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FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2014
FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS  
FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

5. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis

Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets are measured and classified in accordance with a fair value hierarchy consisting of three “levels” based on the observability of valuation inputs:

  • Level 1: Fair value measurements based on quoted prices in active markets that we have the ability to access for identical assets or liabilities. Market price data generally is obtained from exchange or dealer markets. We do not adjust the quoted price for such instruments.
  • Level 2: Fair value measurements based on inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals.
  • Level 3: Fair value measurements based on valuation techniques that use significant inputs that are unobservable. Both observable and unobservable inputs may be used to determine the fair values of positions classified in Level 3. The circumstances for using these measurements include those in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability. Therefore, we must make certain assumptions about the inputs a hypothetical market participant would use to value that asset or liability. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table presents information about assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicates the level of the fair value measurement based on the observability of the inputs used:

March 31, 2014 CounterpartyCash
(in millions) Level 1Level 2Level 3Netting*CollateralTotal
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
U.S. government and government sponsored entities$ 3$ 2,919$ -$ -$ -$ 2,922
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions - 28,547 2,042 - - 30,589
Non-U.S. governments 629 21,238 17 - - 21,884
Corporate debt - 145,176 1,815 - - 146,991
RMBS - 21,540 15,764 - - 37,304
CMBS - 6,354 5,741 - - 12,095
CDO/ABS - 4,542 6,610 - - 11,152
Total bonds available for sale 632 230,316 31,989 - - 262,937
Other bond securities:
U.S. government and government sponsored entities 28 5,366 - - - 5,394
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions - 122 - - - 122
Non-U.S. governments - 2 - - - 2
Corporate debt - 1,108 - - - 1,108
RMBS - 1,282 1,069 - - 2,351
CMBS - 508 770 - - 1,278
CDO/ABS - 2,965 8,498 - - 11,463
Total other bond securities 28 11,353 10,337 - - 21,718
Equity securities available for sale:
Common stock 3,078 1 - - - 3,079
Preferred stock - 28 - - - 28
Mutual funds 767 4 - - - 771
Total equity securities available for sale 3,845 33 - - - 3,878
Other equity securities 653 72 - - - 725
Other invested assets 24 2,853 5,990 - - 8,867
Derivative assets:
Interest rate contracts 12 3,750 35 - - 3,797
Foreign exchange contracts - 37 - - - 37
Equity contracts 84 34 89 - - 207
Commodity contracts - - 1 - - 1
Credit contracts - - 41 - - 41
Other contracts - - 36 - - 36
Counterparty netting and cash collateral - - - (1,680) (838) (2,518)
Total derivative assets 96 3,821 202 (1,680) (838) 1,601
Short-term investments 392 3,361 - - - 3,753
Separate account assets 69,216 3,377 - - - 72,593
Other assets - - - - - -
Total$ 74,886$ 255,186$ 48,518$ (1,680)$ (838)$ 376,072
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$ -$ 66$ 765$ -$ -$ 831
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate contracts - 4,213 133 - - 4,346
Foreign exchange contracts - 254 - - - 254
Equity contracts - 92 1 - - 93
Commodity contracts - 4 - - - 4
Credit contracts - - 1,226 - - 1,226
Other contracts - 26 145 - - 171
Counterparty netting and cash collateral - - - (1,680) (1,375) (3,055)
Total derivative liabilities - 4,589 1,505 (1,680) (1,375) 3,039
Long-term debt - 5,616 403 - - 6,019
Other liabilities 87 451 - - - 538
Total$ 87$ 10,722$ 2,673$ (1,680)$ (1,375)$ 10,427
December 31, 2013 CounterpartyCash
(in millions) Level 1Level 2Level 3Netting*CollateralTotal
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
U.S. government and government sponsored entities$ 133$ 3,062$ -$ -$ -$ 3,195
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions - 28,300 1,080 - - 29,380
Non-U.S. governments 508 21,985 16 - - 22,509
Corporate debt - 143,297 1,255 - - 144,552
RMBS - 21,207 14,941 - - 36,148
CMBS - 5,747 5,735 - - 11,482
CDO/ABS - 4,034 6,974 - - 11,008
Total bonds available for sale 641 227,632 30,001 - - 258,274
Other bond securities:
U.S. government and government sponsored entities 78 5,645 - - - 5,723
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions - 121 - - - 121
Non-U.S. governments - 2 - - - 2
Corporate debt - 1,169 - - - 1,169
RMBS - 1,326 937 - - 2,263
CMBS - 509 844 - - 1,353
CDO/ABS - 3,158 8,834 - - 11,992
Total other bond securities 78 11,930 10,615 - - 22,623
Equity securities available for sale:
Common stock 3,218 - 1 - - 3,219
Preferred stock - 27 - - - 27
Mutual funds 408 2 - - - 410
Total equity securities available for sale 3,626 29 1 - - 3,656
Other equity securities 750 84 - - - 834
Other invested assets 1 2,667 5,930 - - 8,598
Derivative assets:
Interest rate contracts 14 3,716 41 - - 3,771
Foreign exchange contracts - 52 - - - 52
Equity contracts 151 106 49 - - 306
Commodity contracts - - 1 - - 1
Credit contracts - - 55 - - 55
Other contracts - 1 33 - - 34
Counterparty netting and cash collateral - - - (1,734) (820) (2,554)
Total derivative assets 165 3,875 179 (1,734) (820) 1,665
Short-term investments 332 5,981 - - - 6,313
Separate account assets 67,708 3,351 - - - 71,059
Other assets - 418 - - - 418
Total$ 73,301$ 255,967$ 46,726$ (1,734)$ (820)$ 373,440
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$ -$ 72$ 312$ -$ -$ 384
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate contracts - 3,661 141 - - 3,802
Foreign exchange contracts - 319 - - - 319
Equity contracts - 101 - - - 101
Commodity contracts - 5 - - - 5
Credit contracts - - 1,335 - - 1,335
Other contracts - 25 142 - - 167
Counterparty netting and cash collateral - - - (1,734) (1,484) (3,218)
Total derivative liabilities - 4,111 1,618 (1,734) (1,484) 2,511
Long-term debt - 6,377 370 - - 6,747
Other liabilities 42 891 - - - 933
Total$ 42$ 11,451$ 2,300$ (1,734)$ (1,484)$ 10,575

* Represents netting of derivative exposures covered by a qualifying master netting agreement.

Transfers of Level 1 and Level 2 Assets and Liabilities

Our policy is to record transfers of assets and liabilities between Level 1 and Level 2 at their fair values as of the end of each reporting period, consistent with the date of the determination of fair value. Assets are transferred out of Level 1 when they are no longer transacted with sufficient frequency and volume in an active market. Conversely, assets are transferred from Level 2 to Level 1 when transaction volume and frequency are indicative of an active market. During the three month periods ended March 31, 2014 and 2013, we transferred $62 million and $239 million of securities issued by Non-U.S. government entities from Level 1 to Level 2, respectively, as they are no longer considered actively traded. For similar reasons, during the three month periods ended March 31, 2014 and 2013, we transferred $103 million and $93 million, respectively, of securities issued by the U.S. government and U.S. government-sponsored entities from Level 1 to Level 2. We had no material transfers from Level 2 to Level 1 during the three month periods ended March 31, 2014 and 2013.

Changes in Level 3 Recurring Fair Value Measurements

The following tables present changes during the three-month periods ended March 31, 2014 and 2013 in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, and the realized and unrealized gains (losses) related to the Level 3 assets and liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2014 and 2013:

Net Changes in
Realized and Unrealized Gains
UnrealizedPurchases, (Losses) Included
Fair ValueGains (Losses)OtherSales,GrossGrossFair Valuein Income on
BeginningIncludedComprehensiveIssues andTransfersTransfersEndInstruments Held
(in millions)of Period(a)in IncomeIncome (Loss)Settlements, Netinoutof Periodat End of Period
Three Months Ended March 31, 2014
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities
and political subdivisions(b)$ 1,080$ -$ 117$ 846$ -$ (1)$ 2,042$ -
Non-U.S. governments 16 - (1) 2 - - 17 -
Corporate debt 1,255 (3) 20 4 648 (109) 1,815 -
RMBS 14,941 244 133 557 - (111) 15,764 -
CMBS 5,735 6 111 (50) - (61) 5,741 -
CDO/ABS 6,974 34 2 8 66 (474) 6,610 -
Total bonds available for sale 30,001 281 382 1,367 714 (756) 31,989 -
Other bond securities:
RMBS 937 28 - 104 - - 1,069 16
CMBS 844 17 - (91) - - 770 14
CDO/ABS 8,834 335 - (451) - (220) 8,498 166
Total other bond securities 10,615 380 - (438) - (220) 10,337 196
Equity securities available for sale:
Common stock 1 - - - - (1) - -
Preferred stock - - - - - - - -
Total equity securities available for sale 1 - - - - (1) - -
Other invested assets 5,930 79 54 49 85 (207) 5,990 -
Total$ 46,547$ 740$ 436$ 978$ 799$ (1,184)$ 48,316$ 196
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$ (312)$ (474)$ (8)$ 29$ -$ -$ (765)$ (82)
Derivative liabilities, net: -
Interest rate contracts (100) (6) - 8 - - (98) (1)
Equity contracts 49 (3) - (5) 47 - 88 (6)
Commodity contracts 1 - - - - - 1 -
Credit contracts (1,280) 80 - 15 - - (1,185) 94
Other contracts (109) 16 (1) (15) - - (109) 12
Total derivative liabilities, net (1,439) 87 (1) 3 47 - (1,303) 99
Long-term debt(c) (370) (3) - 19 (70) 21 (403) 7
Total$ (2,121)$ (390)$ (9)$ 51$ (23)$ 21$ (2,471)$ 24
Net Changes in
Realized and Unrealized Gains
UnrealizedPurchases, (Losses) Included
Fair ValueGains (Losses)OtherSales,GrossGrossFair Valuein Income on
BeginningIncludedComprehensiveIssues andTransfersTransfersEndInstruments Held
(in millions)of Period(a)in IncomeIncome (Loss)Settlements, Netinoutof Periodat End of Period
Three Months Ended March 31, 2013
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities
and political subdivisions$ 1,024$ 1$ (5)$ 136$ -$ (137)$ 1,019$ -
Non-U.S. governments 14 1 - 2 1 - 18 -
Corporate debt 1,487 (4) 6 22 77 (139) 1,449 -
RMBS 11,662 205 481 (262) 10 - 12,096 -
CMBS 5,124 11 141 (75) 154 (40) 5,315 -
CDO/ABS 4,841 24 76 639 180 (183) 5,577 -
Total bonds available for sale 24,152 238 699 462 422 (499) 25,474 -
Other bond securities:
RMBS 396 22 - 74 238 - 730 (17)
CMBS 812 12 - (99) 159 (108) 776 (25)
CDO/ABS 8,536 284 - (436) 486 (28) 8,842 82
Total other bond securities 9,744 318 - (461) 883 (136) 10,348 40
Equity securities available for sale:
Common stock 24 9 (1) (10) - - 22 -
Preferred stock 44 - 5 - - - 49 -
Total equity securities available for sale 68 9 4 (10) - - 71 -
Other invested assets 5,389 61 (13) (3) 127 (94) 5,467 -
Total$ 39,353$ 626$ 690$ (12)$ 1,432$ (729)$ 41,360$ 40
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$ (1,257)$ 205$ -$ 5$ -$ -$ (1,047)$ 28
Derivative liabilities, net:
Interest rate contracts 732 11 - 13 - - 756 3
Equity contracts 47 28 - (7) (2) - 66 12
Commodity contracts 1 1 - (1) - - 1 -
Credit contracts (1,991) 175 - 41 - - (1,775) 214
Other contracts (162) 7 - 16 - - (139) (12)
Total derivative liabilities, net (1,373) 222 - 62 (2) - (1,091) 217
Long-term debt(c) (344) (80) - 19 (2) - (407) (8)
Total$ (2,974)$ 347$ -$ 86$ (4)$ -$ (2,545)$ 237

(a) Total Level 3 derivative exposures have been netted in these tables for presentation purposes only.

(b) Purchases, Sales, Issues and Settlements, Net primarily reflect the effect of consolidating previously unconsolidated securitization vehicles.

(c) Includes guaranteed investment agreements (GIAs), notes, bonds, loans and mortgages payable.

Net realized and unrealized gains and losses related to Level 3 items shown above are reported in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income as follows:

NetNet Realized
InvestmentCapital Other
(in millions)IncomeGains (Losses)IncomeTotal
Three Months Ended March 31, 2014
Bonds available for sale$ 304$ (36)$ 13$ 281
Other bond securities 51 1 328 380
Equity securities available for sale - - - -
Other invested assets 77 (4) 6 79
Policyholder contract deposits - (474) - (474)
Derivative liabilities, net 15 (3) 75 87
Long-term debt - - (3) (3)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2013
Bonds available for sale$ 210$ 7$ 21$ 238
Other bond securities 33 - 285 318
Equity securities available for sale - 9 - 9
Other invested assets 47 (7) 21 61
Policyholder contract deposits - 205 - 205
Derivative liabilities, net - 22 200 222
Long-term debt - - (80) (80)

The following tables present the gross components of purchases, sales, issues and settlements, net, shown above, for the three months ended March 31, 2014 and 2013 related to Level 3 assets and liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets:

Purchases,
Sales, Issues and
(in millions)PurchasesSalesSettlementsSettlements, Net(a)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2014
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions(b)$ 888$ (5)$ (37)$ 846
Non-U.S. governments 2 - - 2
Corporate debt 56 (7) (45) 4
RMBS 1,087 (15) (515) 557
CMBS 65 (57) (58) (50)
CDO/ABS 330 - (322) 8
Total bonds available for sale 2,428 (84) (977) 1,367
Other bond securities:
RMBS 141 (5) (32) 104
CMBS - (6) (85) (91)
CDO/ABS 21 (7) (465) (451)
Total other bond securities 162 (18) (582) (438)
Equity securities available for sale - - - -
Other invested assets 296 - (247) 49
Total assets$ 2,886$ (102)$ (1,806)$ 978
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$ -$ (12)$ 41$ 29
Derivative liabilities, net 1 - 2 3
Long-term debt(c) - - 19 19
Total liabilities$ 1$ (12)$ 62$ 51
Three Months Ended March 31, 2013
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions$ 158$ (22)$ -$ 136
Non-U.S. governments 3 - (1) 2
Corporate debt 97 - (75) 22
RMBS 603 (231) (634) (262)
CMBS 373 (146) (302) (75)
CDO/ABS 798 (159) - 639
Total bonds available for sale 2,032 (558) (1,012) 462
Other bond securities:
Corporate debt - - - -
RMBS 105 - (31) 74
CMBS 19 (58) (60) (99)
CDO/ABS 188 - (624) (436)
Total other bond securities 312 (58) (715) (461)
Equity securities available for sale 1 (10) (1) (10)
Other invested assets 243 (30) (216) (3)
Total assets$ 2,588$ (656)$ (1,944)$ (12)
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$ -$ (6)$ 11$ 5
Derivative liabilities, net 3 (4) 63 62
Long-term debt(c) - - 19 19
Total liabilities$ 3$ (10)$ 93$ 86

(a) There were no issuances during the three month periods ended March 31, 2014 and 2013.

(b) Purchases primarily reflect the effect of consolidating previously unconsolidated securitization vehicles.

(c) Includes GIAs, notes, bonds, loans and mortgages payable.

Both observable and unobservable inputs may be used to determine the fair values of positions classified in Level 3 in the tables above. As a result, the unrealized gains (losses) on instruments held at March 31, 2014 and 2013 may include changes in fair value that were attributable to both observable (e.g., changes in market interest rates) and unobservable inputs (e.g., changes in unobservable long-dated volatilities).

Transfers of Level 3 Assets and Liabilities

We record transfers of assets and liabilities into or out of Level 3 at their fair values as of the end of each reporting period, consistent with the date of the determination of fair value. As a result, the Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in income or other comprehensive income as shown in the table above excludes $23 million of net gains and $72 million of net losses related to assets and liabilities transferred into Level 3 during the three month periods ended March 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, and includes $23 million and $2 million of net gains related to assets and liabilities transferred out of Level 3 during the three month periods ended March 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

Transfers of Level 3 Assets

During the three month periods ended March 31, 2014 and 2013, transfers into Level 3 assets primarily included certain investments in private placement corporate debt, RMBS, CMBS, CDO/ABS, and investments in hedge funds. Transfers of investments in private placement corporate debt and certain ABS into Level 3 assets were primarily the result of limited market pricing information that required us to determine fair value for these securities based on inputs that are adjusted to better reflect our own assumptions regarding the characteristics of a specific security or associated market liquidity. The transfers of investments in RMBS, CMBS and CDO and certain ABS into Level 3 assets were due to decreases in market transparency and liquidity for individual security types. Certain investments in hedge funds were transferred into Level 3 due to these investments being carried at fair value and no longer being accounted for using the equity method of accounting, or as a result of limited market activity due to fund-imposed redemption restrictions.

During the three month periods ended March 31, 2014 and 2013, transfers out of Level 3 assets primarily related to certain investments in municipal securities, private placement and other corporate debt, RMBS, CMBS, CDO/ABS, and investments in hedge funds. Transfers of certain investments in municipal securities, corporate debt, RMBS, CMBS, and CDO/ABS out of Level 3 assets were based on consideration of market liquidity as well as related transparency of pricing and associated observable inputs for these investments. Transfers of certain investments in private placement corporate debt out of Level 3 assets were primarily the result of using observable pricing information that reflects the fair value of those securities without the need for adjustment based on our own assumptions regarding the characteristics of a specific security or the current liquidity in the market. The transfers of certain hedge fund investments out of Level 3 assets were primarily the result of easing of certain fund-imposed redemption restrictions.

Transfers of Level 3 Liabilities

There were no significant transfers of derivative or other liabilities into or out of Level 3 for the three month periods ended March 31, 2014 and 2013.

Quantitative Information About Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

The table below presents information about the significant unobservable inputs used for recurring fair value measurements for certain Level 3 instruments, and includes only those instruments for which information about the inputs is reasonably available to us, such as data from third-party valuation service providers and from internal valuation models. Because input information from third-parties with respect to certain Level 3 instruments (primarily CDO/ABS) may not be reasonably available to us, balances shown below may not equal total amounts reported for such Level 3 assets and liabilities:

Fair Value  at
March 31,ValuationRange
(in millions)2014TechniqueUnobservable Input(Weighted Average )
Assets:
Obligations of states,$ 1,138Discounted cash flowYield(b)4.44% - 5.30% (4.87%)
municipalities and
political subdivisions
Corporate debt 1,166Discounted cash flowYield(b)2.87% - 8.28% (5.57%)
RMBS 16,252Discounted cash flowConstant prepayment rate(a)(c)0.00% - 10.13% (5.05%)
Loss severity(a)(c)43.85% - 79.75% (61.80%)
Constant default rate(a)(c)3.98% - 11.79% (7.89%)
Yield(c)2.59% - 6.85% (4.72%)
Certain CDO/ABS 5,411Discounted cash flowConstant prepayment rate(a)(c)5.30% - 13.30% (9.50%)
Loss severity(a)(c)46.40% - 61.30% (53.90%)
Constant default rate(a)(c)2.90% - 15.60% (8.40%)
Yield(c)5.00% - 10.80% (8.90%)
CMBS 6,017Discounted cash flowYield(b)0.00% - 13.70% (5.09%)
CDO/ABS - DirectBinomial ExpansionRecovery rate(b)5.00% - 61.00% (25.00%)
Investment book 565Technique (BET) Diversity score(b)6 - 29 (13.1)
Weighted average life(b)1.30 - 10.50 years (5.30 years)
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract
deposits 765Discounted cash flowEquity implied volatility(b)6.00% - 39.00%
Base lapse rate(b)1.00% - 40.00%
Dynamic lapse rate(b)0.20% - 60.00%
Mortality rate(b)0.50% - 40.00%
Utilization rate(b)0.50% - 25.00%
Total derivative
liabilities, net 909BETRecovery rate(b)5.00% - 34.00% (17.00%)
Diversity score(b)9 - 33 (14)
Weighted average life(b)4.12 - 10.53 years (5.82 years)
Fair Value  at
December 31,ValuationRange
(in millions)2013TechniqueUnobservable Input(Weighted Average )
Assets:
Obligations of states,$ 920Discounted cash flowYield(b)4.94% - 5.86% (5.40%)
municipalities and
political subdivisions
Corporate debt 788Discounted cash flowYield(b)0.00% - 14.29% (6.64%)
RMBS 14,419Discounted cash flowConstant prepayment rate(a)(c)0.00% - 10.35% (4.97%)
Loss severity(a)(c)42.60% - 79.07% (60.84%)
Constant default rate(a)(c)3.98% - 12.22% (8.10%)
Yield(c)2.54% - 7.40% (4.97%)
Certain CDO/ABS 5,414Discounted cash flowConstant prepayment rate(a)(c)5.20% - 10.80% (8.20%)
Loss severity(a)(c)48.60% - 63.40% (56.40%)
Constant default rate(a)(c)3.20% - 16.20% (9.00%)
Yield(c)5.20% - 11.50% (9.40%)
CMBS 5,847Discounted cash flowYield(b)0.00% - 14.69% (5.58%)
CDO/ABS - DirectBinomial ExpansionRecovery rate(b)6.00% - 63.00% (25.00%)
Investment book 557Technique (BET) Diversity score(b)5 - 35 (12)
Weighted average life(b)1.07 - 9.47 years (4.86 years)
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract
deposits 312Discounted cash flowEquity implied volatility(b)6.00% - 39.00%
Base lapse rate(b)1.00% - 40.00%
Dynamic lapse rate(b)0.20% - 60.00%
Mortality rate(b)0.50% - 40.00%
Utilization rate(b)0.50% - 25.00%
Total derivative
liabilities, net 996BETRecovery rate(b)5.00% - 34.00% (17.00%)
Diversity score(b)9 - 32 (13)
Weighted average life(b)4.50 - 9.47 years (5.63 years)

(a) The unobservable inputs and ranges for the constant prepayment rate, loss severity and constant default rate relate to each of the individual underlying mortgage loans that comprise the entire portfolio of securities in the RMBS and CDO securitization vehicles and not necessarily to the securitization vehicle bonds (tranches) purchased by us. The ranges of these inputs do not directly correlate to changes in the fair values of the tranches purchased by us because there are other factors relevant to the fair values of specific tranches owned by us including, but not limited to, purchase price, position in the waterfall, senior versus subordinated position and attachment points.

(b) Represents discount rates, estimates and assumptions that we believe would be used by market participants when valuing these assets and liabilities.

(c) Information received from independent third-party valuation service providers.

The ranges of reported inputs for Corporate debt, RMBS, CDO/ABS, and CMBS valued using a discounted cash flow technique consist of plus/minus one standard deviation in either direction from the value-weighted average. The preceding table does not give effect to our risk management practices that might offset risks inherent in these investments.

Sensitivity to Changes in Unobservable Inputs

We consider unobservable inputs to be those for which market data is not available and that are developed using the best information available to us about the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability. Relevant inputs vary depending on the nature of the instrument being measured at fair value. The following is a general description of sensitivities of significant unobservable inputs along with interrelationships between and among the significant unobservable inputs and their impact on the fair value measurements. The effect of a change in a particular assumption in the sensitivity analysis below is considered independently of changes in any other assumptions. In practice, simultaneous changes in assumptions may not always have a linear effect on the inputs discussed below. Interrelationships may also exist between observable and unobservable inputs. Such relationships have not been included in the discussion below. For each of the individual relationships described below, the inverse relationship would also generally apply.

Obligations of States, Municipalities and Political Subdivisions

The significant unobservable input used in fair value measurement of certain investments in obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions is yield.  In general, increases in the yield would decrease the fair value of investments in obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions.

Corporate Debt

Corporate debt securities included in Level 3 are primarily private placement issuances that are not traded in active markets or that are subject to transfer restrictions. Fair value measurements consider illiquidity and non-transferability. When observable price quotations are not available, fair value is determined based on discounted cash flow models using discount rates based on credit spreads, yields or price levels of publicly-traded debt of the issuer or other comparable securities, considering illiquidity and structure. The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of corporate debt is the yield. The yield is affected by the market movements in credit spreads and U.S. Treasury yields. In addition, the migration in credit quality of a given security generally has a corresponding effect on the fair value measurement of the security. For example, a downward migration of credit quality would increase spreads. Holding U.S. Treasury rates constant, an increase in corporate credit spreads would decrease the fair value of corporate debt.

RMBS and Certain CDO/ABS

The significant unobservable inputs used in fair value measurements of RMBS and certain CDO/ABS valued by third-party valuation service providers are constant prepayment rates (CPR), loss severity, constant default rates (CDR), and yield. A change in the assumptions used for the probability of default will generally be accompanied by a corresponding change in the assumption used for the loss severity and an inverse change in the assumption used for prepayment rates. In general, increases in CPR, loss severity, CDR, and yield, in isolation, would result in a decrease in the fair value measurement. Changes in fair value based on variations in assumptions generally cannot be extrapolated because the relationship between the directional change of each input is not usually linear.

CMBS

The significant unobservable input used in fair value measurements for CMBS is the yield. Prepayment assumptions for each mortgage pool are factored into the yield. CMBS generally feature a lower degree of prepayment risk than RMBS because commercial mortgages generally contain a penalty for prepayment. In general, increases in the yield would decrease the fair value of CMBS.

CDO/ABS – Direct Investment book

The significant unobservable inputs used for certain CDO/ABS securities valued using the BET are recovery rates, diversity score, and the weighted average life of the portfolio. An increase in recovery rates and diversity score will increase the fair value of the portfolio. An increase in the weighted average life will decrease the fair value.

Policyholder contract deposits

Embedded derivatives within Policyholder contract deposits relate to guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (GMWB) within variable annuity products and certain enhancements to interest crediting rates based on market indices within equity-indexed annuities and guaranteed investment contracts (GICs). GMWB represents our largest exposure of these embedded derivatives, although the carrying value of the liability fluctuates based on the performance of the equity markets and therefore, at a point in time, can be low relative to the exposure. The principal unobservable input used for GMWBs and embedded derivatives in equity-indexed annuities measured at fair value is equity implied volatility. For GMWBs, other significant unobservable inputs include base and dynamic lapse rates, mortality rates, and utilization rates. Lapse, mortality, and utilization rates may vary significantly depending upon age groups and duration. In general, increases in volatility and utilization rates will increase the fair value of the liability associated with GMWB, while increases in lapse rates and mortality rates will decrease the fair value of the liability. Significant unobservable inputs used in valuing embedded derivatives within GICs include long-term forward interest rates and foreign exchange rates. Generally, the embedded derivative liability for GICs will increase as interest rates decrease or if the U.S. dollar weakens compared to the euro.

Total derivative liabilities, net

The significant unobservable inputs used for derivative liabilities valued using the BET, which include certain credit contracts, are recovery rates, diversity scores, and the weighted average life of the portfolio. AIG non-performance risk is also considered in the measurement of the liability.

An increase in recovery rates and diversity score will decrease the fair value of the liability. An increase in the weighted average life will increase the fair value measurement of the liability.

Investments in Certain Entities Carried at Fair Value Using Net Asset Value Per Share

The following table includes information related to our investments in certain other invested assets, including private equity funds, hedge funds and other alternative investments that calculate net asset value per share (or its equivalent). For these investments, which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, we use the net asset value per share as a practical expedient to measure fair value.

March 31, 2014December 31, 2013
Fair Value Using Net Asset Value Per Share (or its equivalent)Fair Value Using Net Asset Value Per Share (or its equivalent)
UnfundedUnfunded
(in millions)Investment Category IncludesCommitmentsCommitments
Investment Category
Private equity funds:
Leveraged buyoutDebt and/or equity investments made as part of a transaction in which assets of mature companies are acquired from the current shareholders, typically with the use of financial leverage$ 2,511$ 548$ 2,544$ 578
Real Estate / InfrastructureInvestments in real estate properties and infrastructure positions, including power plants and other energy generating facilities 424 275 346 86
Venture capitalEarly-stage, high-potential, growth companies expected to generate a return through an eventual realization event, such as an initial public offering or sale of the company 133 11 140 13
DistressedSecurities of companies that are in default, under bankruptcy protection, or troubled 179 33 183 34
OtherIncludes multi-strategy and mezzanine strategies 161 225 134 238
Total private equity funds 3,408 1,092 3,347 949
Hedge funds:
Event-drivenSecurities of companies undergoing material structural changes, including mergers, acquisitions and other reorganizations 1,197 2 976 2
Long-shortSecurities that the manager believes are undervalued, with corresponding short positions to hedge market risk 2,026 8 1,759 11
MacroInvestments that take long and short positions in financial instruments based on a top-down view of certain economic and capital market conditions 438 - 612 -
DistressedSecurities of companies that are in default, under bankruptcy protection or troubled 623 14 594 15
Emerging marketsInvestments in the financial markets of developing countries 292 - 287 -
OtherIncludes multi-strategy and relative value strategies 172 - 157 -
Total hedge funds 4,748 24 4,385 28
Total$ 8,156$ 1,116$ 7,732$ 977

Private equity fund investments included above are not redeemable, as distributions from the funds will be received when underlying investments of the funds are liquidated. Private equity funds are generally expected to have 10-year lives at their inception, but these lives may be extended at the fund manager’s discretion, typically in one or two-year increments. At March 31, 2014, assuming average original expected lives of 10 years for the funds, 79 percent of the total fair value using net asset value per share (or its equivalent) presented above would have expected remaining lives of three years or less, 16 percent between four and six years and 5 percent between seven and 10 years.

The hedge fund investments included above are generally redeemable monthly (12 percent), quarterly (47 percent), semi-annually (17 percent) and annually (24 percent), with redemption notices ranging from one day to 180 days. At March 31, 2014, however, investments representing approximately 58 percent of the total fair value of the hedge fund investments cannot be redeemed, either in whole or in part, because the investments include various contractual restrictions. The majority of these contractual restrictions, which may have been put in place at the fund’s inception or thereafter, have pre-defined end dates and are generally expected to be lifted by the end of 2015. The fund investments for which redemption is restricted only in part generally relate to certain hedge funds that hold at least one investment that the fund manager deems to be illiquid.

Fair Value Option

The following table presents the gains and losses recorded related to the eligible instruments for which we elected the fair value option:

Three Months Ended March 31,Gain (Loss)
(in millions)20142013
Assets:
Mortgage and other loans receivable$ -$ 1
Bond and equity securities 666 376
Alternative investments(a) 154 84
Other, including Short-term investments 3 3
Liabilities:
Long-term debt(b) (74) 9
Other liabilities (4) (4)
Total gain$ 745$ 469

(a) Includes hedge funds, private equity funds and other investment partnerships.

(b) Includes GIAs, notes, bonds, loans and mortgages payable.

We recognized losses of $11 million and $34 million during the three month periods ended March 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, attributable to the observable effect of changes in credit spreads on our own liabilities for which the fair value option was elected. We calculate the effect of these credit spread changes using discounted cash flow techniques that incorporate current market interest rates, our observable credit spreads on these liabilities and other factors that mitigate the risk of nonperformance such as cash collateral posted.

The following table presents the difference between fair values and the aggregate contractual principal amounts of long-term debt for which the fair value option was elected:

March 31, 2014December 31, 2013
OutstandingOutstanding
(in millions)Fair ValuePrincipal AmountDifferenceFair ValuePrincipal AmountDifference
Liabilities:
Long-term debt*$ 6,019$ 4,656$ 1,363$ 6,747$ 5,231$ 1,516

* Includes GIAs, notes, bonds, loans and mortgages payable.

Fair Value Measurements on a Non-Recurring Basis

The following table presents assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at the time of impairment and the related impairment charges recorded during the periods presented:

Assets at Fair ValueImpairment Charges
Non-Recurring BasisThree Months Ended March 31,
(in millions) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total 20142013
March 31, 2014
Other investments$ -$ -$ 1,510$ 1,510$ 35$ 36
Investments in life settlements - - 270 270 42 43
Other assets - - 1 1 1 31
Total$ -$ -$ 1,781$ 1,781$ 78$ 110
December 31, 2013
Other investments$ -$ -$ 1,615$ 1,615
Investments in life settlements - - 896 896
Other assets - 11 48 59
Total$ -$ 11$ 2,559$ 2,570

Fair Value Information About Financial Instruments Not Measured at Fair Value

The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of our financial instruments not measured at fair value and indicates the level in the fair value hierarchy of the estimated fair value measurement based on the observability of the inputs used:

Estimated Fair ValueCarrying
(in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3TotalValue
March 31, 2014
Assets:
Mortgage and other loans receivable$ -$ 171$ 22,329$ 22,500$ 21,569
Other invested assets - 573 2,727 3,300 4,245
Short-term investments - 13,905 - 13,905 13,905
Cash 2,490 - - 2,490 2,490
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits associated
with investment-type contracts - 198 115,467 115,665 105,229
Other liabilities - 3,418 - 3,418 3,418
Long-term debt - 34,510 3,182 37,692 33,489
December 31, 2013
Assets:
Mortgage and other loans receivable$ -$ 219$ 21,418$ 21,637$ 20,765
Other invested assets - 529 2,705 3,234 4,194
Short-term investments - 15,304 - 15,304 15,304
Cash 2,241 - - 2,241 2,241
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits associated
with investment-type contracts - 199 114,361 114,560 105,093
Other liabilities - 4,869 1 4,870 4,869
Long-term debt - 36,239 2,394 38,633 34,946