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FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS  
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis
December 31, 2017 CounterpartyCash
(in millions) Level 1Level 2Level 3Netting(b)CollateralTotal
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
U.S. government and government sponsored entities$201$2,455$-$-$-$2,656
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions-16,2402,404--18,644
Non-U.S. governments2015,6318--15,659
Corporate debt-133,0031,173--134,176
RMBS-21,09816,136--37,234
CMBS-13,217624--13,841
CDO/ABS-8,1318,651--16,782
Total bonds available for sale221209,77528,996--238,992
Other bond securities:
U.S. government and government sponsored entities2382,564---2,802
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions------
Non-U.S. governments-57---57
Corporate debt-1,89118--1,909
RMBS-4211,464--1,885
CMBS-48574--559
CDO/ABS-6044,956--5,560
Total other bond securities2386,0226,512--12,772
Equity securities available for sale:
Common stock1,061----1,061
Preferred stock18515---533
Mutual funds1104---114
Total equity securities available for sale1,189519---1,708
Other equity securities 589----589
Mortgage and other loans receivable--5--5
Other invested assets(a)-1250--251
Derivative assets:
Interest rate contracts 12,170---2,171
Foreign exchange contracts-8274--831
Equity contracts18825282--522
Credit contracts--1--1
Other contracts--20--20
Counterparty netting and cash collateral---(1,464)(1,159)(2,623)
Total derivative assets1893,249107(1,464)(1,159)922
Short-term investments2,078537---2,615
Separate account assets87,1415,657---92,798
Total$91,645$225,760$35,870$(1,464)$(1,159)$350,652
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$-$14$4,136$-$-$4,150
Other policyholder funds------
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate contracts22,17622--2,200
Foreign exchange contracts-1,2414--1,245
Equity contracts219---21
Credit contracts-14263--277
Other contracts--5--5
Counterparty netting and cash collateral---(1,464)(1,249)(2,713)
Total derivative liabilities43,450294(1,464)(1,249)1,035
Long-term debt-2,888---2,888
Other liabilities4643---89
Total$50$6,395$4,430$(1,464)$(1,249)$8,162

December 31, 2016 CounterpartyCash
(in millions) Level 1Level 2Level 3Netting(b)CollateralTotal
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
U.S. government and government sponsored entities$63$1,929$-$-$-$1,992
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions-22,7322,040--24,772
Non-U.S. governments5214,46617--14,535
Corporate debt-131,0471,133--132,180
RMBS-20,46816,906--37,374
CMBS-12,2312,040--14,271
CDO/ABS-8,5787,835--16,413
Total bonds available for sale115211,45129,971--241,537
Other bond securities:
U.S. government and government sponsored entities-2,939---2,939
Non-U.S. governments-51---51
Corporate debt-1,75517--1,772
RMBS-4201,605--2,025
CMBS-448155--603
CDO/ABS-9055,703--6,608
Total other bond securities-6,5187,480--13,998
Equity securities available for sale:
Common stock1,0569---1,065
Preferred stock752----752
Mutual funds2601---261
Total equity securities available for sale2,06810---2,078
Other equity securities482----482
Mortgage and other loans receivable--11--11
Other invested assets(a)-1204--205
Derivative assets:
Interest rate contracts-2,328---2,328
Foreign exchange contracts-1,320---1,320
Equity contracts1885958--305
Credit contracts--2--2
Other contracts-616--22
Counterparty netting and cash collateral---(1,265)(903)(2,168)
Total derivative assets1883,71376(1,265)(903)1,809
Short-term investments2,660681---3,341
Separate account assets77,3185,654---82,972
Total$82,831$228,028$37,742$(1,265)$(903)$346,433
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$-$25$3,033$-$-$3,058
Other policyholder funds5----5
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate contracts-3,03938--3,077
Foreign exchange contracts-1,35811--1,369
Equity contracts127---19
Credit contracts--331--331
Other contracts-15--6
Counterparty netting and cash collateral---(1,265)(1,521)(2,786)
Total derivative liabilities124,405385(1,265)(1,521)2,016
Long-term debt-3,35771--3,428
Other liabilities------
Total$17$7,787$3,489$(1,265)$(1,521)$8,507

(a) Excludes investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value (NAV) per share (or its equivalent), which totaled $6.0 billion and $6.7 billion as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.

(b) Represents netting of derivative exposures covered by qualifying master netting agreements.

Changes in Level 3 recurring fair value measurements (Assets)
Net Changes in
Realized and Unrealized Gains
UnrealizedPurchases, Reclassified (Losses) Included
Fair ValueGains (Losses)OtherSales,GrossGrossto AssetsFair Valuein Income on
BeginningIncludedComprehensiveIssuances andTransfersTransfersDivestedHeldEndInstruments Held
(in millions)of Yearin IncomeIncome (Loss)Settlements, NetInOutBusinessesfor Saleof Yearat End of Year
December 31, 2017
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states,
municipalities and
political subdivisions$2,040$5$167$216$8$(32)$-$-$2,404$-
Non-U.S. governments17(9)9(9)----8-
Corporate debt1,133(3)20(259)886(604)--1,173-
RMBS16,9061,071942(2,763)19(39)--16,136-
CMBS2,0403511(748)20(734)--624-
CDO/ABS7,835(19)155743-(63)--8,651-
Total bonds available
for sale29,9711,0801,304(2,820)933(1,472)--28,996-
Other bond securities:
Corporate debt173-10-(12)--181
RMBS1,605191-(313)14(33)--1,464113
CMBS1554-249(118)--745
CDO/ABS5,703841-(1,582)-(6)--4,956362
Total other bond securities7,4801,039-(1,861)23(169)--6,512481
Equity securities available
for sale:
Common stock---1-(1)----
Total equity securities
available for sale---1-(1)----
Other equity securities----------
Mortgage and other loans
receivable11--(6)----5-
Other invested assets20414(6)39-(1)--2506
Total$37,666$2,133$1,298$(4,647)$956$(1,643)$-$-$35,763$487
Net Changes in
Realized and Unrealized Gains
UnrealizedPurchases, Reclassified (Losses) Included
Fair Value(Gains) LossesOtherSales,GrossGrossto LiabilitiesFair Valuein Income on
BeginningIncludedComprehensiveIssuances andTransfersTransfersDivestedHeldEndInstruments Held
(in millions)of Yearin IncomeIncome (Loss)Settlements, NetInOutBusinessesfor Saleof Yearat End of Year
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$3,033$807$-$296$-$-$-$-$4,136$(499)
Derivative liabilities, net:
Interest rate contracts38(5)-(11)----225
Foreign exchange
contracts11(2)-(9)-----3
Equity contracts(58)(41)-17----(82)35
Credit contracts329(62)-(5)----26261
Other contracts(11)(74)-73(3)---(15)77
Total derivative
liabilities, net(a)309(184)-65(3)---187181
Long-term debt(b)7116-(87)------
Total$3,413$639$-$274$(3)$-$-$-$4,323$(318)

Net Changes in
Realized and Unrealized Gains
UnrealizedPurchases, Reclassified (Losses) Included
Fair ValueGains (Losses)OtherSales,GrossGrossto AssetsFair Valuein Income on
BeginningIncludedComprehensiveIssuances andTransfersTransfersDivestedHeldEndInstruments Held
(in millions)of Yearin IncomeIncome (Loss)Settlements, NetInOutBusinessesfor Saleof Yearat End of Year
December 31, 2016
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states,
municipalities and
political subdivisions$2,124$5$-$61$2$(152)$-$-$2,040$-
Non-U.S. governments32(3)(12)71(5)-(3)17-
Corporate debt1,370(13)(42)(111)920(977)(14)-1,133-
RMBS16,537970(24)(878)330(29)--16,906-
CMBS2,58572(132)(323)23(185)--2,040-
CDO/ABS6,16934(111)1,72023---7,835-
Total bonds available
for sale28,8171,065(321)4761,299(1,348)(14)(3)29,971-
Other bond securities:
Corporate debt17-------17-
RMBS1,58143-(1)-(18)--1,605(24)
CMBS193--(38)----155(1)
CDO/ABS7,055271-(1,623)65(65)--5,703(393)
Total other bond securities8,846314-(1,662)65(83)--7,480(418)
Equity securities available
for sale:
Common stock----------
Total equity securities
available for sale----------
Other equity securities14--(14)------
Mortgage and other loans
receivable11-------11-
Other invested assets3321-(75)-(54)--2048
Total$38,020$1,380$(321)$(1,275)$1,364$(1,485)$(14)$(3)$37,666$(410)
Net Changes in
Realized and Unrealized Gains
UnrealizedPurchases, Reclassified (Losses) Included
Fair Value(Gains) LossesOtherSales,GrossGrossto LiabilitiesFair Valuein Income on
BeginningIncludedComprehensiveIssuances andTransfersTransfersDivestedHeldEndInstruments Held
(in millions)of Yearin IncomeIncome (Loss)Settlements, NetInOutBusinessesfor Saleof Yearat End of Year
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract
deposits$2,289$441$-$303$-$-$-$-$3,033$(366)
Derivative liabilities, net:
Interest rate contracts50(8)-(4)----386
Foreign exchange
contracts75-(1)----11(4)
Equity contracts(54)(10)-6----(58)10
Credit contracts505(81)-(95)----32971
Other contracts48(10)-(53)-4--(11)128
Total derivatives
liabilities, net(a)556(104)-(147)-4--309211
Long-term debt(b)1834-(3)-(113)--71(1)
Total$3,028$341$-$153$-$(109)$-$-$3,413$(156)

(a) Total Level 3 derivative exposures have been netted in these tables for presentation purposes only.

(b) Includes guaranteed investment agreements (GIAs), notes, bonds, loans and mortgages payable.

Changes in Level 3 recurring fair value measurements (Liabilities)
Net Changes in
Realized and Unrealized Gains
UnrealizedPurchases, Reclassified (Losses) Included
Fair ValueGains (Losses)OtherSales,GrossGrossto AssetsFair Valuein Income on
BeginningIncludedComprehensiveIssuances andTransfersTransfersDivestedHeldEndInstruments Held
(in millions)of Yearin IncomeIncome (Loss)Settlements, NetInOutBusinessesfor Saleof Yearat End of Year
December 31, 2017
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states,
municipalities and
political subdivisions$2,040$5$167$216$8$(32)$-$-$2,404$-
Non-U.S. governments17(9)9(9)----8-
Corporate debt1,133(3)20(259)886(604)--1,173-
RMBS16,9061,071942(2,763)19(39)--16,136-
CMBS2,0403511(748)20(734)--624-
CDO/ABS7,835(19)155743-(63)--8,651-
Total bonds available
for sale29,9711,0801,304(2,820)933(1,472)--28,996-
Other bond securities:
Corporate debt173-10-(12)--181
RMBS1,605191-(313)14(33)--1,464113
CMBS1554-249(118)--745
CDO/ABS5,703841-(1,582)-(6)--4,956362
Total other bond securities7,4801,039-(1,861)23(169)--6,512481
Equity securities available
for sale:
Common stock---1-(1)----
Total equity securities
available for sale---1-(1)----
Other equity securities----------
Mortgage and other loans
receivable11--(6)----5-
Other invested assets20414(6)39-(1)--2506
Total$37,666$2,133$1,298$(4,647)$956$(1,643)$-$-$35,763$487
Net Changes in
Realized and Unrealized Gains
UnrealizedPurchases, Reclassified (Losses) Included
Fair Value(Gains) LossesOtherSales,GrossGrossto LiabilitiesFair Valuein Income on
BeginningIncludedComprehensiveIssuances andTransfersTransfersDivestedHeldEndInstruments Held
(in millions)of Yearin IncomeIncome (Loss)Settlements, NetInOutBusinessesfor Saleof Yearat End of Year
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$3,033$807$-$296$-$-$-$-$4,136$(499)
Derivative liabilities, net:
Interest rate contracts38(5)-(11)----225
Foreign exchange
contracts11(2)-(9)-----3
Equity contracts(58)(41)-17----(82)35
Credit contracts329(62)-(5)----26261
Other contracts(11)(74)-73(3)---(15)77
Total derivative
liabilities, net(a)309(184)-65(3)---187181
Long-term debt(b)7116-(87)------
Total$3,413$639$-$274$(3)$-$-$-$4,323$(318)

Net Changes in
Realized and Unrealized Gains
UnrealizedPurchases, Reclassified (Losses) Included
Fair ValueGains (Losses)OtherSales,GrossGrossto AssetsFair Valuein Income on
BeginningIncludedComprehensiveIssuances andTransfersTransfersDivestedHeldEndInstruments Held
(in millions)of Yearin IncomeIncome (Loss)Settlements, NetInOutBusinessesfor Saleof Yearat End of Year
December 31, 2016
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states,
municipalities and
political subdivisions$2,124$5$-$61$2$(152)$-$-$2,040$-
Non-U.S. governments32(3)(12)71(5)-(3)17-
Corporate debt1,370(13)(42)(111)920(977)(14)-1,133-
RMBS16,537970(24)(878)330(29)--16,906-
CMBS2,58572(132)(323)23(185)--2,040-
CDO/ABS6,16934(111)1,72023---7,835-
Total bonds available
for sale28,8171,065(321)4761,299(1,348)(14)(3)29,971-
Other bond securities:
Corporate debt17-------17-
RMBS1,58143-(1)-(18)--1,605(24)
CMBS193--(38)----155(1)
CDO/ABS7,055271-(1,623)65(65)--5,703(393)
Total other bond securities8,846314-(1,662)65(83)--7,480(418)
Equity securities available
for sale:
Common stock----------
Total equity securities
available for sale----------
Other equity securities14--(14)------
Mortgage and other loans
receivable11-------11-
Other invested assets3321-(75)-(54)--2048
Total$38,020$1,380$(321)$(1,275)$1,364$(1,485)$(14)$(3)$37,666$(410)
Net Changes in
Realized and Unrealized Gains
UnrealizedPurchases, Reclassified (Losses) Included
Fair Value(Gains) LossesOtherSales,GrossGrossto LiabilitiesFair Valuein Income on
BeginningIncludedComprehensiveIssuances andTransfersTransfersDivestedHeldEndInstruments Held
(in millions)of Yearin IncomeIncome (Loss)Settlements, NetInOutBusinessesfor Saleof Yearat End of Year
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract
deposits$2,289$441$-$303$-$-$-$-$3,033$(366)
Derivative liabilities, net:
Interest rate contracts50(8)-(4)----386
Foreign exchange
contracts75-(1)----11(4)
Equity contracts(54)(10)-6----(58)10
Credit contracts505(81)-(95)----32971
Other contracts48(10)-(53)-4--(11)128
Total derivatives
liabilities, net(a)556(104)-(147)-4--309211
Long-term debt(b)1834-(3)-(113)--71(1)
Total$3,028$341$-$153$-$(109)$-$-$3,413$(156)

(a) Total Level 3 derivative exposures have been netted in these tables for presentation purposes only.

(b) Includes guaranteed investment agreements (GIAs), notes, bonds, loans and mortgages payable.

Schedule of net realized and unrealized gains and losses related to Level 3 items
NetNet Realized
InvestmentCapital Other
(in millions)IncomeGains (Losses)IncomeTotal
December 31, 2017
Assets:
Bonds available for sale$1,127$(49)$2$1,080
Other bond securities308-7311,039
Equity securities available for sale----
Other equity securities----
Other invested assets96(1)14
December 31, 2016
Assets:
Bonds available for sale$1,180$(118)$3$1,065
Other bond securities11044160314
Equity securities available for sale----
Other equity securities----
Other invested assets1339(51)1
NetNet Realized
InvestmentCapital Other
(in millions)Income(Gains) LossesIncomeTotal
December 31, 2017
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits-807-807
Derivative liabilities, net-(17)(167)(184)
Long-term debt--1616
December 31, 2016
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits-441-441
Derivative liabilities, net-(8)(96)(104)
Long-term debt--44
Gross components of purchases, sales, issues and settlements, net
Purchases, Sales,
Issuances andIssuances and
(in millions)PurchasesSalesSettlements(a)Settlements, Net(a)
December 31, 2017
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions$286$(16)$(54)$216
Non-U.S. governments9(1)(17)(9)
Corporate debt36(59)(236)(259)
RMBS1,199(260)(3,702)(2,763)
CMBS75(146)(677)(748)
CDO/ABS2,099(243)(1,113)743
Total bonds available for sale3,704(725)(5,799)(2,820)
Other bond securities:
Corporate debt11-(1)10
RMBS167(218)(262)(313)
CMBS42(11)(7)24
CDO/ABS9(65)(1,526)(1,582)
Total other bond securities229(294)(1,796)(1,861)
Equity securities available for sale13-(12)1
Other equity securities----
Mortgage and other loans receivable-(6)-(6)
Other invested assets107(46)(22)39
Total assets$4,053$(1,071)$(7,629)$(4,647)
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$-$344$(48)$296
Derivative liabilities, net(4)-6965
Long-term debt(b)--(87)(87)
Total liabilities$(4)$344$(66)$274
December 31, 2016
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions$164$(8)$(95)$61
Non-U.S. governments13-(6)7
Corporate debt29(25)(115)(111)
RMBS2,635(81)(3,432)(878)
CMBS156(98)(381)(323)
CDO/ABS2,460(99)(641)1,720
Total bonds available for sale5,457(311)(4,670)476
Other bond securities:
Corporate debt----
RMBS343(104)(240)(1)
CMBS53(86)(5)(38)
CDO/ABS69(458)(1,234)(1,623)
Total other bond securities465(648)(1,479)(1,662)
Equity securities available for sale----
Other equity securities14-(28)(14)
Mortgage and other loans receivable1(2)1-
Other invested assets37(10)(102)(75)
Total assets$5,974$(971)$(6,278)$(1,275)
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$-$437$(134)$303
Derivative liabilities, net(6)-(141)(147)
Long-term debt(b)--(3)(3)
Total liabilities$(6)$437$(278)$153

(a) There were no issuances during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.

(b) Includes GIAs, notes, bonds, loans and mortgages payable.

Significant unobservable inputs used for recurring fair value measurements
Fair Value  at
December 31,ValuationRange
(in millions)2017TechniqueUnobservable Input(b)(Weighted Average)
Assets:
Obligations of states,
municipalities and
political subdivisions$1,620Discounted cash flowYield3.55% - 4.32% (3.94%)
Corporate debt1,086Discounted cash flowYield3.26% - 12.22% (7.74%)
RMBS(a)16,156Discounted cash flowConstant prepayment rate3.97% - 13.42% (8.69%)
Loss severity43.15% - 77.15% (60.15%)
Constant default rate3.31% - 8.30% (5.80%)
Yield2.73% - 5.19% (3.96%)
CDO/ABS(a)5,254Discounted cash flowYield3.38% - 4.78% (4.08%)
CMBS487Discounted cash flowYield2.22% - 7.77% (4.99%)
Liabilities:
Embedded derivatives
within Policyholder
contract deposits:
GMWB 1,994Discounted cash flowEquity volatility6.45% - 51.25%
Base lapse rate0.35% - 14.00%
Dynamic lapse multiplier30.00% - 170.00%
Mortality multiplier(c)40.00% - 153.00%
Utilization90.00% - 100.00%
Equity / interest-rate correlation20.00% - 40.00%
Index Annuities1,603Discounted cash flowLapse rate0.50% - 40.00%
Mortality multiplier(c)42.00% - 162.00%
Option Budget 1.00% - 4.00%
Indexed Life515Discounted cash flowBase lapse rate2.00% - 19.00%
Mortality rate0.00% - 40.00%

Fair Value  at
December 31,ValuationRange
(in millions)2016TechniqueUnobservable Input(b)(Weighted Average)
Assets:
Obligations of states,
municipalities and
political subdivisions$1,248Discounted cash flowYield4.12% - 4.91% (4.52%)
Corporate debt498Discounted cash flowYield3.41% - 6.38% (4.90%)
RMBS(a)17,412Discounted cash flowConstant prepayment rate3.95% - 6.54% (5.25%)
Loss severity47.51% - 80.98% (64.24%)
Constant default rate3.28% - 8.64% (5.96%)
Yield3.28% - 5.87% (4.57%)
CDO/ABS(a)4,368Discounted cash flowYield3.67% - 5.85% (4.76%)
CMBS1,511Discounted cash flowYield0.48% - 10.21% (5.34%)
Liabilities:
Embedded derivatives
within Policyholder
contract deposits:
GMWB 1,777Discounted cash flowEquity volatility13.00% - 50.00%
Base lapse rate0.50% - 20.00%
Dynamic lapse multiplier30.00% - 170.00%
Mortality multiplier(c)42.00% - 161.00%
Utilization100.00%
Equity / interest rate correlation20.00% - 40.00%
Index Annuities859Discounted cash flowLapse rate1.00% - 66.00%
Mortality multiplier(c)101.00% - 103.00%
Option Budget1.00% - 4.00%
Indexed Life381Discounted cash flowBase lapse rate2.00% - 19.00%
Mortality rate0.00% - 40.00%

(a) Information received from third-party valuation service providers. The ranges of the unobservable inputs for constant prepayment rate, loss severity and constant default rate relate to each of the individual underlying mortgage loans that comprise the entire portfolio of securities in the RMBS and CDO securitization vehicles and not necessarily to the securitization vehicle bonds (tranches) purchased by us. The ranges of these inputs do not directly correlate to changes in the fair values of the tranches purchased by us, because there are other factors relevant to the fair values of specific tranches owned by us including, but not limited to, purchase price, position in the waterfall, senior versus subordinated position and attachment points.

(b) Represents discount rates, estimates and assumptions that we believe would be used by market participants when valuing these assets and liabilities.

(c) Mortality inputs are shown as multipliers of the 2012 Individual Annuity Mortality Basic table.

Investments in Certain Entities Carried at Fair Value Using Net Asset Value per Share
December 31, 2017December 31, 2016
Fair Value Using Net Asset Value Per Share (or its equivalent)Fair Value Using Net Asset Value Per Share (or its equivalent)
UnfundedUnfunded
(in millions)Investment Category IncludesCommitmentsCommitments
Investment Category
Private equity funds:
Leveraged buyoutDebt and/or equity investments made as part of a transaction in which assets of mature companies are acquired from the current shareholders, typically with the use of financial leverage$1,243$706$1,424$750
Real Estate / InfrastructureInvestments in real estate properties and infrastructure positions, including power plants and other energy generating facilities210187258208
Venture capitalEarly-stage, high-potential, growth companies expected to generate a return through an eventual realization event, such as an initial public offering or sale of the company1347313731
DistressedSecurities of companies that are in default, under bankruptcy protection, or troubled 1134212344
OtherIncludes multi-strategy, mezzanine, and other strategies428219312215
Total private equity funds2,1281,2272,2541,248
Hedge funds:
Event-drivenSecurities of companies undergoing material structural changes, including mergers, acquisitions and other reorganizations1,128-1,4539
Long-shortSecurities that the manager believes are undervalued, with corresponding short positions to hedge market risk1,233-1,429-
MacroInvestments that take long and short positions in financial instruments based on a top-down view of certain economic and capital market conditions1,011-992-
DistressedSecurities of companies that are in default, under bankruptcy protection or troubled 26684168
OtherIncludes investments held in funds that are less liquid, as well as other strategies which allow for broader allocation between public and private investments231419714
Total hedge funds3,869124,48731
Total$5,997$1,239$6,741$1,279
Gains or losses related to the eligible instruments for which AIG elected the fair value option
Years Ended December 31,Gain (Loss)
(in millions)201720162015
Assets:
Bond and equity securities$1,646$447$616
Alternative investments(a)5092836
Other, including Short-term investments1-2
Liabilities:
Long-term debt(b)(49)(9)(38)
Other liabilities(2)-(3)
Total gain$2,105$466$613

(a) Includes certain hedge funds, private equity funds and other investment partnerships.

(b) Includes GIAs, notes, bonds and mortgages payable.

Difference between fair values and aggregate contractual principal amounts, fair value option
December 31, 2017December 31, 2016
OutstandingOutstanding
(in millions)Fair ValuePrincipal AmountDifferenceFair ValuePrincipal AmountDifference
Assets:
Mortgage and other loans receivable$5$5$-$11$8$3
Liabilities:
Long-term debt*$2,888$2,280$608$3,428$2,628$800

* Includes GIAs, notes, bonds, loans and mortgages payable.

Fair value assets measured on nonrecurring basis and impairment charges
Assets at Fair ValueImpairment Charges
Non-Recurring BasisDecember 31,
(in millions) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total 201720162015
December 31, 2017
Other investments$-$-$55$55$77$76$189
Investments in life settlements----360397540
Other assets*----1571980
Total$-$-$55$55$594$492$809
December 31, 2016
Other investments$-$-$364$364
Investments in life settlements--736736
Other assets--22
Total$-$-$1,102$1,102

* Impairments include $35 million related to other assets that were sold in 2017.

Carrying values and estimated fair values of AIG's financial instruments
Estimated Fair ValueCarrying
(in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3TotalValue
December 31, 2017
Assets:
Mortgage and other loans receivable$-$117$37,644$37,761$37,018
Other invested assets-5906596593
Short-term investments-7,771-7,7717,771
Cash2,362--2,3622,362
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits associated
with investment-type contracts-387121,809122,196114,326
Other liabilities-4,494-4,4944,494
Long-term debt-23,9304,31328,24328,752
December 31, 2016
Assets:
Mortgage and other loans receivable$-$161$33,575$33,736$33,229
Other invested assets-9552,0533,0083,474
Short-term investments-8,961-8,9618,961
Cash1,868--1,8681,868
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits associated
with investment-type contracts-382121,742122,124112,705
Other liabilities-4,196-4,1964,196
Long-term debt-23,1173,33326,45027,484