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FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2015
FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS  
FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

4. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis

Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets are measured and classified in accordance with a fair value hierarchy consisting of three “levels” based on the observability of valuation inputs:

  • Level 1: Fair value measurements based on quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets that we have the ability to access for identical assets or liabilities. Market price data generally is obtained from exchange or dealer markets. We do not adjust the quoted price for such instruments.
  • Level 2: Fair value measurements based on inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals.
  • Level 3: Fair value measurements based on valuation techniques that use significant inputs that are unobservable. Both observable and unobservable inputs may be used to determine the fair values of positions classified in Level 3. The circumstances for using these measurements include those in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability. Therefore, we must make certain assumptions about the inputs a hypothetical market participant would use to value that asset or liability. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table presents information about assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicates the level of the fair value measurement based on the observability of the inputs used:

September 30, 2015 CounterpartyCash
(in millions) Level 1Level 2Level 3Netting*CollateralTotal
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
U.S. government and government sponsored entities$8$1,874$-$-$-$1,882
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions-25,4062,140--27,546
Non-U.S. governments70917,68831--18,428
Corporate debt-137,6462,476--140,122
RMBS-18,76616,859--35,625
CMBS-10,9882,729--13,717
CDO/ABS-9,5266,108--15,634
Total bonds available for sale717221,89430,343--252,954
Other bond securities:
U.S. government and government sponsored entities1553,658---3,813
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions-75---75
Non-U.S. governments-2---2
Corporate debt-1,23316--1,249
RMBS-7841,501--2,285
CMBS-600219--819
CDO/ABS-1,4327,147--8,579
Total other bond securities1557,7848,883--16,822
Equity securities available for sale:
Common stock2,961----2,961
Preferred stock23----23
Mutual funds8062---808
Total equity securities available for sale3,7902---3,792
Other equity securities1,044-22--1,066
Mortgage and other loans receivable--11--11
Other invested assets24,3714,960--9,333
Derivative assets:
Interest rate contracts-4,07013--4,083
Foreign exchange contracts-836---836
Equity contracts1211440--175
Commodity contracts------
Credit contracts--3--3
Other contracts--27--27
Counterparty netting and cash collateral---(1,691)(2,129)(3,820)
Total derivative assets1214,92083(1,691)(2,129)1,304
Short-term investments1,0321,701---2,733
Separate account assets72,3704,766---77,136
Total$79,231$245,438$44,302$(1,691)$(2,129)$365,151
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$-$38$2,249$-$-$2,287
Other policyholder funds-8---8

Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate contracts-2,78771--2,858
Foreign exchange contracts-1,2087--1,215
Equity contracts-821--83
Commodity contracts------
Credit contracts--531--531
Other contracts-178--79
Counterparty netting and cash collateral---(1,691)(910)(2,601)
Total derivative liabilities-4,078688(1,691)(910)2,165
Long-term debt-3,795190--3,985
Other liabilities116182---298
Total$116$8,101$3,127$(1,691)$(910)$8,743

December 31, 2014 CounterpartyCash
(in millions) Level 1Level 2Level 3Netting*CollateralTotal
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
U.S. government and government sponsored entities$322$2,670$-$-$-$2,992
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions-25,5002,159--27,659
Non-U.S. governments74220,32330--21,095
Corporate debt-142,5501,883--144,433
RMBS-20,71516,805--37,520
CMBS-10,1892,696--12,885
CDO/ABS-7,1656,110--13,275
Total bonds available for sale1,064229,11229,683--259,859
Other bond securities:
U.S. government and government sponsored entities1305,368---5,498
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions-122---122
Non-U.S. governments-2---2
Corporate debt-719---719
RMBS-9891,105--2,094
CMBS-708369--1,077
CDO/ABS-2,7517,449--10,200
Total other bond securities13010,6598,923--19,712
Equity securities available for sale:
Common stock3,62621--3,629
Preferred stock25----25
Mutual funds7383---741
Total equity securities available for sale4,38951--4,395
Other equity securities1,02425---1,049
Mortgage and other loans receivable--6--6
Other invested assets23,7425,650--9,394
Derivative assets:
Interest rate contracts23,72912--3,743
Foreign exchange contracts-8391--840
Equity contracts985851--207
Commodity contracts------
Credit contracts--4--4
Other contracts--31--31
Counterparty netting and cash collateral---(2,102)(1,119)(3,221)
Total derivative assets1004,62699(2,102)(1,119)1,604

Short-term investments5841,100---1,684
Separate account assets73,9396,097---80,036
Total$81,232$255,366$44,362$(2,102)$(1,119)$377,739
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$-$52$1,509$-$-$1,561
Other policyholder funds-8---8
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate contracts-3,04786--3,133
Foreign exchange contracts-1,4829--1,491
Equity contracts-984--102
Commodity contracts-6---6
Credit contracts--982--982
Other contracts--90--90
Counterparty netting and cash collateral---(2,102)(1,429)(3,531)
Total derivative liabilities-4,6331,171(2,102)(1,429)2,273
Long-term debt-5,253213--5,466
Other liabilities34316---350
Total$34$10,262$2,893$(2,102)$(1,429)$9,658

* Represents netting of derivative exposures covered by a qualifying master netting agreement.

Transfers of Level 1 and Level 2 Assets and Liabilities

Our policy is to record transfers of assets and liabilities between Level 1 and Level 2 at their fair values as of the end of each reporting period, consistent with the date of the determination of fair value. Assets are transferred out of Level 1 when they are no longer transacted with sufficient frequency and volume in an active market. Conversely, assets are transferred from Level 2 to Level 1 when transaction volume and frequency are indicative of an active market.

During the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2015, we transferred $188 million and $450 million, respectively, of securities issued by Non-U.S. government entities from Level 1 to Level 2, because they are no longer considered actively traded. For similar reasons, during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2015, we transferred $180 million of securities issued by the U.S. government and government sponsored entities from Level 1 to Level 2, while we had no material transfers of these securities from Level 1 to Level 2 during the three-month period ended September 30, 2015. We had no material transfers from Level 2 to Level 1 during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2015.

During the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2014, we transferred $32 million and $330 million, respectively, of securities issued by Non-U.S. government entities from Level 1 to Level 2, because they are no longer considered actively traded. For similar reasons, during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2014, we transferred $4 million and $107 million, respectively, of securities issued by the U.S. government and government sponsored entities from Level 1 to Level 2. We had no material transfers from Level 2 to Level 1 during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2014.

Changes in Level 3 Recurring Fair Value Measurements

The following tables present changes during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2015 and 2014 in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, and the realized and unrealized gains (losses) related to the Level 3 assets and liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2015 and 2014:

Net Changes in
Realized and Unrealized Gains
UnrealizedPurchases, (Losses) Included
Fair ValueGains (Losses)OtherSales,GrossGrossFair Valuein Income on
BeginningIncludedComprehensiveIssues andTransfersTransfersEndInstruments Held
(in millions)of Periodin IncomeIncome (Loss)Settlements, NetInOutof Periodat End of Period
Three Months Ended September 30, 2015
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities
and political subdivisions$2,180$(1)$(15)$16$-$(40)$2,140$-
Non-U.S. governments33-(1)(1)--31-
Corporate debt2,11852(63)987(573)2,476-
RMBS17,097265(151)(352)--16,859-
CMBS2,67717(15)50--2,729-
CDO/ABS6,071857(21)6(13)6,108-
Total bonds available for sale30,176294(123)(371)993(626)30,343-
Other bond securities:
Corporate debt16-----16-
RMBS1,337(4)-169-(1)1,501(3)
CMBS223(1)-(8)5-219(1)
CDO/ABS7,42685-(415)51-7,14723
Total other bond securities9,00280-(254)56(1)8,88319
Equity securities available for sale:
Common stock--------
Total equity securities available for sale--------
Other equity securities22-----22-
Mortgage and other loans receivable6--5--11-
Other invested assets5,075(52)(90)6415(52)4,960-
Total$44,281$322$(213)$(556)$1,064$(679)$44,219$19
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$(1,232)$(871)$-$(146)$-$-$(2,249)$32
Derivative liabilities, net:
Interest rate contracts(62)(3)-7--(58)(4)
Foreign exchange contracts(7)(1)-1--(7)(2)
Equity contracts63(21)-(3)--39(21)
Commodity contracts--------
Credit contracts(551)11-12--(528)23
Other contracts(16)(12)-(23)--(51)(13)
Total derivative liabilities, net(a)(573)(26)-(6)--(605)(17)
Long-term debt(b)(193)3----(190)-
Total$(1,998)$(894)$-$(152)$-$-$(3,044)$15

Net Changes in
Realized and Unrealized Gains
UnrealizedPurchases, (Losses) Included
Fair ValueGains (Losses)OtherSales,GrossGrossFair Valuein Income on
BeginningIncludedComprehensiveIssues andTransfersTransfersEndInstruments Held
(in millions)of Period(a)in IncomeIncome (Loss)Settlements, NetInOutof Periodat End of Period
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities
and political subdivisions$2,159$-$(94)$174$-$(99)$2,140$-
Non-U.S. governments30-(2)3--31-
Corporate debt1,88319(31)(209)1,443(629)2,476-
RMBS16,805804(322)(428)--16,859-
CMBS2,69663(45)97-(82)2,729-
CDO/ABS6,110138(110)986(134)6,108-
Total bonds available for sale29,6831,024(604)(265)1,449(944)30,343-
Other bond securities:
Corporate debt----16-16-
RMBS1,10522-38944(59)1,501(21)
CMBS3697-(162)5-219(3)
CDO/ABS7,449482-(1,341)632(75)7,147(55)
Total other bond securities8,923511-(1,114)697(134)8,883(79)
Equity securities available for sale:
Common stock12-(3)----
Total equity securities available for sale12-(3)----
Other equity securities----22-22(2)
Mortgage and other loans receivable6--5--11-
Other invested assets5,650475(639)(522)113(117)4,960-
Total$44,263$2,012$(1,243)$(1,899)$2,281$(1,195)$44,219$(81)
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$(1,509)$(410)$-$(330)$-$-$(2,249)$72
Derivative liabilities, net:
Interest rate contracts(74)(3)-19--(58)(4)
Foreign exchange contracts(8)2-(1)--(7)1
Equity contracts47(15)-7--39(19)
Commodity contracts--------
Credit contracts(978)171-279--(528)73
Other contracts(59)61-(53)--(51)53
Total derivative liabilities, net(a)(1,072)216-251--(605)104
Long-term debt(b)(213)5-18--(190)13
Total$(2,794)$(189)$-$(61)$-$-$(3,044)$189

Net Changes in
Realized and Unrealized Gains
UnrealizedPurchases, (Losses) Included
Fair valueGains (Losses)OtherSales,GrossGrossFair valuein Income on
BeginningIncludedComprehensiveIssues andTransfersTransfersEndInstruments Held
(in millions)of Periodin IncomeIncome (Loss)Settlements, NetInOutof Periodat End of Period
Three Months Ended September 30, 2014
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities
and political subdivisions$1,991$(1)$(11)$43$-$(8)$2,014$-
Non-U.S. governments25--1-(3)23-
Corporate debt2,1962(22)(73)3(97)2,009-
RMBS16,328264(49)375--16,918-
CMBS5,91727(39)14-(3)5,916-
CDO/ABS7,43118(2)69253(35)8,157-
Total bonds available for sale33,888310(123)1,05256(146)35,037-
Other bond securities:
RMBS1,062--(39)--1,023(9)
CMBS757(24)-(20)--713(21)
CDO/ABS8,397257-(451)-(134)8,06976
Total other bond securities10,216233-(510)-(134)9,80546
Equity securities available for sale:
Common stock--1--(1)--
Preferred stock--------
Mutual funds----1-1-
Total equity securities available for sale--1-1(1)1-
Mortgage and other loans receivable6-----6-
Other invested assets5,824(7)906583(246)5,809-
Total$49,934$536$(32)$607$140$(527)$50,658$46
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$(842)$(155)$8$(2)$-$-$(991)$(21)
Derivative liabilities, net:
Interest rate contracts(67)(3)-1-(2)(71)(3)
Foreign exchange contracts(9)--2--(7)-
Equity contracts916-2-(53)46-
Commodity contracts1(1)------
Credit contracts(1,085)75-(8)--(1,018)65
Other contracts(53)144(20)--(55)17
Total derivatives liabilities, net(a)(1,122)914(23)-(55)(1,105)79
Long-term debt(b)(394)21-1-75(297)16
Total$(2,358)$(43)$12$(24)$-$20$(2,393)$74

Net Changes in
Realized and Unrealized Gains
UnrealizedPurchases, (Losses) Included
Fair valueGains (Losses)OtherSales,GrossGrossFair valuein Income on
BeginningIncludedComprehensiveIssues andTransfersTransfersEndInstruments Held
(in millions)of Periodin IncomeIncome (Loss)Settlements, NetInOutof Periodat End of Period
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2014
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities
and political subdivisions(c)$1,080$(1)$180$896$-$(141)$2,014$-
Non-U.S. governments16-(1)74(3)23-
Corporate debt1,255831(140)1,358(503)2,009-
RMBS14,941759211999119(111)16,918-
CMBS5,73550201(43)69(96)5,916-
CDO/ABS6,9747011,426222(536)8,157-
Total bonds available for sale30,0018866233,1451,772(1,390)35,037-
Other bond securities:
RMBS93751-332-1,0239
CMBS84414-(151)6-71311
CDO/ABS8,834926-(1,338)1(354)8,069341
Total other bond securities10,615991-(1,456)9(354)9,805361
Equity securities available for sale:
Common stock1-1--(2)--
Preferred stock--------
Mutual funds----1-1-
Total equity securities available for sale1-1-1(2)1-
Mortgage and other loans receivable---6--6-
Other invested assets5,9308013999168(607)5,809-
Total$46,547$1,957$763$1,794$1,950$(2,353)$50,658$361
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$(312)$(687)$(16)$24$-$-$(991)$(140)
Derivative liabilities, net:
Interest rate contracts(100)(2)-33-(2)(71)-
Foreign exchange contracts-3-(10)--(7)4
Equity contracts4914-(12)48(53)466
Commodity contracts1----(1)--
Credit contracts(1,280)229-33--(1,018)229
Other contracts(109)4951(46)--(55)37
Total derivatives liabilities, net(a)(1,439)29351(2)48(56)(1,105)276
Long-term debt(b)(370)13-34(70)96(297)15
Total$(2,121)$(381)$35$56$(22)$40$(2,393)$151

(a) Total Level 3 derivative exposures have been netted in these tables for presentation purposes only.

(b) Includes guaranteed investment agreements (GIAs), notes, bonds, loans and mortgages payable.

(c) Purchases, Sales, Issues and Settlements, Net primarily reflect the effect of consolidating previously unconsolidated securitization vehicles.

Net realized and unrealized gains and losses related to Level 3 items shown above are reported in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) as follows:

NetNet Realized
InvestmentCapital Other
(in millions)IncomeGains (Losses)IncomeTotal
Three Months Ended September 30, 2015
Bonds available for sale$304$(15)$5$294
Other bond securities7-7380
Equity securities available for sale----
Other invested assets(25)(22)(5)(52)
Policyholder contract deposits-(871)-(871)
Derivative liabilities, net-(17)(9)(26)
Long-term debt--33
Three Months Ended September 30, 2014
Bonds available for sale$320$(22)$12$310
Other bond securities(3)-236233
Equity securities available for sale----
Other invested assets18(20)(5)(7)
Policyholder contract deposits-(155)-(155)
Derivative liabilities, net18(1)7491
Long-term debt--2121
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015
Bonds available for sale$926$(14)$112$1,024
Other bond securities483460511
Equity securities available for sale-2-2
Other invested assets6135559475
Policyholder contract deposits-(410)-(410)
Derivative liabilities, net-(12)228216
Long-term debt--55
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2014
Bonds available for sale$922$(73)$37$886
Other bond securities972892991
Equity securities available for sale----
Other invested assets107(33)680
Policyholder contract deposits-(687)-(687)
Derivative liabilities, net494240293
Long-term debt--1313

The following tables present the gross components of purchases, sales, issues and settlements, net, shown above, for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2015 and 2014 related to Level 3 assets and liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets:

Purchases,
Sales, Issues and
(in millions)PurchasesSalesSettlementsSettlements, Net(a)
Three Months Ended September 30, 2015
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions$35$-$(19)$16
Non-U.S. governments3(1)(3)(1)
Corporate debt32-(95)(63)

RMBS449(29)(772)(352)
CMBS50--50
CDO/ABS160(9)(172)(21)
Total bonds available for sale729(39)(1,061)(371)
Other bond securities:
RMBS218(6)(43)169
CMBS--(8)(8)
CDO/ABS10(5)(420)(415)
Total other bond securities228(11)(471)(254)
Equity securities available for sale----
Mortgage and other loans receivable5--5
Other invested assets193-(129)64
Total assets$1,155$(50)$(1,661)$(556)
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$-$(122)$(24)$(146)
Derivative liabilities, net1-(7)(6)
Long-term debt(b)----
Total liabilities$1$(122)$(31)$(152)
Three Months Ended September 30, 2014
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions$66$(3)$(20)$43
Non-U.S. governments1--1
Corporate debt22-(95)(73)
RMBS1,062(62)(625)375
CMBS276(167)(95)14
CDO/ABS1,085(68)(325)692
Total bonds available for sale2,512(300)(1,160)1,052
Other bond securities:
RMBS-(3)(36)(39)
CMBS-(9)(11)(20)
CDO/ABS6(4)(453)(451)
Total other bond securities6(16)(500)(510)
Equity securities available for sale----
Other invested assets276-(211)65
Total assets$2,794$(316)$(1,871)$607
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$-$(36)$34$(2)
Derivative liabilities, net-(2)(21)(23)
Long-term debt(b)--11
Total liabilities$-$(38)$14$(24)
Purchases,
Sales, Issues and
(in millions)PurchasesSalesSettlementsSettlements, Net(a)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions$258$(22)$(62)$174
Non-U.S. governments11(1)(7)3
Corporate debt220(60)(369)(209)

RMBS1,856(194)(2,090)(428)
CMBS192(27)(68)97
CDO/ABS1,021(210)(713)98
Total bonds available for sale3,558(514)(3,309)(265)
Other bond securities:
RMBS527(16)(122)389
CMBS-(79)(83)(162)
CDO/ABS236(376)(1,201)(1,341)
Total other bond securities763(471)(1,406)(1,114)
Equity securities available for sale-(2)(1)(3)
Mortgage and other loans receivable5--5
Other invested assets497(587)(432)(522)
Total assets$4,823$(1,574)$(5,148)$(1,899)
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$-$(307)$(23)$(330)
Derivative liabilities, net18-233251
Long-term debt(b)--1818
Total liabilities$18$(307)$228$(61)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2014
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions(c)$1,002$(35)$(71)$896
Non-U.S. governments8-(1)7
Corporate debt141(8)(273)(140)
RMBS2,814(88)(1,727)999
CMBS368(224)(187)(43)
CDO/ABS2,307(70)(811)1,426
Total bonds available for sale6,640(425)(3,070)3,145
Other bond securities:
RMBS162(22)(107)33
CMBS-(15)(136)(151)
CDO/ABS50(19)(1,369)(1,338)
Total other bond securities212(56)(1,612)(1,456)
Equity securities available for sale----
Mortgage and other loans receivable6--6
Other invested assets709(1)(609)99
Total assets$7,567$(482)$(5,291)$1,794
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$-$(94)$118$24
Derivative liabilities, net1(2)(1)(2)
Long-term debt(b)--3434
Total liabilities$1$(96)$151$56

(a) There were no issuances during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

(b) Includes GIAs, notes, bonds, loans and mortgages payable.

(c) Purchases primarily reflect the effect of consolidating previously unconsolidated securitization vehicles.

Both observable and unobservable inputs may be used to determine the fair values of positions classified in Level 3 in the tables above. As a result, the unrealized gains (losses) on instruments held at September 30, 2015 and 2014 may include changes in fair value that were attributable to both observable (e.g., changes in market interest rates) and unobservable inputs (e.g., changes in unobservable long-dated volatilities).

Transfers of Level 3 Assets and Liabilities

We record transfers of assets and liabilities into or out of Level 3 classification at their fair values as of the end of each reporting period, consistent with the date of the determination of fair value. The Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in income (loss) or Other comprehensive income (loss) as shown in the table above excludes $17 million and $35 million of net gains related to assets and liabilities transferred into Level 3 during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2015, respectively, and includes $3 million and $6 million of net gains related to assets and liabilities transferred out of Level 3 during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2015, respectively.

The Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in income (loss) or Other comprehensive income (loss) as shown in the table above excludes $2 million of net losses and $35 million of net gains related to assets and liabilities transferred into Level 3 during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2014, respectively, and includes $52 million and $50 million of net gains related to assets and liabilities transferred out of Level 3 during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2014, respectively.

Transfers of Level 3 Assets

During the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, transfers into Level 3 assets primarily included certain investments in RMBS, CDO/ABS and private placement corporate debt. The transfers of investments in RMBS and CDO/ABS into Level 3 assets were due to decreases in market transparency and liquidity for individual security types. Transfers of investments in private placement corporate debt into Level 3 assets were primarily the result of limited market pricing information that required us to determine fair value for these securities based on inputs that are adjusted to better reflect our own assumptions regarding the characteristics of a specific security or associated market liquidity.

During the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, transfers out of Level 3 assets primarily related to certain investments in corporate debt, RMBS, CDO/ABS, and investments in hedge funds. Transfers of certain investments in corporate debt, RMBS, and CDO/ABS out of Level 3 assets were based on consideration of market liquidity as well as related transparency of pricing and associated observable inputs for these investments. The transfers of certain hedge fund investments out of Level 3 assets were primarily the result of easing of certain fund-imposed redemption restrictions.

Transfers of Level 3 Liabilities

There were no significant transfers of derivative or other liabilities into or out of Level 3 for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2015 and 2014.

Quantitative Information About Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

The table below presents information about the significant unobservable inputs used for recurring fair value measurements for certain Level 3 instruments, and includes only those instruments for which information about the inputs is reasonably available to us, such as data from third-party valuation service providers and from internal valuation models. Because input information from third-parties with respect to certain Level 3 instruments (primarily CDO/ABS) may not be reasonably available to us, balances shown below may not equal total amounts reported for such Level 3 assets and liabilities:

Fair Value at
September 30,ValuationRange
(in millions)2015TechniqueUnobservable Input(Weighted Average)
Assets:
Obligations of states,$1,199Discounted cash flowYield(b)4.34% - 5.16% (4.75%)
municipalities and
political subdivisions
Corporate debt1,506Discounted cash flowYield(b)3.91% - 5.80% (4.85%)
RMBS17,609Discounted cash flowConstant prepayment rate(a)(c)0.93% - 8.91% (4.92%)
Loss severity(a)(c)45.29% - 77.96% (61.63%)
Constant default rate(a)(c)3.47% - 9.01% (6.24%)
Yield(c)3.02% - 5.96% (4.49%)
CDO/ABS3,217Discounted cash flowYield(c)2.79% - 4.33% (3.56%)
CMBS2,656Discounted cash flowYield(b)0.00% - 18.45% (6.07%)
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract
deposits
GMWB1,392Discounted cash flowEquity implied volatility(b)6.00% - 39.00%(d)
Base lapse rate(b)0.50% - 30.00%(d)
Dynamic lapse rate(b)0.07% - 45.00%(d)
Mortality rate(b)0.05% - 35.00%(d)
Utilization rate(b)1.00% - 65.00%(d)
Index Annuities556Discounted cash flowLapse rate0.75% - 66.00%(d)
Mortality rate0.02% - 44.06%(d)
Indexed Life295Discounted cash flowEquity implied volatility10.00% to 25.00%(d)
Base lapse rate2.00% to 19.00%(d)
Mortality rate0.00% to 20.00%(d)

Fair Value at
December 31,ValuationRange
(in millions)2014TechniqueUnobservable Input(Weighted Average )
Assets:
Obligations of states,$1,178Discounted cash flowYield(b)3.9% - 4.62% (4.26%)
municipalities and
political subdivisions
Corporate debt1,145Discounted cash flowYield(b)3.46% - 8.75% (6.10%)
RMBS17,353Discounted cash flowConstant prepayment rate(a)(c)0.59% - 9.35% (4.97%)
Loss severity(a)(c)46.04% - 79.56% (62.80%)
Constant default rate(a)(c)3.67% - 9.96% (6.82%)
Yield(c)2.67% - 6.64% (4.65%)
CDO/ABS5,282Discounted cash flowYield(c)4.70% - 9.70% (7.10%)
CMBS2,687Discounted cash flowYield(b)0.00% - 17.29% (6.06%)
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract
deposits
GMWB890Discounted cash flowEquity implied volatility(b)6.00% - 39.00%(d)
Base lapse rate(b)1.00% - 40.00%(d)
Dynamic lapse rate(b)0.20% - 60.00%(d)
Mortality rate(b)0.10% - 35.00%(d)
Utilization rate(b)0.50% - 30.00%(d)
Index Annuities294Discounted cash flowLapse rate0.75% - 66.00%(d)
Mortality rate0.02% - 44.06%(d)
Indexed Life259Discounted cash flowEquity implied volatility10.00% to 25.00%(d)
Base lapse rate2.00% to 19.00%(d)
Mortality rate0.00% to 20.00%(d)
Total derivative
liabilities, net(e) 791BETRecovery rate(b)5.00% - 23.00% (13.00%)
Diversity score(b)8 - 25 (13)
Weighted average life(b)2.67 - 10.49 years (4.65 years)

(a) The unobservable inputs and ranges for the constant prepayment rate, loss severity and constant default rate relate to each of the individual underlying mortgage loans that comprise the entire portfolio of securities in the RMBS and CDO securitization vehicles and not necessarily to the securitization vehicle bonds (tranches) purchased by us. The ranges of these inputs do not directly correlate to changes in the fair values of the tranches purchased by us because there are other factors relevant to the fair values of specific tranches owned by us including, but not limited to, purchase price, position in the waterfall, senior versus subordinated position and attachment points.

(b) Represents discount rates, estimates and assumptions that we believe would be used by market participants when valuing these assets and liabilities.

(c) Information received from independent third-party valuation service providers.

(d) Represents actual maximum and minimum, not weighted average rates.

(e) Beginning in the third quarter of 2015, we have begun valuing these transactions using prices obtained from vendors and/or counterparties and discontinued use of the BET model.

The ranges of reported inputs for Corporate debt, RMBS, CDO/ABS, and CMBS valued using a discounted cash flow technique consist of one standard deviation in either direction from the value-weighted average. The preceding table does not give effect to our risk management practices that might offset risks inherent in these investments.

Sensitivity to Changes in Unobservable Inputs

We consider unobservable inputs to be those for which market data is not available and that are developed using the best information available to us about the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability. Relevant inputs vary depending on the nature of the instrument being measured at fair value. The following paragraphs provide a general description of sensitivities of significant unobservable inputs along with interrelationships between and among the significant unobservable inputs and their impact on the fair value measurements. The effect of a change in a particular assumption in the sensitivity analysis below is considered independently of changes in any other assumptions. In practice, simultaneous changes in assumptions may not always have a linear effect on the inputs discussed below. Interrelationships may also exist between observable and unobservable inputs. Such relationships have not been included in the discussion below. For each of the individual relationships described below, the inverse relationship would also generally apply.

Obligations of States, Municipalities and Political Subdivisions

The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of certain investments in obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions is yield.  In general, increases in the yield would decrease the fair value of investments in obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions.

Corporate Debt

Corporate debt securities included in Level 3 are primarily private placement issuances that are not traded in active markets or that are subject to transfer restrictions. Fair value measurements consider illiquidity and non-transferability. When observable price quotations are not available, fair value is determined based on discounted cash flow models using discount rates based on credit spreads, yields or price levels of publicly-traded debt of the issuer or other comparable securities, considering illiquidity and structure. The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of corporate debt is the yield. The yield is affected by the market movements in credit spreads and U.S. Treasury yields. In addition, the migration in credit quality of a given security generally has a corresponding effect on the fair value measurement of the security. For example, a downward migration of credit quality would increase spreads. Holding U.S. Treasury rates constant, an increase in corporate credit spreads would decrease the fair value of corporate debt.

RMBS and CDO/ABS

The significant unobservable inputs used in fair value measurements of RMBS and CDO/ABS valued by third-party valuation service providers are constant prepayment rates (CPR), loss severity, constant default rates (CDR), and yield. A change in the assumptions used for the probability of default will generally be accompanied by a corresponding change in the assumption used for the loss severity and an inverse change in the assumption used for prepayment rates. In general, increases in CPR, loss severity, CDR, and yield, in isolation, would result in a decrease in the fair value measurement. Changes in fair value based on variations in assumptions generally cannot be extrapolated because the relationship between the directional change of each input is not usually linear.

CMBS

The significant unobservable input used in fair value measurements for CMBS is the yield. Prepayment assumptions for each mortgage pool are factored into the yield. CMBS generally feature a lower degree of prepayment risk than RMBS because commercial mortgages generally contain a penalty for prepayment. In general, increases in the yield would decrease the fair value of CMBS.

Policyholder contract deposits

Embedded derivatives within Policyholder contract deposits relate to guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (GMWB) within variable annuity products and certain enhancements to interest crediting rates based on market indices within equity-index annuities and guaranteed investment contracts (GICs). GMWB represents our largest exposure of these embedded derivatives. The carrying value of the GMWB may fluctuate significantly based on interest rates and the performance of the equity markets and therefore, at certain points in time, the carrying value may be a net asset rather than a net liability. The principal unobservable input used for GMWBs and embedded derivatives in equity-index annuities measured at fair value is equity implied volatility. For GMWBs, other significant unobservable inputs include base and dynamic lapse rates, mortality rates, and utilization rates. Lapse, mortality, and utilization rates may vary significantly depending upon age groups and duration. In general, increases in volatility and utilization rates will increase the fair value of the liability associated with GMWB, while increases in lapse rates and mortality rates will decrease the fair value of the liability.

Derivative liabilities – credit contracts

The significant unobservable inputs used for Derivative liabilities – credit contracts are recovery rates, diversity scores, and the weighted average life of the portfolio. AIG non-performance risk is also considered in the measurement of the liability.

An increase in recovery rates and diversity score will decrease the fair value of the liability. An increase in the weighted average life will increase the fair value measurement of the liability.

Investments in Certain Entities Carried at Fair Value Using Net Asset Value Per Share

The following table includes information related to our investments in certain other invested assets, including private equity funds and hedge funds that calculate net asset value per share (or its equivalent). For these investments, which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, we use the net asset value per share to measure fair value.

September 30, 2015December 31, 2014
Fair Value Using Net Asset Value Per Share (or its equivalent)Fair Value Using Net Asset Value Per Share (or its equivalent)
UnfundedUnfunded
(in millions)Investment Category IncludesCommitmentsCommitments
Investment Category
Private equity funds:
Leveraged buyoutDebt and/or equity investments made as part of a transaction in which assets of mature companies are acquired from the current shareholders, typically with the use of financial leverage$1,941$423$2,275$450
Real Estate / InfrastructureInvestments in real estate properties and infrastructure positions, including power plants and other energy generating facilities328202384227
Venture capitalEarly-stage, high-potential, growth companies expected to generate a return through an eventual realization event, such as an initial public offering or sale of the company1185312126
DistressedSecurities of companies that are in default, under bankruptcy protection, or troubled 1584216443
OtherIncludes multi-strategy, mezzanine and other strategies288260216234
Total private equity funds2,8339803,160980
Hedge funds:
Event-drivenSecurities of companies undergoing material structural changes, including mergers, acquisitions and other reorganizations1,242-1,109-
Long-shortSecurities that the manager believes are undervalued, with corresponding short positions to hedge market risk2,99882,4281
MacroInvestments that take long and short positions in financial instruments based on a top-down view of certain economic and capital market conditions552-498-
DistressedSecurities of companies that are in default, under bankruptcy protection or troubled 736107315
Emerging marketsInvestments in the financial markets of developing countries358-308-
OtherIncludes multi-strategy, relative value and other strategies162-125-
Total hedge funds6,048185,1996
Total$8,881$998$8,359$986

Private equity fund investments included above are not redeemable, because distributions from the funds will be received when underlying investments of the funds are liquidated. Private equity funds are generally expected to have 10-year lives at their inception, but these lives may be extended at the fund manager’s discretion, typically in one- or two-year increments. At September 30, 2015, assuming average original expected lives of 10 years for the funds, 82 percent of the total fair value using net asset value per share (or its equivalent) presented above would have expected remaining lives of three years or less, 5 percent between four and six years and 13 percent between seven and 10 years.

The hedge fund investments included above are generally redeemable monthly (14 percent), quarterly (48 percent), semi-annually (14 percent) and annually (24 percent), with redemption notices ranging from one day to 180 days. At September 30, 2015, however, investments representing approximately 45 percent of the total fair value of the hedge fund investments cannot be redeemed, either in whole or in part, because the investments include various contractual restrictions. The majority of these contractual restrictions, which may have been put in place at the fund’s inception or thereafter, have pre-defined end dates and are generally expected to be lifted by the end of 2016. The fund investments for which redemption is restricted only in part generally relate to certain hedge funds that hold at least one investment that the fund manager deems to be illiquid.

Fair Value Option

The following table presents the gains and losses recorded related to the eligible instruments for which we elected the fair value option:

Gain (Loss) Three Months Ended September 30,Gain (Loss) Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions)2015201420152014
Assets:
Bond and equity securities$(106)$252$495$1,529
Alternative Investments(a)(115)73148245
Other, including Short-term investments-227
Liabilities:
Long-term debt(b)(144)23(89)(186)
Other liabilities-(4)(3)(10)
Total gain (loss)$(365)$346$553$1,585

(a) Includes hedge funds, private equity funds and other investment partnerships.

(b) Includes GIAs, notes, bonds, loans and mortgages payable.

We recognized losses of $18 million and $7 million during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2015, respectively, and gains of $8 million and losses of $14 million during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2014, respectively, attributable to the observable effect of changes in credit spreads on our own liabilities for which the fair value option was elected. We calculate the effect of these credit spread changes using discounted cash flow techniques that incorporate current market interest rates, our observable credit spreads on these liabilities and other factors that mitigate the risk of nonperformance such as cash collateral posted.

The following table presents the difference between fair values and the aggregate contractual principal amounts of mortgage and other loans receivable and long-term debt for which the fair value option was elected:

September 30, 2015December 31, 2014
OutstandingOutstanding
(in millions)Fair ValuePrincipal AmountDifferenceFair ValuePrincipal AmountDifference
Assets:
Mortgage and other loans receivable$11$9$2$6$4$2
Liabilities:
Long-term debt*$3,985$2,883$1,102$5,466$4,101$1,365

* Includes GIAs, notes, bonds, loans and mortgages payable.

Fair Value Measurements on a Non-Recurring Basis

The following table presents assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at the time of impairment and the related impairment charges recorded during the periods presented:

Assets at Fair ValueImpairment Charges
Non-Recurring BasisThree Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total 2015201420152014
September 30, 2015
Other investments$-$-$986$986$22$62$74$117
Investments in life settlements--6336335852200139
Other assets--121241122
Total$-$-$1,631$1,631$84$115$286$258
December 31, 2014
Other investments$-$-$790$790
Investments in life settlements--537537
Other assets--11
Total$-$-$1,328$1,328

Fair Value Information About Financial Instruments Not Measured at Fair Value

The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of our financial instruments not measured at fair value and indicates the level in the fair value hierarchy of the estimated fair value measurement based on the observability of the inputs used:

Estimated Fair ValueCarrying
(in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3TotalValue
September 30, 2015
Assets:
Mortgage and other loans receivable$-$202$29,134$29,336$28,225
Other invested assets-4863,0003,4864,338
Short-term investments-9,675-9,6759,675
Cash1,569--1,5691,569
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits associated
with investment-type contracts-268115,672115,940107,422
Other liabilities-1,756-1,7561,756
Long-term debt-22,9934,74227,73526,734
December 31, 2014
Assets:
Mortgage and other loans receivable$-$449$26,157$26,606$24,984
Other invested assets-5932,8823,4754,352
Short-term investments-9,559-9,5599,559
Cash1,758--1,7581,758
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits associated
with investment-type contracts-244119,268119,512106,395
Other liabilities-1,120-1,1201,120
Long-term debt-24,7492,93227,68125,751