FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

5. Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis

We carry certain of our financial instruments at fair value. We define the fair value of a financial instrument as the amount that would be received from the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. We are responsible for the determination of the value of the investments carried at fair value and the supporting methodologies and assumptions.

The degree of judgment used in measuring the fair value of financial instruments generally inversely correlates with the level of observable valuation inputs. We maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Financial instruments with quoted prices in active markets generally have more pricing observability and less judgment is used in measuring fair value. Conversely, financial instruments for which no quoted prices are available have less observability and are measured at fair value using valuation models or other pricing techniques that require more judgment. Pricing observability is affected by a number of factors, including the type of financial instrument, whether the financial instrument is new to the market and not yet established, the characteristics specific to the transaction, liquidity and general market conditions.

Fair Value Hierarchy

Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheets are measured and classified in accordance with a fair value hierarchy consisting of three “levels” based on the observability of valuation inputs:

Level 1: Fair value measurements based on quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets that we have the ability to access for identical assets or liabilities. Market price data generally is obtained from exchange or dealer markets. We do not adjust the quoted price for such instruments.
Level 2: Fair value measurements based on inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals.
Level 3: Fair value measurements based on valuation techniques that use significant inputs that are unobservable. Both observable and unobservable inputs may be used to determine the fair values of positions classified in Level 3. The circumstances for using these measurements include those in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability. Therefore, we must make certain assumptions about the inputs a hypothetical market participant would use to value that asset or liability.

In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.

The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for instruments carried at fair value. These methodologies are applied to assets and liabilities across the levels discussed above, and it is the observability of the inputs used that determines the appropriate level in the fair value hierarchy for the respective asset or liability.

Valuation Methodologies of Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value

Incorporation of Credit Risk in Fair Value Measurements

Our Own Credit Risk. Fair value measurements for certain liabilities incorporate our own credit risk by determining the explicit cost for each counterparty to protect against its net credit exposure to us at the balance sheet date by reference to observable AIG CDS or cash bond spreads. We calculate the effect of credit spread changes using discounted cash flow techniques that incorporate current market interest rates. A derivative counterparty’s net credit exposure to us is determined based on master netting agreements, when applicable, which take into consideration all derivative positions with us, as well as collateral we post with the counterparty at the balance sheet date. For a description of how we incorporate our own credit risk in the valuation of embedded derivatives related to certain annuity and life insurance products see Embedded Derivatives within Policyholder Contract Deposits below.
Counterparty Credit Risk. Fair value measurements for freestanding derivatives incorporate counterparty credit by determining the explicit cost for us to protect against our net credit exposure to each counterparty at the balance sheet date by reference to observable counterparty CDS spreads, when available. When not available, other directly or indirectly observable credit spreads will be used to derive the best estimates of the counterparty spreads. Our net credit exposure to a counterparty is determined based on master netting agreements, which take into consideration all derivative positions with the counterparty, as well as collateral posted by the counterparty at the balance sheet date.

Fair values for fixed maturity securities based on observable market prices for identical or similar instruments implicitly incorporate counterparty credit risk. Fair values for fixed maturity securities based on internal models incorporate counterparty credit risk by using discount rates that take into consideration cash issuance spreads for similar instruments or other observable information.

For fair values measured based on internal models, the cost of credit protection is determined under a discounted present value approach considering the market levels for single name CDS spreads for each specific counterparty, the mid-market value of the net exposure (reflecting the amount of protection required) and the weighted average life of the net exposure. CDS spreads are provided to us by an independent third party. We utilize an interest rate based on the benchmark London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) curve to derive our discount rates.

While this approach does not explicitly consider all potential future behavior of the derivative transactions or potential future changes in valuation inputs, we believe this approach provides a reasonable estimate of the fair value of the assets and liabilities, including consideration of the impact of non-performance risk.

Fixed Maturity Securities

Whenever available, we obtain quoted prices in active markets for identical assets at the balance sheet date to measure fixed maturity securities at fair value. Market price data is generally obtained from dealer markets.

We employ independent third-party valuation service providers to gather, analyze, and interpret market information to derive fair value estimates for individual investments, based upon market-accepted methodologies and assumptions. The methodologies used by these independent third-party valuation service providers are reviewed and understood by management, through periodic discussion with and information provided by the independent third-party valuation service providers. In addition, as discussed further below, control processes are applied to the fair values received from independent third-party valuation service providers to ensure the accuracy of these values.

Valuation service providers typically obtain data about market transactions and other key valuation model inputs from multiple sources and, through the use of market-accepted valuation methodologies, which may utilize matrix pricing, financial models, accompanying model inputs and various assumptions, provide a single fair value measurement for individual securities. The inputs used by the valuation service providers include, but are not limited to, market prices from completed transactions for identical securities and transactions for comparable securities, benchmark yields, interest rate yield curves, credit spreads, prepayment rates, default rates, recovery assumptions, currency rates, quoted prices for similar securities and other market-observable information, as applicable. If fair value is determined using financial models, these models generally take into account, among other things, market observable information as of the measurement date as well as the specific attributes of the security being valued, including its term, interest rate, credit rating, industry sector, and when applicable, collateral quality and other security or issuer-specific information. When market transactions or other market observable data is limited, the extent to which judgment is applied in determining fair value is greatly increased.

We have control processes designed to ensure that the fair values received from independent third-party valuation service providers are accurately recorded, that their data inputs and valuation techniques are appropriate and consistently applied and that the assumptions used appear reasonable and consistent with the objective of determining fair value. We assess the reasonableness of individual security values received from independent third-party valuation service providers through various analytical techniques, and have procedures to escalate related questions internally and to the independent third-party valuation service providers for resolution. To assess the degree of pricing consensus among various valuation service providers for specific asset types, we conduct comparisons of prices received from available sources. We use these comparisons to establish a hierarchy for the fair values received from independent third-party valuation service providers to be used for particular security classes. We also validate prices for selected securities through reviews by members of management who have relevant expertise and who are independent of those charged with executing investing transactions.

When our independent third-party valuation service providers are unable to obtain sufficient market observable information upon which to estimate the fair value for a particular security, fair value is determined either by requesting brokers who are knowledgeable about these securities to provide a price quote, which is generally non-binding, or by employing market accepted valuation models. Broker prices may be based on an income approach, which converts expected future cash flows to a single present value amount, with specific consideration of inputs relevant to particular security types. For structured securities, such inputs may include ratings, collateral types, geographic concentrations, underlying loan vintages, loan delinquencies and defaults, loss severity assumptions, prepayments, and weighted average coupons and maturities. When the volume or level of market activity for a security is limited, certain inputs used to determine fair value may not be observable in the market. Broker prices may also be based on a market approach that considers recent transactions involving identical or similar securities. Fair values provided by brokers are subject to similar control processes to those noted above for fair values from independent third-party valuation service providers, including management reviews. For those corporate debt instruments (for example, private placements) that are not traded in active markets or that are subject to transfer restrictions, valuations reflect illiquidity and non-transferability, based on available market evidence. When observable price quotations are not available, fair value is determined based on discounted cash flow models using discount rates based on credit spreads, yields or price levels of comparable securities, adjusted for illiquidity and structure. Fair values determined internally are also subject to management review to ensure that valuation models and related inputs are reasonable.

The methodology above is relevant for all fixed maturity securities including residential mortgage backed securities (RMBS), commercial mortgage backed securities (CMBS), collateralized debt obligations (CDO), other asset-backed securities (ABS) and fixed maturity securities issued by government sponsored entities and corporate entities.

Equity Securities Traded in Active Markets

Whenever available, we obtain quoted prices in active markets for identical assets at the balance sheet date to measure equity securities at fair value. Market price data is generally obtained from exchange or dealer markets.

Mortgage and Other Loans Receivable

We estimate the fair value of mortgage and other loans receivable that are measured at fair value by using dealer quotations, discounted cash flow analyses and/or internal valuation models. The determination of fair value considers inputs such as interest rate, maturity, the borrower’s creditworthiness, collateral, subordination, guarantees, past-due status, yield curves, credit curves, prepayment rates, market pricing for comparable loans and other relevant factors.

Other Invested Assets

We initially estimate the fair value of investments in certain hedge funds, private equity funds and other investment partnerships by reference to the transaction price. Subsequently, we generally obtain the fair value of these investments from net asset value information provided by the general partner or manager of the investments, the financial statements of which are generally audited annually. We consider observable market data and perform certain control procedures to validate the appropriateness of using the net asset value as a fair value measurement. The fair values of other investments carried at fair value, such as direct private equity holdings, are initially determined based on transaction price and are subsequently estimated based on available evidence such as market transactions in similar instruments, other financing transactions of the issuer and other available financial information for the issuer, with adjustments made to reflect illiquidity as appropriate.

Short-term Investments

For short-term investments that are measured at amortized cost, the carrying amounts of these assets approximate fair values because of the relatively short period of time between origination and expected realization, and their limited exposure to credit risk. Securities purchased under agreements to resell (reverse repurchase agreements) are generally treated as collateralized receivables. We report certain receivables arising from securities purchased under agreements to resell as Short-term investments in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. When these receivables are measured at fair value, we use market-observable interest rates to determine fair value.

Separate Account Assets

Separate account assets are composed primarily of registered and unregistered open-end mutual funds that generally trade daily and are measured at fair value in the manner discussed above for equity securities traded in active markets.

Freestanding Derivatives

Derivative assets and liabilities can be exchange-traded or traded over-the-counter (OTC). We generally value exchange-traded derivatives such as futures and options using quoted prices in active markets for identical derivatives at the balance sheet date.

OTC derivatives are valued using market transactions and other market evidence whenever possible, including market-based inputs to models, model calibration to market clearing transactions, broker or dealer quotations or alternative pricing sources with reasonable levels of price transparency. When models are used, the selection of a particular model to value an OTC derivative depends on the contractual terms of, and specific risks inherent in the instrument, as well as the availability of pricing information in the market. We generally use similar models to value similar instruments. Valuation models require a variety of inputs, including contractual terms, market prices and rates, yield curves, credit curves, measures of volatility, prepayment rates and correlations of such inputs. For OTC derivatives that trade in liquid markets, such as generic forwards, swaps and options, model inputs can generally be corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means, and model selection does not involve significant management judgment.

For certain OTC derivatives that trade in less liquid markets, where we generally do not have corroborating market evidence to support significant model inputs and cannot verify the model to market transactions, the transaction price may provide the best estimate of fair value. Accordingly, when a pricing model is used to value such an instrument, the model is adjusted so the model value at inception equals the transaction price. We will update valuation inputs in these models only when corroborated by evidence such as similar market transactions, independent third-party valuation service providers and/or broker or dealer quotations, or other empirical market data. When appropriate, valuations are adjusted for various factors such as liquidity, bid/offer spreads and credit considerations. Such adjustments are generally based on available market evidence. In the absence of such evidence, management’s best estimate is used.

We value our super senior credit default swap portfolio using prices obtained from vendors and/or counterparties. The valuation of the super senior credit derivatives is complex because of the limited availability of market observable information due to the lack of trading and price transparency in certain structured finance markets. Our valuation methodologies for the super senior CDS portfolio have evolved over time in response to market conditions and the availability of market observable information. We have sought to calibrate the methodologies to available market information and to review the assumptions of the methodologies on a regular basis.

Embedded Derivatives within Policyholder Contract Deposits

Certain variable annuity and equity-indexed annuity and life contracts contain embedded derivatives that we bifurcate from the host contracts and account for separately at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in earnings. These embedded derivatives are classified within Policyholder contract deposits. We have concluded these contracts contain either (i) a written option that guarantees a minimum accumulation value at maturity, (ii) a written option that guarantees annual withdrawals regardless of underlying market performance for a specific period or for life, or (iii) equity-indexed written options that meet the criteria of derivatives and must be bifurcated.

The fair value of embedded derivatives contained in certain variable annuity and equity-indexed annuity and life contracts is measured based on actuarial and capital market assumptions related to projected cash flows over the expected lives of the contracts. These discounted cash flow projections primarily include benefits and related fees assessed, when applicable. In some instances, the projected cash flows from fees may exceed projected cash flows related to benefit payments and therefore, at a point in time, the carrying value of the embedded derivative may be in a net asset position. The projected cash flows incorporate best estimate assumptions for policyholder behavior (including mortality, lapses, withdrawals and benefit utilization), along with an explicit risk margin to reflect a market participant’s estimates of projected cash flows and policyholder behavior. Estimates of future policyholder behavior are subjective and based primarily on our historical experience.

Because of the dynamic and complex nature of the projected cash flows with respect to embedded derivatives in our variable annuity contracts, risk neutral valuations are used, which are calibrated to observable interest rate and equity option prices. Estimating the underlying cash flows for these products involves judgments regarding expected market rates of return, market volatility, credit spreads, correlations of certain market variables, fund performance, discount rates and policyholder behavior. The portion of fees attributable to the fair value of expected benefit payments are included within the fair value measurement of these embedded derivatives, and related fees are classified in net realized gain/loss as earned, consistent with other changes in the fair value of these embedded policy derivatives. Any portion of the fees not attributed to the embedded derivatives are excluded from the fair value measurement and classified in policy fees as earned.

With respect to embedded derivatives in our equity-indexed annuity and life contracts, option pricing models are used to estimate fair value, taking into account assumptions for future equity index growth rates, volatility of the equity index, future interest rates, and our ability to adjust the participation rate and the cap on equity-indexed credited rates in light of market conditions and policyholder behavior assumptions.

Projected cash flows are discounted using the interest rate swap curve (swap curve), which is commonly viewed as being consistent with the credit spreads for highly-rated financial institutions (S&P AA-rated or above). A swap curve shows the fixed-rate leg of a non-complex swap against the floating rate (for example, LIBOR) leg of a related tenor. We also incorporate our own risk of non-performance in the valuation of the embedded derivatives associated with variable annuity and equity-indexed annuity and life contracts. The non-performance risk adjustment reflects a market participant’s view of our claims-paying ability by incorporating an additional spread to the swap curve used to discount projected benefit cash flows in the valuation of these embedded derivatives. The non-performance risk adjustment is calculated by constructing forward rates based on a weighted average of observable corporate credit indices to approximate the claims-paying ability rating of our Life and Retirement companies.

Long-Term Debt

The fair value of non-structured liabilities is generally determined by using market prices from exchange or dealer markets, when available, or discounting expected cash flows using the appropriate discount rate for the applicable maturity. We determine the fair value of structured liabilities and hybrid financial instruments (where performance is linked to structured interest rates, inflation or currency risks) using the appropriate derivative valuation methodology (described above) given the nature of the embedded risk profile. In addition, adjustments are made to the valuations of both non-structured and structured liabilities to reflect our own creditworthiness based on the methodology described under the caption “Incorporation of Credit Risk in Fair Value Measurements – Our Own Credit Risk” above.

Borrowings under obligations of guaranteed investment agreements (GIAs), which are guaranteed by us, are recorded at fair value using discounted cash flow calculations based on interest rates currently being offered for similar contracts and our current market observable implicit credit spread rates with maturities consistent with those remaining for the contracts being valued. Obligations may be called at various times prior to maturity at the option of the counterparty. Interest rates on these borrowings are primarily fixed, vary by maturity and range up to 7.62 percent.

Other Liabilities

Other liabilities measured at fair value include certain securities sold under agreements to repurchase and certain securities sold but not yet purchased. Liabilities arising from securities sold under agreements to repurchase are generally treated as collateralized borrowings. We estimate the fair value of liabilities arising under these agreements by using market-observable interest rates. This methodology considers such factors as the coupon rate, yield curves and other relevant factors. Fair values for securities sold but not yet purchased are based on current market prices.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table presents information about assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicates the level of the fair value measurement based on the observability of the inputs used:

December 31, 2017							Counterparty		Cash
(in millions)		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Netting^(b)	Collateral			Total
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
U.S. government and government sponsored entities	$	201	$	2,455	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	2,656
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions		-		16,240		2,404		-		-		18,644
Non-U.S. governments		20		15,631		8		-		-		15,659
Corporate debt		-		133,003		1,173		-		-		134,176
RMBS		-		21,098		16,136		-		-		37,234
CMBS		-		13,217		624		-		-		13,841
CDO/ABS		-		8,131		8,651		-		-		16,782
Total bonds available for sale		221		209,775		28,996		-		-		238,992
Other bond securities:
U.S. government and government sponsored entities		238		2,564		-		-		-		2,802
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions		-		-		-		-		-		-
Non-U.S. governments		-		57		-		-		-		57
Corporate debt		-		1,891		18		-		-		1,909
RMBS		-		421		1,464		-		-		1,885
CMBS		-		485		74		-		-		559
CDO/ABS		-		604		4,956		-		-		5,560
Total other bond securities		238		6,022		6,512		-		-		12,772
Equity securities available for sale:
Common stock		1,061		-		-		-		-		1,061
Preferred stock		18		515		-		-		-		533
Mutual funds		110		4		-		-		-		114
Total equity securities available for sale		1,189		519		-		-		-		1,708
Other equity securities		589		-		-		-		-		589
Mortgage and other loans receivable		-		-		5		-		-		5
Other invested assets^(a)		-		1		250		-		-		251
Derivative assets:
Interest rate contracts		1		2,170		-		-		-		2,171
Foreign exchange contracts		-		827		4		-		-		831
Equity contracts		188		252		82		-		-		522
Credit contracts		-		-		1		-		-		1
Other contracts		-		-		20		-		-		20
Counterparty netting and cash collateral		-		-		-		(1,464)		(1,159)		(2,623)
Total derivative assets		189		3,249		107		(1,464)		(1,159)		922
Short-term investments		2,078		537		-		-		-		2,615
Separate account assets		87,141		5,657		-		-		-		92,798
Total	$	91,645	$	225,760	$	35,870	$	(1,464)	$	(1,159)	$	350,652
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits	$	-	$	14	$	4,136	$	-	$	-	$	4,150
Other policyholder funds		-		-		-		-		-		-
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate contracts		2		2,176		22		-		-		2,200
Foreign exchange contracts		-		1,241		4		-		-		1,245
Equity contracts		2		19		-		-		-		21
Credit contracts		-		14		263		-		-		277
Other contracts		-		-		5		-		-		5
Counterparty netting and cash collateral		-		-		-		(1,464)		(1,249)		(2,713)
Total derivative liabilities		4		3,450		294		(1,464)		(1,249)		1,035
Long-term debt		-		2,888		-		-		-		2,888
Other liabilities		46		43		-		-		-		89
Total	$	50	$	6,395	$	4,430	$	(1,464)	$	(1,249)	$	8,162

December 31, 2016							Counterparty		Cash
(in millions)		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Netting^(b)	Collateral			Total
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
U.S. government and government sponsored entities	$	63	$	1,929	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	1,992
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions		-		22,732		2,040		-		-		24,772
Non-U.S. governments		52		14,466		17		-		-		14,535
Corporate debt		-		131,047		1,133		-		-		132,180
RMBS		-		20,468		16,906		-		-		37,374
CMBS		-		12,231		2,040		-		-		14,271
CDO/ABS		-		8,578		7,835		-		-		16,413
Total bonds available for sale		115		211,451		29,971		-		-		241,537
Other bond securities:
U.S. government and government sponsored entities		-		2,939		-		-		-		2,939
Non-U.S. governments		-		51		-		-		-		51
Corporate debt		-		1,755		17		-		-		1,772
RMBS		-		420		1,605		-		-		2,025
CMBS		-		448		155		-		-		603
CDO/ABS		-		905		5,703		-		-		6,608
Total other bond securities		-		6,518		7,480		-		-		13,998
Equity securities available for sale:
Common stock		1,056		9		-		-		-		1,065
Preferred stock		752		-		-		-		-		752
Mutual funds		260		1		-		-		-		261
Total equity securities available for sale		2,068		10		-		-		-		2,078
Other equity securities		482		-		-		-		-		482
Mortgage and other loans receivable		-		-		11		-		-		11
Other invested assets^(a)		-		1		204		-		-		205
Derivative assets:
Interest rate contracts		-		2,328		-		-		-		2,328
Foreign exchange contracts		-		1,320		-		-		-		1,320
Equity contracts		188		59		58		-		-		305
Credit contracts		-		-		2		-		-		2
Other contracts		-		6		16		-		-		22
Counterparty netting and cash collateral		-		-		-		(1,265)		(903)		(2,168)
Total derivative assets		188		3,713		76		(1,265)		(903)		1,809
Short-term investments		2,660		681		-		-		-		3,341
Separate account assets		77,318		5,654		-		-		-		82,972
Total	$	82,831	$	228,028	$	37,742	$	(1,265)	$	(903)	$	346,433
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits	$	-	$	25	$	3,033	$	-	$	-	$	3,058
Other policyholder funds		5		-		-		-		-		5
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate contracts		-		3,039		38		-		-		3,077
Foreign exchange contracts		-		1,358		11		-		-		1,369
Equity contracts		12		7		-		-		-		19
Credit contracts		-		-		331		-		-		331
Other contracts		-		1		5		-		-		6
Counterparty netting and cash collateral		-		-		-		(1,265)		(1,521)		(2,786)
Total derivative liabilities		12		4,405		385		(1,265)		(1,521)		2,016
Long-term debt		-		3,357		71		-		-		3,428
Other liabilities		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total	$	17	$	7,787	$	3,489	$	(1,265)	$	(1,521)	$	8,507

(a) Excludes investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value (NAV) per share (or its equivalent), which totaled $6.0 billion and $6.7 billion as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.

(b) Represents netting of derivative exposures covered by qualifying master netting agreements.

Transfers of Level 1 and Level 2 Assets and Liabilities

Our policy is to record transfers of assets and liabilities between Level 1 and Level 2 at their fair values as of the end of each reporting period, consistent with the date of the determination of fair value. Assets are transferred out of Level 1 when they are no longer transacted with sufficient frequency and volume in an active market. Conversely, assets are transferred from Level 2 to Level 1 when transaction volume and frequency are indicative of an active market.

During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, we transferred $0.4 billion and $1.1 billion, respectively, of securities issued by Non-U.S. government entities from Level 1 to Level 2, because they are no longer considered actively traded. For similar reasons, during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, we transferred $113 million and $34 million, respectively, of securities issued by the U.S. government and government-sponsored entities from Level 1 to Level 2. Additionally, we transferred $126 million of preferred stock from Level 1 to Level 2 during the year ended December 31, 2017. We had no material transfers of preferred stock from Level 1 to Level 2 during the year ended December 31, 2016. There were no material transfers from Level 2 to Level 1 during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.

Changes in Level 3 Recurring Fair Value Measurements

The following tables present changes during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, and the realized and unrealized gains (losses) related to the Level 3 assets and liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2017 and 2016:

				Net																Changes in
				Realized and																Unrealized Gains
				Unrealized				Purchases,								Reclassified				(Losses) Included
		Fair Value		Gains (Losses)		Other		Sales,		Gross		Gross				to Assets		Fair Value		in Income on
		Beginning		Included		Comprehensive		Issuances and		Transfers		Transfers		Divested		Held		End		Instruments Held
(in millions)		of Year		in Income		Income (Loss)		Settlements, Net		In		Out		Businesses		for Sale		of Year		at End of Year
December 31, 2017
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states,
municipalities and
political subdivisions	$	2,040	$	5	$	167	$	216	$	8	$	(32)	$	-	$	-	$	2,404	$	-
Non-U.S. governments		17		(9)		9		(9)		-		-		-		-		8		-
Corporate debt		1,133		(3)		20		(259)		886		(604)		-		-		1,173		-
RMBS		16,906		1,071		942		(2,763)		19		(39)		-		-		16,136		-
CMBS		2,040		35		11		(748)		20		(734)		-		-		624		-
CDO/ABS		7,835		(19)		155		743		-		(63)		-		-		8,651		-
Total bonds available
for sale		29,971		1,080		1,304		(2,820)		933		(1,472)		-		-		28,996		-
Other bond securities:
Corporate debt		17		3		-		10		-		(12)		-		-		18		1
RMBS		1,605		191		-		(313)		14		(33)		-		-		1,464		113
CMBS		155		4		-		24		9		(118)		-		-		74		5
CDO/ABS		5,703		841		-		(1,582)		-		(6)		-		-		4,956		362
Total other bond securities		7,480		1,039		-		(1,861)		23		(169)		-		-		6,512		481
Equity securities available
for sale:
Common stock		-		-		-		1		-		(1)		-		-		-		-
Total equity securities
available for sale		-		-		-		1		-		(1)		-		-		-		-
Other equity securities		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Mortgage and other loans
receivable		11		-		-		(6)		-		-		-		-		5		-
Other invested assets		204		14		(6)		39		-		(1)		-		-		250		6
Total	$	37,666	$	2,133	$	1,298	$	(4,647)	$	956	$	(1,643)	$	-	$	-	$	35,763	$	487
				Net																Changes in
				Realized and																Unrealized Gains
				Unrealized				Purchases,								Reclassified				(Losses) Included
		Fair Value		(Gains) Losses		Other		Sales,		Gross		Gross				to Liabilities		Fair Value		in Income on
		Beginning		Included		Comprehensive		Issuances and		Transfers		Transfers		Divested		Held		End		Instruments Held
(in millions)		of Year		in Income		Income (Loss)		Settlements, Net		In		Out		Businesses		for Sale		of Year		at End of Year
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits	$	3,033	$	807	$	-	$	296	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	4,136	$	(499)
Derivative liabilities, net:
Interest rate contracts		38		(5)		-		(11)		-		-		-		-		22		5
Foreign exchange
contracts		11		(2)		-		(9)		-		-		-		-		-		3
Equity contracts		(58)		(41)		-		17		-		-		-		-		(82)		35
Credit contracts		329		(62)		-		(5)		-		-		-		-		262		61
Other contracts		(11)		(74)		-		73		(3)		-		-		-		(15)		77
Total derivative
liabilities, net^(a)		309		(184)		-		65		(3)		-		-		-		187		181
Long-term debt^(b)		71		16		-		(87)		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total	$	3,413	$	639	$	-	$	274	$	(3)	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	4,323	$	(318)

				Net																Changes in
				Realized and																Unrealized Gains
				Unrealized				Purchases,								Reclassified				(Losses) Included
		Fair Value		Gains (Losses)		Other		Sales,		Gross		Gross				to Assets		Fair Value		in Income on
		Beginning		Included		Comprehensive		Issuances and		Transfers		Transfers		Divested		Held		End		Instruments Held
(in millions)		of Year		in Income		Income (Loss)		Settlements, Net		In		Out		Businesses		for Sale		of Year		at End of Year
December 31, 2016
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states,
municipalities and
political subdivisions	$	2,124	$	5	$	-	$	61	$	2	$	(152)	$	-	$	-	$	2,040	$	-
Non-U.S. governments		32		(3)		(12)		7		1		(5)		-		(3)		17		-
Corporate debt		1,370		(13)		(42)		(111)		920		(977)		(14)		-		1,133		-
RMBS		16,537		970		(24)		(878)		330		(29)		-		-		16,906		-
CMBS		2,585		72		(132)		(323)		23		(185)		-		-		2,040		-
CDO/ABS		6,169		34		(111)		1,720		23		-		-		-		7,835		-
Total bonds available
for sale		28,817		1,065		(321)		476		1,299		(1,348)		(14)		(3)		29,971		-
Other bond securities:
Corporate debt		17		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		17		-
RMBS		1,581		43		-		(1)		-		(18)		-		-		1,605		(24)
CMBS		193		-		-		(38)		-		-		-		-		155		(1)
CDO/ABS		7,055		271		-		(1,623)		65		(65)		-		-		5,703		(393)
Total other bond securities		8,846		314		-		(1,662)		65		(83)		-		-		7,480		(418)
Equity securities available
for sale:
Common stock		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total equity securities
available for sale		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Other equity securities		14		-		-		(14)		-		-		-		-		-		-
Mortgage and other loans
receivable		11		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		11		-
Other invested assets		332		1		-		(75)		-		(54)		-		-		204		8
Total	$	38,020	$	1,380	$	(321)	$	(1,275)	$	1,364	$	(1,485)	$	(14)	$	(3)	$	37,666	$	(410)
				Net																Changes in
				Realized and																Unrealized Gains
				Unrealized				Purchases,								Reclassified				(Losses) Included
		Fair Value		(Gains) Losses		Other		Sales,		Gross		Gross				to Liabilities		Fair Value		in Income on
		Beginning		Included		Comprehensive		Issuances and		Transfers		Transfers		Divested		Held		End		Instruments Held
(in millions)		of Year		in Income		Income (Loss)		Settlements, Net		In		Out		Businesses		for Sale		of Year		at End of Year
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract
deposits	$	2,289	$	441	$	-	$	303	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	3,033	$	(366)
Derivative liabilities, net:
Interest rate contracts		50		(8)		-		(4)		-		-		-		-		38		6
Foreign exchange
contracts		7		5		-		(1)		-		-		-		-		11		(4)
Equity contracts		(54)		(10)		-		6		-		-		-		-		(58)		10
Credit contracts		505		(81)		-		(95)		-		-		-		-		329		71
Other contracts		48		(10)		-		(53)		-		4		-		-		(11)		128
Total derivatives
liabilities, net^(a)		556		(104)		-		(147)		-		4		-		-		309		211
Long-term debt^(b)		183		4		-		(3)		-		(113)		-		-		71		(1)
Total	$	3,028	$	341	$	-	$	153	$	-	$	(109)	$	-	$	-	$	3,413	$	(156)

(a) Total Level 3 derivative exposures have been netted in these tables for presentation purposes only.

(b) Includes guaranteed investment agreements (GIAs), notes, bonds, loans and mortgages payable.

Net realized and unrealized gains and losses included in income related to Level 3 assets and liabilities shown above are reported in the Consolidated Statements of Income as follows:

		Net		Net Realized
		Investment		Capital		Other
(in millions)		Income	Gains (Losses)			Income		Total
December 31, 2017
Assets:
Bonds available for sale	$	1,127	$	(49)	$	2	$	1,080
Other bond securities		308		-		731		1,039
Equity securities available for sale		-		-		-		-
Other equity securities		-		-		-		-
Other invested assets		9		6		(1)		14
December 31, 2016
Assets:
Bonds available for sale	$	1,180	$	(118)	$	3	$	1,065
Other bond securities		110		44		160		314
Equity securities available for sale		-		-		-		-
Other equity securities		-		-		-		-
Other invested assets		13		39		(51)		1
		Net		Net Realized
		Investment		Capital		Other
(in millions)		Income	(Gains) Losses			Income		Total
December 31, 2017
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits		-		807		-		807
Derivative liabilities, net		-		(17)		(167)		(184)
Long-term debt		-		-		16		16
December 31, 2016
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits		-		441		-		441
Derivative liabilities, net		-		(8)		(96)		(104)
Long-term debt		-		-		4		4

The following table presents the gross components of purchases, sales, issuances and settlements, net, shown above for years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 related to Level 3 assets and liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet:

								Purchases, Sales,
						Issuances and		Issuances and
(in millions)		Purchases		Sales		Settlements^(a)		Settlements, Net^(a)
December 31, 2017
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions	$	286	$	(16)	$	(54)	$	216
Non-U.S. governments		9		(1)		(17)		(9)
Corporate debt		36		(59)		(236)		(259)
RMBS		1,199		(260)		(3,702)		(2,763)
CMBS		75		(146)		(677)		(748)
CDO/ABS		2,099		(243)		(1,113)		743
Total bonds available for sale		3,704		(725)		(5,799)		(2,820)
Other bond securities:
Corporate debt		11		-		(1)		10
RMBS		167		(218)		(262)		(313)
CMBS		42		(11)		(7)		24
CDO/ABS		9		(65)		(1,526)		(1,582)
Total other bond securities		229		(294)		(1,796)		(1,861)
Equity securities available for sale		13		-		(12)		1
Other equity securities		-		-		-		-
Mortgage and other loans receivable		-		(6)		-		(6)
Other invested assets		107		(46)		(22)		39
Total assets	$	4,053	$	(1,071)	$	(7,629)	$	(4,647)
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits	$	-	$	344	$	(48)	$	296
Derivative liabilities, net		(4)		-		69		65
Long-term debt^(b)		-		-		(87)		(87)
Total liabilities	$	(4)	$	344	$	(66)	$	274
December 31, 2016
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions	$	164	$	(8)	$	(95)	$	61
Non-U.S. governments		13		-		(6)		7
Corporate debt		29		(25)		(115)		(111)
RMBS		2,635		(81)		(3,432)		(878)
CMBS		156		(98)		(381)		(323)
CDO/ABS		2,460		(99)		(641)		1,720
Total bonds available for sale		5,457		(311)		(4,670)		476
Other bond securities:
Corporate debt		-		-		-		-
RMBS		343		(104)		(240)		(1)
CMBS		53		(86)		(5)		(38)
CDO/ABS		69		(458)		(1,234)		(1,623)
Total other bond securities		465		(648)		(1,479)		(1,662)
Equity securities available for sale		-		-		-		-
Other equity securities		14		-		(28)		(14)
Mortgage and other loans receivable		1		(2)		1		-
Other invested assets		37		(10)		(102)		(75)
Total assets	$	5,974	$	(971)	$	(6,278)	$	(1,275)
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits	$	-	$	437	$	(134)	$	303
Derivative liabilities, net		(6)		-		(141)		(147)
Long-term debt^(b)		-		-		(3)		(3)
Total liabilities	$	(6)	$	437	$	(278)	$	153

(a) There were no issuances during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.

(b) Includes GIAs, notes, bonds, loans and mortgages payable.

Both observable and unobservable inputs may be used to determine the fair values of positions classified in Level 3 in the tables above. As a result, the unrealized gains (losses) on instruments held at December 31, 2017 and 2016 may include changes in fair value that were attributable to both observable (e.g., changes in market interest rates) and unobservable inputs (e.g., changes in unobservable long-dated volatilities).

Transfers of Level 3 Assets and Liabilities

We record transfers of assets and liabilities into or out of Level 3 classification at their fair values as of the end of each reporting period, consistent with the date of the determination of fair value. The Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in income (loss) or Other comprehensive income (loss) as shown in the table above excludes $64 million and $188 million of net losses related to assets and liabilities transferred into Level 3 during 2017 and 2016, respectively, and includes $36 million and $189 million of net losses related to assets and liabilities transferred out of Level 3 during 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Transfers of Level 3 Assets

During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, transfers into Level 3 assets primarily included certain investments in private placement corporate debt, RMBS, CMBS and CDO/ABS. Transfers of private placement corporate debt and certain ABS into Level 3 assets were primarily the result of limited market pricing information that required us to determine fair value for these securities based on inputs that are adjusted to better reflect our own assumptions regarding the characteristics of a specific security or associated market liquidity. The transfers of investments in RMBS, CMBS and CDO and certain ABS into Level 3 assets were due to decreases in market transparency and liquidity for individual security types.

During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, transfers out of Level 3 assets primarily included private placement and other corporate debt, CMBS, RMBS, CDO/ABS and certain investments in municipal securities. Transfers of certain investments in municipal securities, corporate debt, RMBS, CMBS and CDO/ABS out of Level 3 assets were based on consideration of market liquidity as well as related transparency of pricing and associated observable inputs for these investments. Transfers of certain investments in private placement corporate debt and certain ABS out of Level 3 assets were primarily the result of using observable pricing information that reflects the fair value of those securities without the need for adjustment based on our own assumptions regarding the characteristics of a specific security or the current liquidity in the market.

Transfers of Level 3 Liabilities

There were no significant transfers of derivative or other liabilities into or out of Level 3 for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

The table below presents information about the significant unobservable inputs used for recurring fair value measurements for certain Level 3 instruments, and includes only those instruments for which information about the inputs is reasonably available to us, such as data from independent third-party valuation service providers and from internal valuation models. Because input information from third-parties with respect to certain Level 3 instruments (primarily CDO/ABS) may not be reasonably available to us, balances shown below may not equal total amounts reported for such Level 3 assets and liabilities:

		Fair Value at
		December 31,	Valuation		Range
(in millions)		2017	Technique	Unobservable Input^(b)	(Weighted Average)
Assets:

Obligations of states,
municipalities and
political subdivisions	$	1,620	Discounted cash flow	Yield	3.55% - 4.32% (3.94%)

Corporate debt		1,086	Discounted cash flow	Yield	3.26% - 12.22% (7.74%)

RMBS^(a)		16,156	Discounted cash flow	Constant prepayment rate	3.97% - 13.42% (8.69%)
				Loss severity	43.15% - 77.15% (60.15%)
				Constant default rate	3.31% - 8.30% (5.80%)
				Yield	2.73% - 5.19% (3.96%)

CDO/ABS^(a)		5,254	Discounted cash flow	Yield	3.38% - 4.78% (4.08%)

CMBS		487	Discounted cash flow	Yield	2.22% - 7.77% (4.99%)

Liabilities:

Embedded derivatives
within Policyholder
contract deposits:

GMWB		1,994	Discounted cash flow	Equity volatility	6.45% - 51.25%
				Base lapse rate	0.35% - 14.00%
				Dynamic lapse multiplier	30.00% - 170.00%
				Mortality multiplier^(c)	40.00% - 153.00%
				Utilization	90.00% - 100.00%
				Equity / interest-rate correlation	20.00% - 40.00%

Index Annuities		1,603	Discounted cash flow	Lapse rate	0.50% - 40.00%
				Mortality multiplier^(c)	42.00% - 162.00%
				Option Budget	1.00% - 4.00%

Indexed Life		515	Discounted cash flow	Base lapse rate	2.00% - 19.00%
				Mortality rate	0.00% - 40.00%


		Fair Value at
		December 31,	Valuation		Range
(in millions)		2016	Technique	Unobservable Input^(b)	(Weighted Average)
Assets:

Obligations of states,
municipalities and
political subdivisions	$	1,248	Discounted cash flow	Yield	4.12% - 4.91% (4.52%)

Corporate debt		498	Discounted cash flow	Yield	3.41% - 6.38% (4.90%)

RMBS^(a)		17,412	Discounted cash flow	Constant prepayment rate	3.95% - 6.54% (5.25%)
				Loss severity	47.51% - 80.98% (64.24%)
				Constant default rate	3.28% - 8.64% (5.96%)
				Yield	3.28% - 5.87% (4.57%)

CDO/ABS^(a)		4,368	Discounted cash flow	Yield	3.67% - 5.85% (4.76%)

CMBS		1,511	Discounted cash flow	Yield	0.48% - 10.21% (5.34%)

Liabilities:

Embedded derivatives
within Policyholder
contract deposits:

GMWB		1,777	Discounted cash flow	Equity volatility	13.00% - 50.00%
				Base lapse rate	0.50% - 20.00%
				Dynamic lapse multiplier	30.00% - 170.00%
				Mortality multiplier^(c)	42.00% - 161.00%
				Utilization	100.00%
				Equity / interest rate correlation	20.00% - 40.00%

Index Annuities		859	Discounted cash flow	Lapse rate	1.00% - 66.00%
				Mortality multiplier^(c)	101.00% - 103.00%
				Option Budget	1.00% - 4.00%

Indexed Life		381	Discounted cash flow	Base lapse rate	2.00% - 19.00%
				Mortality rate	0.00% - 40.00%

(a) Information received from third-party valuation service providers. The ranges of the unobservable inputs for constant prepayment rate, loss severity and constant default rate relate to each of the individual underlying mortgage loans that comprise the entire portfolio of securities in the RMBS and CDO securitization vehicles and not necessarily to the securitization vehicle bonds (tranches) purchased by us. The ranges of these inputs do not directly correlate to changes in the fair values of the tranches purchased by us, because there are other factors relevant to the fair values of specific tranches owned by us including, but not limited to, purchase price, position in the waterfall, senior versus subordinated position and attachment points.

(b) Represents discount rates, estimates and assumptions that we believe would be used by market participants when valuing these assets and liabilities.

The ranges of reported inputs for Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions, Corporate debt, RMBS, CDO/ABS, and CMBS valued using a discounted cash flow technique consist of one standard deviation in either direction from the value-weighted average. The preceding table does not give effect to our risk management practices that might offset risks inherent in these Level 3 assets and liabilities.

Sensitivity to Changes in Unobservable Inputs

We consider unobservable inputs to be those for which market data is not available and that are developed using the best information available to us about the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability. Relevant inputs vary depending on the nature of the instrument being measured at fair value. The following paragraphs provide a general description of sensitivities of significant unobservable inputs along with interrelationships between and among the significant unobservable inputs and their impact on the fair value measurements. The effect of a change in a particular assumption in the sensitivity analysis below is considered independently of changes in any other assumptions. In practice, simultaneous changes in assumptions may not always have a linear effect on the inputs discussed below. Interrelationships may also exist between observable and unobservable inputs. Such relationships have not been included in the discussion below. For each of the individual relationships described below, the inverse relationship would also generally apply.

Obligations of States, Municipalities and Political Subdivisions

The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of certain investments in obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions is yield. In general, increases in the yield would decrease the fair value of investments in obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions.

Corporate Debt

Corporate debt securities included in Level 3 are primarily private placement issuances that are not traded in active markets or that are subject to transfer restrictions. Fair value measurements consider illiquidity and non-transferability. When observable price quotations are not available, fair value is determined based on discounted cash flow models using discount rates based on credit spreads, yields or price levels of publicly-traded debt of the issuer or other comparable securities, considering illiquidity and structure. The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of corporate debt is the yield. The yield is affected by the market movements in credit spreads and U.S. Treasury yields. In addition, the migration in credit quality of a given security generally has a corresponding effect on the fair value measurement of the security. For example, a downward migration of credit quality would increase spreads. Holding U.S. Treasury rates constant, an increase in corporate credit spreads would decrease the fair value of corporate debt.

RMBS and CDO/ABS

The significant unobservable inputs used in fair value measurements of RMBS and certain CDO/ABS valued by third-party valuation service providers are constant prepayment rates (CPR), loss severity, constant default rates (CDR) and yield. A change in the assumptions used for the probability of default will generally be accompanied by a corresponding change in the assumption used for the loss severity and an inverse change in the assumption used for prepayment rates. In general, increases in CPR, loss severity, CDR and yield, in isolation, would result in a decrease in the fair value measurement. Changes in fair value based on variations in assumptions generally cannot be extrapolated because the relationship between the directional change of each input is not usually linear.

CMBS

The significant unobservable input used in fair value measurements for CMBS is the yield. Prepayment assumptions for each mortgage pool are factored into the yield. CMBS generally feature a lower degree of prepayment risk than RMBS because commercial mortgages generally contain a penalty for prepayment. In general, increases in the yield would decrease the fair value of CMBS.

Embedded derivatives within Policyholder contract deposits

Embedded derivatives reported within Policyholder contract deposits include GMWB within variable annuity products and interest crediting rates based on market indices within index annuities, indexed life and guaranteed investment contracts (GICs). For any given contract, assumptions for unobservable inputs vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative. The following unobservable inputs are used for valuing embedded derivatives measured at fair value:

Long-term equity volatilities represent equity volatility beyond the period for which observable equity volatilities are available. Increases in assumed volatility will generally increase the fair value of both the projected cash flows from rider fees as well as the projected cash flows related to benefit payments. Therefore, the net change in the fair value of the liability may be either a decrease or an increase, depending on the relative changes in projected rider fees and projected benefit payments.
Equity / interest rate correlation estimates the relationship between changes in equity returns and interest rates in the economic scenario generator used to value our GMWB embedded derivatives. In general, a higher positive correlation assumes that equity markets and interest rates move in a more correlated fashion, which generally increases the fair value of the liability.
Base lapse rate assumptions are determined by company experience and are adjusted at the contract level using a dynamic lapse function, which reduces the base lapse rate when the contract is in-the-money (when the contract holder’s guaranteed value, as estimated by the company, is worth more than their underlying account value). Lapse rates are also generally assumed to be lower in periods when a surrender charge applies. Increases in assumed lapse rates will generally decrease the fair value of the liability, as fewer policyholders would persist to collect guaranteed withdrawal amounts.
Mortality rate assumptions, which vary by age and gender, are based on company experience and include a mortality improvement assumption. Increases in assumed mortality rates will decrease the fair value of the liability, while lower mortality rate assumptions will generally increase the fair value of the liability, because guaranteed payments will be made for a longer period of time.
Utilization assumptions estimate the timing when policyholders with a GMWB will elect to utilize their benefit and begin taking withdrawals. The assumptions may vary by the type of guarantee, tax-qualified status, the contract’s withdrawal history and the age of the policyholder. Utilization assumptions are based on company experience, which includes partial withdrawal behavior. Increases in assumed utilization rates will generally increase the fair value of the liability.
Option budget estimates the expected long-term cost of options used to hedge exposures associated with equity price changes. The level of option budgets determines future costs of the options, which impacts the growth in account value and the valuation of embedded derivatives.

Investments in Certain Entities Carried at Fair Value Using Net Asset Value Per Share

The following table includes information related to our investments in certain other invested assets, including private equity funds, hedge funds and other alternative investments that calculate net asset value per share (or its equivalent). For these investments, which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, we use the net asset value per share to measure fair value.

		December 31, 2017				December 31, 2016
			Fair Value Using Net Asset Value Per Share (or its equivalent)				Fair Value Using Net Asset Value Per Share (or its equivalent)

					Unfunded				Unfunded
(in millions)	Investment Category Includes				Commitments				Commitments
Investment Category
Private equity funds:
Leveraged buyout	Debt and/or equity investments made as part of a transaction in which assets of mature companies are acquired from the current shareholders, typically with the use of financial leverage	$	1,243	$	706	$	1,424	$	750

Real Estate / Infrastructure	Investments in real estate properties and infrastructure positions, including power plants and other energy generating facilities		210		187		258		208

Venture capital	Early-stage, high-potential, growth companies expected to generate a return through an eventual realization event, such as an initial public offering or sale of the company		134		73		137		31

Distressed	Securities of companies that are in default, under bankruptcy protection, or troubled		113		42		123		44

Other	Includes multi-strategy, mezzanine, and other strategies		428		219		312		215
Total private equity funds			2,128		1,227		2,254		1,248
Hedge funds:
Event-driven	Securities of companies undergoing material structural changes, including mergers, acquisitions and other reorganizations		1,128		-		1,453		9

Long-short	Securities that the manager believes are undervalued, with corresponding short positions to hedge market risk		1,233		-		1,429		-

Macro	Investments that take long and short positions in financial instruments based on a top-down view of certain economic and capital market conditions		1,011		-		992		-

Distressed	Securities of companies that are in default, under bankruptcy protection or troubled		266		8		416		8


Other	Includes investments held in funds that are less liquid, as well as other strategies which allow for broader allocation between public and private investments		231		4		197		14
Total hedge funds			3,869		12		4,487		31
Total		$	5,997	$	1,239	$	6,741	$	1,279

Private equity fund investments included above are not redeemable, because distributions from the funds will be received when underlying investments of the funds are liquidated. Private equity funds are generally expected to have 10-year lives at their inception, but these lives may be extended at the fund manager’s discretion, typically in one or two-year increments. At December 31, 2017, assuming average original expected lives of 10 years for the funds, 58 percent of the total fair value using net asset value per share (or its equivalent) presented above would have expected remaining lives of three years or less, 17 percent between four and six years and 25 percent between seven and 10 years.

The hedge fund investments included above, which are carried at fair value, are generally redeemable monthly (22 percent), quarterly (43 percent), semi-annually (12 percent) and annually (23 percent), with redemption notices ranging from one day to 180 days. At December 31, 2017, investments representing approximately 49 percent of the total fair value of these hedge fund investments had partial contractual redemption restrictions. These partial redemption restrictions are generally related to one or more investments held in the hedge funds that the fund manager deemed to be illiquid. The majority of these contractual restrictions, which may have been put in place at the fund’s inception or thereafter, have pre-defined end dates. The majority of these restrictions are generally expected to be lifted by the end of 2018.

Fair Value Option

Under the fair value option, we may elect to measure at fair value financial assets and financial liabilities that are not otherwise required to be carried at fair value. Subsequent changes in fair value for designated items are reported in earnings. We elect the fair value option for certain hybrid securities given the complexity of bifurcating the economic components associated with the embedded derivatives.

For additional information related to embedded derivatives refer to Note 11 herein.

Additionally, we elect the fair value option for certain alternative investments when such investments are eligible for this election. We believe this measurement basis is consistent with the applicable accounting guidance used by the respective investment company funds themselves.

For additional information on securities and other invested assets for which we have elected the fair value option refer to Note 6 herein.

The following table presents the gains or losses recorded related to the eligible instruments for which we elected the fair value option:

Years Ended December 31,	Gain (Loss)
(in millions)		2017		2016		2015
Assets:
Bond and equity securities	$	1,646	$	447	$	616
Alternative investments^(a)		509		28		36
Other, including Short-term investments		1		-		2
Liabilities:
Long-term debt^(b)		(49)		(9)		(38)
Other liabilities		(2)		-		(3)
Total gain	$	2,105	$	466	$	613

(a) Includes certain hedge funds, private equity funds and other investment partnerships.

(b) Includes GIAs, notes, bonds and mortgages payable.

Interest income and dividend income on assets measured under the fair value option are recognized and included in Net investment income in the Consolidated Statements of Income with the exception of activity within AIG’s Other Operations category, which is included in Other income. Interest expense on liabilities measured under the fair value option is reported in Other Income in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

For additional information about our policies for recognition, measurement, and disclosure of interest and dividend income see Note 6 herein.

During 2017, 2016 and 2015, we recognized gains of $4 million and $22 million, and loss of $4 million, respectively, attributable to the observable effect of changes in credit spreads on our own liabilities for which the fair value option was elected. We calculate the effect of these credit spread changes using discounted cash flow techniques that incorporate current market interest rates, our observable credit spreads on these liabilities and other factors that mitigate the risk of nonperformance such as cash collateral posted.

The following table presents the difference between fair values and the aggregate contractual principal amounts of mortgage and other loans receivable and long-term debt for which the fair value option was elected:

	December 31, 2017						December 31, 2016
			Outstanding						Outstanding
(in millions)	Fair Value		Principal Amount		Difference		Fair Value		Principal Amount		Difference
Assets:
Mortgage and other loans receivable	$	5	$	5	$	-	$	11	$	8	$	3
Liabilities:
Long-term debt^*	$	2,888	$	2,280	$	608	$	3,428	$	2,628	$	800

* Includes GIAs, notes, bonds, loans and mortgages payable.

There were no mortgage or other loans receivable for which the fair value option was elected that were 90 days or more past due or in non-accrual status at December 31, 2017 or 2016.

FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS ON A NON-RECURRING BASIS

We measure the fair value of certain assets on a non-recurring basis, generally quarterly, annually or when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. These assets include cost and equity-method investments, commercial mortgage loans, investments in life settlements, investments in real estate and other fixed assets, goodwill and other intangible assets.

For additional information about how we test various asset classes for impairment see Notes 6 and 7 herein.

Information regarding the estimation of fair value for financial instruments measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis is discussed below:

Impairments for Other investments for the period ended December 31, 2015 primarily relate to certain investments in affordable housing partnerships, the fair values of which are determined based on remaining tax credits and other residual benefits due from the respective partnerships. Residual benefits include consideration of the fair value of underlying real estate properties, which is determined based on market-appropriate capitalization rates applied to net operating income of the properties. Impairments for Other investments for the period ended December 31, 2016 primarily relate to certain investments in aircraft, the fair values of which are determined based on third-party independent appraisals that use industry specific appraisal standards and methodologies. Impairments for Other investments for the period ended December 31, 2017 primarily relate to commercial mortgage loans, the fair values of which are determined based on independent broker quotations or valuation models using unobservable inputs, as well as the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral or the present value of the expected future cash flows. The rest of the impairments relate to real estate investments, the fair values of which are determined based on third-party independent appraisals or discounted cash-flow models, as well as certain investments in aircraft, the fair values of which are determined based on third-party independent appraisals that use industry-specific appraisal standards and methodologies.
Impairments of Investments in Life Settlements are measured using their fair values as determined using a discounted cash flow methodology that incorporates the best available market assumptions for mortality as well as market yields based on reported transactions or the anticipated sale price, as appropriate. Effective December 31, 2015, AIG adopted the Society of Actuaries 2015 Valuation Basic Table (VBT) as the market mortality assumption used to measure fair value of impaired policies.

The following table presents assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at the time of impairment and the related impairment charges recorded during the periods presented:

		Assets at Fair Value							Impairment Charges
		Non-Recurring Basis							December 31,
(in millions)		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		2017		2016		2015
December 31, 2017
Other investments	$	-	$	-	$	55	$	55	$	77	$	76	$	189
Investments in life settlements		-		-		-		-		360		397		540
Other assets^*		-		-		-		-		157		19		80
Total	$	-	$	-	$	55	$	55	$	594	$	492	$	809
December 31, 2016
Other investments	$	-	$	-	$	364	$	364
Investments in life settlements		-		-		736		736
Other assets		-		-		2		2
Total	$	-	$	-	$	1,102	$	1,102

* Impairments include $35 million related to other assets that were sold in 2017.

FAIR VALUE INFORMATION ABOUT FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS NOT MEASURED AT FAIR VALUE

Information regarding the estimation of fair value for financial instruments not carried at fair value (excluding insurance contracts and lease contracts) is discussed below:

Mortgage and other loans receivable: Fair values of loans on commercial real estate and other loans receivable are estimated for disclosure purposes using discounted cash flow calculations based on discount rates that we believe market participants would use in determining the price that they would pay for such assets. For certain loans, our current incremental lending rates for similar types of loans are used as the discount rates, because we believe this rate approximates the rates market participants would use. Fair values of residential mortgage loans are generally determined based on market prices, using market based adjustments for credit and servicing as appropriate. The fair values of policy loans are generally estimated based on unpaid principal amount as of each reporting date. No consideration is given to credit risk because policy loans are effectively collateralized by the cash surrender value of the policies.
Other invested assets: The majority of Other invested assets that are not measured at fair value in 2016 represent investments in life settlements. The fair value of investments in life settlements is determined using a discounted cash flow methodology that incorporates the best available market assumptions for longevity as well as market yields based on reported transactions. Due to the individual life nature of each investment in life settlements and the illiquidity of the existing market, significant inputs to the fair value are unobservable. The majority of the Other invested assets that are not measured at fair value in 2017 represent time deposits with the original maturity at purchase greater than one year. The fair value of long-term time deposits is determined using the expected discounted future cash flow.
Cash and short-term investments: The carrying amounts of these assets approximate fair values because of the relatively short period of time between origination and expected realization, and their limited exposure to credit risk.
Policyholder contract deposits associated with investment-type contracts: Fair values for policyholder contract deposits associated with investment-type contracts not accounted for at fair value are estimated using discounted cash flow calculations based on interest rates currently being offered for similar contracts with maturities consistent with those of the contracts being valued. When no similar contracts are being offered, the discount rate is the appropriate swap rate (if available) or current risk-free interest rate consistent with the currency in which the cash flows are denominated. To determine fair value, other factors include current policyholder account values and related surrender charges and other assumptions include expectations about policyholder behavior and an appropriate risk margin.
Other liabilities: The majority of Other liabilities that are financial instruments not measured at fair value represent secured financing arrangements, including repurchase agreements. The carrying amounts of these liabilities approximate fair value, because the financing arrangements are short-term and are secured by cash or other liquid collateral.
Long-term debt: Fair values of these obligations were determined by reference to quoted market prices, when available and appropriate, or discounted cash flow calculations based upon our current market-observable implicit-credit-spread rates for similar types of borrowings with maturities consistent with those remaining for the debt being valued.

The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of our financial instruments not measured at fair value and indicates the level in the fair value hierarchy of the estimated fair value measurement based on the observability of the inputs used:

	Estimated Fair Value									Carrying
(in millions)		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Value
December 31, 2017
Assets:
Mortgage and other loans receivable	$	-	$	117	$	37,644	$	37,761	$	37,018
Other invested assets		-		590		6		596		593
Short-term investments		-		7,771		-		7,771		7,771
Cash		2,362		-		-		2,362		2,362
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits associated
with investment-type contracts		-		387		121,809		122,196		114,326
Other liabilities		-		4,494		-		4,494		4,494
Long-term debt		-		23,930		4,313		28,243		28,752
December 31, 2016
Assets:
Mortgage and other loans receivable	$	-	$	161	$	33,575	$	33,736	$	33,229
Other invested assets		-		955		2,053		3,008		3,474
Short-term investments		-		8,961		-		8,961		8,961
Cash		1,868		-		-		1,868		1,868
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits associated
with investment-type contracts		-		382		121,742		122,124		112,705
Other liabilities		-		4,196		-		4,196		4,196
Long-term debt		-		23,117		3,333		26,450		27,484

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

+ References + Details