncollectable, the uncollectable amortized cost amount is written off with a corresponding reduction to the allowance for credit losses. If we collect cash flows that were previously written off, the recovery is recognized by recording a gain in Net realized gains (losses).

Credit Impairments

The following table presents a rollforward of the changes in allowance for credit losses on available for sale fixed maturity securities by major investment category:


Years Ended December 31,	2023						2022						2021
(in millions)	Structured		Non- Structured			Total	Structured		Non- Structured			Total	Structured		Non- Structured			Total
Balance, beginning of year	$	46	$	140	$	186	$	8	$	90	$	98	$	17	$	169	$	186
Additions:
Securities for which allowance for credit losses were not previously recorded		65		134		199		69		238		307		9		56		65


Reductions:
Securities sold during the period		(5)		(35)		(40)		(3)		(92)		(95)		(4)		(29)		(33)
Addition to (release of) the allowance for credit losses on securities that had an allowance recorded in a previous period, for which there was no intent to sell before recovery of amortized cost basis		(10)		31		21		(27)		(64)		(91)		(14)		(77)		(91)
Write-offs charged against the allowance		(30)		(168)		(198)		—		(30)		(30)		—		(29)		(29)
Other		3		(9)		(6)		(1)		(2)		(3)		—		—		—
Balance, end of year	$	69	$	93	$	162	$	46	$	140	$	186	$	8	$	90	$	98

Purchased Credit Deteriorated Securities

We purchase certain RMBS securities that have experienced more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination. These are referred to as PCD assets. At the time of purchase an allowance is recognized for these PCD assets by adding it to the purchase price to arrive at the initial amortized cost. There is no credit loss expense recognized upon acquisition of a PCD asset. When determining the initial allowance for credit losses, management considers the historical performance of underlying assets and available market information as well as bond-specific structural considerations, such as credit enhancement and the priority of payment structure of the security. In addition, the process of estimating future cash flows includes, but is not limited to, the following critical inputs:

•Current delinquency rates;

•Expected default rates and the timing of such defaults;

•Loss severity and the timing of any recovery; and

•Expected prepayment speeds.

Subsequent to the acquisition date, the PCD assets follow the same accounting as other structured securities that are not high credit quality.

We did not purchase securities with more than insignificant credit deterioration since their origination during the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

Other Invested Assets

Our equity method investments in private equity funds, hedge funds and other entities are evaluated for impairment each reporting period. Such evaluation considers market conditions, events and volatility that may impact the recoverability of the underlying investments within these private equity funds and hedge funds and is based on the nature of the underlying investments and specific inherent risks. Such risks may evolve based on the nature of the underlying investments.

Our investments in real estate are periodically evaluated for recoverability whenever changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may be impaired. When impairment indicators are present, we compare expected investment cash flows to carrying amount. When the expected cash flows are less than the carrying amount, the investments are written down to fair value with a corresponding charge to earnings.

PLEDGED INVESTMENTS

Secured Financing and Similar Arrangements

We enter into secured financing transactions whereby certain securities are sold under agreements to repurchase (repurchase agreements), in which we transfer securities in exchange for cash, with an agreement by us to repurchase the same or substantially similar securities. Our secured financing transactions also include those that involve the transfer of securities to financial institutions in exchange for cash (securities lending agreements). In all of these secured financing transactions, the securities transferred by us (pledged collateral) may be sold or repledged by the counterparties. These agreements are recorded at their contracted amounts plus accrued interest, other than those that are accounted for at fair value.

Pledged collateral levels are monitored daily and are generally maintained at an agreed-upon percentage of the fair value of the amounts borrowed during the life of the transactions. In the event of a decline in the fair value of the pledged collateral under these secured financing transactions, we may be required to transfer cash or additional securities as pledged collateral under these agreements. At the termination of the transactions, we and our counterparties are obligated to return the amounts borrowed and the securities transferred, respectively.

The following table presents the fair value of securities pledged to counterparties under secured financing transactions, including repurchase and securities lending agreements:


(in millions)		December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Fixed maturity securities available for sale	$	2,723	$	2,968

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, amounts borrowed under repurchase and securities lending agreements totaled $2.6 billion and $3.1 billion, respectively.

The following table presents the fair value of securities pledged under our repurchase agreements by collateral type and by remaining contractual maturity:


	Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
(in millions)	Overnight and Continuous		up to 30 days		31 - 90 days		91 - 364 days		365 days or greater		Total
December 31, 2023
Bonds available for sale:

Non-U.S. governments	$	—	$	277	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	277
Corporate debt	38		2,408		—		—		—		2,446
Total	$	38	$	2,685	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,723


	Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
(in millions)	Overnight and Continuous		up to 30 days		31 - 90 days		91 - 364 days		365 days or greater		Total
December 31, 2022
Bonds available for sale:
Non-U.S. governments	$	—	$	20	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	20
Corporate debt	—		2,371		577		—		—		2,948
Total	$	—	$	2,391	$	577	$	—	$	—	$	2,968

We also enter into agreements in which securities are purchased by us under reverse repurchase agreements, which are accounted for as secured financing transactions and reported as short-term investments or other assets, depending on their terms. These agreements are recorded at their contracted resale amounts plus accrued interest, other than those that are accounted for at fair value. In all reverse repurchase transactions, we take possession of or obtain a security interest in the related securities, and we have the right to sell or repledge this collateral received.

The following table presents information on the fair value of securities pledged to us under reverse repurchase agreements:


(in millions)		December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Securities collateral pledged to us	$	1,200	$	—

At December 31, 2023, the carrying value of reverse repurchase agreements totaled $1.1 billion.

All secured financing transactions are collateralized and margined on a daily basis consistent with market standards and subject to enforceable master netting arrangements with rights of set off. We do not currently offset any such transactions.

Insurance – Statutory and Other Deposits

The total carrying value of cash and securities deposited by our insurance subsidiaries under requirements of regulatory authorities or other insurance-related arrangements, including certain annuity-related obligations and certain reinsurance contracts, was $16.5 billion and $13.6 billion at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Other Pledges and Restrictions

Certain of our subsidiaries are members of Federal Home Loan Banks (FHLBs) and such membership requires the members to own stock in these FHLBs. We owned an aggregate of $283 million and $239 million of stock in FHLBs at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. In addition, our subsidiaries have pledged securities available for sale and residential loans associated with borrowings and funding agreements from FHLBs, with a fair value of $6.5 billion and $3.0 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2023 and $5.8 billion and $1.8 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2022.

Certain GIAs have provisions that require collateral to be posted or payments to be made by us upon a downgrade of our long-term debt ratings. The actual amount of collateral required to be posted to the counterparties in the event of such downgrades, and the aggregate amount of payments that we could be required to make, depend on market conditions, the fair value of outstanding affected transactions and other factors prevailing at and after the time of the downgrade. The fair value of securities pledged as collateral with respect to these obligations was approximately $63 million and $63 million, at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. This collateral primarily consists of securities of the U.S. government and government sponsored entities and generally cannot be repledged or resold by the counterparties.

Investments held in escrow accounts or otherwise subject to restriction as to their use were $164 million and $301 million, comprised of bonds available for sale and short-term investments at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Reinsurance transactions between AIG and Fortitude Re were structured as modco and loss portfolio transfer arrangements with funds withheld.