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FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2017
FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS  
FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

5Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis

Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets are measured and classified in accordance with a fair value hierarchy consisting of three “levels” based on the observability of valuation inputs:

  • Level 1: Fair value measurements based on quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets that we have the ability to access for identical assets or liabilities. Market price data generally is obtained from exchange or dealer markets. We do not adjust the quoted price for such instruments.
  • Level 2: Fair value measurements based on inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals.
  • Level 3: Fair value measurements based on valuation techniques that use significant inputs that are unobservable. Both observable and unobservable inputs may be used to determine the fair values of positions classified in Level 3. The circumstances for using these measurements include those in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability. Therefore, we must make certain assumptions about the inputs a hypothetical market participant would use to value that asset or liability.

In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table presents information about assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicates the level of the fair value measurement based on the observability of the inputs used:

September 30, 2017 CounterpartyCash
(in millions) Level 1Level 2Level 3Netting(b)CollateralTotal
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
U.S. government and government sponsored entities$1$2,383$-$-$-$2,384
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions-16,4602,371--18,831
Non-U.S. governments5615,52611--15,593
Corporate debt-132,4751,210--133,685
RMBS-21,09516,414--37,509
CMBS-12,853665--13,518
CDO/ABS-7,8378,414--16,251
Total bonds available for sale57208,62929,085--237,771
Other bond securities:
U.S. government and government sponsored entities332,796---2,829
Non-U.S. governments-55---55
Corporate debt-1,84418--1,862
RMBS-4261,443--1,869
CMBS-49165--556
CDO/ABS-6484,834--5,482
Total other bond securities336,2606,360--12,653
Equity securities available for sale:
Common stock1,051-5--1,056
Preferred stock18559---577
Mutual funds74----74
Total equity securities available for sale1,1435595--1,707
Other equity securities538----538
Mortgage and other loans receivable--5--5
Other invested assets(a)-1259--260
Derivative assets:
Interest rate contracts22,252---2,254
Foreign exchange contracts-867---867
Equity contracts19120969--469
Credit contracts--1--1
Other contracts-221--23
Counterparty netting and cash collateral---(1,390)(1,324)(2,714)
Total derivative assets1933,33091(1,390)(1,324)900
Short-term investments2,247356---2,603
Separate account assets84,2395,061---89,300
Total$88,450$224,196$35,805$(1,390)$(1,324)$345,737
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$-$14$3,974$-$-$3,988
Other policyholder funds------
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate contracts-2,22826--2,254
Foreign exchange contracts-1,2983--1,301
Equity contracts563---59
Credit contracts-4274--278
Other contracts--5--5
Counterparty netting and cash collateral---(1,390)(1,395)(2,785)
Total derivative liabilities563,533308(1,390)(1,395)1,112
Long-term debt-2,9953--2,998
Other liabilities7533---108
Total$131$6,575$4,285$(1,390)$(1,395)$8,206

December 31, 2016 CounterpartyCash
(in millions) Level 1Level 2Level 3Netting(b)CollateralTotal
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
U.S. government and government sponsored entities$63$1,929$-$-$-$1,992
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions-22,7322,040--24,772
Non-U.S. governments5214,46617--14,535
Corporate debt-131,0471,133--132,180
RMBS-20,46816,906--37,374
CMBS-12,2312,040--14,271
CDO/ABS-8,5787,835--16,413
Total bonds available for sale115211,45129,971--241,537
Other bond securities:
U.S. government and government sponsored entities-2,939---2,939
Non-U.S. governments-51---51
Corporate debt-1,75517--1,772
RMBS-4201,605--2,025
CMBS-448155--603
CDO/ABS-9055,703--6,608
Total other bond securities-6,5187,480--13,998
Equity securities available for sale:
Common stock1,0569---1,065
Preferred stock752----752
Mutual funds2601---261
Total equity securities available for sale2,06810---2,078
Other equity securities482----482
Mortgage and other loans receivable--11--11
Other invested assets(a)-1204--205
Derivative assets:
Interest rate contracts-2,328---2,328
Foreign exchange contracts-1,320---1,320
Equity contracts1885958--305
Credit contracts--2--2
Other contracts-616--22
Counterparty netting and cash collateral---(1,265)(903)(2,168)
Total derivative assets1883,71376(1,265)(903)1,809
Short-term investments2,660681---3,341
Separate account assets77,3185,654---82,972
Total$82,831$228,028$37,742$(1,265)$(903)$346,433
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$-$25$3,033$-$-$3,058
Other policyholder funds5----5
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate contracts-3,03938--3,077
Foreign exchange contracts-1,35811--1,369
Equity contracts127---19
Credit contracts--331--331
Other contracts-15--6
Counterparty netting and cash collateral---(1,265)(1,521)(2,786)
Total derivative liabilities124,405385(1,265)(1,521)2,016
Long-term debt-3,35771--3,428
Total$17$7,787$3,489$(1,265)$(1,521)$8,507

(a) Excludes investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value (NAV) per share (or its equivalent), which totaled $6.2 billion and $6.7 billion as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.

(b) Represents netting of derivative exposures covered by qualifying master netting agreements.

Transfers of Level 1 and Level 2 Assets and Liabilities

Our policy is to record transfers of assets and liabilities between Level 1 and Level 2 at their fair values as of the end of each reporting period, consistent with the date of the determination of fair value. Assets are transferred out of Level 1 when they are no longer transacted with sufficient frequency and volume in an active market. Conversely, assets are transferred from Level 2 to Level 1 when transaction volume and frequency are indicative of an active market.

We had no material transfers of preferred stock or securities issued by the U.S. government and government sponsored entities from Level 1 to Level 2 during the three-month period ended September 30, 2017. During the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2017, we transferred $300 million and $352 million, respectively, of securities issued by Non-U.S. government entities from Level 1 to Level 2, as they are no longer considered actively traded. For similar reasons, during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2017, we transferred $113 million of securities issued by the U.S. government and government sponsored entities from Level 1 to Level 2. Additionally, we transferred $126 million of preferred stock from Level 1 to Level 2 during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2017. We had no material transfers from Level 2 to Level 1 during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2017.

During the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2016, we transferred $635 million and $946 million, respectively, of securities issued by Non-U.S. government entities from Level 1 to Level 2, as they are no longer considered actively traded. For similar reasons, during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2016, we transferred $18 million and $34 million, respectively, of securities issued by the U.S. government and government sponsored entities from Level 1 to Level 2. We had no material transfers from Level 2 to Level 1 during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2016.

Changes in Level 3 Recurring Fair Value Measurements

The following tables present changes during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, and the realized and unrealized gains (losses) related to the Level 3 assets and liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2017 and 2016:

Net Changes in
Realized and Unrealized Gains
UnrealizedPurchases, Reclassified (Losses) Included
Fair ValueGains (Losses)OtherSales,GrossGrossto AssetsFair Valuein Income on
BeginningIncludedComprehensiveIssues andTransfersTransfersHeldEndInstruments Held
(in millions)of Periodin IncomeIncome (Loss)Settlements, NetInOutfor Saleof Periodat End of Period
Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities
and political subdivisions$2,285$2$38$52$-$(6)$-$2,371$-
Non-U.S. governments12(5)4----11-
Corporate debt9325(2)(53)449(121)-1,210-
RMBS16,393253495(731)11(7)-16,414-
CMBS73525(77)---665-
CDO/ABS8,6058(12)(166)-(21)-8,414-
Total bonds available for sale28,962265528(975)460(155)-29,085-
Other bond securities:
Corporate debt281---(11)-18-
RMBS1,51063-(130)---1,44349
CMBS662-42-(45)-653
CDO/ABS5,234111-(505)-(6)-4,834(34)
Total other bond securities6,838177-(593)-(62)-6,36018
Equity securities available for sale:
Common stock7--(2)---5-
Total equity securities available for sale7--(2)---5-
Other equity securities---------
Mortgage and other loans receivable5------5-
Other invested assets225-(2)36---259(3)
Total$36,037$442$526$(1,534)$460$(217)$-$35,714$15
Net Changes in
Realized and Unrealized Gains
UnrealizedPurchases, Reclassified (Losses) Included
Fair Value(Gains) LossesOtherSales,GrossGrossto LiabilitiesFair Valuein Income on
BeginningIncludedComprehensiveIssues andTransfersTransfersHeldEndInstruments Held
(in millions)of Periodin IncomeIncome (Loss)Settlements, NetInOutfor Saleof Periodat End of Period
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$3,518$299$-$157$-$-$-$3,974$1
Derivative liabilities, net:
Interest rate contracts30(2)-(2)---261
Foreign exchange contracts7--(4)---3-
Equity contracts(63)(11)-5---(69)8
Credit contracts293(19)-(1)---27319
Other contracts(16)(19)-19---(16)12
Total derivative liabilities, net(a)251(51)-17---21740
Long-term debt(b)612-(60)---34
Total$3,830$250$-$114$-$-$-$4,194$45

Net Changes in
Realized and Unrealized Gains
UnrealizedPurchases, Reclassified (Losses) Included
Fair ValueGains (Losses)OtherSales,GrossGrossto AssetsFair Valuein Income on
BeginningIncludedComprehensiveIssues andTransfersTransfersHeldEndInstruments Held
(in millions)of Periodin IncomeIncome (Loss)Settlements, NetInOutfor Saleof Periodat End of Period
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities
and political subdivisions$2,040$3$123$221$8$(24)$-$2,371$-
Non-U.S. governments17(5)5(6)---11-
Corporate debt1,1336(2)(219)655(363)-1,210-
RMBS16,906806992(2,270)19(39)-16,414-
CMBS2,0402512(699)-(713)-665-
CDO/ABS7,835(14)168478-(53)-8,414-
Total bonds available for sale29,9718211,298(2,495)682(1,192)-29,085-
Other bond securities:
Corporate debt172-10-(11)-181
RMBS1,605184-(313)-(33)-1,443116
CMBS1554-24-(118)-656
CDO/ABS5,703459-(1,322)-(6)-4,83491
Total other bond securities7,480649-(1,601)-(168)-6,360214
Equity securities available for sale:
Common stock---6-(1)-5-
Total equity securities available for sale---6-(1)-5-
Other equity securities---------
Mortgage and other loans receivable11--(6)---5-
Other invested assets2043(5)58-(1)-2591
Total$37,666$1,473$1,293$(4,038)$682$(1,362)$-$35,714$215
Net Changes in
Realized and Unrealized Gains
UnrealizedPurchases, Reclassified (Losses) Included
Fair Value(Gains) LossesOtherSales,GrossGrossto LiabilitiesFair Valuein Income on
BeginningIncludedComprehensiveIssues andTransfersTransfersHeldEndInstruments Held
(in millions)of Periodin IncomeIncome (Loss)Settlements, NetInOutfor Saleof Periodat End of Period
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$3,033$594$-$347$-$-$-$3,974$3
Derivative liabilities, net:
Interest rate contracts38(3)-(9)---263
Foreign exchange contracts111-(9)---3(1)
Equity contracts(58)(26)-15---(69)22
Credit contracts329(55)-(1)---27353
Other contracts(11)(58)-56(3)--(16)57
Total derivative liabilities, net(a)309(141)-52(3)--217134
Long-term debt(b)7116-(84)---3-
Total$3,413$469$-$315$(3)$-$-$4,194$137

Net Changes in
Realized and Unrealized Gains
UnrealizedPurchases, Reclassified (Losses) Included
Fair valueGains (Losses)OtherSales,GrossGrossto AssetsFair valuein Income on
BeginningIncludedComprehensiveIssues andTransfersTransfersHeldEndInstruments Held
(in millions)of Periodin IncomeIncome (Loss)Settlements, NetInOutfor Saleof Periodat End of Period
Three Months Ended September 30, 2016
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities
and political subdivisions$2,313$1$(5)$58$2$(78)$-$2,291$-
Non-U.S. governments28(3)(9)3---19-
Corporate debt836(4)7(6)267(82)(1)1,017-
RMBS16,779255304(165)36--17,209-
CMBS2,29512(5)(1)2(32)(6)2,265-
CDO/ABS7,075716728--(81)7,745-
Total bonds available for sale29,326268308617307(192)(88)30,546-
Other bond securities:
Corporate debt181-----19-
RMBS1,48630-(120)---1,39612
CMBS1686-(15)---1594
CDO/ABS6,312175-(506)---5,981-
Total other bond securities7,984212-(641)---7,55516
Equity securities available for sale:
Common stock---------
Total equity securities available for sale---------
Other equity securities14--(14)-----
Mortgage and other loans receivable11------11-
Other invested assets241(4)118---256-
Total$37,576$476$309$(20)$307$(192)$(88)$38,368$16
Net Changes in
Realized and Unrealized Gains
UnrealizedPurchases, Reclassified (Losses) Included
Fair value(Gains) LossesOtherSales,GrossGrossto LiabilitiesFair valuein Income on
BeginningIncludedComprehensiveIssues andTransfersTransfersHeldEndInstruments Held
of Periodin IncomeIncome (Loss)Settlements, NetInOutfor Saleof Periodat End of Period
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$3,990$65$-$(33)$-$-$-$4,022$1
Derivative liabilities, net:
Interest rate contracts46(3)-9---524
Foreign exchange contracts91-(1)---9(1)
Equity contracts(52)(5)-3---(54)5
Credit contracts373(36)-7-1-34528
Other contracts102(16)-4---9033
Total derivatives liabilities, net(a)478(59)-22-1-44269
Long-term debt(b)673-----70-
Other liabilities--------(3)
Total$4,535$9$-$(11)$-$1$-$4,534$67

Net Changes in
Realized and Unrealized Gains
UnrealizedPurchases, Reclassified (Losses) Included
Fair valueGains (Losses)OtherSales,GrossGrossto AssetsFair valuein Income on
BeginningIncludedComprehensiveIssues andTransfersTransfersHeldEndInstruments Held
(in millions)of Periodin IncomeIncome (Loss)Settlements, NetInOutfor Saleof Periodat End of Period
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities
and political subdivisions$2,124$3$189$51$2$(78)$-$2,291$-
Non-U.S. governments32(3)(11)5-(4)-19-
Corporate debt1,370(1)(10)(42)581(880)(1)1,017-
RMBS16,537734(55)(337)330--17,209-
CMBS2,58570(83)(169)2(134)(6)2,265-
CDO/ABS6,16927591,54823-(81)7,745-
Total bonds available for sale28,817830891,056938(1,096)(88)30,546-
Other bond securities:
Corporate debt173-(1)---193
RMBS1,5817-(174)-(18)-1,396(48)
CMBS1934-(38)---15914
CDO/ABS7,055151-(1,225)65(65)-5,981(378)
Total other bond securities8,846165-(1,438)65(83)-7,555(409)
Equity securities available for sale:
Common stock---------
Total equity securities available for sale---------
Other equity securities14--(14)-----
Mortgage and other loans receivable11------11-
Other invested assets332(5)2(19)-(54)-256(2)
Total$38,020$990$91$(415)$1,003$(1,233)$(88)$38,368$(411)
Net Changes in
Realized and Unrealized Gains
UnrealizedPurchases, Reclassified (Losses) Included
Fair value(Gains) LossesOtherSales,GrossGrossto LiabilitiesFair valuein Income on
BeginningIncludedComprehensiveIssues andTransfersTransfersHeldEndInstruments Held
(in millions)of Periodin IncomeIncome (Loss)Settlements, NetInOutfor Saleof Periodat End of Period
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$2,289$1,508$-$225$-$-$-$4,022$38
Derivative liabilities, net:
Interest rate contracts504-(2)---52(5)
Foreign exchange contracts73-(1)---9(2)
Equity contracts(54)(5)-5---(54)5
Credit contracts505(70)-(91)-1-34556
Other contracts4814-28---903
Total derivatives liabilities, net(a)556(54)-(61)-1-44257
Long-term debt(b)1833-(3)-(113)-70-
Total$3,028$1,457$-$161$-$(112)$-$4,534$95

(a) Total Level 3 derivative exposures have been netted in these tables for presentation purposes only.

(b) Includes guaranteed investment agreements (GIAs), notes, bonds, loans and mortgages payable.

Net realized and unrealized gains and losses included in income related to Level 3 assets and liabilities shown above are reported in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income as follows:

NetNet Realized
InvestmentCapital Other
(in millions)IncomeGains (Losses)IncomeTotal
Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
Bonds available for sale$257$8$-$265
Other bond securities87(2)92177
Other invested assets21(3)-
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
Bonds available for sale$849$(28)$-$821
Other bond securities259-390649
Other invested assets5(1)(1)3
Three Months Ended September 30, 2016
Bonds available for sale$294$(27)$1$268
Other bond securities3713162212
Other invested assets5(3)(6)(4)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016
Bonds available for sale$883$(56)$3$830
Other bond securities294591165
Other invested assets229(36)(5)
NetNet Realized
InvestmentCapital Other
(in millions)IncomeGains (Losses)IncomeTotal
Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
Policyholder contract deposits$-$299$-$299
Derivative liabilities, net-(5)(46)(51)
Long-term debt--22
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
Policyholder contract deposits$-$594$-$594
Derivative liabilities, net-(13)(128)(141)
Long-term debt--1616
Three Months Ended September 30, 2016
Policyholder contract deposits$-$65$-$65
Derivative liabilities, net-(5)(54)(59)
Long-term debt--33
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016
Policyholder contract deposits$-$1,508$-$1,508
Derivative liabilities, net-(1)(53)(54)
Long-term debt--33

The following table presents the gross components of purchases, sales, issues and settlements, net, shown above, for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 related to Level 3 assets and liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets:

Purchases,
Sales, Issues and
(in millions)PurchasesSalesSettlementsSettlements, Net(a)
Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions$56$-$(4)$52
Non-U.S. governments7-(7)-
Corporate debt6(5)(54)(53)
RMBS194(16)(909)(731)
CMBS-(17)(60)(77)
CDO/ABS402(136)(432)(166)
Total bonds available for sale665(174)(1,466)(975)
Other bond securities:
Corporate debt----
RMBS-(51)(79)(130)
CMBS42--42
CDO/ABS-(57)(448)(505)
Total other bond securities42(108)(527)(593)
Equity securities available for sale4-(6)(2)
Other equity securities----
Other invested assets46(9)(1)36
Total assets$757$(291)$(2,000)$(1,534)
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$-$79$78$157
Derivative liabilities, net--1717
Long-term debt(b)--(60)(60)
Total liabilities$-$79$35$114
Three Months Ended September 30, 2016
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions$98$-$(40)$58
Non-U.S. governments7-(4)3
Corporate debt--(6)(6)
RMBS754(23)(896)(165)
CMBS50(24)(27)(1)
CDO/ABS902(22)(152)728
Total bonds available for sale1,811(69)(1,125)617
Other bond securities:
Corporate debt----
RMBS12(74)(58)(120)
CMBS-(14)(1)(15)
CDO/ABS-(340)(166)(506)
Total other bond securities12(428)(225)(641)
Equity securities available for sale----
Other equity securities--(14)(14)
Other invested assets21-(3)18
Total assets$1,844$(497)$(1,367)$(20)
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$-$95$(128)$(33)
Derivative liabilities, net(2)-2422
Long-term debt(b)----
Total liabilities$(2)$95$(104)$(11)

Purchases,
Sales, Issues and
(in millions)PurchasesSalesSettlementsSettlements, Net(a)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions$279$(16)$(42)$221
Non-U.S. governments7(1)(12)(6)
Corporate debt36(59)(196)(219)
RMBS834(260)(2,844)(2,270)
CMBS39(128)(610)(699)
CDO/ABS1,609(136)(995)478
Total bonds available for sale2,804(600)(4,699)(2,495)
Other bond securities:
Corporate debt11-(1)10
RMBS112(218)(207)(313)
CMBS42(11)(7)24
CDO/ABS-(65)(1,257)(1,322)
Total other bond securities165(294)(1,472)(1,601)
Equity securities available for sale12-(6)6
Other equity securities----
Mortgage and other loans receivable-(6)-(6)
Other invested assets89(11)(20)58
Total assets$3,070$(911)$(6,197)$(4,038)
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$-$231$116$347
Derivative liabilities, net--5252
Long-term debt(b)--(84)(84)
Total liabilities$-$231$84$315
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions$144$(7)$(86)$51
Non-U.S. governments10-(5)5
Corporate debt29(25)(46)(42)
RMBS2,297(81)(2,553)(337)
CMBS156(82)(243)(169)
CDO/ABS2,053(33)(472)1,548
Total bonds available for sale4,689(228)(3,405)1,056
Other bond securities:
Corporate debt--(1)(1)
RMBS101(100)(175)(174)
CMBS53(85)(6)(38)
CDO/ABS69(376)(918)(1,225)
Total other bond securities223(561)(1,100)(1,438)
Equity securities available for sale----
Other equity securities14-(28)(14)
Other invested assets39(2)(56)(19)
Total assets$4,965$(791)$(4,589)$(415)
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$-$365$(140)$225
Derivative liabilities, net(5)-(56)(61)
Long-term debt(b)--(3)(3)
Total liabilities$(5)$365$(199)$161

(a) There were no issuances during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

(b) Includes GIAs, notes, bonds, loans and mortgages payable.

Both observable and unobservable inputs may be used to determine the fair values of positions classified in Level 3 in the tables above. As a result, the unrealized gains (losses) on instruments held at September 30, 2017 and 2016 may include changes in fair value that were attributable to both observable (e.g., changes in market interest rates) and unobservable inputs (e.g., changes in unobservable long-dated volatilities).

Transfers of Level 3 Assets and Liabilities

We record transfers of assets and liabilities into or out of Level 3 classification at their fair values as of the end of each reporting period, consistent with the date of the determination of fair value. The Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in income or Other comprehensive income (loss) as shown in the table above excluded $49 million and $57 million of net losses related to assets and liabilities transferred into Level 3 during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and included $32 million and $38 million of net losses related to assets and liabilities transferred out of Level 3 during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2017, respectively.

The Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in income (loss) or Other comprehensive income (loss) as shown in the table above excluded $11 million of net losses related to assets and liabilities transferred into Level 3 during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2016, and included $3 million and $54 million of net losses related to assets and liabilities transferred out of Level 3 during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2016, respectively.

Transfers of Level 3 Assets

During the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, transfers into Level 3 assets primarily included certain investments in private placement corporate debt, RMBS and CDO/ABS. Transfers of private placement corporate debt and certain ABS into Level 3 assets were primarily the result of limited market pricing information that required us to determine fair value for these securities based on inputs that are adjusted to better reflect our own assumptions regarding the characteristics of a specific security or associated market liquidity. The transfers of investments in RMBS and CDO and certain ABS into Level 3 assets were due to decreases in market transparency and liquidity for individual security types.

During the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, transfers out of Level 3 assets primarily included private placement and other corporate debt, CMBS, RMBS, CDO/ABS and certain investments in municipal securities. Transfers of certain investments municipal securities, corporate debt, RMBS, CMBS and CDO/ABS out of Level 3 assets were based on consideration of market liquidity as well as related transparency of pricing and associated observable inputs for these investments. Transfers of certain investments in private placement corporate debt and certain ABS out of Level 3 assets were primarily the result of using observable pricing information that reflects the fair value of those securities without the need for adjustment based on our own assumptions regarding the characteristics of a specific security or the current liquidity in the market.

Transfers of Level 3 Liabilities

There were no significant transfers of derivative or other liabilities into or out of Level 3 for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2017 and 2016.

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

The table below presents information about the significant unobservable inputs used for recurring fair value measurements for certain Level 3 instruments, and includes only those instruments for which information about the inputs is reasonably available to us, such as data from independent third-party valuation service providers and from internal valuation models. Because input information from third-parties with respect to certain Level 3 instruments (primarily CDO/ABS) may not be reasonably available to us, balances shown below may not equal total amounts reported for such Level 3 assets and liabilities:

Fair Value at
September 30,ValuationRange
(in millions)2017TechniqueUnobservable Input(b)(Weighted Average)
Assets:
Obligations of states, municipalities
and political subdivisions$1,578Discounted cash flowYield3.71% - 4.49% (4.10%)
Corporate debt430Discounted cash flowYield4.18% - 4.52% (4.35%)
RMBS(a)16,472Discounted cash flowConstant prepayment rate2.54% - 11.06% (6.80%)
Loss severity47.05% - 79.54% (62.97%)
Constant default rate3.21% - 7.87% (5.54%)
Yield2.27% - 4.88% (3.58%)
CDO/ABS(a)5,086Discounted cash flowYield3.26% - 4.99% (4.12%)
CMBS488Discounted cash flowYield1.86% - 9.12% (5.49%)
Liabilities:
Embedded derivatives within
Policyholder contract deposits:
Guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (GMWB)2,104Discounted cash flowEquity volatility5.00% - 40.00%
Base lapse rate0.35% - 14.00%
Dynamic lapse multiplier30.00% - 170.00%
Mortality multiplier(c)40.00% - 153.00%
Utilization100.00%
Equity / interest-rate correlation20.00% - 40.00%
Index Annuities1,375Discounted cash flowLapse rate0.50% - 40.00%
Mortality multiplier(c)42.00% - 162.00%
Indexed Life477Discounted cash flowBase lapse rate2.00% to 19.00%
Mortality rate0.00% to 40.00%

Fair Value at
December 31,ValuationRange
(in millions)2016TechniqueUnobservable Input(b)(Weighted Average)
Assets:
Obligations of states, municipalities
and political subdivisions$1,248Discounted cash flowYield4.12% - 4.91% (4.52%)
Corporate debt498Discounted cash flowYield3.41% - 6.38% (4.90%)
RMBS(a)17,412Discounted cash flowConstant prepayment rate3.95% - 6.54% (5.25%)
Loss severity47.51% - 80.98% (64.24%)
Constant default rate3.28% - 8.64% (5.96%)
Yield3.28% - 5.87% (4.57%)
CDO/ABS(a)4,368Discounted cash flowYield3.67% - 5.85% (4.76%)
CMBS1,511Discounted cash flowYield0.48% - 10.21% (5.34%)
Liabilities:
Embedded derivatives within
Policyholder contract deposits:
GMWB1,777Discounted cash flowEquity volatility13.00% - 50.00%
Base lapse rate0.50% - 20.00%
Dynamic lapse multiplier30.00% - 170.00%
Mortality multiplier(c)42.00% - 161.00%
Utilization100.00%
Equity / interest-rate correlation20.00% - 40.00%
Index Annuities859Discounted cash flowLapse rate1.00% - 66.00%
Mortality multiplier(c)101.00% - 103.00%
Indexed Life381Discounted cash flowBase lapse rate2.00% - 19.00%
Mortality rate0.00% - 40.00%

(a) Information received from third-party valuation service providers. The ranges of the unobservable inputs for constant prepayment rate, loss severity and constant default rate relate to each of the individual underlying mortgage loans that comprise the entire portfolio of securities in the RMBS and CDO securitization vehicles and not necessarily to the securitization vehicle bonds (tranches) purchased by us. The ranges of these inputs do not directly correlate to changes in the fair values of the tranches purchased by us, because there are other factors relevant to the fair values of specific tranches owned by us including, but not limited to, purchase price, position in the waterfall, senior versus subordinated position and attachment points.

(b) Represents discount rates, estimates and assumptions that we believe would be used by market participants when valuing these assets and liabilities.

(c) Mortality inputs are shown as multipliers of the 2012 Individual Annuity Mortality Basic table.

The ranges of reported inputs for Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions, Corporate debt, RMBS, CDO/ABS, and CMBS valued using a discounted cash flow technique consist of one standard deviation in either direction from the value-weighted average. The preceding table does not give effect to our risk management practices that might offset risks inherent in these Level 3 assets and liabilities.

Sensitivity to Changes in Unobservable Inputs

We consider unobservable inputs to be those for which market data is not available and that are developed using the best information available to us about the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability. Relevant inputs vary depending on the nature of the instrument being measured at fair value. The following paragraphs provide a general description of sensitivities of significant unobservable inputs along with interrelationships between and among the significant unobservable inputs and their impact on the fair value measurements. The effect of a change in a particular assumption in the sensitivity analysis below is considered independently of changes in any other assumptions. In practice, simultaneous changes in assumptions may not always have a linear effect on the inputs discussed below. Interrelationships may also exist between observable and unobservable inputs. Such relationships have not been included in the discussion below. For each of the individual relationships described below, the inverse relationship would also generally apply.

Obligations of States, Municipalities and Political Subdivisions

The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of certain investments in obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions is yield.  In general, increases in the yield would decrease the fair value of investments in obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions.

Corporate Debt

Corporate debt securities included in Level 3 are primarily private placement issuances that are not traded in active markets or that are subject to transfer restrictions. Fair value measurements consider illiquidity and non-transferability. When observable price quotations are not available, fair value is determined based on discounted cash flow models using discount rates based on credit spreads, yields or price levels of publicly-traded debt of the issuer or other comparable securities, considering illiquidity and structure. The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of corporate debt is the yield. The yield is affected by the market movements in credit spreads and U.S. Treasury yields. In addition, the migration in credit quality of a given security generally has a corresponding effect on the fair value measurement of the security. For example, a downward migration of credit quality would increase spreads. Holding U.S. Treasury rates constant, an increase in corporate credit spreads would decrease the fair value of corporate debt.

RMBS and CDO/ABS

The significant unobservable inputs used in fair value measurements of RMBS and certain CDO/ABS valued by third-party valuation service providers are constant prepayment rates (CPR), loss severity, constant default rates (CDR), and yield. A change in the assumptions used for the probability of default will generally be accompanied by a corresponding change in the assumption used for the loss severity and an inverse change in the assumption used for prepayment rates. In general, increases in CPR, loss severity, CDR, and yield, in isolation, would result in a decrease in the fair value measurement. Changes in fair value based on variations in assumptions generally cannot be extrapolated because the relationship between the directional change of each input is not usually linear.

CMBS

The significant unobservable input used in fair value measurements for CMBS is the yield. Prepayment assumptions for each mortgage pool are factored into the yield. CMBS generally feature a lower degree of prepayment risk than RMBS because commercial mortgages generally contain a penalty for prepayment. In general, increases in the yield would decrease the fair value of CMBS.

Embedded derivatives within Policyholder contract deposits

Embedded derivatives reported within Policyholder contract deposits include GMWB within variable annuity products and interest crediting rates based on market indices within index annuities, indexed life and guaranteed investment contracts (GICs). For any given contract, assumptions for unobservable inputs vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative. The following unobservable inputs are used for valuing embedded derivatives measured at fair value:

  • Long-term equity volatilities represent equity volatility beyond the period for which observable equity volatilities are available. Increases in assumed volatility will generally increase the fair value of both the projected cash flows from rider fees as well as the projected cash flows related to benefit payments. Therefore, the net change in the fair value of the liability may be either a decrease or an increase, depending on the relative changes in projected rider fees and projected benefit payments.
  • Equity / interest rate correlation estimates the relationship between changes in equity returns and interest rates in the economic scenario generator used to value our GMWB embedded derivatives. In general, a higher positive correlation assumes that equity markets and interest rates move in a more correlated fashion, which generally increases the fair value of the liability.
  • Base lapse rate assumptions are determined by company experience and are adjusted at the contract level using a dynamic lapse function, which reduces the base lapse rate when the contract is in-the-money (when the contract holder’s guaranteed value, as estimated by the company, is worth more than their underlying account value). Lapse rates are also generally assumed to be lower in periods when a surrender charge applies. Increases in assumed lapse rates will generally decrease the fair value of the liability, as fewer policyholders would persist to collect guaranteed withdrawal amounts, but in certain scenarios, increases in assumed lapse rates may increase the fair value of the liability.
  • Mortality rate assumptions, which vary by age and gender, are based on company experience and include a mortality improvement assumption. Increases in assumed mortality rates will decrease the fair value of the liability, while lower mortality rate assumptions will generally increase the fair value of the liability, because guaranteed payments will be made for a longer period of time.
  • Utilization assumptions estimate the timing when policyholders with a GMWB will elect to utilize their benefit and begin taking withdrawals. The assumptions may vary by the type of guarantee, tax-qualified status, the contract’s withdrawal history and the age of the policyholder. Utilization assumptions are based on company experience, which includes partial withdrawal behavior. Increases in assumed utilization rates will generally increase the fair value of the liability.

Investments in Certain Entities Carried at Fair Value Using Net Asset Value Per Share

The following table includes information related to our investments in certain other invested assets, including private equity funds, hedge funds and other alternative investments that calculate net asset value per share (or its equivalent). For these investments, which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, we use the net asset value per share to measure fair value.

September 30, 2017December 31, 2016
Fair ValueFair Value
Using NAVUsing NAV
Per Share (orUnfundedPer Share (orUnfunded
(in millions)Investment Category Includesits equivalent)Commitmentsits equivalent)Commitments
Investment Category
Private equity funds:
Leveraged buyoutDebt and/or equity investments made as part of a transaction in which assets of mature companies are acquired from the current shareholders, typically with the use of financial leverage$1,310$761$1,424$750
Real Estate / InfrastructureInvestments in real estate properties and infrastructure positions, including power plants and other energy generating facilities226185258208
Venture capitalEarly-stage, high-potential, growth companies expected to generate a return through an eventual realization event, such as an initial public offering or sale of the company1274413731
DistressedSecurities of companies that are in default, under bankruptcy protection, or troubled 1194312344
OtherIncludes multi-strategy, mezzanine and other strategies400237312215
Total private equity funds2,1821,2702,2541,248
Hedge funds:
Event-drivenSecurities of companies undergoing material structural changes, including mergers, acquisitions and other reorganizations1,228-1,4539
Long-shortSecurities that the manager believes are undervalued, with corresponding short positions to hedge market risk1,317-1,429-
MacroInvestments that take long and short positions in financial instruments based on a top-down view of certain economic and capital market conditions1,016-992-
DistressedSecurities of companies that are in default, under bankruptcy protection or troubled 27874168
OtherIncludes investments held in funds that are less liquid, as well as other strategies which allow for broader allocation between public and private investments222419714
Total hedge funds4,061114,48731
Total$6,243$1,281$6,741$1,279

Private equity fund investments included above are not redeemable, because distributions from the funds will be received when underlying investments of the funds are liquidated. Private equity funds are generally expected to have 10-year lives at their inception, but these lives may be extended at the fund manager’s discretion, typically in one or two-year increments. At September 30, 2017, assuming average original expected lives of 10 years for the funds, 62 percent of the total fair value using net asset value per share (or its equivalent) presented above would have expected remaining lives of three years or less, 17 percent between four and six years and 21 percent between seven and 10 years.

The hedge fund investments included above, which are carried at fair value, are generally redeemable monthly (21 percent), quarterly (45 percent), semi-annually (11 percent) and annually (23 percent), with redemption notices ranging from one day to 180 days. At September 30, 2017, investments representing approximately 49 percent of the total fair value of these hedge fund investments had partial contractual redemption restrictions. These partial redemption restrictions are generally related to one or more investments held in the hedge funds that the fund manager deemed to be illiquid. The majority of these contractual restrictions, which may have been put in place at the fund’s inception or thereafter, have pre-defined end dates. The majority of these restrictions are generally expected to be lifted by the end of 2018.

Fair Value Option

The following table presents the gains or losses recorded related to the eligible instruments for which we elected the fair value option:

Gain (Loss) Three Months Ended September 30,Gain (Loss) Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions)2017201620172016
Assets:
Bond and equity securities$289$331$1,088$629
Alternative Investments(a)129154406(60)
Other, including Short-term investments1-1-
Liabilities:
Long-term debt(b)(18)8(66)(239)
Other liabilities(1)-(2)-
Total gain$400$493$1,427$330

(a) Includes certain hedge funds, private equity funds and other investment partnerships.

(b) Includes GIAs, notes, bonds and mortgages payable.

We recognized gains of $2 million during both three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2017 and gains of $6 million and $14 million during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2016, respectively, attributable to the observable effect of changes in credit spreads on our own liabilities for which the fair value option was elected. We calculate the effect of these credit spread changes using discounted cash flow techniques that incorporate current market interest rates, our observable credit spreads on these liabilities and other factors that mitigate the risk of nonperformance such as cash collateral posted.

The following table presents the difference between fair values and the aggregate contractual principal amounts of mortgage and other loans receivable and long-term debt for which the fair value option was elected:

September 30, 2017December 31, 2016
OutstandingOutstanding
(in millions)Fair ValuePrincipal AmountDifferenceFair ValuePrincipal AmountDifference
Assets:
Mortgage and other loans receivable$5$5$-$11$8$3
Liabilities:
Long-term debt*$2,998$2,353$645$3,428$2,628$800

* Includes GIAs, notes, bonds, loans and mortgages payable.

FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS ON A NON-RECURRING BASIS

The following table presents assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at the time of impairment and the related impairment charges recorded during the periods presented:

Assets at Fair ValueImpairment Charges
Non-Recurring BasisThree Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total 2017201620172016
September 30, 2017
Other investments$-$-$62$62$26$27$76$58
Investments in life settlements--1,7591,75927380360329
Other assets*-----23511
Total$-$-$1,821$1,821$299$109$471$398
December 31, 2016
Other investments$-$-$364$364
Investments in life settlements--736736
Other assets--22
Total$-$-$1,102$1,102

* Impairments include $35 million related to other assets that were sold during the three-month period ended June 30, 2017.

FAIR VALUE INFORMATION ABOUT FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS NOT MEASURED AT FAIR VALUE

The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of our financial instruments not measured at fair value and indicates the level in the fair value hierarchy of the estimated fair value measurement based on the observability of the inputs used:

Estimated Fair ValueCarrying
(in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3TotalValue
September 30, 2017
Assets:
Mortgage and other loans receivable$-$155$36,750$36,905$36,084
Other invested assets-6656671661
Short-term investments-7,172-7,1727,172
Cash2,433--2,4332,433
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits associated
with investment-type contracts-353123,656124,009114,070
Other liabilities-4,896-4,8964,896
Long-term debt-23,6873,48627,17328,041
December 31, 2016
Assets:
Mortgage and other loans receivable$-$161$33,575$33,736$33,229
Other invested assets-9552,0533,0083,474
Short-term investments-8,961-8,9618,961
Cash1,868--1,8681,868
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits associated
with investment-type contracts-382121,742122,124112,705
Other liabilities-4,196-4,1964,196
Long-term debt-23,1173,33326,45027,484