Goodwill

The following table presents changes in goodwill balances as allocated to each business segment for the nine-months ended September 30, 2018:



In millions	Industrial Packaging				Global Cellulose Fibers		Printing Papers			Total
Balance as of January 1, 2018
Goodwill	$	3,382			$	52	$	2,150		$	5,584
Accumulated impairment losses (a)	(296		)		—		(1,877		)	(2,173		)
	3,086				52		273			3,411
Currency translation and other (b)	—				—		(38		)	(38		)
Additions/reductions	(2		)	(c)	—		—			(2		)
Balance as of September 30, 2018
Goodwill	3,380				52		2,112			5,544
Accumulated impairment losses (a)	(296		)		—		(1,877		)	(2,173		)
Total	$	3,084			$	52	$	235		$	3,371


(a)	Represents accumulated goodwill impairment charges since the adoption of ASC 350, "Intangibles-Goodwill and Other" in 2002.


(b)	Represents the effects of foreign currency translations and reclassifications.

(c) Reflects a reduction from tax benefits generated by the deduction of goodwill amortization for tax purposes in the US.

Other Intangibles

Identifiable intangible assets comprised the following:



	September 30, 2018						December 31, 2017
In millions	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Intangible Assets		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Intangible Assets
Customer relationships and lists	$	540	$	238	$	302	$	610	$	247	$	363
Non-compete agreements	65		65		—		72		72		—
Tradenames, patents and trademarks, and developed technology	173		85		88		172		72		100
Land and water rights	8		2		6		8		2		6
Software	27		25		2		24		23		1
Other	36		28		8		38		26		12
Total	$	849	$	443	$	406	$	924	$	442	$	482

The Company recognized the following amounts as amortization expense related to intangible assets:



	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
In millions	2018		2017		2018		2017
Amortization expense related to intangible assets	$	15	$	27	$	44	$	60