Disaggregated Revenue

A geographic disaggregation of revenues across our company segmentation in the following tables provide information to assist in evaluating the nature, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows and how they may be impacted by economic factors.



	Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
In millions	Industrial Packaging			Global Cellulose Fibers		Printing Papers			Corporate and Inter-segment Sales			Total
Primary Geographical Markets (a)
United States	$	3,394		$	602	$	482		$	52		$	4,530
EMEA	396			77		328			(4		)	797
Pacific Rim and Asia	40			35		62			6			143
Americas, other than U.S.	204			—		230			(3		)	431
Total	$	4,034		$	714	$	1,102		$	51		$	5,901

Operating Segments
North American Industrial Packaging	$	3,653		$	—	$	—		$	—		$	3,653
EMEA Industrial Packaging	311			—		—			—			311
Brazilian Industrial Packaging	57			—		—			—			57
European Coated Paperboard	87			—		—			—			87
Global Cellulose Fibers	—			714		—			—			714
North American Printing Papers	—			—		492			—			492
Brazilian Papers	—			—		255			—			255
European Papers	—			—		311			—			311
Indian Papers	—			—		47			—			47
Intra-segment Eliminations	(74		)	—		(3		)	—			(77		)
Corporate & Inter-segment Sales	—			—		—			51			51
Total	$	4,034		$	714	$	1,102		$	51		$	5,901

(a) Net sales are attributed to countries based on the location of the seller.



	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
In millions	Industrial Packaging			Global Cellulose Fibers		Printing Papers			Corporate & Intersegment			Total
Primary Geographical Markets (a)
United States	$	9,832		$	1,720	$	1,399		$	163		$	13,114
EMEA	1,275			222		988			(13		)	2,472
Pacific Rim and Asia	110			140		185			35			470
Americas, other than U.S.	666			1		643			(11		)	1,299
Total	$	11,883		$	2,083	$	3,215		$	174		$	17,355

Operating Segments
North American Industrial Packaging	$	10,604		$	—	$	—		$	—		$	10,604
EMEA Industrial Packaging	1,017			—		—			—			1,017
Brazilian Industrial Packaging	175			—		—			—			175
European Coated Paperboard	265			—		—			—			265
Global Cellulose Fibers	—			2,083		—			—			2,083
North American Printing Papers	—			—		1,443			—			1,443
Brazilian Papers	—			—		706			—			706
European Papers	—			—		932			—			932
Indian Papers	—			—		150			—			150
Intra-segment Eliminations	(178		)	—		(16		)	—			(194		)
Corporate & Inter-segment Sales	—			—		—			174			174
Total	$	11,883		$	2,083	$	3,215		$	174		$	17,355

(a) Net sales are attributed to countries based on the location of the seller.

The nature of the Company's contracts can vary based on the business, customer type and region; however, in all instances it is International Paper's customary business practice to receive a valid order from the customer, in which each parties' rights and related payment terms are clearly identifiable.

Revenue Contract Balances

The opening and closing balances of the Company's contract assets and current contract liabilities are as follows:



In millions	Contract Assets (Short-Term)		Contract Liabilities (Short-Term)
Beginning Balance - January 1, 2018	$	366	$	53
Ending Balance - September 30, 2018	383		25
Increase / (Decrease)	$	17	$	(28	)

A contract asset is created when the Company recognizes revenue on its customized products prior to having an unconditional right to payment from the customer, which generally does not occur until title and risk of loss passes to the customer.

A contract liability is created when customers prepay for goods prior to the Company transferring those goods to the customer. The contract liability is reduced once control of the goods is transferred to the customer. The majority of our customer prepayments are received during the fourth quarter each year for goods that will be transferred to customers over the following twelve months.

The difference between the opening and closing balances of the Company's contract assets and contract liabilities primarily results from the timing difference between the Company's performance and the point at which we have an unconditional right to payment or receive pre-payment from the customer, respectively.

Performance Obligations and Significant Judgments

International Paper's principal business is to manufacture and sell fiber-based packaging, pulp and paper goods. As a general rule, none of our businesses provide equipment installation or other ancillary services outside producing and shipping packaging, pulp and paper goods to customers.

The Company's revenue is primarily derived from fixed consideration; however, we do have contract terms that give rise to variable consideration, primarily cash discounts and volume rebates. International Paper offers early payment discounts to customers across the Company's businesses. The Company estimates the expected cash discounts and other customer refunds based on the historical experience across the Company's portfolio of customers to record reductions in revenue which is consistent with the most likely amount method outlined in ASC 606. Management has concluded that this method is the best estimate of the consideration the Company will be entitled to from its customers.

Contracts or purchase orders with customers could include a single type of product or it could include multiple types/grades of products. Regardless, the contracted price with the customer is agreed to at the individual product level outlined in the customer contracts or purchase orders. The Company does not bundle prices; however, we do negotiate with customers on pricing and rebates for the same products based on a variety of factors (e.g. level of contractual volume, geographical location, etc.). Management has concluded that the prices negotiated with each individual customer are representative of the stand-alone selling price of the product.

Generally, the Company recognizes revenue on a point in time basis when the customer takes title to the goods and assumes the risks and rewards for the goods. For customized goods where the Company has a legally enforceable right to payment for the goods, the Company recognizes revenue over time which in this case, is generally as the goods are produced.

Practical Expedients and Exemptions

As part of our adoption of the new revenue standard, the Company has elected to present all sales taxes on a net basis, account for shipping and handling activities as fulfillment activities, recognize the incremental costs of obtaining a contract as expense when incurred if the amortization period of the asset the Company would recognize is one year or less and not record interest income or interest expense when the difference in timing of control transfer and customer payment is one year or less. The election of these practical expedients results in accounting treatments consistent with our historical accounting policies and therefore, these elections and expedients do not have a material impact on comparability of our financial statements.