10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d)

OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

FOR THE QUARTER ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2020

1-2360

(Commission file number)

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

New York	13-0871985
(State of incorporation)	(IRS employer identification number)
One New Orchard Road Armonk, New York	10504
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

914-499-1900

(Registrant’s telephone number)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Capital stock, par value $.20 per share	IBM	New York Stock Exchange
		NYSE Chicago
2.750%  Notes due 2020	IBM 20B	New York Stock Exchange
1.875%  Notes due 2020	IBM 20A	New York Stock Exchange
0.500%  Notes due 2021	IBM 21B	New York Stock Exchange
2.625%  Notes due 2022	IBM 22A	New York Stock Exchange
1.250%  Notes due 2023	IBM 23A	New York Stock Exchange
0.375%  Notes due 2023	IBM 23B	New York Stock Exchange
1.125%  Notes due 2024	IBM 24A	New York Stock Exchange
2.875%  Notes due 2025	IBM 25A	New York Stock Exchange
0.950%  Notes due 2025	IBM 25B	New York Stock Exchange
0.875%  Notes due 2025	IBM 25C	New York Stock Exchange
0.300%  Notes due 2026	IBM 26B	New York Stock Exchange
1.250%  Notes due 2027	IBM 27B	New York Stock Exchange
0.300% Notes due 2028	IBM 28B	New York Stock Exchange
1.750%  Notes due 2028	IBM 28A	New York Stock Exchange
1.500%  Notes due 2029	IBM 29	New York Stock Exchange
1.750%  Notes due 2031	IBM 31	New York Stock Exchange
0.650% Notes due 2032	IBM 32A	New York Stock Exchange
1.200% Notes due 2040	IBM 40	New York Stock Exchange
7.00%    Debentures due 2025	IBM 25	New York Stock Exchange
6.22%    Debentures due 2027	IBM 27	New York Stock Exchange
6.50%    Debentures due 2028	IBM 28	New York Stock Exchange
7.00%    Debentures due 2045	IBM 45	New York Stock Exchange
7.125%  Debentures due 2096	IBM 96	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section l3 or l5(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes ☒    No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes ☒    No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☒	Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☐	Smaller reporting company ☐
	Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes ☐    No ☒

The registrant had 891,057,116 shares of common stock outstanding at September 30, 2020.

Index

	Page
Part I - Financial Information:
Item 1. Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited):
Consolidated Income Statement for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019	3
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019	4
Consolidated Balance Sheet at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019	5
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019	7
Consolidated Statement of Equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019	8
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	10
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Results of Operations and Financial Condition	51
Item 4. Controls and Procedures	94
Part II - Other Information:
Item 1. Legal Proceedings	95
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds and Issuer Repurchases of Equity Securities	95
Item 6. Exhibits	96

2

Part I - Financial Information

Item 1. Consolidated Financial Statements:

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION

AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENT

(UNAUDITED)

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions except per share amounts)	2020		2019		2020		2019
Revenue:
Services	$	11,180	$	11,703	$	33,490	$	35,454
Sales		6,106		5,981		18,918		18,817
Financing		275		343		845		1,099
Total revenue		17,560		18,028		53,253		55,370
Cost:
Services		7,357		7,840		22,720		24,293
Sales		1,601		1,635		4,964		4,979
Financing		172		217		517		710
Total cost		9,130		9,692		28,202		29,982
Gross profit		8,430		8,336		25,052		25,388
Expense and other (income):
Selling, general and administrative		4,647		5,024		15,849		15,171
Research, development and engineering		1,515		1,553		4,722		4,393
Intellectual property and custom development income		(134)		(166)		(453)		(489)
Other (income) and expense		253		(31)		614		(850)
Interest expense		323		432		971		990
Total expense and other (income)		6,603		6,813		21,704		19,215
Income from continuing operations before income taxes		1,827		1,522		3,348		6,173
Provision for/(benefit from) income taxes		128		(151)		(888)		407
Income from continuing operations	$	1,698	$	1,673	$	4,237	$	5,766
Income/(loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax		(1)		(1)		(2)		(5)
Net income	$	1,698	$	1,672	$	4,234	$	5,761
Earnings/(loss) per share of common stock:
Assuming dilution:
Continuing operations	$	1.89	$	1.87	$	4.72	$	6.46
Discontinued operations		0.00		0.00		0.00		(0.01)
Total	$	1.89	$	1.87	$	4.72	$	6.45
Basic:
Continuing operations	$	1.90	$	1.89	$	4.76	$	6.50
Discontinued operations		0.00		0.00		0.00		(0.01)
Total	$	1.90	$	1.89	$	4.76	$	6.49
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding: (millions)
Assuming dilution		897.3		892.8		895.8		892.5
Basic		891.4		886.0		889.6		887.3

(Amounts may not add due to rounding.)

(The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.)

3

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION

AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(UNAUDITED)

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019		2020		2019
Net income	$	1,698	$	1,672	$	4,234	$	5,761
Other comprehensive income/(loss), before tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments		(439)		(509)		(1,354)		(333)
Net changes related to available-for-sale securities:
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period		(1)		3		0		1
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to net income		—		—		—		—
Total net changes related to available-for-sale securities		(1)		3		0		1
Unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges:
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period		(32)		(439)		(249)		(798)
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to net income		(69)		488		(37)		418
Total unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges		(101)		49		(285)		(380)
Retirement-related benefit plans:
Prior service costs/(credits)		(1)		—		(5)		—
Net (losses)/gains arising during the period		0		0		65		113
Curtailments and settlements		21		3		42		7
Amortization of prior service (credits)/costs		0		(3)		1		(9)
Amortization of net (gains)/losses		586		461		1,722		1,385
Total retirement-related benefit plans		607		461		1,826		1,496
Other comprehensive income/(loss), before tax		66		4		187		784
Income tax (expense)/benefit related to items of other comprehensive income		106		(249)		(175)		(380)
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax		172		(245)		12		404
Total comprehensive income/(loss)	$	1,870	$	1,427	$	4,247	$	6,165

(Amounts may not add due to rounding.)

(The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.)

4

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION

AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET

(UNAUDITED)

ASSETS

	At September 30,		At December 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019
Assets:
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	14,393	$	8,172
Restricted cash		160		141
Marketable securities		1,200		696
Notes and accounts receivable — trade (net of allowances of $354 in 2020 and $299 in 2019)		6,099		7,870
Short-term financing receivables (net of allowances of $205 in 2020 and $188 in 2019)		10,848		14,192
Other accounts receivable (net of allowances of $32 in 2020 and $33 in 2019)		923		1,733
Inventory, at lower of average cost or net realizable value:
Finished goods		287		220
Work in process and raw materials		1,662		1,399
Total inventory		1,949		1,619
Deferred costs		2,084		1,896
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		2,188		2,101
Total current assets		39,845		38,420
Property, plant and equipment		32,432		32,028
Less: Accumulated depreciation		22,474		22,018
Property, plant and equipment — net		9,958		10,010
Operating right-of-use assets — net		4,715		4,996
Long-term financing receivables (net of allowances of $59 in 2020 and $33 in 2019)		6,423		8,712
Prepaid pension assets		7,636		6,865
Deferred costs		2,438		2,472
Deferred taxes		8,852		5,182
Goodwill		58,355		58,222
Intangible assets — net		13,962		15,235
Investments and sundry assets		1,944		2,074
Total assets	$	154,128	$	152,186

(Amounts may not add due to rounding.)

(The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.)

5

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION

AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET – (CONTINUED)

(UNAUDITED)

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY

	At September 30,		At December 31,
(Dollars in millions except per share amount)	2020		2019
Liabilities:
Current liabilities:
Taxes	$	2,375	$	2,839
Short-term debt		10,285		8,797
Accounts payable		3,985		4,896
Compensation and benefits		3,602		3,406
Deferred income		11,681		12,026
Operating lease liabilities		1,336		1,380
Other accrued expenses and liabilities		4,730		4,357
Total current liabilities		37,993		37,701
Long-term debt		55,129		54,102
Retirement and nonpension postretirement benefit obligations		16,732		17,142
Deferred income		3,820		3,851
Operating lease liabilities		3,635		3,879
Other liabilities		15,484		14,526
Total liabilities		132,794		131,202
Equity:
IBM stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, par value $0.20 per share, and additional paid-in capital		56,366		55,895
Shares authorized: 4,687,500,000
Shares issued: 2020 - 2,241,658,034
2019 - 2,237,996,975
Retained earnings		162,806		162,954
Treasury stock - at cost		(169,380)		(169,413)
Shares: 2020 - 1,350,600,918
2019 - 1,350,886,521
Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)		(28,584)		(28,597)
Total IBM stockholders’ equity		21,208		20,841
Noncontrolling interests		126		144
Total equity		21,334		20,985
Total liabilities and equity	$	154,128	$	152,186

(Amounts may not add due to rounding.)

(The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.)

6

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION

AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS

(UNAUDITED)

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	4,234	$	5,761
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operating activities
Depreciation		3,138		3,188
Amortization of intangibles		1,858		1,221
Stock-based compensation		658		468
Net (gain)/loss on asset sales and other		80		(828)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions/divestitures		2,370		1,509
Net cash provided by operating activities		12,337		11,319
Cash flows from investing activities:
Payments for property, plant and equipment		(1,940)		(1,710)
Proceeds from disposition of property, plant and equipment		147		452
Investment in software		(469)		(468)
Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired		(37)		(32,630)
Divestitures of businesses, net of cash transferred		510		927
Non-operating finance receivables — net		29		6,096
Purchases of marketable securities and other investments		(5,012)		(2,813)
Proceeds from disposition of marketable securities and other investments		4,302		3,081
Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities		(2,470)		(27,064)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from new debt		10,337		31,496
Payments to settle debt		(8,802)		(8,891)
Short-term borrowings/(repayments) less than 90 days — net		(467)		(2,140)
Common stock repurchases		—		(1,361)
Common stock repurchases for tax withholdings		(225)		(186)
Financing — other		72		68
Cash dividends paid		(4,343)		(4,269)
Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities		(3,428)		14,717
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(200)		(352)
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		6,239		(1,379)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at January 1		8,314		11,604
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at September 30	$	14,553	$	10,225

(Amounts may not add due to rounding.)

(The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.)

7

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION

AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF EQUITY

(UNAUDITED)

	Common
	Stock and						Accumulated
	Additional						Other		Total IBM		Non-
	Paid-in		Retained		Treasury		Comprehensive		Stockholders’		Controlling		Total
(Dollars in millions except per share amounts)	Capital		Earnings		Stock		Income/(Loss)		Equity		Interests		Equity
Equity - July 1, 2020	$	56,135	$	162,559	$	(169,386)	$	(28,757)	$	20,551	$	137	$	20,688
Net income plus other comprehensive income/(loss):
Net income				1,698						1,698				1,698
Other comprehensive income/(loss)								172		172				172
Total comprehensive income/(loss)									$	1,870			$	1,870
Cash dividends paid — common stock ($1.63 per share)				(1,453)						(1,453)				(1,453)
Common stock issued under employee plans (429,304 shares)		232								232				232
Purchases (110,415 shares) and sales (159,479 shares) of treasury stock under employee plans — net				2		7				9				9
Changes in noncontrolling interests												(11)		(11)
Equity – September 30, 2020	$	56,366	$	162,806	$	(169,380)	$	(28,584)	$	21,208	$	126	$	21,334

	Common
	Stock and						Accumulated
	Additional						Other		Total IBM		Non-
	Paid-in		Retained		Treasury		Comprehensive		Stockholders’		Controlling		Total
(Dollars in millions except per share amounts)	Capital		Earnings		Stock		Income/(Loss)		Equity		Interests		Equity
Equity - July 1, 2019	$	55,404	$	160,467	$	(169,385)	$	(28,841)	$	17,645	$	131	$	17,776
Net income plus other comprehensive income/(loss):
Net income				1,672						1,672				1,672
Other comprehensive income/(loss)								(245)		(245)				(245)
Total comprehensive income/(loss)									$	1,427			$	1,427
Cash dividends paid — common stock ($1.62 per share)				(1,436)						(1,436)				(1,436)
Common stock issued under employee plans (353,035 shares)		404								404				404
Purchases (241,779 shares) and sales (473,196 shares) of treasury stock under employee plans — net				6		27				32				32
Other treasury shares purchased, not retired (822,159 shares)						(115)				(115)				(115)
Changes in noncontrolling interests												8		8
Equity - September 30, 2019	$	55,808	$	160,709	$	(169,474)	$	(29,086)	$	17,956	$	139	$	18,096

(Amounts may not add due to rounding.)

(The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.)

8

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION

AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF EQUITY – (CONTINUED)

(UNAUDITED)

	Common
	Stock and						Accumulated
	Additional						Other		Total IBM		Non-
	Paid-in		Retained		Treasury		Comprehensive		Stockholders’		Controlling		Total
(Dollars in millions except per share amounts)	Capital		Earnings		Stock		Income/(Loss)		Equity		Interests		Equity
Equity - January 1, 2020	$	55,895	$	162,954	$	(169,413)	$	(28,597)	$	20,841	$	144	$	20,985
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle*				(66)						(66)				(66)
Net income plus other comprehensive income/(loss):
Net income				4,234						4,234				4,234
Other comprehensive income/(loss)								12		12				12
Total comprehensive income/(loss)									$	4,247			$	4,247
Cash dividends paid — common stock ($4.88 per share)				(4,343)						(4,343)				(4,343)
Common stock issued under employee plans (3,661,059 shares)		471								471				471
Purchases (1,731,915 shares) and sales (2,017,518 shares) of treasury stock under employee plans — net				26		33				59				59
Changes in noncontrolling interests												(18)		(18)
Equity - September 30, 2020	$	56,366	$	162,806	$	(169,380)	$	(28,584)	$	21,208	$	126	$	21,334

*Reflects the adoption of the FASB guidance on current expected credit losses. Refer to note 2, “Accounting Changes.”

	Common
	Stock and						Accumulated
	Additional						Other		Total IBM		Non-
	Paid-in		Retained		Treasury		Comprehensive		Stockholders’		Controlling		Total
(Dollars in millions except per share amounts)	Capital		Earnings		Stock		Income/(Loss)		Equity		Interests		Equity
Equity - January 1, 2019	$	55,151	$	159,206	$	(168,071)	$	(29,490)	$	16,796	$	134	$	16,929
Net income plus other comprehensive income/(loss):
Net income				5,761						5,761				5,761
Other comprehensive income/(loss)								404		404				404
Total comprehensive income/(loss)									$	6,165			$	6,165
Cash dividends paid — common stock ($4.81 per share)				(4,269)						(4,269)				(4,269)
Common stock issued under employee plans (3,628,250 shares)		657								657				657
Purchases (1,377,598 shares) and sales (886,907 shares) of treasury stock under employee plans — net				16		(72)				(56)				(56)
Other treasury shares purchased, not retired (9,979,516 shares)						(1,331)				(1,331)				(1,331)
Changes in other equity				(5)						(5)				(5)
Changes in noncontrolling interests												6		6
Equity - September 30, 2019	$	55,808	$	160,709	$	(169,474)	$	(29,086)	$	17,956	$	139	$	18,096

(Amounts may not add due to rounding.)

(The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.)

9

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

1. Basis of Presentation:

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements and footnotes of the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM or the company) have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). The financial statements and footnotes are unaudited. In the opinion of the company’s management, these statements include all adjustments, which are only of a normal recurring nature, necessary to present a fair statement of the company’s results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amount of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs, expenses and other comprehensive income/(loss) that are reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying disclosures. These estimates are based on management’s best knowledge of current events, historical experience, actions that the company may undertake in the future and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. As a result, actual results may be different from these estimates.

On October 8, 2020, the company announced that it will separate its managed infrastructure services unit of its Global Technology Services (GTS) segment into a new public company (NewCo). The separation is expected to be achieved through a U.S. federal tax-free spin-off to IBM shareholders and completed by the end of 2021. It will be subject to customary market, regulatory and other closing conditions, including final IBM Board of Directors’ approval. The announcement did not have any classification impact to the company’s consolidated financial statements or segment reporting. The company expects the managed infrastructure services unit to meet the criteria to be classified as discontinued operations upon separation.

In the first quarter of 2020, the company realigned offerings and the related management system to reflect divestitures completed in the second half of 2019 and tighter integration of certain industry-related consulting services. These changes impacted a few of the company’s reportable segments, but did not impact the Consolidated Financial Statements. Refer to note 4, “Segments,” for additional information on the company’s reportable segments. The periods presented in this Form 10-Q are reported on a comparable basis.

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, the company reported a provision for income taxes of $128 million. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the company reported a benefit from income taxes of $888 million. The tax benefit was primarily related to the tax impacts of an intra-entity sale of certain of the company’s intellectual property in the first quarter, which required the recognition of a $3,442 million deferred tax asset. The recognition of this deferred tax asset and the related impacts resulted in a net one-time benefit in the first quarter of $939 million. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the company reported a benefit from income taxes of $151 million and a provision for income taxes of $407 million, respectively.

On July 9, 2019, the company completed the acquisition of all of the outstanding shares of Red Hat, Inc. (Red Hat). Refer to note 5, “Acquisitions & Divestitures,” and note 10, “Intangible Assets Including Goodwill,” for additional information.

Noncontrolling interest amounts of $3.4 million and $7.1 million, net of tax, for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $14.7 million and $19.0 million, net of tax, for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, are included as a reduction within other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Income Statement.

Interim results are not necessarily indicative of financial results for a full year. The information included in this Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the company’s 2019 Annual Report.

Within the financial statements and tables presented, certain columns and rows may not add due to the use of rounded numbers for disclosure purposes. Percentages presented are calculated from the underlying whole-dollar

10

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

amounts. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. This is annotated where applicable.

2. Accounting Changes:

New Standards to be Implemented

Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes

Standard/Description–Issuance date: December 2019. This guidance simplifies various aspects of income tax accounting by removing certain exceptions to the general principle of the guidance and also clarifies and amends existing guidance to improve consistency in application.

Effective Date and Adoption Considerations–The guidance is effective January 1, 2021 and early adoption is permitted. The company will adopt the guidance as of the effective date.

Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters–The guidance is not expected to have a material impact in the consolidated financial results.

Standards Implemented

Reference Rate Reform

Standard/Description–Issuance date: March 2020. This guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contract modifications, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) or another reference rate expected to be discontinued, subject to meeting certain criteria.

Effective Date and Adoption Considerations–The guidance is effective as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022.

Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters–The company made a policy election in the first quarter of 2020 to adopt the practical expedient which allows for the continuation of fair value hedge accounting for interest rate derivative contracts upon the transition from LIBOR to Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) or another reference rate alternative, without any impact to the Consolidated Income Statement. The company is continuing to evaluate the potential impact of the replacement of the LIBOR benchmark on its interest rate risk management activities; however, it is not expected to have a material impact in the consolidated financial results.

Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment

Standard/Description–Issuance date: January 2017. This guidance simplifies the goodwill impairment test by removing Step 2. It also requires disclosure of any reporting units that have zero or negative carrying amounts if they have goodwill allocated to them.

Effective Date and Adoption Considerations–The guidance was effective January 1, 2020 and early adoption was permitted. The company adopted the guidance on a prospective basis as of the effective date.

Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters–The guidance did not have a material impact in the consolidated financial results.

Financial Instruments–Credit Losses

Standard/Description–Issuance date: June 2016, with amendments in 2018, 2019 and 2020. This changes the guidance for credit losses based on an expected loss model rather than an incurred loss model. It requires the consideration of all available relevant information when estimating expected credit losses, including past events, current conditions and forecasts and their implications for expected credit losses. It also expands the scope of financial instruments subject to impairment, including off-balance sheet commitments and residual value.

11

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

Effective Date and Adoption Considerations–The guidance was effective January 1, 2020 with one-year early adoption permitted. The company adopted the guidance as of the effective date, using the transition methodology whereby prior comparative periods were not retrospectively presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters–At January 1, 2020, an increase in the allowance for credit losses of $81 million was recorded for accounts receivable–trade and financing receivables (inclusive of its related off-balance sheet commitments). Additionally, net deferred taxes were reduced by $14 million in the Consolidated Balance Sheet, resulting in a cumulative-effect net decrease to retained earnings of $66 million. Refer to note 8, “Financing Receivables,” and note 12, “Commitments,” for additional information.

Leases

Standard/Description–Issuance date: February 2016, with amendments in 2018 and 2019. This guidance requires lessees to recognize right-of-use (ROU) assets and lease liabilities for most leases in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. For lessors, it also eliminated the use of third-party residual value guarantee insurance in the lease classification test, and overall aligns with revenue recognition guidance. Due to changes in lease termination guidance, when equipment is returned to the company prior to the end of the lease term, the carrying amounts of lease receivables are reclassified to loan receivables. The guidance also requires qualitative and quantitative disclosures to assess the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases.

Effective Date and Adoption Considerations–The company adopted the guidance on its effective date of January 1, 2019, using the transition option whereby prior comparative periods were not retrospectively presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements. The company elected the package of practical expedients not to reassess prior conclusions related to contracts containing leases, lease classification and initial direct costs and the lessee practical expedient to combine lease and non-lease components for all asset classes. The company made a policy election to not recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases for all asset classes.

Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters–The guidance had a material impact on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of the effective date. As a lessee, at adoption, the company recognized operating and financing ROU assets of $4.8 billion and $0.2 billion, respectively, and operating and financing lease liabilities of $5.1 billion and $0.2 billion, respectively. The transition adjustment recognized in retained earnings on January 1, 2019 was not material. None of the other changes to the guidance had a material impact in the company’s consolidated financial results at the effective date.

For all other standards that the company adopted in 2019, there was no material impact in the consolidated financial results.

3. Revenue Recognition:

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following tables provide details of revenue by major products/service offerings and by geography.

12

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

Revenue by Major Products/Service Offerings

	Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019			2020		2019
Cloud & Data Platforms	$	2,775	$	2,308		$	8,108	$	6,398
Cognitive Applications		1,317		1,305	*		3,745		3,914	*
Transaction Processing Platforms		1,461		1,589			4,687		5,419
Total Cloud & Cognitive Software	$	5,553	$	5,201	*	$	16,540	$	15,731	*
Consulting		1,966		2,016	*		5,973		6,037	*
Application Management		1,758		1,897			5,332		5,724
Global Process Services		240		247			687		752
Total Global Business Services	$	3,965	$	4,160	*	$	11,992	$	12,513	*
Infrastructure & Cloud Services		4,933		5,071			14,663		15,454
Technology Support Services		1,528		1,629			4,582		4,958
Total Global Technology Services	$	6,462	$	6,700		$	19,245	$	20,412
Systems Hardware		919		1,117			3,404		3,358
Operating Systems Software		338		364			1,074		1,204
Total Systems	$	1,257	$	1,481		$	4,477	$	4,562
Global Financing**		273		343			837		1,100
Other		50		142	*		163		1,053	*
Total revenue	$	17,560	$	18,028		$	53,253	$	55,370

*  Recast to conform to current period presentation. Refer to note 4, “Segments,” for additional information.

** Contains lease and loan/working capital financing arrangements which are not subject to the guidance on revenue from contracts with customers.

Revenue by Geography

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019		2020		2019
Americas	$	8,139	$	8,514	$	24,755	$	25,813
Europe/Middle East/Africa		5,564		5,477		16,775		17,354
Asia Pacific		3,857		4,036		11,723		12,203
Total	$	17,560	$	18,028	$	53,253	$	55,370

Remaining Performance Obligations

The remaining performance obligation (RPO) disclosure provides the aggregate amount of the transaction price yet to be recognized as of the end of the reporting period and an explanation as to when the company expects to recognize these amounts in revenue. It is intended to be a statement of overall work under contract that has not yet been performed and does not include contracts in which the customer is not committed, such as certain as-a-Service, governmental, term software license and services offerings. The customer is not considered committed when they are able to terminate for convenience without payment of a substantive penalty. The disclosure includes estimates of variable consideration, except when the variable consideration is a sales-based or usage-based royalty promised in exchange for a license of intellectual property. Additionally, as a practical expedient, the company does not include contracts that have an original duration of one year or less. RPO estimates are subject to change and are affected by several factors, including terminations, changes in the scope of contracts, periodic revalidations, adjustment for revenue that has not materialized and adjustments for currency.

At September 30, 2020, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to RPO related to customer contracts that are unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied was $117 billion. Approximately 60 percent of the amount is expected to be

13

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

recognized as revenue in the subsequent two years, approximately 35 percent in the subsequent three to five years and the balance (mostly Infrastructure & Cloud Services) thereafter.

Revenue Recognized for Performance Obligations Satisfied (or Partially Satisfied) in Prior Periods

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, revenue was increased by $12 million and reduced by $45 million, respectively, for performance obligations satisfied (or partially satisfied) in previous periods mainly due to changes in estimates on percentage-of-completion based contracts.

Contract Balances

The following table provides information about notes and accounts receivable – trade, contract assets and deferred income balances:

	At September 30,		At December 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019
Notes and accounts receivable — trade (net of allowances of $354 in 2020 and $299 in 2019)	$	6,099	$	7,870
Contract assets (1)		528		492
Deferred income (current)		11,681		12,026
Deferred income (noncurrent)		3,820		3,851

(1) Included within prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

The amount of revenue recognized during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 that was included within the deferred income balance at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 was $4.2 billion and $8.6 billion, respectively, and was primarily related to services and software.

The following table provides roll forwards of the notes and accounts receivable – trade allowance for credit losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and the year ended December 31, 2019:

(Dollars in millions)
January 1, 2020*		Additions / (Releases)		Write-offs		Other**		September 30, 2020
$	316	$	79	$	(39)	$	(2)	$	354

January 1, 2019		Additions / (Releases)		Write-offs		Other**		December 31, 2019
$	309	$	98	$	(113)	$	5	$	299

* Opening balance does not equal the allowance at December 31, 2019 due to the adoption of the guidance for current expected credit losses. Refer to note 2, “Accounting Changes,” for additional information.

** Primarily represents translation adjustments.

The contract assets allowance for credit losses was not material in any of the periods presented.

14

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

4. Segments:

During the first quarter of 2020, the company realigned offerings and the related management system to reflect divestitures completed in the second half of 2019 and tighter integration of certain industry-related consulting services. Accordingly, the company updated its Cloud & Cognitive Software segment, Global Business Services segment and the Other – divested businesses category in the first quarter of 2020 and recast the related historical information for consistency with the go-forward performance. Total recast revenue for full-year 2019 was approximately $0.3 billion of IBM’s total $77 billion. There was no change to the Global Technology Services, Systems or Global Financing segments, and there was no impact to IBM’s consolidated results. The following table displays the segment updates:

Management System Change	Resulting Segment Implications
Divestitures of IBM's Risk Analytics and Regulatory Offerings and Sales Performance Management Offerings	- Cloud & Cognitive Software (Cognitive Applications)
	+ Other – divested businesses
Realignment of certain industry-related consulting offerings to the Global Business Services segment	- Cloud & Cognitive Software (Cognitive Applications)
	+ Global Business Services (Consulting)

15

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

SEGMENT INFORMATION

	Cloud &			Global			Global
	Cognitive			Business			Technology						Global			Total
(Dollars in millions)	Software			Services			Services			Systems			Financing			Segments
For the three months ended September 30, 2020:
External revenue	$	5,553		$	3,965		$	6,462		$	1,257		$	273		$	17,510
Internal revenue		875			49			312			240			208			1,683
Total revenue	$	6,428		$	4,014		$	6,774		$	1,497		$	480		$	19,193
Pre-tax income/(loss) from continuing operations	$	1,834		$	570		$	399		$	(37)		$	196		$	2,962
Revenue year-to-year change		9.2	%		(5.1)	%		(3.1)	%		(10.6)	%		(25.6)	%		(1.2)	%
Pre-tax income/(loss) year-to-year change		42.2	%		0.6	%		(18.7)	%		nm			(28.9)	%		11.3	%
Pre-tax income/(loss) margin		28.5	%		14.2	%		5.9	%		(2.5)	%		40.7	%		15.4	%
For the three months ended September 30, 2019:
External revenue	$	5,201	*	$	4,160	*	$	6,700		$	1,481		$	343		$	17,886	*
Internal revenue		686			70			287			195			302			1,541
Total revenue	$	5,888	*	$	4,230	*	$	6,988		$	1,676		$	645		$	19,427	*
Pre-tax income from continuing operations	$	1,290	*	$	567	*	$	490		$	39		$	275		$	2,661	*
Pre-tax income margin		21.9	%*		13.4	%*		7.0	%		2.3	%		42.6	%		13.7	%*

nm - not meaningful

Reconciliations to IBM as Reported:

(Dollars in millions)
For the three months ended September 30:	2020		2019
Revenue:
Total reportable segments	$	19,193	$	19,427	*
Other — divested businesses		4		83	*
Other revenue		46		59
Eliminations of internal transactions		(1,683)		(1,541)
Total consolidated revenue	$	17,560	$	18,028
Pre-tax income from continuing operations:
Total reportable segments	$	2,962	$	2,661	*
Amortization of acquired intangible assets		(459)		(473)
Acquisition-related (charges)/income		(1)		(255)
Non-operating retirement-related (costs)/income		(291)		(145)
Eliminations of internal transactions		(158)		(84)
Other — divested businesses		(20)		(25)	*
Unallocated corporate amounts		(206)		(157)
Total pre-tax income from continuing operations	$	1,827	$	1,522

* Recast to conform to current period presentation.

16

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

SEGMENT INFORMATION

	Cloud &			Global			Global
	Cognitive			Business			Technology						Global			Total
(Dollars in millions)	Software			Services			Services			Systems			Financing			Segments
For the nine months ended September 30, 2020:
External revenue	$	16,540		$	11,992		$	19,245		$	4,477		$	837		$	53,090
Internal revenue		2,431			150			911			628			660			4,780
Total revenue	$	18,971		$	12,142		$	20,155		$	5,106		$	1,497		$	57,870
Pre-tax income/(loss) from continuing operations	$	4,475		$	1,203		$	471		$	(7)		$	566		$	6,708
Revenue year-to-year change		6.2	%		(4.6)	%		(5.3)	%		0.3	%		(24.5)	%		(1.8)	%
Pre-tax income/(loss) year-to-year change		(11.9)	%		4.2	%		(53.0)	%		(93.6)	%		(29.5)	%		(15.5)	%
Pre-tax income/(loss) margin		23.6	%		9.9	%		2.3	%		(0.1)	%		37.8	%		11.6	%
For the nine months ended September 30, 2019:
External revenue	$	15,731	*	$	12,513	*	$	20,412		$	4,562		$	1,100		$	54,317	*
Internal revenue		2,135			213			879			528			884			4,638
Total revenue	$	17,865	*	$	12,726	*	$	21,291		$	5,091		$	1,983		$	58,956	*
Pre-tax income/(loss) from continuing operations	$	5,082	*	$	1,154	*	$	1,000		$	(101)		$	803		$	7,938	*
Pre-tax income/(loss) margin		28.4	%*		9.1	%*		4.7	%		(2.0)	%		40.5	%		13.5	%*

Reconciliations to IBM as Reported:

(Dollars in millions)
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019
Revenue:
Total reportable segments	$	57,870	$	58,956	*
Other — divested businesses		36		863	*
Other revenue		127		190
Eliminations of internal transactions		(4,780)		(4,638)
Total consolidated revenue	$	53,253	$	55,370
Pre-tax income from continuing operations:
Total reportable segments	$	6,708	$	7,938	*
Amortization of acquired intangible assets		(1,404)		(816)
Acquisition-related (charges)/income		(3)		(396)
Non-operating retirement-related (costs)/income		(829)		(419)
Eliminations of internal transactions		(334)		(233)
Other — divested businesses		(17)		480	*
Unallocated corporate amounts		(773)		(380)
Total pre-tax income from continuing operations	$	3,348	$	6,173

* Recast to conform to current period presentation.

17

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

5. Acquisitions & Divestitures:

Acquisitions

Purchase price consideration for all acquisitions was paid primarily in cash. All acquisitions, except otherwise stated were for 100 percent of the acquired business and are reported in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows, net of acquired cash and cash equivalents.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the company completed three acquisitions in the Cloud & Cognitive Software segment with one acquisition closing in each of the first three quarters of 2020. These acquisitions did not have a material impact in the Consolidated Financial Statements.

On July 9, 2019, the company completed the acquisition of all of the outstanding shares of Red Hat at an aggregate cost of $35 billion. Red Hat’s portfolio of open-source and cloud technologies combined with IBM’s innovative hybrid cloud technology and industry expertise are accelerating the delivery of the hybrid cloud platform capabilities required to address the next chapter of cloud implementations.

On the acquisition date, Red Hat shareholders received $190 per share in cash, representing a total equity value of approximately $34 billion. The company funded the transaction through a combination of cash on hand and proceeds from debt issuances.

The following table reflects the purchase price and the resulting purchase price allocation as of September 30, 2020.

	Amortization	Allocated
(Dollars in millions)	Life (in years)	Amount
Current assets*		$	3,186
Property, plant and equipment/noncurrent assets			948
Intangible assets:
Goodwill	N/A		22,985
Client relationships	10		7,215
Completed technology	9		4,571
Trademarks	20		1,686
Total assets acquired		$	40,592
Current liabilities**			1,395
Noncurrent liabilities			4,117
Total liabilities assumed		$	5,512
Total purchase price		$	35,080

* Includes $2.2 billion of cash and cash equivalents.

** Includes $485 million of short-term debt related to the convertible notes acquired from Red Hat that were recognized at their fair value on the acquisition date, which was fully settled as of October 1, 2019.

N/A – not applicable

The goodwill generated is primarily attributable to the assembled workforce of Red Hat and the increased synergies expected to be achieved from the integration of Red Hat products into the company’s various integrated solutions neither of which qualify as an amortizable intangible asset.

The overall weighted-average useful life of the identified amortizable intangible assets acquired was 10.9 years. These identified intangible assets will be amortized on a straight-line basis over their useful lives, which approximates the pattern that the assets’ economic benefits are expected to be consumed over time. The following table presents the goodwill allocated to the segments as of September 30, 2020.

18

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

(Dollars in billions)	Goodwill
Segment	Allocated*
Cloud & Cognitive Software	$	18.4
Global Technology Services		3.1
Global Business Services		1.1
Systems		0.4
Total	$	23.0

* It is expected that approximately six percent of the goodwill will be deductible for tax purposes.

The following table presents the supplemental consolidated financial results of the company for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 on an unaudited pro forma basis, as if the acquisition had been consummated on January 1, 2018 through the periods shown below. The primary adjustments reflected in the pro forma results relate to: (1) the debt used to fund the acquisition, (2) changes driven by acquisition accounting, including amortization of intangible assets and the deferred revenue fair value adjustment, (3) employee retention plans, (4) elimination of intercompany transactions between IBM and Red Hat, and (5) the presentation of acquisition-related costs.

The unaudited pro forma financial information presented below does not purport to represent the actual results of operations that IBM and Red Hat would have achieved had the companies been combined during the periods presented, and was not intended to project the future results of operations that the combined company could achieve after the acquisition. Historical fiscal periods are not aligned under this presentation. The unaudited pro forma financial information did not reflect any potential cost savings, operating efficiencies, long-term debt pay down estimates, suspension of IBM’s share repurchase program, financial synergies or other strategic benefits as a result of the acquisition or any restructuring costs to achieve those benefits.

(Unaudited)	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions)	2019		2019
Revenue	$	18,567	$	57,424
Net income	$	2,249	$	5,664

Divestitures

Select IBM Software Products – On June 30, 2019, HCL Technologies Limited (HCL) acquired select standalone Cloud & Cognitive Software products from IBM for $1,775 million, inclusive of $150 million of contingent consideration. The transaction included commercial software, intellectual property and services offerings in addition to transition services for IT and other services. The total pre-tax gain recognized on this transaction as of September 30, 2020 was $640 million. The total gain on sale may change in the future due to contingent consideration or changes in other transaction estimates, however, material changes are not expected.

The company received cash of $812 million at closing and $812 million in the second quarter of 2020. The company also received $90 million of contingent consideration as of the third quarter of 2020. Any earned outstanding contingent consideration is expected to be paid to IBM within 27 months of the closing. In addition, IBM remits payment to HCL predominantly for servicing certain customer contracts until such contracts are terminated or entitlements are assumed by HCL, related to deferred revenue that existed prior to closing. IBM made cash payments to HCL of $51 million and $270 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, for such contracts.

Select IBM Marketing Platform and Commerce Offerings – On April 4, 2019, IBM and Centerbridge Partners, L.P. (Centerbridge) announced a definitive agreement, in which Centerbridge would acquire select marketing platform and commerce offerings from IBM. The transaction included commercial software and services offerings. In addition, IBM is providing Centerbridge with IT transition services. All other contracted transition services have concluded as of June 30, 2020. Upon closing, Centerbridge announced that this business would be re-branded under the name Acoustic. The

19

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

closing completed for the U.S. on June 30, 2019. The company received a net cash payment of $240 million and expects to receive an additional $150 million of cash within 36 months of the U.S. closing.

A subsequent closing occurred in most other countries on March 31, 2020. The closing of all remaining countries occurred as of June 30, 2020. The pre-tax gain recognized on this transaction as of September 30, 2020 was $80 million, and was not material to the consolidated financial results in any quarter. The pre-tax gain is subject to adjustment in the future due to changes in transaction-related estimates which are not expected to be material.

IBM Risk Analytics and Regulatory Offerings – On September 24, 2019, IBM and SS&C Technologies Holdings, Inc. (SS&C) entered into a definitive agreement in which SS&C would acquire certain Algorithmics and related assets from IBM. The transaction closed in the fourth quarter of 2019. The company recognized an immaterial pre-tax gain on the sale for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Sales Performance Management Offerings – On November 20, 2019, IBM and Varicent Parent Holdings Corporation (Varicent) entered into a definitive agreement in which Varicent would acquire certain sales performance management assets from IBM. The initial closing of certain countries was completed on December 31, 2019. The company received a net cash payment of $230 million and recognized a pre-tax gain on the sale of $136 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. A subsequent closing for the remaining countries occurred on March 31, 2020 and the company recognized an immaterial pre-tax gain.

The above divested businesses are reported in Other–divested businesses as described in note 4, "Segments."

The pre-tax gains recognized on the divestitures above were recorded in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Income Statement.

20

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

6. Earnings Per Share of Common Stock:

The following tables provide the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share of common stock for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019.

	For the Three Months Ended
(Dollars in millions except per share amounts)	September 30, 2020		September 30, 2019
Number of shares on which basic earnings per share is calculated:
Weighted-average shares outstanding during period		891,381,032		886,018,372
Add — Incremental shares under stock-based compensation plans		4,595,327		5,368,268
Add — Incremental shares associated with contingently issuable shares		1,315,874		1,453,105
Number of shares on which diluted earnings per share is calculated		897,292,233		892,839,745
Income from continuing operations	$	1,698	$	1,673
Income/(loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax		(1)		(1)
Net income on which basic earnings per share is calculated	$	1,698	$	1,672
Income from continuing operations	$	1,698	$	1,673
Net income applicable to contingently issuable shares		—		—
Income from continuing operations on which diluted earnings per share is calculated	$	1,698	$	1,673
Income/(loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax, on which basic and diluted earnings per share is calculated		(1)		(1)
Net income on which diluted earnings per share is calculated	$	1,698	$	1,672
Earnings/(loss) per share of common stock:
Assuming dilution
Continuing operations	$	1.89	$	1.87
Discontinued operations		0.00		0.00
Total	$	1.89	$	1.87
Basic
Continuing operations	$	1.90	$	1.89
Discontinued operations		0.00		0.00
Total	$	1.90	$	1.89

Stock options to purchase 1,510,886 shares and 761,659 shares were outstanding as of September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, but were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because the options' exercise price during the respective period was greater than the average market price of the common shares, and, therefore, the effect would have been antidilutive.

21

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

	For the Nine Months Ended
(Dollars in millions except per share amounts)	September 30, 2020		September 30, 2019
Number of shares on which basic earnings per share is calculated:
Weighted-average shares outstanding during period		889,595,181		887,291,199
Add — Incremental shares under stock-based compensation plans		4,875,369		4,007,433
Add — Incremental shares associated with contingently issuable shares		1,286,300		1,228,726
Number of shares on which diluted earnings per share is calculated		895,756,850		892,527,357
Income from continuing operations	$	4,237	$	5,766
Income/(loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax		(2)		(5)
Net income on which basic earnings per share is calculated	$	4,234	$	5,761
Income from continuing operations	$	4,237	$	5,766
Net income applicable to contingently issuable shares		(2)		0
Income from continuing operations on which diluted earnings per share is calculated	$	4,234	$	5,766
Income/(loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax, on which basic and diluted earnings per share is calculated		(2)		(5)
Net income on which diluted earnings per share is calculated	$	4,232	$	5,762
Earnings/(loss) per share of common stock:
Assuming dilution
Continuing operations	$	4.72	$	6.46
Discontinued operations		0.00		(0.01)
Total	$	4.72	$	6.45
Basic
Continuing operations	$	4.76	$	6.50
Discontinued operations		0.00		(0.01)
Total	$	4.76	$	6.49

Stock options to purchase 1,386,591 shares and 886,899 shares (average of first, second and third quarter share amounts) were outstanding as of September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, but were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because the options' exercise price during the respective period was greater than the average market price of the common shares, and, therefore, the effect would have been antidilutive.

7. Financial Assets & Liabilities:

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The company classifies certain assets and liabilities based on the following fair value hierarchy:

● Level 1—Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that can be accessed at the measurement date;

● Level 2—Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly; and

● Level 3—Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

22

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

When available, the company uses unadjusted quoted market prices in active markets to measure the fair value and classifies such items as Level 1. If quoted market prices are not available, fair value is based upon internally developed models that use current market-based or independently sourced market parameters such as interest rates and currency rates. Items valued using internally generated models are classified according to the lowest level input or value driver that is significant to the valuation.

The determination of fair value considers various factors including interest rate yield curves and time value underlying the financial instruments. For derivatives and debt securities, the company uses a discounted cash flow analysis using discount rates commensurate with the duration of the instrument.

In determining the fair value of financial instruments, the company considers certain market valuation adjustments to the “base valuations” calculated using the methodologies described below for several parameters that market participants would consider in determining fair value:

● Counterparty credit risk adjustments are applied to financial instruments, taking into account the actual credit risk of a counterparty as observed in the credit default swap market to determine the true fair value of such an instrument.

● Credit risk adjustments are applied to reflect the company’s own credit risk when valuing all liabilities measured at fair value. The methodology is consistent with that applied in developing counterparty credit risk adjustments, but incorporates the company’s own credit risk as observed in the credit default swap market.

The company holds investments primarily in time deposits, certificates of deposit, and U.S. government debt that are designated as available-for-sale. The primary objective of the company’s cash and debt investment portfolio is to maintain principal by investing in very liquid and highly rated investment grade securities.

Available-for-sale securities are measured for impairment on a recurring basis by comparing the security’s fair value with its amortized cost basis. Effective January 1, 2020 with the adoption of the new standard on credit losses, if the fair value of the security falls below its amortized cost basis, the change in fair value is recognized in the period the impairment is identified when the loss is due to credit factors. The change in fair value due to non-credit factors is recorded in other comprehensive income when the company does not intend to sell and has the ability to hold the investment. The company’s standard practice is to hold all of its debt security investments classified as available-for-sale until maturity. There were no impairments for credit losses or non-credit impairments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020. Prior to the adoption of the new standard, available-for-sale securities were measured for impairment using an other-than-temporary impairment model. No impairment was recorded for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019.

Certain nonfinancial assets such as property, plant and equipment, operating right-of-use assets, land, goodwill and intangible assets are also subject to nonrecurring fair value measurements if they are deemed to be impaired. The impairment models used for nonfinancial assets depend on the type of asset. There were no material impairments of nonfinancial assets for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

23

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

The following table presents the company’s financial assets and financial liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

	Fair Value
	Hierarchy	At September 30, 2020				At December 31, 2019
(Dollars in millions)	Level	Assets (7)		Liabilities (8)		Assets (7)		Liabilities (8)
Cash equivalents (1)
Time deposits and certificates of deposit (2)	2	$	9,880	$	N/A	$	4,392	$	N/A
Money market funds	1		658		N/A		427		N/A
U.S. government securities (2)	2		100		N/A		—		N/A
Total cash equivalents		$	10,638	$	N/A	$	4,819	$	N/A
Equity investments (3)	1		1		N/A		0		N/A
Debt securities-current (2)(4)	2		1,200		N/A		696		N/A
Debt securities-noncurrent (2)(5)	2		—		N/A		65		N/A
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
Interest rate contracts	2		98		—		56		—
Foreign exchange contracts	2		93		566		175		635
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Foreign exchange contracts	2		9		11		10		33
Equity contracts (6)	1,2		4		7		1		4
Total		$	12,043	$	583	$	5,823	$	673

(1) Included within cash and cash equivalents in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

(2) Available-for-sale securities with an amortized cost basis that approximates fair value.

(3) Included within investments and sundry assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

(4) Primarily includes time deposits and U.S. treasury bills that are reported within marketable securities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

(5) Primarily includes corporate debt securities with maturities of less than two years that are reported within investments and sundry assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

(6) Level 1 includes immaterial amounts related to equity futures contracts.

(7) The gross balances of derivative assets contained within prepaid expenses and other current assets, and investments and sundry assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at September 30, 2020 were $83 million and $121 million, respectively, and at December 31, 2019 were $149 million and $94 million, respectively.

(8) The gross balances of derivative liabilities contained within other accrued expenses and liabilities, and other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at September 30, 2020 were $480 million and $103 million, respectively, and at December 31, 2019 were $167 million and $506 million, respectively.

N/A – not applicable

Financial Assets and Liabilities Not Measured at Fair Value

Short-Term Receivables and Payables

Notes and other accounts receivable and other investments are financial assets with carrying values that approximate fair value. Accounts payable, other accrued expenses and short-term debt (excluding the current portion of long-term debt and including short-term finance lease liabilities) are financial liabilities with carrying values that approximate fair value. If measured at fair value in the financial statements, these financial instruments would be classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy, except for short-term debt which would be classified as Level 2.

Loans and Long-Term Receivables

Fair values are based on discounted future cash flows using current interest rates offered for similar loans to clients with similar credit ratings for the same remaining maturities. At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the difference between the carrying amount and estimated fair value for loans and long-term receivables was immaterial. If measured at fair value in the financial statements, these financial instruments would be classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

24

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

Long-Term Debt

Fair value of publicly-traded long-term debt is based on quoted market prices for the identical liability when traded as an asset in an active market. For other long-term debt (including long-term finance lease liabilities) for which a quoted market price is not available, an expected present value technique that uses rates currently available to the company for debt with similar terms and remaining maturities is used to estimate fair value. The carrying amount of long-term debt was $55,129 million and $54,102 million, and the estimated fair value was $61,783 million and $58,431 million at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. If measured at fair value in the financial statements, long-term debt (including the current portion) would be classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

8. Financing Receivables:

Financing receivables primarily consist of client loan and installment payment receivables (loans) and investment in sales-type and direct financing leases (collectively referred to as client financing receivables) and commercial financing receivables. Loans are provided primarily to clients to finance the purchase of hardware, software and services. Payment terms on these financing arrangements are generally for terms up to seven years. Investment in sales-type and direct financing leases relate principally to the company’s Systems products and are for terms ranging generally from two to six years. Commercial financing receivables relate primarily to working capital financing for dealers and remarketers of IBM products. Payment terms for working capital financing generally range from 30 to 90 days.

Effective January 1, 2020, the company adopted the new accounting standard related to credit losses, using the transition methodology whereby prior comparative periods were not retrospectively presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Refer to note 2, “Accounting Changes,” for additional information. Under this new guidance, the amortized cost basis of a financial asset represents the original amount of the financing receivable (including residual value) adjusted for unearned income, deferred initial direct costs, cash collected, write-offs and any foreign exchange adjustments. The allowance for credit losses represents future expected credit losses over the life of the receivables based on past experience, current information and forward-looking economic considerations. Prior to the effective date, financing receivables were measured at recorded investment, which does not include residual value. As a result, all prior periods are presented at recorded investment, while current period information is presented at amortized cost. Additionally, current period information reflects updates to the portfolio segments, and other presentation changes within the following tables, as a result of the adoption of this new guidance.

A summary of the components of the company’s financing receivables is presented as follows:

	Client Financing Receivables
	Client Loan and		Investment in
	Installment Payment		Sales-Type and		Commercial
(Dollars in millions)	Receivables		Direct Financing		Financing
At September 30, 2020:	(Loans)		Leases		Receivables		Total
Financing receivables, gross	$	11,599	$	4,124	$	2,127	$	17,849
Unearned income		(479)		(339)		(3)		(822)
Residual value*		—		507		—		507
Amortized cost	$	11,119	$	4,292	$	2,124	$	17,534
Allowance for credit losses		(162)		(92)		(9)		(264)
Total financing receivables, net	$	10,957	$	4,200	$	2,114	$	17,271
Current portion	$	6,921	$	1,813	$	2,114	$	10,848
Noncurrent portion	$	4,036	$	2,387	$	—	$	6,423

* Includes guaranteed and unguaranteed residual value.

25

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

	Client Financing Receivables
	Client Loan and		Investment in
	Installment Payment		Sales-Type and		Commercial
(Dollars in millions)	Receivables		Direct Financing		Financing
At December 31, 2019:	(Loans)		Leases		Receivables		Total
Financing receivables, gross	$	13,592	$	6,077	$	3,836	$	23,504
Unearned income		(570)		(509)		(4)		(1,083)
Recorded investment	$	13,022	$	5,567	$	3,831	$	22,421
Allowance for credit losses		(138)		(72)		(11)		(221)
Unguaranteed residual value		—		652		—		652
Guaranteed residual value		—		53		—		53
Total financing receivables, net	$	12,884	$	6,199	$	3,820	$	22,904
Current portion	$	8,037	$	2,334	$	3,820	$	14,192
Noncurrent portion	$	4,847	$	3,865	$	—	$	8,712

The company has a long-standing practice of taking mitigation actions, in certain circumstances, to transfer credit risk to third parties, with enhanced focus in this unprecedented environment of the COVID-19 pandemic. These actions may include credit insurance, financial guarantees, nonrecourse borrowings, transfers of receivables recorded as true sales in accordance with accounting guidance or sales of equipment under operating lease. Sales of receivables arrangements are also utilized in the normal course of business as part of the company’s cash and liquidity management.

During the three months ended September 30, 2020, the company sold $899 million of financing receivables, consisting of lease and loan receivables of $435 million and $464 million, respectively. At the time of sale, more than half of the receivables sold were due within the next 12 months. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the company sold $1,610 million of financing receivables consisting of lease and loan receivables of $852 million and $758 million, respectively. The transfer of these receivables qualified as true sales and therefore reduced Global Financing receivables, resulting in a benefit to cash flows from operating activities. The impact to the Consolidated Income Statement, including fees and net gain associated with the transfer of these receivables for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, was not material.

The company did not have any material financing receivables held for sale as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

Financing receivables pledged as collateral for borrowings were $596 million and $1,062 million at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Financing Receivables

Refer to note A, “Significant Accounting Policies,” in the company’s 2019 Annual Report for a full description of its accounting policies for trade and financing receivables, contract assets and related allowances. The descriptions below include any changes to those policies due to the new standard.

Effective with the adoption of the new credit losses standard, the company’s estimates of its allowances for expected credit losses include consideration of: past events, including any historical default, historical concessions and resulting troubled debt restructurings, current economic conditions, taking into account any non-freestanding mitigating credit enhancements and certain forward-looking information, including reasonable and supportable forecasts.

Collectively Evaluated Financing Receivables

The company determines its allowance for credit losses based on two portfolio segments: client financing receivables and commercial financing receivables, and further segments the portfolio into three classes: Americas, Europe/Middle East/Africa (EMEA) and Asia Pacific.

26

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

For client financing receivables, the company uses a credit loss model to calculate allowances based on its internal loss experience and current conditions and forecasts, by class of financing receivable. The company records an unallocated reserve that is calculated by applying a reserve rate to its portfolio, excluding accounts that have been individually evaluated and specifically reserved. This reserve rate is based upon credit rating, probability of default, term and loss history. The allowance is adjusted quarterly for expected recoveries of amounts that were previously written off or are expected to be written off. Recoveries cannot exceed the aggregated amount of the previous write-off or expected write-off.

Macroeconomic variables attributed to the expected credit losses for client financing receivables may vary by class of financing receivables based on historical experiences, portfolio composition and current environment. In addition to a qualitative review of credit risk factors across the portfolio, the company considers forward-looking macroeconomic variables such as gross domestic product, unemployment rates, equity prices and corporate profits when quantifying the impact of economic forecasts on its client financing receivables allowance for expected credit losses. The company also considers the impact of current conditions and economic forecasts relating to specific industries, geographical areas, and client-credit ratings on the portfolio. Under this approach, forecasts of these variables over two years are considered reasonable and supportable. Beyond two years, the company reverts to long-term average loss experience. Forward-looking estimates require the use of judgment, particularly in times of economic uncertainty. Consistent with the first half of 2020, the company continues to monitor the evolving global impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic as well as its impact on external economic models, which have been revised with increased frequency throughout the year. The company’s allowances at September 30, 2020, reflect the qualitative process described above. Any changes to economic models that occurred after the balance sheet date will be reflected in future periods.

The allowance for commercial financing receivables is estimated based on a combination of write-off history and current economic conditions, excluding any individually evaluated accounts. The commercial financing receivables portfolio segment is excluded from the tables in the sections below as the receivables are short term in nature and the current estimated risk of loss and resulting impact to the company’s financial results are not material.

At January 1, 2020, upon adoption of the new standard, the company recorded an additional allowance for client and commercial financing receivables (including related off-balance sheet commitments) of $64 million. This was primarily driven by an increase in the client financing receivables allowance. Refer to note 12, “Commitments,” for additional information regarding off-balance sheet commitments.

Client Financing Receivables

The following tables present the amortized cost basis or recorded investment for client financing receivables at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, further segmented by three classes: Americas, Europe/Middle East/Africa (EMEA) and Asia Pacific.

27

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

(Dollars in millions)
At September 30, 2020:	Americas		EMEA		Asia Pacific		Total
Amortized cost	$	7,631	$	4,813	$	2,968	$	15,411
Allowance for credit losses
Beginning balance at December 31, 2019	$	120	$	54	$	36	$	210
Adjustment for adoption of new standard		21		15		5		41
Beginning balance at January 1, 2020	$	142	$	69	$	41	$	252
Write-offs	$	(27)	$	(1)	$	(3)	$	(31)
Recoveries		0		0		2		2
Additions/(releases)		33		8		(1)		40
Other*		(11)		2		0		(9)
Ending balance at September 30, 2020	$	137	$	78	$	39	$	254

* Primarily represents translation adjustments.

(Dollars in millions)
At December 31, 2019:	Americas		EMEA		Asia Pacific		Total
Recorded investment
Lease receivables	$	3,419	$	1,186	$	963	$	5,567
Loan receivables		6,726		3,901		2,395		13,022
Ending balance	$	10,144	$	5,087	$	3,359	$	18,590
Recorded investment collectively evaluated for impairment	$	10,032	$	5,040	$	3,326	$	18,399
Recorded investment individually evaluated for impairment	$	112	$	47	$	32	$	191
Allowance for credit losses
Beginning balance at January 1, 2019
Lease receivables	$	53	$	22	$	24	$	99
Loan receivables		105		43		32		179
Total	$	158	$	65	$	56	$	279
Write-offs	$	(42)	$	(3)	$	(18)	$	(63)
Recoveries		1		0		1		2
Additions/(releases)		5		(7)		(3)		(5)
Other*		(1)		0		(1)		(2)
Ending balance at December 31, 2019	$	120	$	54	$	36	$	210
Lease receivables	$	33	$	23	$	16	$	72
Loan receivables	$	88	$	31	$	20	$	138
Related allowance, collectively evaluated for impairment	$	25	$	11	$	4	$	39
Related allowance, individually evaluated for impairment	$	96	$	43	$	32	$	171

* Primarily represents translation adjustments.

Write-offs of lease receivables and loan receivables were $16 million and $47 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2019. Provisions for credit losses recorded for lease receivables and loan receivables were a release of $6 million and an addition of $2 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2019.

28

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

Past Due Financing Receivables

The company considers a client’s financing receivable balance past due when any installment is aged over 90 days. The following tables summarize information about the amortized cost basis or recorded investment in client financing receivables, including amortized cost or recorded investment aged over 90 days and still accruing, billed invoices aged over 90 days and still accruing, and amortized cost or recorded investment not accruing.

					Amortized		Billed
	Total		Amortized		Cost		Invoices		Amortized
(Dollars in millions)	Amortized		Cost		> 90 Days and		> 90 Days and		Cost Not
At September 30, 2020:	Cost		> 90 Days (1)		Accruing (1)		Accruing		Accruing (2)
Americas	$	7,631	$	257	$	166	$	31	$	102
EMEA		4,813		99		13		5		93
Asia Pacific		2,968		60		27		6		34
Total client financing receivables	$	15,411	$	416	$	206	$	41	$	229

(1) At a contract level, which includes total billed and unbilled amounts for financing receivables aged greater than 90 days.

(2) Of the amortized cost not accruing, there is a related allowance of $170 million. Financing income recognized on these receivables was immaterial for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively.

					Recorded		Billed		Recorded
	Total		Recorded		Investment		Invoices		Investment
(Dollars in millions)	Recorded		Investment		> 90 Days and		> 90 Days and		Not
At December 31, 2019:	Investment		> 90 Days (1)		Accruing (1)		Accruing		Accruing (2)
Americas	$	3,419	$	187	$	147	$	11	$	41
EMEA		1,186		28		13		2		17
Asia Pacific		963		19		7		1		11
Total lease receivables	$	5,567	$	234	$	168	$	14	$	69
Americas	$	6,726	$	127	$	71	$	11	$	72
EMEA		3,901		77		8		3		72
Asia Pacific		2,395		26		6		2		21
Total loan receivables	$	13,022	$	231	$	85	$	15	$	166
Total	$	18,590	$	465	$	253	$	29	$	235

(1) At a contract level, which includes total billed and unbilled amounts for financing receivables aged greater than 90 days.

(2) Of the recorded investment not accruing, $191 million is individually evaluated for impairment with a related allowance of $171 million. Financing income recognized on these receivables was immaterial for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.

Credit Quality Indicators

The company’s credit quality indicators, which are based on rating agency data, publicly available information and information provided by customers, are reviewed periodically based on the relative level of risk. The resulting indicators are a numerical rating system that maps to Moody’s Investors Service credit ratings as shown below. The company uses information provided by Moody’s, where available, as one of many inputs in its determination of customer credit ratings. The credit quality of the customer is evaluated based on these indicators and is assigned the same risk rating whether the receivable is a lease or a loan.

The following tables present the amortized cost basis or recorded investment for client financing receivables by credit quality indicator at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Receivables with a credit quality indicator ranging from Aaa to Baa3 are considered investment grade. All others are considered non-investment grade. Effective January 1, 2020, under the new guidance for credit losses, the company discloses its credit quality by year of origination. Additionally, under the new guidance, the amortized cost is presented on a gross basis, whereas under the

29

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

prior guidance, the company presented the recorded investment net of the allowance for credit losses. At September 30, 2020, the credit quality indicators reflect mitigating credit enhancement actions taken by customers which reduces the risk to IBM.

(Dollars in millions)	Americas				EMEA				Asia Pacific
At September 30, 2020:	Aaa – Baa3		Ba1 – D		Aaa – Baa3		Ba1 – D		Aaa – Baa3		Ba1 – D
Vintage year:
2020	$	1,786	$	1,301	$	1,038	$	1,352	$	710	$	287
2019		1,334		763		745		614		609		170
2018		1,002		489		372		296		448		188
2017		422		194		92		147		225		66
2016		108		78		44		55		142		40
2015 and prior		41		112		33		25		58		23
Total	$	4,694	$	2,937	$	2,324	$	2,489	$	2,193	$	775

(Dollars in millions)	Lease Receivables						Loan Receivables
At December 31, 2019:	Americas		EMEA		Asia Pacific		Americas		EMEA		Asia Pacific
Credit rating:
Aaa – Aa3	$	465	$	54	$	43	$	1,028	$	193	$	189
A1 – A3		750		181		454		1,186		395		892
Baa1 – Baa3		955		409		147		1,882		1,527		619
Ba1 – Ba2		746		326		154		1,513		921		388
Ba3 – B1		215		140		101		471		564		205
B2 – B3		242		50		47		522		253		72
Caa – D		13		2		2		36		18		10
Total	$	3,385	$	1,162	$	947	$	6,638	$	3,871	$	2,376

Troubled Debt Restructurings

The company did not have any significant troubled debt restructurings during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 or for the year ended December 31, 2019.

9. Leases:

Accounting for leases as a lessor

The following table presents amounts included in the Consolidated Income Statement related to lessor activity:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019		2020		2019
Lease income – sales-type and direct financing leases
Sales-type lease selling price	$	154	$	188	$	733	$	516
Less: Carrying value of underlying assets*		64		75		258		204
Gross profit	$	90	$	113	$	475	$	312
Interest income on lease receivables		56		71		195		222
Total sales-type and direct financing lease income	$	145	$	184	$	670	$	534
Lease income – operating leases		65		80		204		252
Variable lease income		25		12		82		38
Total lease income	$	235	$	276	$	956	$	824

* Excludes unguaranteed residual value.

30

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

10. Intangible Assets Including Goodwill: 

Intangible Assets

The following table presents the company's intangible asset balances by major asset class:

	At September 30, 2020
	Gross Carrying		Accumulated		Net Carrying
(Dollars in millions)	Amount		Amortization		Amount*
Intangible asset class
Capitalized software	$	1,769	$	(785)	$	984
Client relationships		8,698		(1,852)		6,847
Completed technology		5,900		(1,531)		4,369
Patents/trademarks		2,210		(467)		1,743
Other**		56		(37)		18
Total	$	18,634	$	(4,672)	$	13,962

	At December 31, 2019
	Gross Carrying		Accumulated		Net Carrying
(Dollars in millions)	Amount		Amortization		Amount*
Intangible asset class
Capitalized software	$	1,749	$	(743)	$	1,006
Client relationships		8,921		(1,433)		7,488
Completed technology		6,261		(1,400)		4,861
Patents/trademarks		2,301		(445)		1,856
Other**		56		(31)		24
Total	$	19,287	$	(4,052)	$	15,235

*  Amounts as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 include an increase in net intangible asset balances of $133 million and a decrease of $42 million, respectively, due to foreign currency translation.

** Other intangibles are primarily acquired proprietary and non-proprietary business processes, methodologies and systems.

The net carrying amount of intangible assets decreased $1,273 million during the first nine months of 2020, primarily due to intangible asset amortization, partially offset by additions of capitalized software. The aggregate intangible asset amortization expense was $613 million and $1,858 million for the third quarter and first nine months of 2020, respectively, versus $614 million and $1,224 million for the third quarter and first nine months of 2019, respectively. The increase in intangible amortization expense for the first nine months of 2020 was primarily due to an increase in the gross carrying amount of intangible assets from the Red Hat acquisition which closed in the third quarter of 2019. In addition, in the first nine months of 2020, the company retired $1,258 million of fully amortized intangible assets, impacting both the gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization by this amount.

The future amortization expense relating to intangible assets currently recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheet is estimated to be the following at September 30, 2020:

	Capitalized		Acquired
(Dollars in millions)	Software		Intangibles		Total
Remainder of 2020	$	154	$	454	$	608
2021		501		1,766		2,267
2022		261		1,704		1,964
2023		68		1,390		1,458
2024		0		1,340		1,340
Thereafter		—		6,324		6,324

31

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

Goodwill

The changes in the goodwill balances by segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and for the year ended December 31, 2019 are as follows:

									Foreign
									Currency
					Purchase				Translation
(Dollars in millions)	Balance		Goodwill		Price				And Other		Balance
Segment	1/1/2020		Additions		Adjustments		Divestitures		Adjustments**		9/30/2020
Cloud & Cognitive Software	$	43,037	$	25	$	(139)	$	—	$	186	$	43,109
Global Business Services		5,775		—		—		—		47		5,822
Global Technology Services		7,141		—		—		—		13		7,154
Systems		2,270		—		—		—		1		2,270
Other—divested businesses		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	58,222	$	25	$	(139)	$	—	$	248	$	58,355

									Foreign
									Currency
					Purchase				Translation
(Dollars in millions)	Balance		Goodwill		Price				And Other		Balance
Segment	1/1/2019		Additions		Adjustments		Divestitures		Adjustments**		12/31/2019
Cloud & Cognitive Software*	$	24,463	$	18,399	$	133	$	—	$	41	$	43,037
Global Business Services		4,711		1,059		1		(1)		5		5,775
Global Technology Services		3,988		3,119		—		—		34		7,141
Systems		1,847		525		(110)		—		7		2,270
Other—divested businesses*		1,256		—		—		(1,256)		—		—
Total	$	36,265	$	23,102	$	24	$	(1,257)	$	87	$	58,222

* Recast to conform to 2020 presentation.

** Primarily driven by foreign currency translation.

There were no goodwill impairment losses recorded during the first nine months of 2020 or full year 2019 and the company has no accumulated impairment losses.

Purchase price adjustments recorded in the first nine months of 2020 and full year 2019 were related to acquisitions that were still subject to the measurement period that ends at the earlier of 12 months from the acquisition date or when information becomes available. During the first nine months of 2020, net purchase price adjustments recorded to noncurrent tax assets and liabilities were related to the Red Hat acquisition. Net purchase price adjustments recorded in full-year 2019 were not material.

11. Borrowings: 

Short-Term Debt

	At September 30,		At December 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019
Commercial paper	$	25	$	304
Short-term loans		584		971
Long-term debt—current maturities		9,677		7,522
Total	$	10,285	$	8,797

The weighted-average interest rate for commercial paper at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 was 1.4 percent and 1.6 percent, respectively. The weighted-average interest rate for short-term loans was 5.4 percent and 6.1 percent at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

32

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

Long-Term Debt

Pre-Swap Borrowing

		Balance		Balance
(Dollars in millions)	Maturities	9/30/2020		12/31/2019
U.S. dollar debt (weighted-average interest rate at September 30, 2020):*
2.1%	2020	$	1,500	$	4,326
1.4%	2021		5,516		8,498
2.6%	2022		6,245		6,289
3.3%	2023		2,406		2,388
3.3%	2024		5,035		5,045
6.7%	2025		635		636
3.3%	2026		4,373		4,350
3.0%	2027		2,219		969
6.5%	2028		313		313
3.5%	2029		3,250		3,250
2.0%	2030		1,350		—
5.9%	2032		600		600
8.0%	2038		83		83
4.5%	2039		2,745		2,745
2.9%	2040		650		—
4.0%	2042		1,107		1,107
7.0%	2045		27		27
4.7%	2046		650		650
4.3%	2049		3,000		3,000
3.0%	2050		750		—
7.1%	2096		316		316
		$	42,771	$	44,594
Other currencies (weighted-average interest rate at September 30, 2020, in parentheses):*
Euro (1.1%)	2020–2040	$	19,354	$	14,306
Pound sterling (2.7%)	2020–2022		1,360		1,390
Japanese yen (0.3%)	2022–2026		1,379		1,339
Other (3.1%)	2021–2024		242		375
		$	65,106	$	62,003
Finance lease obligations (1.9%)	2021–2030		291		204
		$	65,397	$	62,207
Less: net unamortized discount			884		881
Less: net unamortized debt issuance costs			161		142
Add: fair value adjustment**			453		440
		$	64,805	$	61,624
Less: current maturities			9,677		7,522
Total		$	55,129	$	54,102

*   Includes notes, debentures, bank loans and secured borrowings.

** The portion of the company’s fixed-rate debt obligations that was hedged was reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as an amount equal to the sum of the debt’s carrying value and a fair value adjustment representing changes in the fair value of the hedged debt obligations attributable to movements in benchmark interest rates.

The company’s indenture governing its debt securities and its various credit facilities each contain significant covenants which obligate the company to promptly pay principal and interest, limit the aggregate amount of secured

33

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

indebtedness and sale and leaseback transactions to 10 percent of the company’s consolidated net tangible assets, and restrict the company’s ability to merge or consolidate unless certain conditions are met. The credit facilities also include a covenant on the company’s consolidated net interest expense ratio, which cannot be less than 2.20 to 1.0, as well as a cross default provision with respect to other defaulted indebtedness of at least $500 million.

The company is in compliance with its debt covenants and provides periodic certifications to its lenders. The failure to comply with its debt covenants could constitute an event of default with respect to the debt to which such provisions apply. If certain events of default were to occur, the principal and interest on the debt to which such event of default applied would become immediately due and payable.  

In the first half of 2019, the company issued an aggregate of $20 billion of U.S. dollar fixed- and floating-rate notes and $5.7 billion of Euro fixed-rate notes. The proceeds were primarily used for the acquisition of Red Hat. For additional information on this transaction, refer to note 5, “Acquisitions & Divestitures.” In the first half of 2020, the company issued an aggregate of $4.1 billion of Euro fixed-rate notes and $4.0 billion of U.S. dollar fixed-rate notes. The proceeds from the Euro issuance were primarily used to early redeem outstanding fixed-rate notes which were due in 2021 in the aggregate amount of $2.9 billion. The company incurred a loss of $49 million in the first quarter of 2020 upon redemption, which was recorded in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Income Statement.

Pre-swap annual contractual obligations of long-term debt outstanding at September 30, 2020, are as follows:

(Dollars in millions)	Total
Remainder of 2020	$	4,343
2021		7,003
2022		7,276
2023		5,564
2024		6,454
Thereafter		34,757
Total	$	65,397

Interest on Debt

(Dollars in millions)
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019
Cost of financing	$	346	$	483
Interest expense		971		990
Interest capitalized		6		5
Total interest paid and accrued	$	1,323	$	1,478

Lines of Credit

On July 2, 2020, the company and IBM Credit LLC entered into a new $2.5 billion 364-day Credit Agreement to replace the existing $2.5 billion 364-day Credit Agreement, and also extended the maturity date of the existing $2.5 billion Three-Year Credit Agreement. The new maturity dates for the 364-day and Three-Year Credit Agreements are July 1, 2021 and July 20, 2023, respectively. The company also amended its $10.25 billion Five-Year Credit Agreement to include an option exercisable in 2021 to extend the current maturity date of July 20, 2024 by an additional two years.

At September 30, 2020, there were no borrowings by the company, or its subsidiaries, under these credit facilities.

12. Commitments:

The company’s extended lines of credit to third-party entities include unused amounts of $1.9 billion and $1.8 billion at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. A portion of these amounts was available to the

34

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

company’s business partners to support their working capital needs. In addition, the company has committed to provide future financing to its clients in connection with client purchase agreements for $5.3 billion and $6.3 billion at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Effective January 1, 2020, the company adopted the new standard on credit losses, which resulted in the recognition of a related allowance for non-cancellable off-balance sheet commitments. Refer to note 2, “Accounting Changes,” for additional information. The allowance for these commitments is recorded in other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet and was not material at September 30, 2020. The company collectively evaluates the allowance for these arrangements using a provision methodology consistent with the portfolio of the commitments. Refer to note 8, “Financing Receivables,” for additional information.

The company has applied the guidance requiring a guarantor to disclose certain types of guarantees, even if the likelihood of requiring the guarantor’s performance is remote. The following is a description of arrangements in which the company is the guarantor.

The company is a party to a variety of agreements pursuant to which it may be obligated to indemnify the other party with respect to certain matters. Typically, these obligations arise in the context of contracts entered into by the company, under which the company customarily agrees to hold the party harmless against losses arising from a breach of representations and covenants related to such matters as title to the assets sold, certain intellectual property rights, specified environmental matters, third-party performance of nonfinancial contractual obligations and certain income taxes. In each of these circumstances, payment by the company is conditioned on the other party making a claim pursuant to the procedures specified in the particular contract, the procedures of which typically allow the company to challenge the other party’s claims. While typically indemnification provisions do not include a contractual maximum on the company’s payment, the company’s obligations under these agreements may be limited in terms of time and/or nature of claim, and in some instances, the company may have recourse against third parties for certain payments made by the company.

It is not possible to predict the maximum potential amount of future payments under these or similar agreements due to the conditional nature of the company’s obligations and the unique facts and circumstances involved in each particular agreement. Historically, payments made by the company under these agreements have not had a material effect on the company’s business, financial condition or results of operations.

In addition, the company guarantees certain loans and financial commitments. The maximum potential future payment under these financial guarantees and the fair value of these guarantees recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 was not material.

Changes in the company’s warranty liability for standard warranties, which are included in other accrued expenses and liabilities and other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet, and for extended warranty contracts, which are included in deferred income in the Consolidated Balance Sheet, are presented in the following tables.

Standard Warranty Liability

(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019
Balance at January 1	$	113	$	118
Current period accruals		56		66
Accrual adjustments to reflect actual experience		(15)		(1)
Charges incurred		(73)		(86)
Balance at September 30	$	80	$	98

35

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

Extended Warranty Liability

(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019
Balance at January 1	$	477	$	533
Revenue deferred for new extended warranty contracts		115		124
Amortization of deferred revenue		(169)		(194)
Other*		(3)		(8)
Balance at September 30	$	419	$	455
Current portion	$	196	$	226
Noncurrent portion	$	223	$	230

* Other primarily consists of foreign currency translation adjustments.

13. Contingencies:

As a company with a substantial employee population and with clients in more than 175 countries, IBM is involved, either as plaintiff or defendant, in a variety of ongoing claims, demands, suits, investigations, tax matters and proceedings that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of its business. The company is a leader in the information technology industry and, as such, has been and will continue to be subject to claims challenging its IP rights and associated products and offerings, including claims of copyright and patent infringement and violations of trade secrets and other IP rights. In addition, the company enforces its own IP against infringement, through license negotiations, lawsuits or otherwise. Also, as is typical for companies of IBM’s scope and scale, the company is party to actions and proceedings in various jurisdictions involving a wide range of labor and employment issues (including matters related to contested employment decisions, country-specific labor and employment laws, and the company’s pension, retirement and other benefit plans), as well as actions with respect to contracts, product liability, securities, foreign operations, competition law and environmental matters. These actions may be commenced by a number of different parties, including competitors, clients, current or former employees, government and regulatory agencies, stockholders and representatives of the locations in which the company does business. Some of the actions to which the company is party may involve particularly complex technical issues, and some actions may raise novel questions under the laws of the various jurisdictions in which these matters arise.

The company records a provision with respect to a claim, suit, investigation or proceeding when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Any recorded liabilities, including any changes to such liabilities for the quarter ended September 30, 2020 were not material to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In accordance with the relevant accounting guidance, the company provides disclosures of matters for which the likelihood of material loss is at least reasonably possible. In addition, the company also discloses matters based on its consideration of other matters and qualitative factors, including the experience of other companies in the industry, and investor, customer and employee relations considerations.

With respect to certain of the claims, suits, investigations and proceedings discussed herein, the company believes at this time that the likelihood of any material loss is remote, given, for example, the procedural status, court rulings, and/or the strength of the company’s defenses in those matters. With respect to the remaining claims, suits, investigations and proceedings discussed in this note, except as specifically discussed herein, the company is unable to provide estimates of reasonably possible losses or range of losses, including losses in excess of amounts accrued, if any, for the following reasons. Claims, suits, investigations and proceedings are inherently uncertain, and it is not possible to predict the ultimate outcome of these matters. It is the company’s experience that damage amounts claimed in litigation against it are unreliable and unrelated to possible outcomes, and as such are not meaningful indicators of the company’s potential liability. Further, the company is unable to provide such an estimate due to a number of other factors with respect to these claims, suits, investigations and proceedings, including considerations of the procedural status of the matter in question, the presence of complex or novel legal theories, and/or the ongoing discovery and development of information

36

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

important to the matters. The company reviews claims, suits, investigations and proceedings at least quarterly, and decisions are made with respect to recording or adjusting provisions and disclosing reasonably possible losses or range of losses (individually or in the aggregate), to reflect the impact and status of settlement discussions, discovery, procedural and substantive rulings, reviews by counsel and other information pertinent to a particular matter.

Whether any losses, damages or remedies finally determined in any claim, suit, investigation or proceeding could reasonably have a material effect on the company’s business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows will depend on a number of variables, including: the timing and amount of such losses or damages; the structure and type of any such remedies; the significance of the impact any such losses, damages or remedies may have in the Consolidated Financial Statements; and the unique facts and circumstances of the particular matter that may give rise to additional factors. While the company will continue to defend itself vigorously, it is possible that the company’s business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows could be affected in any particular period by the resolution of one or more of these matters.

The following is a summary of the more significant legal matters involving the company.

The company is a defendant in an action filed on March 6, 2003 in state court in Salt Lake City, Utah by the SCO Group (SCO v. IBM). The company removed the case to Federal Court in Utah. Plaintiff is an alleged successor in interest to some of AT&T’s UNIX IP rights, and alleges copyright infringement, unfair competition, interference with contract and breach of contract with regard to the company’s distribution of AIX and Dynix and contribution of code to Linux and the company has asserted counterclaims. On September 14, 2007, plaintiff filed for bankruptcy protection, and all proceedings in this case were stayed. The court in another suit, the SCO Group, Inc. v. Novell, Inc., held a trial in March 2010. The jury found that Novell is the owner of UNIX and UnixWare copyrights; the judge subsequently ruled that SCO is obligated to recognize Novell’s waiver of SCO’s claims against IBM and Sequent for breach of UNIX license agreements. On August 30, 2011, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the district court’s ruling and denied SCO’s appeal of this matter. In June 2013, the Federal Court in Utah granted SCO’s motion to reopen the SCO v. IBM case. In February 2016, the Federal Court ruled in favor of IBM on all of SCO’s remaining claims, and SCO appealed. On October 30, 2017, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the dismissal of all but one of SCO’s remaining claims, which was remanded to the Federal Court in Utah.

On March 9, 2017, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania’s Department of Labor and Industry sued IBM in Pennsylvania state court regarding a 2006 contract for the development of a custom software system to manage the Commonwealth’s unemployment insurance benefits programs. The matter is pending in a Pennsylvania court.

In December 2017, CIS General Insurance Limited (CISGIL) sued IBM UK regarding a contract entered into by IBM UK and CISGIL in 2015 to implement and operate an IT insurance platform. The contract was terminated by IBM UK in July 2017 for non-payment by CISGIL. CISGIL alleges wrongful termination, breach of contract and breach of warranty. The matter is pending in the London High Court with trial beginning in January 2020.

In May 2015, a putative class action was commenced in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York related to the company’s October 2014 announcement that it was divesting its global commercial semiconductor technology business, alleging violations of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA). Management’s Retirement Plans Committee and three former IBM executives are named as defendants. On September 29, 2017, the Court granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss the first amended complaint. On December 10, 2018, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the District Court order. On January 14, 2020, the Supreme Court of the United States vacated the decision and remanded the case to the Second Circuit. On June 22, 2020, the Second Circuit reinstated its prior decision and remanded the case to the District Court.

The company is party to, or otherwise involved in, proceedings brought by U.S. federal or state environmental agencies under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), known as “Superfund,” or laws similar to CERCLA. Such statutes require potentially responsible parties to participate in remediation activities regardless of fault or ownership of sites. The company is also conducting environmental

37

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

investigations, assessments or remediations at or in the vicinity of several current or former operating sites globally pursuant to permits, administrative orders or agreements with country, state or local environmental agencies, and is involved in lawsuits and claims concerning certain current or former operating sites.

The company is also subject to ongoing tax examinations and governmental assessments in various jurisdictions. Along with many other U.S. companies doing business in Brazil, the company is involved in various challenges with Brazilian tax authorities regarding non-income tax assessments and non-income tax litigation matters. The total potential amount related to all these matters for all applicable years is approximately $700 million. The company believes it will prevail on these matters and that this amount is not a meaningful indicator of liability.

14. Equity Activity:

Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income

(Dollars in millions)	Before Tax		Tax (Expense)/		Net of Tax
For the three months ended September 30, 2020:	Amount		Benefit		Amount
Other comprehensive income/(loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustments	$	(439)	$	247	$	(192)
Net changes related to available-for-sale securities:
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period	$	(1)	$	0	$	(1)
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to other (income) and expense		—		—		—
Total net changes related to available-for-sale securities	$	(1)	$	0	$	(1)
Unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges:
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period	$	(32)	$	8	$	(24)
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to:
Cost of services		(10)		2		(7)
Cost of sales		4		(1)		3
Cost of financing		6		(2)		5
SG&A expense		5		(1)		4
Other (income) and expense		(93)		23		(70)
Interest expense		19		(5)		14
Total unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges	$	(101)	$	26	$	(75)
Retirement-related benefit plans (1):
Prior service costs/(credits)	$	(1)	$	0	$	0
Net (losses)/gains arising during the period		0		0		0
Curtailments and settlements		21		(6)		14
Amortization of prior service (credits)/costs		0		1		1
Amortization of net (gains)/losses		586		(161)		425
Total retirement-related benefit plans	$	607	$	(167)	$	440
Other comprehensive income/(loss)	$	66	$	106	$	172

(1) These accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost. Refer to note 17, “Retirement-Related Benefits,” for additional information.

38

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income

(Dollars in millions)	Before Tax		Tax (Expense)/		Net of Tax
For the three months ended September 30, 2019:	Amount		Benefit		Amount
Other comprehensive income/(loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustments	$	(509)	$	(109)	$	(618)
Net changes related to available-for-sale securities:
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period	$	3	$	(1)	$	2
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to other (income) and expense		—		—		—
Total net changes related to available-for-sale securities	$	3	$	(1)	$	2
Unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges:
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period	$	(439)	$	110	$	(329)
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to:
Cost of services		(22)		6		(17)
Cost of sales		(10)		3		(7)
Cost of financing		21		(5)		15
SG&A expense		(11)		3		(8)
Other (income) and expense		447		(112)		334
Interest expense		64		(16)		48
Total unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges	$	49	$	(12)	$	36
Retirement-related benefit plans (1):
Net (losses)/gains arising during the period	$	0	$	0	$	0
Curtailments and settlements		3		(1)		2
Amortization of prior service (credits)/costs		(3)		3		(1)
Amortization of net (gains)/losses		461		(128)		333
Total retirement-related benefit plans	$	461	$	(127)	$	335
Other comprehensive income/(loss)	$	4	$	(249)	$	(245)

(1) These AOCI components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost. Refer to note 17, “Retirement-Related Benefits,” for additional information.

39

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income

(Dollars in millions)	Before Tax		Tax (Expense)/		Net of Tax
For the nine months ended September 30, 2020:	Amount		Benefit		Amount
Other comprehensive income/(loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustments	$	(1,354)	$	260	$	(1,094)
Net changes related to available-for-sale securities:
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period	$	0	$	0	$	0
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to other (income) and expense		—		—		—
Total net changes related to available-for-sale securities	$	0	$	0	$	0
Unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges:
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period	$	(249)	$	63	$	(186)
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to:
Cost of services		(18)		5		(14)
Cost of sales		(14)		4		(10)
Cost of financing		21		(5)		16
SG&A expense		(12)		3		(9)
Other (income) and expense		(74)		19		(55)
Interest expense		60		(15)		45
Total unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges	$	(285)	$	73	$	(212)
Retirement-related benefit plans (1):
Prior service costs/(credits)	$	(5)	$	1	$	(3)
Net (losses)/gains arising during the period		65		(24)		41
Curtailments and settlements		42		(12)		30
Amortization of prior service (credits)/costs		1		2		3
Amortization of net (gains)/losses		1,722		(473)		1,249
Total retirement-related benefit plans	$	1,826	$	(507)	$	1,319
Other comprehensive income/(loss)	$	187	$	(175)	$	12

(1) These AOCI components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost. Refer to note 17, “Retirement-Related Benefits,” for additional information.

40

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income

(Dollars in millions)	Before Tax		Tax (Expense)/		Net of Tax
For the nine months ended September 30, 2019:	Amount		Benefit		Amount
Other comprehensive income/(loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustments	$	(333)	$	(72)	$	(405)
Net changes related to available-for-sale securities:
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period	$	1	$	0	$	1
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to other (income) and expense		—		—		—
Total net changes related to available-for-sale securities	$	1	$	0	$	1
Unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges:
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period	$	(798)	$	196	$	(601)
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to:
Cost of services		(52)		13		(38)
Cost of sales		(40)		11		(29)
Cost of financing		73		(18)		55
SG&A expense		(45)		12		(33)
Other (income) and expense		331		(83)		248
Interest expense		150		(38)		112
Total unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges	$	(380)	$	93	$	(287)
Retirement-related benefit plans (1):
Net (losses)/gains arising during the period	$	113	$	(23)	$	90
Curtailments and settlements		7		(1)		6
Amortization of prior service (credits)/costs		(9)		4		(5)
Amortization of net (gains)/losses		1,385		(380)		1,005
Total retirement-related benefit plans	$	1,496	$	(401)	$	1,095
Other comprehensive income/(loss)	$	784	$	(380)	$	404

(1) These AOCI components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost. Refer to note 17, “Retirement-Related Benefits,” for additional information.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss) (net of tax)

					Net Change		Net Unrealized
	Net Unrealized		Foreign		Retirement-		Gains/(Losses)		Accumulated
	Gains/(Losses)		Currency		Related		on Available-		Other
	on Cash Flow		Translation		Benefit		For-Sale		Comprehensive
(Dollars in millions)	Hedges		Adjustments*		Plans		Securities		Income/(Loss)
January 1, 2020	$	(179)	$	(3,700)	$	(24,718)	$	0	$	(28,597)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications		(186)		(1,094)		37		0		(1,242)
Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income		(27)		—		1,281		—		1,255
Total change for the period	$	(212)	$	(1,094)	$	1,319	$	0	$	12
September 30, 2020	$	(391)	$	(4,794)	$	(23,399)	$	0	$	(28,584)

*  Foreign currency translation adjustments are presented gross except for any associated hedges which are presented net of tax.

41

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

					Net Change		Net Unrealized
	Net Unrealized		Foreign		Retirement-		Gains/(Losses)		Accumulated
	Gains/(Losses)		Currency		Related		on Available-		Other
	on Cash Flow		Translation		Benefit		For-Sale		Comprehensive
(Dollars in millions)	Hedges		Adjustments*		Plans		Securities		Income/(Loss)
January 1, 2019	$	284	$	(3,690)	$	(26,083)	$	0	$	(29,490)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications		(601)		(405)		89		1		(916)
Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income		315		—		1,005		—		1,320
Total change for the period	$	(287)	$	(405)	$	1,095	$	1	$	404
September 30, 2019	$	(3)	$	(4,095)	$	(24,988)	$	0	$	(29,086)

* Foreign currency translation adjustments are presented gross except for any associated hedges which are presented net of tax.

15. Derivative Financial Instruments:

The company operates in multiple functional currencies and is a significant lender and borrower in the global markets. In the normal course of business, the company is exposed to the impact of interest rate changes and foreign currency fluctuations, and to a lesser extent equity and commodity price changes and client credit risk. The company limits these risks by following established risk management policies and procedures, including the use of derivatives, and, where cost effective, financing with debt in the currencies in which assets are denominated. For interest rate exposures, derivatives are used to better align rate movements between the interest rates associated with the company’s lease and other financial assets and the interest rates associated with its financing debt. Derivatives are also used to manage the related cost of debt. For foreign currency exposures, derivatives are used to better manage the cash flow volatility arising from foreign exchange rate fluctuations.

In the Consolidated Balance Sheet, the company does not offset derivative assets against liabilities in master netting arrangements nor does it offset receivables or payables recognized upon payment or receipt of cash collateral against the fair values of the related derivative instruments. No amounts were recognized for the right to reclaim or the obligation to return cash collateral at September 30, 2020 and $26 million was recognized in other accounts receivable for the right to reclaim cash collateral at December 31, 2019. The company restricts the use of cash collateral received to rehypothecation, and therefore reports it in restricted cash in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. No amount was rehypothecated at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. Additionally, if derivative exposures covered by a qualifying master netting agreement had been netted in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the total derivative asset and liability positions each would have been reduced by $191 million and $194 million, respectively.

In its hedging programs, the company may use forward contracts, futures contracts, interest-rate swaps, cross-currency swaps, equity swaps, and options depending upon the underlying exposure. The company is not a party to leveraged derivative instruments.

A brief description of the major hedging programs, categorized by underlying risk, follows.

Interest Rate Risk

Fixed and Variable Rate Borrowings

The company issues debt in the global capital markets to fund its operations and financing business. Access to cost-effective financing can result in interest rate mismatches with the underlying assets. To manage these mismatches and to reduce overall interest cost, the company may use interest-rate swaps to convert specific fixed-rate debt issuances into variable-rate debt (i.e., fair value hedges) and to convert specific variable-rate debt issuances into fixed-rate debt (i.e., cash flow hedges). At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the total notional amount of the company’s interest-

42

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

rate swaps was $3.0 billion at both periods. The weighted-average remaining maturity of these instruments at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 was approximately 1.4 years and 2.2 years, respectively. These interest-rate contracts were accounted for as fair value hedges. The company did not have any cash flow hedges relating to this program outstanding at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

Forecasted Debt Issuance

The company is exposed to interest rate volatility on future debt issuances. To manage this risk, the company may use instruments such as forward starting interest-rate swaps to lock in the rate on the interest payments related to the forecasted debt issuances. In the second quarter of 2019, the company issued an aggregate of $20 billion of indebtedness (refer to note 11, “Borrowings,” for additional information). Following the receipt of the net proceeds from this debt offering, the company terminated $5.5 billion of forward starting interest-rate swaps. There were no instruments outstanding at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

In connection with cash flow hedges of forecasted interest payments related to the company's borrowings, the company recorded net losses of $179 million and net losses of $192 million (before taxes) at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, in AOCI. The company estimates that $18 million (before taxes) of the deferred net losses on derivatives in AOCI at September 30, 2020 will be reclassified to net income within the next 12 months, providing an offsetting economic impact against the underlying interest payments.

Foreign Exchange Risk

Long-Term Investments in Foreign Subsidiaries (Net Investment)

A large portion of the company’s foreign currency denominated debt portfolio is designated as a hedge of net investment in foreign subsidiaries to reduce the volatility in stockholders’ equity caused by changes in foreign currency exchange rates in the functional currency of major foreign subsidiaries with respect to the U.S. dollar. At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the carrying value of debt designated as hedging instruments was $17.8 billion and $7.3 billion, respectively. The $10.5 billion increase is part of the company’s risk management strategy and is primarily the result of the designation of new issuances in the first quarter of 2020 and previously hedged Euro denominated debt. The company also uses cross-currency swaps and foreign exchange forward contracts for risk management purposes. At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the total notional amount of derivative instruments designated as net investment hedges was $8.6 billion and $7.9 billion, respectively. At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the weighted-average remaining maturity of these instruments was approximately 0.2 years and 0.1 years, respectively.

Anticipated Royalties and Cost Transactions

The company’s operations generate significant nonfunctional currency, third-party vendor payments and intercompany payments for royalties and goods and services among the company’s non-U.S. subsidiaries and with the company. In anticipation of these foreign currency cash flows and in view of the volatility of the currency markets, the company selectively employs foreign exchange forward contracts to manage its currency risk. These forward contracts are accounted for as cash flow hedges. The maximum remaining length of time over which the company hedged its exposure is approximately four years. At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the total notional amount of forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges of forecasted royalty and cost transactions was $8.9 billion and $9.7 billion, respectively. At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the weighted-average remaining maturity of these instruments was approximately 0.7 years and 0.8 years, respectively.

At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, in connection with cash flow hedges of anticipated royalties and cost transactions, the company recorded net losses of $72 million and net gains of $145 million (before taxes), respectively, in AOCI. The company estimates that $144 million (before taxes) of deferred net losses on derivatives in AOCI at September 30, 2020 will be reclassified to net income within the next 12 months, providing an offsetting economic impact against the underlying anticipated transactions.

43

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

Foreign Currency Denominated Borrowings

The company is exposed to exchange rate volatility on foreign currency denominated debt. To manage this risk, the company employs cross-currency swaps to convert fixed-rate foreign currency denominated debt to fixed-rate debt denominated in the functional currency of the borrowing entity. These swaps are accounted for as cash flow hedges. At September 30, 2020, the maximum length of time remaining over which the company hedged its exposure was approximately seven years. At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the total notional amount of cross-currency swaps designated as cash flow hedges of foreign currency denominated debt was $2.4 billion and $8.2 billion, respectively. The $5.7 billion decrease in cross-currency swaps is part of the company’s risk management strategy and the previously hedged foreign currency denominated debt has been designated as a hedge of net investment in foreign subsidiaries.

At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, in connection with cash flow hedges of foreign currency denominated borrowings, the company recorded net losses of $266 million and net losses of $185 million (before taxes), respectively, in AOCI. The company estimates that $24 million (before taxes) of deferred net losses on derivatives in AOCI at September 30, 2020 will be reclassified to net income within the next 12 months, providing an offsetting economic impact against the underlying exposure.

Subsidiary Cash and Foreign Currency Asset/Liability Management

The company uses its Global Treasury Centers to manage the cash of its subsidiaries. These centers principally use currency swaps to convert cash flows in a cost-effective manner. In addition, the company uses foreign exchange forward contracts to economically hedge, on a net basis, the foreign currency exposure of a portion of the company’s nonfunctional currency assets and liabilities. The terms of these forward and swap contracts are generally less than one year. The changes in the fair values of these contracts and of the underlying hedged exposures are generally offsetting and are recorded in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Income Statement. At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the total notional amount of derivative instruments in economic hedges of foreign currency exposure was $4.2 billion and $7.1 billion, respectively.

Equity Risk Management

The company is exposed to market price changes in certain broad market indices and in the company’s own stock primarily related to certain obligations to employees. Changes in the overall value of these employee compensation obligations are recorded in SG&A expense in the Consolidated Income Statement. Although not designated as accounting hedges, the company utilizes derivatives, including equity swaps and futures, to economically hedge the exposures related to its employee compensation obligations. The derivatives are linked to the total return on certain broad market indices or the total return on the company’s common stock, and are recorded at fair value with gains or losses also reported in SG&A expense in the Consolidated Income Statement. At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the total notional amount of derivative instruments in economic hedges of these compensation obligations was $1.2 billion and $1.3 billion, respectively.

44

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

Cumulative Basis Adjustments for Fair Value Hedges

At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the following amounts were recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:

	September 30,			December 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2020			2019
Short-term debt:
Carrying amount of the hedged item	$	(1,308)		$	—
Cumulative hedging adjustments included in the carrying amount - assets/(liabilities)		(8)			—
Long-term debt:
Carrying amount of the hedged item	$	(2,117)		$	(3,411)
Cumulative hedging adjustments included in the carrying amount - assets/(liabilities)		(445)	(1)		(440)	(1)

(1) Includes ($365) million and ($404) million of hedging adjustments on discontinued hedging relationships at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

The Effect of Derivative Instruments in the Consolidated Income Statement

The total amounts of income and expense line items presented in the Consolidated Income Statement in which the effects of fair value hedges, cash flow hedges, net investment hedges and derivatives not designated as hedging instruments are recorded and the total effect of hedge activity on these income and expense line items are as follows:

					Gains/(Losses) of
(Dollars in millions)	Total				Total Hedge Activity
For the three months ended September 30:	2020		2019		2020		2019
Cost of services	$	7,357	$	7,840	$	10	$	22
Cost of sales		1,601		1,635		(4)		10
Cost of financing		172		217		3		(11)
SG&A expense		4,647		5,024		58		20
Other (income) and expense		253		(31)		101		(561)
Interest expense		323		432		8		(35)

45

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

	Gain (Loss) Recognized in Consolidated Income Statement
	Consolidated	Recognized on				Attributable to Risk
(Dollars in millions)	Income Statement	Derivatives				Being Hedged (2)
For the three months ended September 30:	Line Item	2020		2019		2020		2019
Derivative instruments in fair value hedges (1):
Interest rate contracts	Cost of financing	$	0	$	3	$	7	$	0
	Interest expense		0		9		20		0
Derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments:
Foreign exchange contracts	Other (income) and expense		8		(114)		N/A		N/A
Equity contracts	SG&A expense		63		9		N/A		N/A
Total		$	71	$	(94)	$	27	$	0

	Gain (Loss) Recognized in Consolidated Income Statement and Other Comprehensive Income
(Dollars in millions)					Consolidated	Reclassified				Amounts Excluded from
For the three months	Recognized in OCI				Income Statement	from AOCI				Effectiveness Testing (3)
ended September 30:	2020		2019		Line Item	2020		2019		2020		2019
Derivative instruments in cash flow hedges:
Interest rate contracts	$	—	$	—	Cost of financing	$	(1)	$	(1)	$	—	$	—
					Interest expense		(3)		(3)		—		—
Foreign exchange contracts		(32)		(439)	Cost of services		10		22		—		—
					Cost of sales		(4)		10		—		—
					Cost of financing		(5)		(20)		—		—
					SG&A expense		(5)		11		—		—
					Other (income) and expense		93		(447)		—		—
					Interest expense		(15)		(61)		—		—
Instruments in net investment hedges (4):
Foreign exchange contracts		(983)		435	Cost of financing		—		—		2		7
					Interest expense		—		—		7		20
Total	$	(1,015)	$	(4)		$	69	$	(488)	$	9	$	27

(1) The amount includes changes in clean fair values of the derivative instruments in fair value hedging relationships and the periodic accrual for coupon payments required under these derivative contracts.

(2) The amount includes basis adjustments to the carrying value of the hedged item recorded during the period and amortization of basis adjustments recorded on de-designated hedging relationships during the period.

(3) The company’s policy is to recognize all fair value changes in amounts excluded from effectiveness testing in net income each period.

(4) Instruments in net investment hedges include derivative and non-derivative instruments.

N/A - not applicable

					Gains/(Losses) of
(Dollars in millions)	Total				Total Hedge Activity
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019		2020		2019
Cost of services	$	22,720	$	24,293	$	18	$	52
Cost of sales		4,964		4,979		14		40
Cost of financing		517		710		9		(47)
SG&A expense		15,849		15,171		24		199
Other (income) and expense		614		(850)		92		(358)
Interest expense		971		990		24		(96)

46

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

	Gain (Loss) Recognized in Consolidated Income Statement
	Consolidated	Recognized on				Attributable to Risk
(Dollars in millions)	Income Statement	Derivatives				Being Hedged (2)
For the nine months ended September 30:	Line Item	2020		2019		2020		2019
Derivative instruments in fair value hedges (1):
Interest rate contracts	Cost of financing	$	20	$	51	$	(3)	$	(44)
	Interest expense		57		105		(9)		(89)
Derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments:
Foreign exchange contracts	Other (income) and expense		18		(27)		N/A		N/A
Equity contracts	SG&A expense		12		153		N/A		N/A
Total		$	108	$	283	$	(13)	$	(133)

	Gain (Loss) Recognized in Consolidated Income Statement and Other Comprehensive Income
(Dollars in millions)					Consolidated	Reclassified				Amounts Excluded from
For the nine months	Recognized in OCI				Income Statement	from AOCI				Effectiveness Testing (3)
ended September 30:	2020		2019		Line Item	2020		2019		2020		2019
Derivative instruments in cash flow hedges:
Interest rate contracts	$	—	$	(168)	Cost of financing	$	(3)	$	(2)	$	—	$	—
					Interest expense		(10)		(5)		—		—
Foreign exchange contracts		(249)		(630)	Cost of services		18		52		—		—
					Cost of sales		14		40		—		—
					Cost of financing		(18)		(71)		—		—
					SG&A expense		12		45		—		—
					Other (income) and expense		74		(331)		—		—
					Interest expense		(50)		(146)		—		—
Instruments in net investment hedges (4):
Foreign exchange contracts		(1,033)		306	Cost of financing		—		—		13		19
					Interest expense		—		—		37		38
Total	$	(1,281)	$	(491)		$	37	$	(418)	$	50	$	57

(1) The amount includes changes in clean fair values of the derivative instruments in fair value hedging relationships and the periodic accrual for coupon payments required under these derivative contracts.

(2) The amount includes basis adjustments to the carrying value of the hedged item recorded during the period and amortization of basis adjustments recorded on de-designated hedging relationships during the period.

(3) The company’s policy is to recognize all fair value changes in amounts excluded from effectiveness testing in net income each period.

(4) Instruments in net investment hedges include derivative and non-derivative instruments.

N/A - not applicable

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, there were no material gains or losses excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness (for fair value or cash flow hedges), or associated with an underlying exposure that did not or was not expected to occur (for cash flow hedges); nor are there any anticipated in the normal course of business.

47

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

16. Stock-Based Compensation:

Stock-based compensation cost is measured at grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and is recognized over the employee requisite service period. The following table presents total stock-based compensation cost included in income from continuing operations.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019		2020		2019
Cost	$	42	$	29	$	109	$	71
Selling, general and administrative		129		147		401		313
Research, development and engineering		50		44		147		84
Pre-tax stock-based compensation cost	$	222	$	220	$	658	$	468
Income tax benefits		(50)		(50)		(146)		(104)
Total net stock-based compensation cost	$	172	$	170	$	512	$	364

Pre-tax stock-based compensation cost for the three months ended September 30, 2020 increased $2 million compared to the corresponding period in the prior year. This was primarily due to increases related to restricted stock units ($49 million), offset by decreases related to performance share units ($27 million) and the conversion of stock-based compensation previously issued by Red Hat ($20 million).

Pre-tax stock-based compensation cost for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 increased $189 million compared to the corresponding period in the prior year. This was primarily due to increases related to restricted stock units ($112 million) and the conversion of stock-based compensation previously issued by Red Hat ($107 million), partially offset by decreases in performance share units ($29 million).

Total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested awards at September 30, 2020 was $1.4 billion and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.5 years.

Capitalized stock-based compensation cost was not material at September 30, 2020 and 2019.

17. Retirement-Related Benefits:

The company offers defined benefit pension plans, defined contribution pension plans, as well as nonpension postretirement plans primarily consisting of retiree medical benefits. The following tables provide the pre-tax cost for all retirement-related plans.

					Yr. to Yr.
(Dollars in millions)					Percent
For the three months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change
Retirement-related plans — cost
Defined benefit and contribution pension plans — cost	$	610	$	459	32.9	%
Nonpension postretirement plans — cost		50		53	(5.9)
Total	$	660	$	512	28.9	%

					Yr. to Yr.
(Dollars in millions)					Percent
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change
Retirement-related plans — cost
Defined benefit and contribution pension plans — cost	$	1,789	$	1,337	33.8	%
Nonpension postretirement plans — cost		151		160	(5.2)
Total	$	1,941	$	1,497	29.6	%

48

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

The following tables provide the components of the cost/(income) for the company’s pension plans.

Cost/(Income) of Pension Plans

(Dollars in millions)	U.S. Plans				Non-U.S. Plans
For the three months ended September 30:	2020		2019		2020		2019
Service cost	$	—	$	—	$	99	$	93
Interest cost (1)		375		470		142		202
Expected return on plan assets (1)		(542)		(650)		(323)		(391)
Amortization of prior service costs/(credits) (1)		4		4		(5)		(7)
Recognized actuarial losses (1)		207		140		360		313
Curtailments and settlements (1)		—		—		21		3
Multi-employer plans		—		—		7		10
Other costs/(credits) (1)		—		—		6		11
Total net periodic pension (income)/cost of defined benefit plans	$	44	$	(36)	$	307	$	235
Cost of defined contribution plans		148		151		111		109
Total defined benefit and contribution pension plans cost recognized in the Consolidated Income Statement	$	192	$	115	$	418	$	344

(Dollars in millions)	U.S. Plans				Non-U.S. Plans
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019		2020		2019
Service cost	$	—	$	—	$	289	$	279
Interest cost (1)		1,126		1,411		408		616
Expected return on plan assets (1)		(1,627)		(1,949)		(943)		(1,186)
Amortization of prior service costs/(credits) (1)		12		12		(14)		(20)
Recognized actuarial losses (1)		622		419		1,041		939
Curtailments and settlements (1)		—		—		42		7
Multi-employer plans		—		—		22		26
Other costs/(credits) (1)		—		—		20		22
Total net periodic pension (income)/cost of defined benefit plans	$	133	$	(107)	$	865	$	683
Cost of defined contribution plans		457		440		334		321
Total defined benefit and contribution pension plans cost recognized in the Consolidated Income Statement	$	590	$	333	$	1,200	$	1,004

(1) These components of net periodic pension cost are included in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Income Statement.

The following tables provide the components of the cost for the company’s nonpension postretirement plans.

Cost of Nonpension Postretirement Plans

(Dollars in millions)	U.S. Plan				Non-U.S. Plans
For the three months ended September 30:	2020		2019		2020		2019
Service cost	$	2	$	3	$	1	$	1
Interest cost (1)		26		36		8		12
Expected return on plan assets (1)		—		—		(1)		(1)
Amortization of prior service costs/(credits) (1)		1		(1)		0		0
Recognized actuarial losses (1)		7		0		5		3
Curtailments and settlements (1)		—		—		—		—
Total nonpension postretirement plans cost recognized in Consolidated Income Statement	$	36	$	38	$	14	$	15

(1) These components of net periodic pension cost are included in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Income Statement.

49

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

(Dollars in millions)	U.S. Plan				Non-U.S. Plans
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019		2020		2019
Service cost	$	7	$	8	$	4	$	4
Interest cost (1)		77		109		26		37
Expected return on plan assets (1)		—		—		(3)		(4)
Amortization of prior service costs/(credits) (1)		3		(2)		0		0
Recognized actuarial losses (1)		22		0		16		8
Curtailments and settlements (1)		—		—		0		0
Total nonpension postretirement plans cost recognized in Consolidated Income Statement	$	109	$	115	$	43	$	45

(1) These components of net periodic pension cost are included in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Income Statement.

The table below includes contributions to the following plans:

	Plan Contributions
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019		2020		2019
U.S. nonpension postretirement benefit plan	$	65	$	35	$	265	$	262
Non-U.S. DB and multi-employer plans		16		32		127		159
Total plan contributions	$	80	$	66	$	392	$	421

During the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, $65 million for both periods, was contributed in U.S. Treasury securities (includes the Active Medical Trust). During the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, $475 million and $421 million, respectively, was contributed in U.S. Treasury securities (includes the Active Medical Trust). The contribution of U.S. Treasury securities is considered a non-cash transaction.

18. Subsequent Events:

On October 8, 2020, together with the company's announcement to separate its managed infrastructure services unit of its GTS segment into a new public company by the end of 2021 (refer to note 1, "Basis of Presentation" for additional information), the company announced that it expects to record a charge for structural actions of approximately $2.3 billion in the fourth quarter of 2020.

On October 27, 2020, the company announced that the Board of Directors approved a quarterly dividend of $1.63 per common share. The dividend is payable December 10, 2020 to shareholders of record on November 10, 2020.

50

Item 2.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

OF RESULTS OF OPERATIONS AND FINANCIAL CONDITION

FOR THE THREE AND NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2020

Snapshot

Financial Results Summary — Three Months Ended September 30:

							Yr. to Yr.
							Percent/
(Dollars and shares in millions except per share amounts)							Margin
For the three months ended September 30:	2020			2019			Change
Revenue	$	17,560		$	18,028		(2.6)	%*
Gross profit margin		48.0	%		46.2	%	1.8	pts.
Total expense and other (income)	$	6,603		$	6,813		(3.1)	%
Income from continuing operations before income taxes	$	1,827		$	1,522		20.0	%
Provision for income taxes from continuing operations	$	128		$	(151)		nm
Income from continuing operations	$	1,698		$	1,673		1.5	%
Income from continuing operations margin		9.7	%		9.3	%	0.4	pts.
Net income	$	1,698		$	1,672		1.5	%
Earnings per share from continuing operations - assuming dilution	$	1.89		$	1.87		1.1	%
Weighted-average shares outstanding - assuming dilution		897.3			892.8		0.5	%

* (3.5) percent adjusted for currency; (3.1) percent excluding divested businesses and adjusted for currency.

nm - not meaningful

Organization of Information:

On October 8, 2020, we announced our plan to separate our managed infrastructure services unit of our Global Technology Services (GTS) segment into a new public company (currently referred to as NewCo and to be named later). The separation is expected to be achieved through a U.S. federal tax-free spin-off to IBM shareholders and completed by the end of 2021. It will be subject to customary market, regulatory and other closing conditions, including final IBM Board of Directors’ approval. The announcement did not have any classification impact to our consolidated financial statements or segment reporting. We expect the managed infrastructure services unit to meet the criteria to be classified as discontinued operations upon separation.

In the first quarter of 2020, we realigned offerings and the related management system to reflect divestitures completed in the second half of 2019 and tighter integration of certain industry-specific consulting services. These changes impacted Cloud & Cognitive Software and Global Business Services but did not impact the Consolidated Financial Statements. Total recast revenue for full-year 2019 was approximately $0.3 billion of IBM’s total $77 billion. Refer to note 4, “Segments,” for additional information on our reportable segments. The periods presented in this Form 10-Q are reported on a comparable basis. We provided recast historical segment information reflecting these changes in a Form 8-K dated April 21, 2020.

On July 9, 2019, IBM acquired 100 percent of the outstanding shares of Red Hat, Inc. (Red Hat). Red Hat is reported within the Cloud & Cognitive Software segment, in Cloud & Data Platforms. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the year-to-year results reflect transaction-related impacts associated with the acquisition. Refer to note 5, “Acquisitions & Divestitures,” for additional information.

51

Management Discussion – (continued)

Currency:

The references to “adjusted for currency” or “at constant currency” in the Management Discussion do not include operational impacts that could result from fluctuations in foreign currency rates. When the company refers to growth rates at constant currency or adjusts such growth rates for currency, it is done so that certain financial results can be viewed without the impact of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, thereby facilitating period-to-period comparisons of its business performance. Financial results adjusted for currency are calculated by translating current period activity in local currency using the comparable prior-year period’s currency conversion rate. This approach is used for countries where the functional currency is the local currency. Generally, when the dollar either strengthens or weakens against other currencies, the growth at constant currency rates or adjusting for currency will be higher or lower than growth reported at actual exchange rates. Refer to “Currency Rate Fluctuations” for additional information.

Revenue Adjusted for Divested Businesses and Constant Currency:

To provide better transparency on the recurring performance of the ongoing business, the company provides total revenue, geographic revenue and cloud revenue growth rates excluding divested businesses and at constant currency. These divested businesses are included in the category “Other–divested businesses.”

Operating (non-GAAP) Earnings:

In an effort to provide better transparency into the operational results of the business, supplementally, the company separates business results into operating and non-operating categories. Operating earnings from continuing operations is a non-GAAP measure that excludes the effects of certain acquisition-related charges, intangible asset amortization, expense resulting from basis differences on equity method investments, retirement-related costs and discontinued operations and their related tax impacts. Due to the unique, non-recurring nature of the enactment of the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (U.S. tax reform), management characterizes the one-time provisional charge recorded in the fourth quarter of 2017 and adjustments to that charge as non-operating. Adjustments include true-ups, accounting elections and any changes to regulations, laws, audit adjustments, etc. that affect the recorded one-time charge. For acquisitions, operating (non-GAAP) earnings exclude the amortization of purchased intangible assets and acquisition-related charges such as in-process research and development, transaction costs, applicable retention, restructuring and related expenses, tax charges related to acquisition integration and pre-closing charges, such as financing costs. These charges are excluded as they may be inconsistent in amount and timing from period to period and are significantly impacted by the size, type and frequency of the company’s acquisitions. All other spending for acquired companies is included in both earnings from continuing operations and in operating (non-GAAP) earnings. Throughout the Management Discussion, the impact of acquisitions over the prior 12-month period may be a driver of higher expense year to year. For retirement-related costs, management characterizes certain items as operating and others as non-operating, consistent with GAAP. The company includes defined benefit plan and nonpension postretirement benefit plan service costs, multi-employer plan costs and the cost of defined contribution plans in operating earnings. Non-operating retirement-related costs include defined benefit plan and nonpension postretirement benefit plan amortization of prior service costs, interest cost, expected return on plan assets, amortized actuarial gains/losses, the impacts of any plan curtailments/settlements and pension insolvency costs and other costs. Non-operating retirement-related costs are primarily related to changes in pension plan assets and liabilities which are tied to financial market performance, and the company considers these costs to be outside of the operational performance of the business.

Overall, management believes that supplementally providing investors with a view of operating earnings as described above provides increased transparency and clarity into both the operational results of the business and the performance of the company’s pension plans; improves visibility to management decisions and their impacts on operational performance; enables better comparison to peer companies; and allows the company to provide a long-term strategic view of the business going forward. Our reportable segment financial results reflect pre-tax operating earnings from continuing operations, consistent with our management and measurement system. In addition, these non-GAAP measures provide a perspective consistent with areas of interest we routinely receive from investors and analysts.

52

Management Discussion – (continued)

The following table provides the company’s operating (non-GAAP) earnings for the third quarter of 2020 and 2019.

					Yr. to Yr.
(Dollars in millions except per share amounts)					Percent
For the three months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change
Net income as reported	$	1,698	$	1,672	1.5	%
Income/(loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax		(1)		(1)	(37.6)
Income from continuing operations	$	1,698	$	1,673	1.5	%
Non-operating adjustments (net of tax):
Acquisition-related charges	$	358	$	586	(38.9)	%
Non-operating retirement-related costs/(income)		237		130	82.8
U.S. tax reform impacts		21		5	320.0
Operating (non-GAAP) earnings*	$	2,315	$	2,394	(3.3)	%
Diluted operating (non-GAAP) earnings per share*	$	2.58	$	2.68	(3.7)	%

* Refer to page 92 for a more detailed reconciliation of net income to operating earnings and operating earnings per share.

Strategic Announcement:

IBM is redefining our future as a hybrid cloud platform and AI company. The October 8, 2020 announcement of our plan to separate our managed infrastructure services unit of our GTS segment into a new public company will create two industry-leading companies, each with strategic focus and flexibility to capitalize on their respective missions and drive client and shareholder value. Client buying needs for application and infrastructure services are diverging, while adoption of our hybrid cloud platform is accelerating. This change in clients’ needs makes it the right time to create two market-leading companies focused on what they do best. IBM will focus on its open hybrid cloud platform and AI capabilities to accelerate clients’ digital transformations. Upon separation, NewCo will immediately be the world's leading managed infrastructure services provider and will have greater agility to design, run and modernize the infrastructure of the world’s most important organizations.

Both IBM and NewCo will have greater agility to focus on their operating and financial models, have more freedom to partner with others and both will align their investments and capital structure to their strategic focus areas. As a result, IBM expects to drive sustainable mid-single digit revenue growth after the separation of NewCo is complete. We expect to show milestones, including improved revenue growth, by the middle of 2021 as we progress toward mid-single digit growth.

Environmental Dynamics:

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) a global pandemic. This resulted in significant governmental measures being initiated around the globe, including travel bans and border closings, shelter-in-place orders, closures of non-essential businesses and social distancing requirements in efforts to slow down and control the spread of the virus.

The health of IBM employees, our clients, business partners and community remains our primary focus. We are actively engaged to ensure our plans and response activities continue to be aligned with recommendations of the WHO, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and governmental regulations.

Since the pandemic began, we assembled our resources and brought together the right communities of experts, including clients, governments, scientists, developers, partners, academic institutions, health agencies and IBMers, to work together, and manage through the COVID-19 outbreak doing what we do best, applying data, knowledge, computing power and insights to solve difficult problems.

IBM is well positioned to support our clients through this crisis. The pandemic has driven companies to accelerate their digital transformations, resulting in the removal of traditional barriers to progress. The reliance on technology,

53

Management Discussion – (continued)

particularly hybrid cloud and AI technologies that give clients the scalability and flexibility needed to adjust to the rapid market changes, has become more acute. We are helping to advise, build, move and manage our clients’ shift of their applications and workflows to our leading open hybrid cloud platform. We are also working with our clients to apply AI, automation and other technologies to make their workflows more intelligent and responsive. As our clients are intensifying their focus on their most important asset, their people, we are partnering with clients to help them enhance employee engagement and productivity, reskill the workforce faster and reimagine ways of working.

The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented, global challenge and it has placed every company in uncharted waters. In this current environment, the underlying fundamentals of our business continue to remain sound:

● IBM has always focused on the enterprise space, and within that our business is more concentrated in large enterprises, which in total have been relatively more stable throughout the pandemic;

● Our diversification and mix by industry, geography and client segment provides some stability during these times;

● From an industry perspective, the majority of our revenue comes from clients in financial services, telecom, and the public sector – including government and healthcare;

● Approximately 70 percent of our revenue comes from industries that run the world’s most critical processes, such as core banking systems, supply chains, and claims processing, and those industries have been less impacted;

● From a geographic perspective, we are continuing to see markets experience different impacts from the pandemic over time. Our global footprint of more than 170 countries provides some natural hedge.

● Approximately 60 percent of our annual revenue is in recurring revenue streams;

● Our innovative technology and our industry-specific expertise are assets to our clients; and,

● Our balance sheet remains strong with ample liquidity and access to capital, and we remain committed to our long-standing dividend policy to provide value to shareholders.

Our industry, geographic and client profile and our annuity base provide some level of stability, not only in our revenue, but also in profit and cash, as we continue to manage through these challenging times. However, in the current macroeconomic environment, clients continue to balance short-term challenges and opportunities for transformation. Their short-term priorities continue to be focused on operational stability, flexibility and cash preservation, and as such, we have experienced some disruptions in transactional performance and delays in some services projects.

The long-term economic effects of the pandemic remain unknown. However, this environment has only reinforced the need for clients to modernize their businesses to succeed in this new normal, with hybrid cloud and AI at the core of their digital transformations. While the current environment poses certain short-term challenges, it also presents long-term opportunities that IBM will seize as our open hybrid platform and AI-driven model delivers greater innovation, higher productivity and more strategic optionality to our clients.

Financial Performance Summary — Three Months Ended September 30:

In the third quarter of 2020, we reported $17.6 billion in revenue, $1.7 billion in income from continuing operations and operating (non-GAAP) earnings of $2.3 billion, resulting in diluted earnings per share from continuing operations of $1.89 as reported and $2.58 on an operating (non-GAAP) basis. We also generated $4.3 billion in cash from operations, $1.1 billion in free cash flow and delivered shareholder returns of $1.5 billion through dividends. These results reflect strong performance in hybrid cloud led by Red Hat, gross and pre-tax margin expansion and solid cash generation.

Total consolidated revenue decreased 2.6 percent as reported and 3 percent excluding divested businesses and adjusted for currency. With a macroeconomic environment relatively consistent with the second quarter, clients’ near-term priorities resulted in some project delays and purchase deferrals. This resulted in impacts to our transactional

54

Management Discussion – (continued)

software, project-oriented services and volume-based services. On a segment basis, Cloud & Cognitive Software increased 6.8 percent as reported and 6 percent adjusted for currency. Within this segment, Cloud & Data Platforms grew 20.3 percent (19 percent adjusted for currency) led by Red Hat’s strong performance with double-digit growth across infrastructure software and application development and emerging technologies. Cognitive Applications revenue trajectory improved with growth of 0.9 percent (flat adjusted for currency) compared to the prior-year period, while Transaction Processing Platforms declined year to year. Global Business Services (GBS) decreased 4.7 percent as reported (6 percent adjusted for currency) with declines across all lines of business. GTS decreased 3.6 percent as reported (4 percent adjusted for currency). Within the segment, Infrastructure & Cloud Services decreased with lower client-based business volumes in the more economically-sensitive industries, while declines in Technology Support Services reflected hardware product cycles and continuing volume impacts due to the pandemic. Systems decreased 15.1 percent as reported (16 percent adjusted for currency) driven primarily by product cycle dynamics.

Total cloud revenue of $6.0 billion in the third quarter of 2020 grew 19 percent as reported (18 percent adjusted for currency) and 19 percent excluding divested businesses and adjusted for currency. Over the trailing 12 months, total cloud revenue was $24.4 billion, up 22 percent as reported (23 percent adjusted for currency) and 25 percent excluding divested businesses and adjusted for currency.

From a geographic perspective, Americas revenue declined 4.4 percent year to year as reported (3 percent excluding divested businesses and adjusted for currency). Europe/Middle East/Africa (EMEA) increased 1.6 percent as reported, but decreased 2 percent excluding divested businesses and adjusted for currency. Asia Pacific declined 4.4 percent year to year as reported (5 percent excluding divested businesses and adjusted for currency).

Total consolidated gross margin of 48.0 percent increased 1.8 points year to year reflecting portfolio mix with strong software contribution and our focus on productivity. Operating (non-GAAP) gross margin of 49.0 percent increased 1.6 points versus the prior year, primarily driven by the same factors.

Total expense and other (income) of $6.6 billion decreased 3.1 percent in the third quarter of 2020 versus the prior-year period primarily driven by lower acquisition-related charges, expense from divested businesses, spending on travel and interest expense, partially offset by higher non-operating retirement-related costs, lower gains from divestitures and the effects of currency. Total operating (non-GAAP) expense and other (income) decreased 1.9 percent year to year, driven primarily by the factors above excluding the lower acquisition-related charges and higher non-operating retirement-related costs.

The pre-tax income from continuing operations of $1.8 billion increased 20.0 percent year to year and the pre-tax margin was 10.4 percent, an increase of 2.0 points versus the prior-year period. The continuing operations provision for income taxes in the third quarter of 2020 was $0.1 billion compared to a benefit from income taxes of $0.2 billion in the third quarter of 2019. Net income of $1.7 billion increased 1.5 percent and the net income margin was 9.7 percent, an increase of 0.4 points year to year.

Operating (non-GAAP) pre-tax income from continuing operations of $2.6 billion increased 7.6 percent year to year and the operating (non-GAAP) pre-tax margin from continuing operations increased 1.4 points to 14.7 percent. The operating (non-GAAP) provision for income taxes was $263 million in the third quarter of 2020 compared to $1 million in the third quarter of 2019. Operating (non-GAAP) income from continuing operations of $2.3 billion decreased 3.3 percent with an operating (non-GAAP) income margin from continuing operations of 13.2 percent, down 0.1 points year to year.

Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations of $1.89 in the third quarter of 2020 increased 1.1 percent and operating (non-GAAP) diluted earnings per share of $2.58 decreased 3.7 percent versus the third quarter of 2019.

We generated $4.3 billion in cash flow provided by operating activities, an increase of $0.7 billion compared to the third quarter of 2019. In the third quarter of 2020, investing activities were a net use of cash of $0.3 billion compared to $30.4 billion in the prior year. The $30.0 billion change year to year was driven primarily by cash used for the Red Hat

55

Management Discussion – (continued)

acquisition in the prior-year period. Financing activities were a use of cash of $1.7 billion in the third quarter of 2020 compared to $8.2 billion in the prior-year period driven primarily by net cash related to debt transactions. In the third quarter of 2020, net payments to settle debt were $0.3 billion versus $6.6 billion in the prior year.

Given the uncertainty in the environment, and consistent with our direction since the first quarter, we are not providing 2020 expectations. Refer to the Looking Forward section for additional information.

Financial Results Summary —Nine Months Ended September 30:

							Yr. to Yr.
							Percent/
(Dollars and shares in millions except per share amounts)							Margin
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020			2019			Change
Revenue	$	53,253		$	55,370		(3.8)	%*
Gross profit margin		47.0	%		45.9	%	1.2	pts.
Total expense and other (income)	$	21,704		$	19,215		13.0	%
Income from continuing operations before income taxes	$	3,348		$	6,173		(45.8)	%
Provision for/(benefit from) income taxes from continuing operations	$	(888)		$	407		nm
Income from continuing operations	$	4,237		$	5,766		(26.5)	%
Income from continuing operations margin		8.0	%		10.4	%	(2.5)	pts.
Net income	$	4,234		$	5,761		(26.5)	%
Earnings per share from continuing operations - assuming dilution	$	4.72		$	6.46		(26.9)	%
Weighted-average shares outstanding - assuming dilution		895.8			892.5		0.4	%
	At 9/30/2020			At 12/31/2019
Assets	$	154,128		$	152,186		1.3	%
Liabilities	$	132,794		$	131,202		1.2	%
Equity	$	21,334		$	20,985		1.7	%

* (3.1) percent adjusted for currency; (1.6) percent excluding divested businesses and adjusted for currency.

nm - not meaningful

The following table provides the company’s operating (non-GAAP) earnings for the first nine months of 2020 and 2019.

					Yr. to Yr.
(Dollars in millions except per share amounts)					Percent
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change
Net income as reported	$	4,234	$	5,761	(26.5)	%
Income/(loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax		(2)		(5)	(46.3)
Income from continuing operations	$	4,237	$	5,766	(26.5)	%
Non-operating adjustments (net of tax):
Acquisition-related charges	$	1,095	$	967	13.2	%
Non-operating retirement-related costs/(income)		710		338	110.2
U.S. tax reform impacts		(128)		160	nm
Operating (non-GAAP) earnings*	$	5,913	$	7,230	(18.2)	%
Diluted operating (non-GAAP) earnings per share*	$	6.60	$	8.10	(18.5)	%

* Refer to page 93 for a more detailed reconciliation of net income to operating earnings and operating earnings per share.

nm - not meaningful

56

Management Discussion – (continued)

Financial Performance Summary —Nine Months Ended September 30:

In the first nine months of 2020, we reported $53.3 billion in revenue, $4.2 billion in income from continuing operations and operating (non-GAAP) earnings of $5.9 billion, resulting in diluted earnings per share from continuing operations of $4.72 as reported and $6.60 on an operating (non-GAAP) basis. We generated $12.3 billion in cash from operations, $4.8 billion in free cash flow and delivered shareholder returns of $4.3 billion through dividends.

Total consolidated revenue decreased 3.8 percent as reported (2 percent excluding divested businesses and adjusted for currency). Revenue dynamics were impacted by the global pandemic beginning in March. Cloud & Cognitive Software increased 5.1 percent as reported (6 percent adjusted for currency). Within this segment, Cloud & Data Platforms grew 26.7 percent (27 percent adjusted for currency) led by Red Hat, partially offset by declines in Cognitive Applications and Transaction Processing Platforms. GBS decreased 4.2 percent as reported (4 percent adjusted for currency) with declines across all lines of business. GTS decreased 5.7 percent as reported (5 percent adjusted for currency) with declines in Infrastructure & Cloud Services and Technology Support Services. Systems decreased 1.9 percent as reported (2 percent adjusted for currency) with declines in Operating Systems Software partially offset by growth in Systems Hardware driven by IBM Z growth in the first half of the year.

Total cloud revenue was $17.6 billion in the first nine months of 2020 with strong growth of 23 percent as reported, 23 percent adjusted for currency and 25 percent excluding divested businesses and adjusted for currency.

From a geographic perspective, Americas revenue declined 4.1 percent year to year as reported (1 percent excluding divested businesses and adjusted for currency). EMEA decreased 3.3 percent as reported (2 percent excluding divested businesses and adjusted for currency). Asia Pacific declined 3.9 percent year to year as reported (3 percent excluding divested businesses and adjusted for currency).

Total consolidated gross margin of 47.0 percent increased 1.2 points year to year with margin expansion in Systems, GBS and Cloud & Cognitive Software. Operating (non-GAAP) gross margin of 48.1 percent increased 1.6 points versus the prior year.

Total expense and other (income) increased 13.0 percent in the first nine months of 2020 versus the prior-year period primarily driven by higher spending due to the addition of Red Hat, lower gains from divestitures, higher non-operating retirement-related costs, amortization of intangible assets associated with the acquisition of Red Hat, and higher workforce rebalancing charges, partially offset by lower expense from divested businesses and lower acquisition- related charges. Total operating (non-GAAP) expense and other (income) increased 11.6 percent year to year, driven primarily by the factors above excluding the amortization of intangible assets, non-operating retirement-related costs and acquisition-related charges.

The pre-tax income from continuing operations in the first nine months of 2020 was $3.3 billion, compared to $6.2 billion in the first nine months of 2019. The pre-tax margin was 6.3 percent, a decrease of 4.9 points versus the prior-year period. The continuing operations benefit from income taxes in the first nine months of 2020 was $0.9 billion compared to a provision for income taxes of $0.4 billion in the first nine months of 2019. The current-year benefit from income taxes was primarily driven by a net tax benefit in the first quarter of 2020 related to an intra-entity sale of certain of the company’s intellectual property and the related impacts. Net income of $4.2 billion decreased 26.5 percent and the net income margin was 8.0 percent, a decrease of 2.5 points year to year.

Operating (non-GAAP) pre-tax income from continuing operations of $5.6 billion decreased 28.5 percent year to year and the operating (non-GAAP) pre-tax margin from continuing operations decreased 3.6 points to 10.5 percent. The operating (non-GAAP) benefit from income taxes was $0.3 billion in the first nine months of 2020, compared to a provision for income taxes of $0.6 billion in the first nine months of 2019. The current-year operating (non-GAAP) benefit from income taxes was primarily driven by the same factor described above. Operating (non-GAAP) income from continuing operations of $5.9 billion decreased 18.2 percent with an operating (non-GAAP) income margin from continuing operations of 11.1 percent, down 2.0 points year to year.

57

Management Discussion – (continued)

Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations of $4.72 in the first nine months of 2020 decreased 26.9 percent and operating (non-GAAP) diluted earnings per share of $6.60 decreased 18.5 percent versus the first nine months of 2019.

In the third quarter, we continued to take actions to further enhance our balance sheet and liquidity position. At September 30, 2020, the balance sheet remained strong with the flexibility to support and invest in the business, with a strong cash position and ample credit available during these uncertain times. Cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and marketable securities at September 30, 2020 were $15.8 billion, an increase of $6.7 billion from December 31, 2019. We accessed the debt markets earlier in the year, taking advantage of attractive market dynamics and are in a strong position to fund upcoming debt maturities in the fourth-quarter 2020.

Key drivers in the balance sheet and total cash flows were:

Total assets increased $1.9 billion ($2.0 billion adjusted for currency) from December 31, 2019 driven by:

● An increase in cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and marketable securities of $6.7 billion; and

● An increase in deferred tax assets of $3.7 billion primarily due to the intra-entity sale of IP in the first quarter; partially offset by

● A decrease in receivables of $8.2 billion primarily as a result of collections of seasonally higher year-end balances and divestiture-related receivables, as well as sales of receivables.

Total liabilities increased $1.6 billion ($0.3 billion adjusted for currency) from December 31, 2019 driven by:

● An increase in total debt of $2.5 billion primarily driven by new debt issuances of $8.8 billion, partially offset by debt maturities and early retirements of $6.7 billion; and

● An increase in other liabilities of $1.0 billion primarily driven by an increase in deferred tax liabilities related to the intra-entity IP sale in the first quarter; partially offset by

● A decrease in accounts payable of $0.9 billion reflecting declines from seasonally higher year-end balances.

Total equity of $21.3 billion increased $0.3 billion from December 31, 2019 as a result of:

● Net income of $4.2 billion; and

● An increase in common stock of $0.5 billion; partially offset by

● Dividends of $4.3 billion.

We generated $12.3 billion in cash flow provided by operating activities, an increase of $1.0 billion compared to the first nine months of 2019. This included a number of strategic actions taken to preserve cash and maintain a strong balance sheet and liquidity position. In the first nine months of 2020, investing activities were a net use of cash of $2.5 billion compared to $27.1 billion in the prior year. The $24.6 billion decrease year to year was driven primarily by a decrease in net cash used for acquisitions of $32.6 billion, partially offset by a decrease of $6.1 billion in cash provided by net non-operating finance receivables. Financing activities were a net use of cash of $3.4 billion in the first nine months of 2020 compared to a net source of cash of $14.7 billion in the prior year. The $18.1 billion change year to year was primarily driven by a decrease in net cash provided by debt transactions of $19.4 billion with a higher level of net additions in the prior year to fund the Red Hat acquisition.

58

Management Discussion – (continued)

Third Quarter and First Nine Months in Review

Results of Continuing Operations

Segment Details

The following is an analysis of the third quarter and first nine months of 2020 versus the third quarter and first nine months of 2019 reportable segment external revenue and gross margin results. Segment pre-tax income includes transactions between segments that are intended to reflect an arm’s-length transfer price and excludes certain unallocated corporate items.

									Yr. to Yr.
									Percent
							Yr. to Yr.		Change
(Dollars in millions)							Percent/Margin		Adjusted For
For the three months ended September 30:	2020			2019			Change		Currency
Revenue:
Cloud & Cognitive Software	$	5,553		$	5,201	*	6.8	%	5.8	%
Gross margin		77.1	%		74.5	%*	2.6	pts.
Global Business Services		3,965			4,160	*	(4.7)	%	(5.8)	%
Gross margin		32.9	%		31.1	%*	1.9	pts.
Global Technology Services		6,462			6,700		(3.6)	%	(4.3)	%
Gross margin		35.0	%		35.8	%	(0.8)	pts.
Systems		1,257			1,481		(15.1)	%	(16.0)	%
Gross margin		51.2	%		52.6	%	(1.4)	pts.
Global Financing		273			343		(20.5)	%	(20.3)	%
Gross margin		37.5	%		36.9	%	0.6	pts.
Other		50			142	*	(64.6)	%	(64.7)	%
Gross margin		(336.2)	%		(98.7)	%*	(237.6)	pts.
Total consolidated revenue	$	17,560		$	18,028		(2.6)	%**	(3.5)	%
Total consolidated gross profit	$	8,430		$	8,336		1.1	%
Total consolidated gross margin		48.0	%		46.2	%	1.8	pts.
Non-operating adjustments:
Amortization of acquired intangible assets		180			196		(8.0)	%
Acquisition-related charges		—			13		(100.0)
Operating (non-GAAP) gross profit	$	8,610		$	8,545		0.8	%
Operating (non-GAAP) gross margin		49.0	%		47.4	%	1.6	pts.

*  Recast to reflect segment changes.

** (3.1) percent excluding divested businesses and adjusted for currency.

59

Management Discussion – (continued)

									Yr. to Yr.
									Percent
							Yr. to Yr.		Change
(Dollars in millions)							Percent/Margin		Adjusted For
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020			2019			Change		Currency
Revenue:
Cloud & Cognitive Software	$	16,540		$	15,731	*	5.1	%	5.7	%
Gross margin		76.6	%		76.0	%*	0.6	pts.
Global Business Services		11,992			12,513	*	(4.2)	%	(3.7)	%
Gross margin		29.5	%		27.8	%*	1.7	pts.
Global Technology Services		19,245			20,412		(5.7)	%	(4.6)	%
Gross margin		34.4	%		34.6	%	(0.2)	pts.
Systems		4,477			4,562		(1.9)	%	(1.6)	%
Gross margin		53.7	%		51.1	%	2.6	pts.
Global Financing		837			1,100		(23.9)	%	(22.8)	%
Gross margin		39.0	%		35.6	%	3.4	pts.
Other		163			1,053	*	(84.5)	%	(84.4)	%
Gross margin		(305.4)	%		16.1	%*	(321.5)	pts.
Total consolidated revenue	$	53,253		$	55,370		(3.8)	%**	(3.1)	%
Total consolidated gross profit	$	25,052		$	25,388		(1.3)	%
Total consolidated gross margin		47.0	%		45.9	%	1.2	pts.
Non-operating adjustments:
Amortization of acquired intangible assets		556			346		60.9	%
Acquisition-related charges		—			13		(100.0)
Operating (non-GAAP) gross profit	$	25,608		$	25,747		(0.5)	%
Operating (non-GAAP) gross margin		48.1	%		46.5	%	1.6	pts.

*  Recast to reflect segment changes.

** (1.6) percent excluding divested businesses and adjusted for currency.

Cloud & Cognitive Software

								Yr. to Yr.
								Percent
						Yr. to Yr.		Change
(Dollars in millions)						Percent		Adjusted For
For the three months ended September 30:	2020		2019			Change		Currency
Cloud & Cognitive Software external revenue:	$	5,553	$	5,201	*	6.8	%	5.8	%
Cloud & Data Platforms	$	2,775	$	2,308		20.3	%	19.1	%
Cognitive Applications		1,317		1,305	*	0.9		0.1
Transaction Processing Platforms		1,461		1,589		(8.0)		(8.9)

*   Recast to reflect segment changes.

								Yr. to Yr.
								Percent
						Yr. to Yr.		Change
(Dollars in millions)						Percent		Adjusted For
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019			Change		Currency
Cloud & Cognitive Software external revenue:	$	16,540	$	15,731	*	5.1	%	5.7	%
Cloud & Data Platforms	$	8,108	$	6,398		26.7	%	27.3	%
Cognitive Applications		3,745		3,914	*	(4.3)		(3.9)
Transaction Processing Platforms		4,687		5,419		(13.5)		(12.9)

*  Recast to reflect segment changes.

60

Management Discussion – (continued)

Cloud & Cognitive Software revenue of $5,553 million increased 6.8 percent as reported (6 percent adjusted for currency) in the third quarter of 2020 compared to the prior year and reflects a sequential year-to-year improvement versus second-quarter 2020. The growth in third-quarter 2020 was driven primarily by Cloud & Data Platforms, led by Red Hat. With the one-year anniversary of the Red Hat acquisition in early July, Red Hat again delivered strong double-digit growth driven by infrastructure software and application development and emerging technologies. For the first nine months of the year, Cloud & Cognitive Software revenue of $16,540 million increased 5.1 percent as reported (6 percent adjusted for currency), with strong double-digit growth in Cloud & Data Platforms driven primarily by Red Hat, partially offset by declines in Transaction Processing Platforms and Cognitive Applications. Software has a seasonally smaller transactional base in the third quarter, which benefited us in a challenging transactional environment.

In the third quarter, Cloud & Data Platforms revenue of $2,775 million increased 20.3 percent as reported (19 percent adjusted for currency) compared to the prior year, led by Red Hat’s strong operating performance and a decline in the acquisition-related purchase accounting impacts year to year. Client adoption of our platform continued to grow, with approximately 200 clients added to our container platform in the quarter. Leveraging Red Hat’s OpenShift container platform, our AI-powered Cloud Paks provide clients with ease of use and the ability to scale and secure operations across a variety of environments. We are expanding and leveraging the IBM and Red Hat ecosystems with over 180 partners now selling IBM Cloud Paks. We had good penetration in our large accounts and more than tripled the number of clients adopting Cloud Paks versus a year ago.

Cognitive Applications third-quarter revenue of $1,317 million increased 0.9 percent as reported and was flat adjusted for currency compared to the prior year, led by strength in our security and supply chain offerings. Within security, there was good demand for our Threat Management software and services as clients focused on transforming and managing their security operations. We drove adoption of our Cloud Pak for Security and QRadar on Cloud, and we had good performance in Identity and Trust services as we helped our clients with their secure digital transformations. We also had good performance in our supply chain software offerings, such as Supply Chain Order Management, which enables clients to shift to more flexible and scalable digital channels.

Transaction Processing Platforms revenue of $1,461 million decreased 8.0 percent as reported (9 percent adjusted for currency) in the third quarter compared to the prior year. Consistent with the macroeconomic environment, clients continued to focus on near-term priorities resulting in purchase deferrals, which impacted our transactional software performance.

Within Cloud & Cognitive Software, cloud revenue of $1.8 billion grew 64 percent as reported (63 percent adjusted for currency) in the third quarter of 2020. For the first nine months of 2020, cloud revenue of $4.8 billion grew 85 percent as reported and adjusted for currency.

							Yr. to Yr.
							Percent/
(Dollars in millions)							Margin
For the three months ended September 30:	2020			2019*			Change
Cloud & Cognitive Software:
External gross profit	$	4,281		$	3,876		10.4	%
External gross profit margin		77.1	%		74.5	%	2.6	pts.
Pre-tax income	$	1,834		$	1,290		42.2	%
Pre-tax margin		28.5	%		21.9	%	6.6	pts.

*  Recast to reflect segment changes

61

Management Discussion – (continued)

							Yr. to Yr.
							Percent/
(Dollars in millions)							Margin
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020			2019*			Change
Cloud & Cognitive Software:
External gross profit	$	12,665		$	11,955		5.9	%
External gross profit margin		76.6	%		76.0	%	0.6	pts.
Pre-tax income	$	4,475		$	5,082		(11.9)	%
Pre-tax margin		23.6	%		28.4	%	(4.9)	pts.

*  Recast to reflect segment changes.

Cloud & Cognitive Software gross profit margin increased 2.6 points to 77.1 percent in the third quarter of 2020 compared to the prior year, driven primarily by margin expansion in services and contribution from Red Hat. For the first nine months of 2020, gross profit margin increased 0.6 points to 76.6 percent, primarily driven by the same factors.

In the third quarter, pre-tax income of $1,834 million increased 42.2 percent compared to the prior year. The pre-tax margin increased 6.6 points to 28.5 percent in the third quarter, driven primarily by revenue growth and gross profit margin expansion in our Cloud & Data Platforms business. For the first nine months of the year, pre-tax income of $4,475 million decreased 11.9 percent compared to the prior year and the pre-tax margin decreased 4.9 points to 23.6 percent. The year-to-year decline in margin in the first nine months of 2020 reflects transaction-related impacts from the Red Hat acquisition, revenue declines in Transaction Processing Platforms as well as higher charges for workforce rebalancing in the current year.

Global Business Services

								Yr. to Yr.
								Percent
						Yr. to Yr.		Change
(Dollars in millions)						Percent		Adjusted For
For the three months ended September 30:	2020		2019			Change		Currency
Global Business Services external revenue:	$	3,965	$	4,160	*	(4.7)	%	(5.8)	%
Consulting	$	1,966	$	2,016	*	(2.5)	%	(3.7)	%
Application Management		1,758		1,897		(7.3)		(8.4)
Global Process Services		240		247		(2.8)		(3.4)

* Recast to reflect segment changes.

								Yr. to Yr.
								Percent
						Yr. to Yr.		Change
(Dollars in millions)						Percent		Adjusted For
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019			Change		Currency
Global Business Services external revenue:	$	11,992	$	12,513	*	(4.2)	%	(3.7)	%
Consulting	$	5,973	$	6,037	*	(1.1)	%	(0.7)	%
Application Management		5,332		5,724		(6.9)		(6.3)
Global Process Services		687		752		(8.6)		(7.6)

* Recast to reflect segment changes.

Global Business Services revenue of $3,965 million decreased 4.7 percent as reported and 6 percent adjusted for currency in the third quarter of 2020 compared to the prior year. Our revenue performance continued to reflect the current macroeconomic environment as a result of the pandemic and changed client priorities, leading to project delays and less demand for more discretionary offerings. As we pivot our offerings and delivery to address client needs, GBS reported double-digit signings growth in the third quarter, and returned its backlog to growth. GBS cloud-related

62

Management Discussion – (continued)

signings were up over 25 percent and we added an additional 60 Red Hat client engagements in the third quarter. For the first nine months of the year, GBS revenue of $11,992 million decreased 4.2 percent as reported and 4 percent adjusted for currency.

In the third quarter, Consulting revenue of $1,966 million declined 2.5 percent as reported and 4 percent adjusted for currency as clients continued to delay certain projects and deferred more discretionary purchases.

Application Management revenue of $1,758 million declined 7.3 percent as reported and 8 percent adjusted for currency compared to the third quarter of 2019. There was decline in our traditional on-premises application management services, partially offset by growth in our cloud modernization offerings.

Global Process Services third-quarter revenue of $240 million decreased 2.8 percent as reported and 3 percent adjusted for currency, reflecting the impact of the ongoing macroeconomic environment on volume-based services.

Within GBS, cloud revenue of $1.4 billion grew 10 percent as reported (9 percent adjusted for currency) in the third quarter of 2020. For the first nine months of the year, cloud revenue of $4.1 billion grew 9 percent as reported (10 percent adjusted for currency). With the expertise and process knowledge gained through our application management incumbency, clients trust us to guide them through their architectural decisions and facilitate their transformations, with a particular expertise in application modernization at scale across all on-premises, private and public cloud environments. GBS drives adoption of our hybrid cloud platform, and is a gateway to bring the wider set of IBM capabilities to enable a client’s digital journey.

							Yr. to Yr.
							Percent/
(Dollars in millions)							Margin
For the three months ended September 30:	2020			2019*			Change
Global Business Services:
External gross profit	$	1,306		$	1,293		1.0	%
External gross profit margin		32.9	%		31.1	%	1.9	pts.
Pre-tax income	$	570		$	567		0.6	%
Pre-tax margin		14.2	%		13.4	%	0.8	pts.

* Recast to reflect segment changes.

							Yr. to Yr.
							Percent/
(Dollars in millions)							Margin
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020			2019*			Change
Global Business Services:
External gross profit	$	3,538		$	3,473		1.9	%
External gross profit margin		29.5	%		27.8	%	1.7	pts.
Pre-tax income	$	1,203		$	1,154		4.2	%
Pre-tax margin		9.9	%		9.1	%	0.8	pts.

* Recast to reflect segment changes.

GBS third-quarter gross profit margin of 32.9 percent grew 1.9 points on a year-to-year basis, primarily driven by margin expansion across the portfolio. The expansion in gross margin reflects our focus on high-value offerings, productivity and strong operational discipline, while we continued to invest in skills, resources, offerings and ecosystems.

Pre-tax income of $570 million increased 0.6 percent and pre-tax margin increased 0.8 points to 14.2 percent in the third quarter of 2020 compared to the prior year, primarily driven by the improved gross profit margins in Consulting and Application Management. For the first nine months of the year, pre-tax income of $1,203 million increased 4.2

63

Management Discussion – (continued)

percent and the pre-tax margin increased 0.8 points to 9.9 percent, primarily driven by gross profit margin expansion in Consulting, partially offset by higher charges year to year for workforce rebalancing actions which had 0.5 points of impact on the pre-tax margin.

Global Technology Services

							Yr. to Yr.
							Percent
					Yr. to Yr.		Change
(Dollars in millions)					Percent		Adjusted For
For the three months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change		Currency
Global Technology Services external revenue:	$	6,462	$	6,700	(3.6)	%	(4.3)	%
Infrastructure & Cloud Services	$	4,933	$	5,071	(2.7)	%	(4.0)	%
Technology Support Services		1,528		1,629	(6.2)		(5.5)

							Yr. to Yr.
							Percent
					Yr. to Yr.		Change
(Dollars in millions)					Percent		Adjusted For
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change		Currency
Global Technology Services external revenue:	$	19,245	$	20,412	(5.7)	%	(4.6)	%
Infrastructure & Cloud Services	$	14,663	$	15,454	(5.1)	%	(4.3)	%
Technology Support Services		4,582		4,958	(7.6)		(5.5)

Global Technology Services revenue of $6,462 million declined 3.6 percent as reported (4 percent adjusted for currency) in the third quarter of 2020 compared to the prior year. We had continued strong growth in cloud revenue which was offset by a decline in client business volumes. For the first nine months of the year, GTS revenue of $19,245 million declined 5.7 percent as reported (5 percent adjusted for currency) as compared to the prior-year period, primarily driven by declines in strategic outsourcing and implementation services and in Technology Support Services.

In the third quarter, Infrastructure & Cloud Services revenue of $4,933 million decreased 2.7 percent as reported (4 percent adjusted for currency) compared to the prior-year period. We continued to experience lower client-based business volumes in the more economically sensitive industries. However, many clients are taking a longer-term view with a focus on modernizing their infrastructure to create agility and operational efficiency. These clients turn to GTS’ managed infrastructure services with its deep expertise in managing clients’ mission-critical infrastructures and next generation service delivery capabilities infused with AI and automation.

Technology Support Services (TSS) third-quarter revenue of $1,528 million decreased 6.2 percent as reported (6 percent adjusted for currency), primarily driven by our hardware product cycles and continued volume impacts due to the pandemic.

Within GTS, cloud revenue of $2.3 billion grew 9 percent as reported (8 percent adjusted for currency) in the third quarter of 2020. For the first nine months of the year, cloud revenue of $7.0 billion grew 12 percent as reported (13 percent adjusted for currency).

							Yr. to Yr.
							Percent/
(Dollars in millions)							Margin
For the three months ended September 30:	2020			2019			Change
Global Technology Services:
External gross profit	$	2,264		$	2,400		(5.6)	%
External gross profit margin		35.0	%		35.8	%	(0.8)	pts.
Pre-tax income	$	399		$	490		(18.7)	%
Pre-tax margin		5.9	%		7.0	%	(1.1)	pts.

64

Management Discussion – (continued)

							Yr. to Yr.
							Percent/
(Dollars in millions)							Margin
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020			2019			Change
Global Technology Services:
External gross profit	$	6,618		$	7,069		(6.4)	%
External gross profit margin		34.4	%		34.6	%	(0.2)	pts.
Pre-tax income	$	471		$	1,000		(53.0)	%
Pre-tax margin		2.3	%		4.7	%	(2.4)	pts.

Global Technology Services gross profit margin decreased 0.8 points to 35.0 percent in the third quarter of 2020 as compared to the prior year, primarily driven by our investments in public cloud and client volume impacts which come at high margin.

Pre-tax income of $399 million decreased 18.7 percent and pre-tax margin decreased 1.1 points to 5.9 percent in the third quarter compared to the prior year, driven primarily by the decline in gross profit margin. For the first nine months of the year, pre-tax income of $471 million decreased 53.0 percent and pre-tax margin declined 2.4 points to 2.3 percent compared to the prior-year period, reflecting higher charges for workforce rebalancing actions in 2020 which had 1.3 points of impact on pre-tax margin.

Services Backlog and Signings

							Yr. to Yr.
							Percent
					Yr. to Yr.		Change
	At September 30,		At September 30,		Percent		Adjusted For
(Dollars in billions)	2020		2019		Change		Currency
Total backlog	$	108.0	$	107.6	0.4	%	(1.3)	%

The estimated total services backlog at September 30, 2020 was $108.0 billion, an increase of 0.4 percent as reported, but a decrease of 1 percent adjusted for currency.

Total services backlog includes Infrastructure & Cloud Services, Security Services, Consulting, Global Process Services, Application Management and TSS. Total backlog is intended to be a statement of overall work under contract which is either non-cancellable, or which historically has very low likelihood of termination, given the criticality of certain services to the company’s clients. Total backlog does not include as-a-Service arrangements that allow for termination under contractual commitment terms. Backlog estimates are subject to change and are affected by several factors, including terminations, changes in the scope of contracts, periodic revalidations, adjustments for revenue not materialized and adjustments for currency.

Services signings are management’s initial estimate of the value of a client’s commitment under a services contract. There are no third-party standards or requirements governing the calculation of signings. The calculation used by management involves estimates and judgments to gauge the extent of a client’s commitment, including the type and duration of the agreement, and the presence of termination charges or wind-down costs.

Signings include Infrastructure & Cloud Services, Security Services, Consulting, Global Process Services and Application Management contracts. Contract extensions and increases in scope are treated as signings only to the extent of the incremental new value. Total services signings can vary over time due to a variety of factors including, but not limited to, the timing of signing a small number of larger contracts, such as in Infrastructure & Cloud Services or Global Process Services. TSS is generally not included in signings as the maintenance contracts tend to be more steady state, where revenues equal renewals. Certain longer-term TSS contracts that have characteristics similar to outsourcing contracts are included in signings.

65

Management Discussion – (continued)

Contract portfolios purchased in an acquisition are treated as positive backlog adjustments provided those contracts meet the company’s requirements for initial signings. A new signing will be recognized if a new services agreement is signed incidental or coincidental to an acquisition or divestiture.

Management believes that the estimated values of services backlog and signings disclosed herein provide insight into our potential future revenue, which is used by management as a tool to monitor the performance of the business and viewed as useful decision-making information for investors. The conversion of signings and backlog into revenue may vary based on the types of services and solutions, customer decisions, and as well as other factors, which may include, but are not limited to, macroeconomic environment or external events.

							Yr. to Yr.
							Percent
					Yr. to Yr.		Change
(Dollars in millions)					Percent		Adjusted For
For the three months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change		Currency
Total signings	$	9,529	$	9,047	5.3	%	5.3	%

							Yr. to Yr.
							Percent
					Yr. to Yr.		Change
(Dollars in millions)					Percent		Adjusted For
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change		Currency
Total signings	$	26,663	$	26,371	1.1	%	2.2	%

In the third quarter, GBS had double-digit signings growth, and returned its backlog to growth, driven by our hybrid cloud strategy, application development and modernization and offerings that use data and AI to transform workflows. In the third quarter, GBS signed several large transformational contracts with a total value greater than $100 million, which will yield revenue over time, and our small deal signings returned to growth for the quarter.

Within GTS, signings were down 1 percent as reported (relatively flat at constant currency) in the third quarter, but signings grew double-digits in the first nine months of 2020 compared to the prior-year period, as clients contracted for new work and continue to make long term commitments with significant contract renewals as we deliver new value.

Systems

							Yr. to Yr.
							Percent
					Yr. to Yr.		Change
(Dollars in millions)					Percent		Adjusted For
For the three months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change		Currency
Systems external revenue:	$	1,257	$	1,481	(15.1)	%	(16.0)	%
Systems Hardware	$	919	$	1,117	(17.7)	%	(18.6)	%
IBM Z					(18.7)		(19.6)
Power Systems					(14.6)		(15.6)
Storage Systems					(18.7)		(19.7)
Operating Systems Software		338		364	(7.3)		(8.0)

66

Management Discussion – (continued)

							Yr. to Yr.
							Percent
					Yr. to Yr.		Change
(Dollars in millions)					Percent		Adjusted For
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change		Currency
Systems external revenue:	$	4,477	$	4,562	(1.9)	%	(1.6)	%
Systems Hardware	$	3,404	$	3,358	1.4	%	1.5	%
IBM Z					34.5		34.4
Power Systems					(26.1)		(25.9)
Storage Systems					(1.0)		(0.7)
Operating Systems Software		1,074		1,204	(10.9)		(10.2)

Systems revenue of $1,257 million decreased 15.1 percent as reported and 16 percent adjusted for currency in the third quarter of 2020 compared to the prior year. Systems Hardware revenue of $919 million declined 17.7 percent as reported and 19 percent adjusted for currency. Our transactional performance this quarter reflects the product cycle dynamics. Operating Systems Software revenue of $338 million decreased 7.3 percent as reported and 8 percent adjusted for currency compared to the prior year. For the first nine months of 2020, Systems revenue of $4,477 million decreased 1.9 percent as reported and 2 percent adjusted for currency compared to the prior-year period. The decline was primarily driven by Power Systems’ product cycle and a decline in Operating Systems Software, partially offset by solid growth in IBM Z.

IBM Z revenue decreased 18.7 percent as reported and 20 percent adjusted for currency in the third quarter compared to the prior year. Shipments of the z15 mainframe began near the end of third-quarter 2019 and there was widespread adoption of z15 and LinuxONE across many industries and countries in support of clients’ hybrid cloud journeys. IBM Z is experiencing record-setting volumes on Linux as clients leverage Red Hat OpenShift, Ansible and our cloud native DevOps offerings. However, the pandemic impacted our historical IBM Z cycle dynamics which is performing differently by industry. The platform has proven invaluable to our clients in areas such as banking and financial markets, helping them rapidly and remotely scale capacity and respond to unprecedented market volatility. These clients accelerated their adoption of z15 within the cycle. In many other industries, clients remain focused on cash preservation in the current economic environment. These client buying behaviors impacted our performance in the third quarter and will lengthen the adoption curve of the z15 cycle.

Power Systems revenue decreased 14.6 percent as reported and 16 percent adjusted for currency year to year. The decline was primarily driven by low end and midrange products due to the product cycle, and was partially offset by growth in high end systems. Power Systems’ client base of smaller enterprises continued to be impacted by the macroeconomic environment.

Storage Systems revenue declined 18.7 percent as reported and 20 percent adjusted for currency, primarily driven by declines in high-end storage reflecting product cycle dynamics.

67

Management Discussion – (continued)

Within Systems, cloud revenue of $0.5 billion decreased 4 percent as reported and adjusted for currency in the third quarter of 2020. For the first nine months of the year, cloud revenue of $1.7 billion increased 11 percent as reported and adjusted for currency.

							Yr. to Yr.
							Percent/
(Dollars in millions)							Margin
For the three months ended September 30:	2020			2019			Change
Systems:
External Systems Hardware gross profit	$	371		$	478		(22.4)	%
External Systems Hardware gross profit margin		40.4	%		42.8	%	(2.5)	pts.
External Operating Systems Software gross profit	$	273		$	301		(9.2)	%
External Operating Systems Software gross profit margin		80.9	%		82.6	%	(1.7)	pts.
External total gross profit	$	644		$	779		(17.3)	%
External total gross profit margin		51.2	%		52.6	%	(1.4)	pts.
Pre-tax income/(loss)	$	(37)		$	39		nm
Pre-tax margin		(2.5)	%		2.3	%	(4.8)	pts.

nm - not meaningful

							Yr. to Yr.
							Percent/
(Dollars in millions)							Margin
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020			2019			Change
Systems:
External Systems Hardware gross profit	$	1,522		$	1,322		15.2	%
External Systems Hardware gross profit margin		44.7	%		39.4	%	5.4	pts.
External Operating Systems Software gross profit	$	880		$	1,008		(12.7)	%
External Operating Systems Software gross profit margin		82.0	%		83.7	%	(1.8)	pts.
External total gross profit	$	2,402		$	2,330		3.1	%
External total gross profit margin		53.7	%		51.1	%	2.6	pts.
Pre-tax income/(loss)	$	(7)		$	(101)		(93.6)	%
Pre-tax margin		(0.1)	%		(2.0)	%	1.9	pts.

Systems gross profit margin decreased 1.4 points to 51.2 percent in the third quarter of 2020 compared to the prior year, with declines in IBM Z and Storage Systems margins, partially offset by margin expansion in Power Systems and a benefit from portfolio mix. For the first nine months of 2020, Systems gross profit margin increased 2.6 points to 53.7 percent compared to the prior year, primarily driven by portfolio mix and margin expansion across the Systems hardware platforms.

In the third quarter of 2020, Systems reported a pre-tax loss of $37 million compared to pre-tax income of $39 million in the prior-year period and the pre-tax margin of (2.5) percent decreased 4.8 points year to year, primarily driven by the decline in gross profit. For the first nine months of 2020, Systems reported a pre-tax loss of $7 million compared to a pre-tax loss of $101 million in the prior-year period. Pre-tax margin of (0.1) percent increased 1.9 points year to year. The year-to-year growth was primarily driven by a mix to IBM Z and gross margin expansion across the Systems hardware platforms, partially offset by higher charges for workforce rebalancing actions in the current year.

68

Management Discussion – (continued)

Global Financing

					Yr. to Yr.
					Percent/
(Dollars in millions)					Margin
For the three months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change
External revenue	$	273	$	343	(20.5)	%
Internal revenue		208		302	(31.3)
Total revenue	$	480	$	645	(25.6)	%
Pre-tax income	$	196	$	275	(28.9)	%

					Yr. to Yr.
					Percent/
(Dollars in millions)					Margin
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change
External revenue	$	837	$	1,100	(23.9)	%
Internal revenue		660		884	(25.3)
Total revenue	$	1,497	$	1,983	(24.5)	%
Pre-tax income	$	566	$	803	(29.5)	%

In the third quarter, Global Financing total revenue of $480 million declined 25.6 percent compared to the prior year. External revenue decreased 20.5 percent (20 percent adjusted for currency), due to a decrease in external financing (down 22.7 percent to $202 million) and external used equipment sales (down 13.4 percent to $70 million). The decline in external financing was primarily due to the wind down of our OEM IT commercial financing operations and lower average asset balances within client financing. Internal revenue decreased 31.3 percent, driven by a decrease in internal used equipment sales (down 25.1 percent to $162 million) and internal financing (down 46.9 percent to $46 million). Internal financing was down due to lower average asset balances and yields.

The decrease in total revenue of 24.5 percent in the first nine months of 2020 compared to the same period in 2019 was due to a decrease in external revenue of 23.9 percent (23 percent adjusted for currency), driven by a decline in external financing (down 27.0 percent to $645 million) and external used equipment sales (down 10.9 percent to $192 million). The decline in external financing was primarily due to the wind down of our OEM IT commercial financing operations. Internal revenue decreased 25.3 percent, driven by a decline in internal used equipment sales (down 19.4 percent to $478 million) and internal financing (down 37.2 percent to $183 million). Internal financing was down due to lower average asset balances and yields.

Global Financing pre-tax income decreased 28.9 percent to $196 million in the third quarter of 2020 and 29.5 percent to $566 million in the first nine months of 2020, compared to the same periods in 2019. The decline in both periods was primarily driven by a decline in gross profit due to lower financing revenue, partially offset by a decrease in expense, which was in line with the segment’s performance.

Global Financing return on equity was 25.2 percent for the three months ended September 30, 2020, compared to 32.4 percent for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was due to a decline in net income. Return on equity was 26.1 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to 23.0 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The increase was driven by a lower average equity balance partially offset by a decrease in net income in 2020. Refer to page 91 for the details of the after-tax income and return on equity calculation.

Geographic Revenue

In addition to the revenue presentation by reportable segment, we also measure revenue performance on a geographic basis.

69

Management Discussion – (continued)

									Yr. to Yr.
							Yr. to Yr.		Percent Change
							Percent		Excluding Divested
					Yr. to Yr.		Change		Businesses And
(Dollars in millions)					Percent		Adjusted For		Adjusted For
For the three months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change		Currency		Currency
Total Revenue	$	17,560	$	18,028	(2.6)	%	(3.5)	%	(3.1)	%
Americas	$	8,139	$	8,514	(4.4)	%	(3.1)	%	(2.6)	%
Europe/Middle East/Africa (EMEA)		5,564		5,477	1.6		(2.7)		(2.3)
Asia Pacific		3,857		4,036	(4.4)		(5.4)		(5.1)

									Yr. to Yr.
							Yr. to Yr.		Percent Change
							Percent		Excluding Divested
					Yr. to Yr.		Change		Businesses And
(Dollars in millions)					Percent		Adjusted For		Adjusted For
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change		Currency		Currency
Total Revenue	$	53,253	$	55,370	(3.8)	%	(3.1)	%	(1.6)	%
Americas	$	24,755	$	25,813	(4.1)	%	(2.7)	%	(1.0)	%
Europe/Middle East/Africa (EMEA)		16,775		17,354	(3.3)		(3.1)		(1.6)
Asia Pacific		11,723		12,203	(3.9)		(3.8)		(2.9)

Total revenue of $17,560 million decreased 2.6 percent as reported (3 percent adjusted for currency and excluding divested businesses and adjusted for currency) in the third quarter compared to the prior-year period.

Americas revenue of $8,139 million decreased 4.4 percent as reported (3 percent adjusted for currency and excluding divested businesses and adjusted for currency). Within Americas, the U.S. decreased 2.7 percent as reported compared to the prior year. Canada decreased 2.1 percent as reported and 1 percent adjusted for currency. Latin America decreased 18.0 percent as reported and 7 percent adjusted for currency, with Brazil declining 27.4 percent as reported and 9 percent adjusted for currency.

In EMEA, total revenue of $5,564 million increased 1.6 percent as reported (decreased 3 percent adjusted for currency and 2 percent excluding divested businesses and adjusted for currency). Within EMEA, the UK decreased 3.8 percent as reported (8 percent adjusted for currency) and Germany declined 1.1 percent as reported (6 percent adjusted for currency). France increased 0.3 percent as reported, but declined 5 percent adjusted for currency. Italy grew 8.2 percent as reported and 3 percent adjusted for currency.

Asia Pacific revenue of $3,857 million decreased 4.4 percent as reported (5 percent adjusted for currency and excluding divested businesses and adjusted for currency). Within Asia Pacific, Japan decreased 2.1 percent as reported and 3 percent adjusted for currency. China declined 10.9 percent as reported and 12 percent adjusted for currency. Australia decreased 6.6 percent as reported and 11 percent adjusted for currency. India decreased 4.5 percent as reported, but grew modestly adjusted for currency.

For the first nine months of 2020, total revenue of $53,253 million decreased 3.8 percent as reported (3 percent adjusted for currency and 2 percent excluding divested businesses and adjusted for currency) compared to the prior-year period.

Americas revenue of $24,755 million decreased 4.1 percent as reported (3 percent adjusted for currency and 1 percent excluding divested businesses and adjusted for currency). Within Americas, the U.S. decreased 2.9 percent as reported compared to the prior year. Canada decreased 4.5 percent as reported and 3 percent adjusted for currency. Latin America decreased 12.1 percent as reported and 1 percent adjusted for currency, with Brazil declining 14.7 percent as reported, but growing 2 percent adjusted for currency.

In EMEA, total revenue of $16,775 million decreased 3.3 percent as reported (3 percent adjusted for currency and 2 percent excluding divested businesses and adjusted for currency). Within EMEA, the UK decreased 12.9 percent as

70

Management Discussion – (continued)

reported (13 percent adjusted for currency) and Germany declined 7.8 percent as reported (8 percent adjusted for currency). France decreased 0.5 percent as reported and declined modestly adjusted for currency. Italy was flat as reported and adjusted for currency.

Asia Pacific revenue of $11,723 million decreased 3.9 percent as reported (4 percent adjusted for currency and 3 percent excluding divested businesses and adjusted for currency). Within Asia Pacific, Japan was flat as reported, but decreased 1 percent adjusted for currency compared to the prior year. China declined 14.3 percent as reported (13 percent adjusted for currency) and Australia declined 10.2 percent as reported (7 percent adjusted for currency). India decreased 2.7 percent as reported, but grew 3 percent adjusted for currency.

Expense

Total Expense and Other (Income)

							Yr. to Yr.
(Dollars in millions)							Percent
For the three months ended September 30:	2020			2019			Change
Total consolidated expense and other (income)	$	6,603		$	6,813		(3.1)	%
Non-operating adjustments:
Amortization of acquired intangible assets	$	(279)		$	(277)		0.7	%
Acquisition-related charges		(1)			(241)		(99.4)
Non-operating retirement-related (costs)/income		(291)			(145)		99.9
Operating (non-GAAP) expense and other (income)	$	6,032		$	6,150		(1.9)	%
Total consolidated expense-to-revenue ratio		37.6	%		37.8	%	(0.2)	pts.
Operating (non-GAAP) expense-to-revenue ratio		34.4	%		34.1	%	0.2	pts.

							Yr. to Yr.
(Dollars in millions)							Percent
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020			2019			Change
Total consolidated expense and other (income)	$	21,704		$	19,215		13.0	%
Non-operating adjustments:
Amortization of acquired intangible assets	$	(848)		$	(470)		80.3	%
Acquisition-related charges		(3)			(383)		(99.2)
Non-operating retirement-related (costs)/income		(829)			(419)		97.5
Operating (non-GAAP) expense and other (income)	$	20,024		$	17,942		11.6	%
Total consolidated expense-to-revenue ratio		40.8	%		34.7	%	6.1	pts.
Operating (non-GAAP) expense-to-revenue ratio		37.6	%		32.4	%	5.2	pts.

Total expense and other (income) decreased 3.1 percent in the third quarter of 2020 versus the prior year primarily driven by lower acquisition-related charges, lower expense from divested businesses, lower spending on travel and lower interest expense, partially offset by higher non-operating retirement-related costs, lower gains from divestitures and the effects of currency. Total operating (non-GAAP) expense and other (income) decreased 1.9 percent year to year, driven primarily by the factors described above excluding the lower acquisition-related charges and higher non-operating retirement-related costs.

Total expense and other income year-to-year results for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020 were impacted by the Red Hat acquisition which closed in July 2019. As a result, in the current-year period there were nine months of expenses for: Red Hat operational spending, amortization of acquired intangible assets and interest expense associated with the funding of the acquisition.

For additional information regarding total expense and other (income) for both expense presentations, see the following analyses by category.

71

Management Discussion – (continued)

Selling, General and Administrative Expense

					Yr. to Yr.
(Dollars in millions)					Percent
For the three months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change
Selling, general and administrative expense:
Selling, general and administrative — other	$	3,864	$	4,183	(7.6)	%
Advertising and promotional expense		361		381	(5.3)
Workforce rebalancing charges		18		24	(23.6)
Amortization of acquired intangible assets		278		276	0.7
Stock-based compensation		129		147	(11.7)
Expected credit loss expense		(4)		14	nm
Total consolidated selling, general and administrative expense	$	4,647	$	5,024	(7.5)	%
Non-operating adjustments:
Amortization of acquired intangible assets	$	(278)	$	(276)	0.7	%
Acquisition-related charges		(1)		(175)	(99.2)
Operating (non-GAAP) selling, general and administrative expense	$	4,367	$	4,573	(4.5)	%

nm - not meaningful

					Yr. to Yr.
(Dollars in millions)					Percent
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change
Selling, general and administrative expense:
Selling, general and administrative — other	$	12,444	$	12,566	(1.0)	%
Advertising and promotional expense		1,152		1,234	(6.6)
Workforce rebalancing charges		883		538	64.1
Amortization of acquired intangible assets		846		468	80.6
Stock-based compensation		401		313	28.1
Expected credit loss expense		122		51	142.0
Total consolidated selling, general and administrative expense	$	15,849	$	15,171	4.5	%
Non-operating adjustments:
Amortization of acquired intangible assets	$	(846)	$	(468)	80.6	%
Acquisition-related charges		(3)		(256)	(98.8)
Operating (non-GAAP) selling, general and administrative expense	$	15,000	$	14,447	3.8	%

Total selling, general and administrative (SG&A) expense decreased 7.5 percent in the third quarter of 2020 versus the prior year driven primarily by the following factors:

● Lower spending reflecting reductions in travel and lower expenses due to prior restructuring actions (5 points); and

● Prior-year acquisition-related charges associated with the Red Hat transaction (4 points).

Operating (non-GAAP) expense decreased 4.5 percent year to year primarily driven by the same factors excluding the acquisition-related charges.

SG&A expense increased 4.5 percent in the first nine months of 2020 versus the prior year driven primarily by the following factors:

● Higher amortization of acquired intangible assets associated with the Red Hat transaction (3 points);

● Higher workforce rebalancing charges (2 points); and

72

Management Discussion – (continued)

● Higher spending (1 point) including Red Hat expense for nine months in 2020, compared to three months in 2019 (9 points) and reductions associated with COVID-19 restrictions; partially offset by

● Lower acquisition-related charges associated with the Red Hat transaction (2 points).

Operating (non-GAAP) expense increased 3.8 percent year to year, primarily driven by the same factors excluding amortization of acquired intangible assets and acquisition-related charges associated with the Red Hat transaction.

Expected credit loss expense increased $72 million year to year in the first nine months of 2020 due to increases in specific and unallocated reserves. The receivables provision coverage was 2.6 percent at September 30, 2020, an increase of 90 basis points from December 31, 2019 and 60 basis points from September 30, 2019. The higher coverage rate at September 30, 2020 also reflects the adoption of the new guidance for credit losses.

Research, Development and Engineering

					Yr. to Yr.
(Dollars in millions)					Percent
For the three months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change
Research, development and engineering expense	$	1,515	$	1,553	(2.4)	%
Non-operating adjustment:
Acquisition-related charges	$	—	$	(53)	(100.0)	%
Operating (non-GAAP) research, development and engineering expense	$	1,515	$	1,500	1.0	%

					Yr. to Yr.
(Dollars in millions)					Percent
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change
Research, development and engineering expense	$	4,722	$	4,393	7.5	%
Non-operating adjustment:
Acquisition-related charges	$	—	$	(53)	(100.0)	%
Operating (non-GAAP) research, development and engineering expense	$	4,722	$	4,340	8.8	%

Research, development and engineering (RD&E) expense was 8.6 percent and 8.9 percent of revenue in the third quarter and first nine months of 2020, respectively, compared to 8.6 percent and 7.9 percent in the prior-year periods, respectively.

RD&E expense in the third quarter of 2020 decreased 2.4 percent year to year primarily driven by:

● Lower acquisition-related charges associated with the Red Hat transaction (4 points); partially offset by

● Higher spending (1 point) driven by Red Hat.

Operating (non-GAAP) expense increased 1.0 percent year to year primarily driven by the higher spending in the current-year period.

RD&E expense in the first nine months of 2020 increased 7.5 percent year to year primarily driven by:

● Higher spending (9 points) including Red Hat spending for nine months in 2020, compared to three months in 2019 (12 points); partially offset by

● Lower acquisition-related charges associated with the Red Hat transaction (1 point).

73

Management Discussion – (continued)

Operating (non-GAAP) expense increased 8.8 percent year to year primarily driven by the higher spending in the current-year period.

Intellectual Property and Custom Development Income

					Yr. to Yr.
(Dollars in millions)					Percent
For the three months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change
Intellectual Property and Custom Development Income:
Licensing of intellectual property including royalty-based fees	$	60	$	93	(35.1)	%
Custom development income		62		62	1.4
Sales/other transfers of intellectual property		11		11	1.7
Total	$	134	$	166	(19.1)	%

					Yr. to Yr.
(Dollars in millions)					Percent
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change
Intellectual Property and Custom Development Income:
Licensing of intellectual property including royalty-based fees	$	222	$	287	(22.6)	%
Custom development income		212		174	21.5
Sales/other transfers of intellectual property		19		28	(30.8)
Total	$	453	$	489	(7.3)	%

Total intellectual property and custom development income decreased 19.1 percent and 7.3 percent year to year in the third quarter and first nine months of 2020, respectively. This was primarily driven by a decrease in licensing of intellectual property including royalty-based fees. The timing and amount of licensing, sales or other transfers of IP may vary significantly from period to period depending upon the timing of licensing agreements, economic conditions, industry consolidation and the timing of new patents and know-how development.

Other (Income) and Expense

					Yr. to Yr.
(Dollars in millions)					Percent
For the three months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change
Other (income) and expense:
Foreign currency transaction losses/(gains)	$	109	$	(597)	nm
(Gains)/losses on derivative instruments		(101)		561	nm
Interest income		(15)		(63)	(75.9)	%
Net (gains)/losses from securities and investment assets		(6)		(3)	149.7
Retirement-related costs/(income)		291		145	99.9
Other		(25)		(74)	(66.7)
Total consolidated other (income) and expense	$	253	$	(31)	nm
Non-operating adjustments:
Amortization of acquired intangible assets	$	(1)	$	(1)	—
Acquisition-related charges		—		10	(100.0)	%
Non-operating retirement-related (costs)/income		(291)		(145)	99.9
Operating (non-GAAP) other (income) and expense	$	(39)	$	(166)	(76.8)	%

nm - not meaningful

74

Management Discussion – (continued)

					Yr. to Yr.
(Dollars in millions)					Percent
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change
Other (income) and expense:
Foreign currency transaction losses/(gains)	$	45	$	(598)	nm
(Gains)/losses on derivative instruments		(92)		358	nm
Interest income		(90)		(301)	(70.3)	%
Net (gains)/losses from securities and investment assets		(11)		(26)	(55.1)
Retirement-related costs/(income)		829		419	97.5
Other		(67)		(703)	(90.5)
Total consolidated other (income) and expense	$	614	$	(850)	nm
Non-operating adjustments:
Amortization of acquired intangible assets	$	(2)	$	(2)	—
Acquisition-related charges		—		154	(100.0)	%
Non-operating retirement-related (costs)/income		(829)		(419)	97.5
Operating (non-GAAP) other (income) and expense	$	(217)	$	(1,118)	(80.6)	%

nm - not meaningful

Total consolidated other (income) and expense was expense of $253 million in the third quarter of 2020 compared to income of $31 million in the prior-year period. The year-to-year change was primarily driven by:

● Higher non-operating retirement-related costs ($145 million). Refer to “Retirement-Related Plans” for additional information;

● Lower gains from divestitures reflected in other ($65 million);

● Lower interest income ($48 million) primarily due to lower average interest rates in the current-year period; and

● Net exchange losses (including derivative instruments) in the current year versus net exchange gains (including derivative instruments) in the prior year ($44 million). Our hedging programs help mitigate currency impacts in the Consolidated Income Statement.

Operating (non-GAAP) other (income) and expense was $39 million of income in the third quarter of 2020 and decreased $128 million compared to the prior-year period. The year-to-year change was driven primarily by the lower gains from divestitures, lower interest income and the effects of currency described above.

Total consolidated other (income) and expense was expense of $614 million in the first nine months of 2020 compared to income of $850 million in the prior year. The year-to-year change was primarily driven by:

● Lower gains from divestitures reflected in other ($578 million);

● Higher non-operating retirement-related costs ($409 million). Refer to “Retirement-Related Plans” for additional information;

● Lower interest income ($212 million) due to lower average cash balances and interest rates in the current year; and

● Lower net exchange gains (including derivative instruments) of $193 million. Our hedging programs help mitigate currency impacts in the Consolidated Income Statement.

75

Management Discussion – (continued)

Operating (non-GAAP) other (income) and expense was $217 million of income in the first nine months of 2020 and decreased $901 million compared to the prior-year period. The year-to-year change was driven primarily by the lower gains from divestitures and lower net exchange gains described above.

Interest Expense

					Yr. to Yr.
(Dollars in millions)					Percent
For the three months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change
Interest expense	$	323	$	432	(25.3)	%
Non-operating adjustment:
Acquisition-related charges	$	—	$	(24)	(100.0)
Operating (non-GAAP) interest expense	$	323	$	408	(21.0)	%

					Yr. to Yr.
(Dollars in millions)					Percent
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change
Interest expense	$	971	$	990	(1.9)	%
Non-operating adjustment:
Acquisition-related charges	$	—	$	(228)	(100.0)
Operating (non-GAAP) interest expense	$	971	$	762	27.4	%

Interest expense decreased $109 million and $19 million year to year in the third quarter and first nine months of 2020, respectively. Interest expense is presented in cost of financing in the Consolidated Income Statement if the related external borrowings are to support the Global Financing external business. Overall interest expense (excluding capitalized interest) for the third quarter and first nine months of 2020 was $432 million and $1,317 million, respectively, a decrease of $140 million and $156 million versus the comparable prior-year periods. The decrease for the third quarter was driven by lower average interest rates and a lower average debt balance compared to the prior-year period. The year-to-year decrease for the first nine months of 2020 was primarily driven by lower average interest rates, partially offset by a higher average debt balance in the current year.

Operating (non-GAAP) interest expense decreased $86 million and increased $209 million year to year in the third quarter and first nine months of 2020, respectively. The prior-year periods excluded Red Hat pre-closing debt financing costs.

Retirement-Related Plans

The following table provides the total pre-tax cost for all retirement-related plans. The operating cost amounts are included in the Consolidated Income Statement within the caption (e.g., Cost, SG&A, RD&E) relating to the job function of the plan participants. The non-operating cost amounts are included in other (income) and expense.

76

Management Discussion – (continued)

					Yr. to Yr.
(Dollars in millions)					Percent
For the three months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change
Retirement-related plans — cost:
Service cost	$	103	$	97	6.0	%
Multi-employer plans		7		10	(22.0)
Cost of defined contribution plans		259		260	(0.4)
Total operating costs/(income)	$	369	$	367	0.7	%
Interest cost	$	551	$	721	(23.5)	%
Expected return on plan assets		(867)		(1,042)	(16.8)
Recognized actuarial losses		579		455	27.3
Amortization of prior service costs/(credits)		0		(3)	nm
Curtailments/settlements		21		3	539.3
Other costs		6		11	(48.6)
Total non-operating costs/(income)	$	291	$	145	99.8	%
Total retirement-related plans — cost	$	660	$	512	28.9	%

nm - not meaningful

					Yr. to Yr.
(Dollars in millions)					Percent
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change
Retirement-related plans — cost:
Service cost	$	300	$	290	3.2	%
Multi-employer plans		22		26	(16.9)
Cost of defined contribution plans		791		761	3.9
Total operating costs/(income)	$	1,112	$	1,078	3.2	%
Interest cost	$	1,637	$	2,172	(24.6)	%
Expected return on plan assets		(2,573)		(3,139)	(18.0)
Recognized actuarial losses		1,701		1,366	24.5
Amortization of prior service costs/(credits)		1		(9)	nm
Curtailments/settlements		42		7	487.1
Other costs		20		22	(7.8)
Total non-operating costs/(income)	$	829	$	419	97.5	%
Total retirement-related plans — cost	$	1,941	$	1,497	29.6	%

nm - not meaningful

Total pre-tax retirement-related plan cost increased by $148 million compared to the third quarter of 2019 primarily driven by lower expected return on plan assets ($175 million) and an increase in recognized actuarial losses ($124 million), partially offset by lower interest costs ($170 million). Total cost for the first nine months of 2020 increased $444 million versus the first nine months of 2019, primarily driven by lower expected return on plan assets ($566 million) and an increase in recognized actuarial losses ($335 million), partially offset by lower interest costs ($535 million).

As described in the “Operating (non-GAAP) Earnings” section, management characterizes certain retirement-related costs as operating and others as non-operating. Utilizing this characterization, operating retirement-related costs in the third quarter of 2020 were $369 million, an increase of $3 million compared to the third quarter of 2019. For the first nine months of 2020, operating retirement-related costs were $1,112 million, an increase of $35 million compared to the prior-year period. Non-operating costs of $291 million in the third quarter of 2020 increased $145 million year to year and for the first nine months of 2020 were $829 million, an increase of $409 million compared to the prior-year period. These non-operating cost increases were driven primarily by the same factors as described above.

77

Management Discussion – (continued)

Taxes

The continuing operations provision for income taxes for the third quarter of 2020 was $128 million, compared to a benefit from income taxes of $151 million in the third quarter of 2019. The operating (non-GAAP) provision for income taxes for the third quarter of 2020 was $263 million, compared to $1 million in the third quarter of 2019.

The continuing operations benefit from income taxes for the first nine months of 2020 was $888 million, compared to a provision for income taxes of $407 million for the first nine months of 2019. The operating (non-GAAP) benefit from income taxes for the first nine months of 2020 was $329 million, compared to a provision for income taxes of $575 million for the first nine months of 2019. The benefit from income taxes for the first nine months of 2020 was primarily driven by a net tax benefit in the first quarter related to an intra-entity sale of certain of the company’s intellectual property and the related impacts of $939 million and an adjustment to the U.S. tax reform charge due to a foreign tax law change. The operating (non-GAAP) benefit from income taxes was primarily driven by the same factors, except for the adjustment to the U.S. tax reform charge.

IBM’s full-year tax provision and effective tax rate are impacted by recurring factors including the geographic mix of income before taxes, state and local taxes, the effects of various global income tax strategies and any discrete tax events, such as the settlement of income tax audits and changes in or new interpretations of tax laws. The GAAP tax provision and effective tax rate could also be affected by adjustments to the previously recorded charges for U.S. tax reform attributable to any changes in law, new regulations and guidance, audit adjustments, among others.

The company is no longer subject to income tax examination of its U.S. federal tax returns for years prior to 2013. The company’s U.S. income tax returns for 2013 and 2014 continue to be examined by the IRS with specific focus on certain cross-border transactions in 2013. With respect to major U.S. state and foreign taxing jurisdictions, the company is generally no longer subject to tax examinations for years prior to 2014. The company is involved in a number of income tax-related matters in India challenging tax assessments issued by the India Tax Authorities. As of September 30, 2020, the company has recorded $727 million as prepaid income taxes representing cash tax deposits paid over time to protect the company’s right to appeal various income tax assessments made by the India Tax Authorities. Tax years still subject to examination contain matters that could be subject to differing interpretations of applicable tax laws and regulations as it relates to the amount and/or timing of income, deductions and tax credits. Although the outcome of tax audits is always uncertain, the company believes that adequate amounts of tax, interest and penalties have been provided for any adjustments that are expected to result for these years.

The amount of unrecognized tax benefits at September 30, 2020 is $8,513 million which can be reduced by $614 million associated with timing adjustments, U.S. tax credits, potential transfer pricing adjustments, and state income taxes. The net amount of $7,899 million, if recognized, would favorably affect the company’s effective tax rate.

Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share is computed on the basis of the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed on the basis of the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding plus the effect of dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period using the treasury stock method. Dilutive potential common shares include outstanding stock options and stock awards.

78

Management Discussion – (continued)

					Yr. to Yr.
					Percent
For the three months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change
Earnings per share of common stock from continuing operations:
Assuming dilution	$	1.89	$	1.87	1.1	%
Basic	$	1.90	$	1.89	0.5	%
Diluted operating (non-GAAP)	$	2.58	$	2.68	(3.7)	%
Weighted-average shares outstanding: (in millions)
Assuming dilution		897.3		892.8	0.5	%
Basic		891.4		886.0	0.6	%

					Yr. to Yr.
					Percent
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change
Earnings per share of common stock from continuing operations:
Assuming dilution	$	4.72	$	6.46	(26.9)	%
Basic	$	4.76	$	6.50	(26.8)	%
Diluted operating (non-GAAP)	$	6.60	$	8.10	(18.5)	%
Weighted-average shares outstanding: (in millions)
Assuming dilution		895.8		892.5	0.4	%
Basic		889.6		887.3	0.3	%

Actual shares outstanding at September 30, 2020 were 891.1 million. The weighted-average number of common shares outstanding assuming dilution during the third quarter and first nine months of 2020 were 4.5 million (0.5 percent) and 3.2 million (0.4 percent) shares higher, respectively, than the same periods of 2019.

Financial Position

Dynamics

At September 30, 2020, the balance sheet remained strong with flexibility to support the business. We continue to manage the investment portfolio to meet our capital preservation and liquidity objectives. In this unprecedented environment as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, while we are supporting our clients and improving the flexibility and competitive position of our operations, we are also continuing to take actions to enhance our balance sheet strength and liquidity position. Cash, restricted cash and marketable securities at quarter end were $15,753 million, an increase of $6,744 million since December 31, 2019. Total debt of $65,414 million at September 30, 2020 increased $2,515 million from December 31, 2019, driven by new debt issuances of $8,774 million, partially offset by debt maturities and early retirements of $6,724 million. Within total debt, $20,876 million is Global Financing debt, which is in support of IBM products and services and has a stable credit portfolio.

Our pension plans were well funded at the end of 2019, with worldwide qualified plans funded at 102 percent. Overall pension funded status as of the end of September 2020 was fairly consistent with year-end 2019.

In the first nine months of 2020, we generated $12,337 million in net cash from operations, compared to $11,319 million in the first nine months of 2019. This included a number of strategic actions taken to preserve cash and maintain a strong balance sheet and ample liquidity position. We have consistently generated strong cash flows from operations and continue to have access to additional sources of liquidity through the capital markets and our $15,250 million of unused credit facilities. We do not currently have plans to draw on these facilities, however, they are available as back-up liquidity. We have been opportunistic in the capital markets and remain fully committed to a target leverage profile consistent with a single A credit rating. Refer to “Liquidity and Capital Resources” for additional information. In summary, we have a strong cash position and ample credit available during these uncertain times to support and invest in our business.

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Management Discussion – (continued)

The assets and debt associated with the Global Financing business are a significant part of our financial position. The Consolidated Balance Sheet amounts appearing on pages 5 and 6 include Global Financing.

Global Financing Financial Position Key Metrics:

	At September 30,		At December 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,781	$	1,697
Net investment in sales-type and direct financing leases (1)		4,220		6,224
Equipment under operating leases — external clients (2)		141		238
Client loans		10,957		12,884
Total client financing assets		15,319		19,346
Commercial financing receivables		2,114		3,820
Intercompany financing receivables (3) (4)		3,937		3,870
Total assets	$	24,528	$	29,568
Debt	$	20,876	$	24,727
Total equity	$	2,320	$	2,749

(1) Includes deferred initial direct costs which are expensed in IBM’s consolidated results.

(2) Includes intercompany mark-up, priced on an arm’s-length basis, on products purchased from the company’s product divisions which is eliminated in IBM’s consolidated results.

(3) Entire amount eliminated for purposes of IBM’s consolidated results and therefore does not appear on page 5.

(4) These assets, along with all other financing assets in this table, are leveraged at the value in the table using Global Financing debt.

At September 30, 2020, substantially all client and commercial financing assets were IT related, and approximately 57 percent of the total external portfolio was with investment grade clients with no direct exposure to consumers, a decrease of 7 points year to year and relatively flat compared to June 30, 2020. The reduction in investment grade year to year was driven primarily by credit rating changes within the existing portfolio of clients. We continue to apply our rigorous credit policies, particularly in industries and countries disrupted by COVID-19, as it relates to the origination of new business. This investment grade percentage is based on the credit ratings of the companies in the portfolio and reflect mitigating credit enhancement actions taken by the client to reduce the risk to IBM.

We have a long-standing practice of taking mitigation actions, in certain circumstances, to transfer credit risk to third parties, with enhanced focus in this unprecedented environment of the COVID-19 pandemic. These actions may include credit insurance, financial guarantees, nonrecourse borrowings, transfers of receivables recorded as true sales in accordance with accounting guidance or sales of equipment under operating lease. Sales of receivables arrangements are also utilized in the normal course of business as part of the company’s cash and liquidity management.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we sold $1,610 million of financing receivables consisting of lease and loan receivables of $852 million and $758 million, respectively. At the time of sale, more than half of these balances were scheduled to be due within the next 12 months. The transfer of these receivables qualified as true sales and therefore reduced Global Financing receivables, resulting in a benefit to cash flows from operating activities (with no impact to free cash flow). The impact to the Consolidated Income Statement, including fees and the net gain associated with the transfer of these receivables for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 was not material. For additional information relating to the sales of financing receivables refer to note 8, “Financing Receivables.”

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Management Discussion – (continued)

IBM Working Capital

	At September 30,		At December 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019
Current assets	$	39,845	$	38,420
Current liabilities		37,993		37,701
Working capital	$	1,852	$	718
Current ratio		1.05:1		1.02:1

Working capital increased $1,133 million from the year-end 2019 position. The key changes are described below:

Current assets increased $1,425 million ($1,766 million adjusted for currency) due to:

● An increase of $6,744 million ($6,951 million adjusted for currency) in cash, restricted cash and marketable securities; and

● An increase of $606 million ($667 million adjusted for currency) in total inventory, deferred costs and prepaid expenses and other current assets; partially offset by

● A decline in receivables of $5,925 million ($5,853 million adjusted for currency) primarily as a result of collections of higher year-end balances and divestiture-related receivables, as well as sales of receivables.

Current liabilities increased $292 million ($97 million adjusted for currency) as a result of:

● An increase in short-term debt of $1,488 million ($1,560 million adjusted for currency) due to reclassifications of $6,361 million from long-term debt to reflect upcoming maturities, partially offset by maturities of $4,654 million; partially offset by

● A decrease in accounts payable of $911 million ($918 million adjusted for currency) reflecting declines from seasonally higher year-end balances; and

● A decrease in taxes of $464 million ($405 million adjusted for currency).

Receivables and Allowances

Roll Forward of Total IBM Receivables Allowance for Credit Losses (included in Total IBM)

(Dollars in millions)
January 1, 2020 *		Additions / (Releases) **		Write-offs ***		Other +		September 30, 2020
$	612	$	119	$	(72)	$	(8)	$	650

*      Opening balance does not equal the allowance at December 31, 2019 due to the adoption of the guidance on current expected credit losses.

    Refer to note 2, “Accounting Changes,” for additional information.

**     Additions for Allowance for Credit Losses are charged to expense.

***   Refer to note A, “Significant Accounting Policies,” in the company’s 2019 Annual Report for additional information regarding allowance for credit loss write-offs.

+  Primarily represents translation adjustments.

The total IBM receivables provision coverage was 2.6 percent at September 30, 2020, an increase of 70 basis points compared to January 1, 2020. The increase was primarily driven by the overall decline in gross financing receivables and trade receivables from collections from higher year-end volumes as well as sales of receivables and an increase in customer specific provisions. The global pandemic has resulted in some deterioration in customer credit quality and/or

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Management Discussion – (continued)

bankruptcies which have had impacts to provisions in the first nine months of 2020. The majority of the write-offs during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 related to receivables which had been previously reserved.

Global Financing Receivables and Allowances

The following table presents external Global Financing receivables excluding immaterial miscellaneous receivables.

	At September 30,			At December 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2020			2019
Amortized cost/Recorded investment (1)(2)	$	17,555		$	22,446
Specific allowance for credit losses		178			177
Unallocated allowance for credit losses		86			45
Total allowance for credit losses		264			221
Net financing receivables	$	17,291		$	22,224
Allowance for credit losses coverage		1.5	%		1.0	%

(1) Prior to the January 1, 2020 adoption of the guidance on current expected credit losses, the presentation was recorded investment, subsequent to adoption the presentation is amortized cost. Both presentations include deferred initial direct costs which are expensed in IBM’s consolidated results.

(2) The amortized cost basis of a financial asset represents the original amount of the financing receivable (including residual value) adjusted for unearned income, deferred initial direct costs, cash collected, write-offs and any foreign exchange adjustments. Recorded investment excluded residual value.

Upon the adoption of the guidance on current expected credit losses, the percentage of financing receivables reserved increased from 1.0 percent at December 31, 2019, to 1.1 percent January 1, 2020, primarily driven by a 74.2 percent increase in unallocated reserves. The percentage of financing receivables reserved increased from 1.1 percent at January 1, 2020, to 1.5 percent at September 30, 2020, which was primarily due to an increase in unallocated reserves and an overall decline in financing receivables.

Roll Forward of Global Financing Receivables Allowance for Credit Losses

(Dollars in millions)
January 1, 2020*		Additions / (Releases)**		Write-offs ***		Other +		September 30, 2020
$	262	$	39	$	(32)	$	(6)	$	264

*     Opening balance does not equal the allowance at December 31, 2019 due to the adoption of the guidance on current expected credit losses.

   Refer to note 2, “Accounting Changes,” for additional information.

**    Additions for Allowance for Credit Losses are charged to expense.

***  Refer to note A, “Significant Accounting Policies,” in the company’s 2019 Annual Report for additional information regarding allowance for credit loss write-offs.

+  Primarily represents translation adjustments.

Global Financing’s expected credit loss expense (including impacts from off-balance sheet commitments which are recorded in other liabilities) was an addition of $5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020, compared to a release of $1 million for the same period in 2019. The increase was primarily driven by higher specific reserves in Americas in the third quarter.

Global Financing’s expected credit loss expense (including impacts from off-balance sheet commitments which are recorded in other liabilities) was an addition of $44 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to a release of $6 million for the same period in 2019. The increase was primarily driven by higher unallocated and specific reserves in Americas and EMEA.

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Management Discussion – (continued)

Noncurrent Assets and Liabilities

	At September 30,		At December 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019
Noncurrent assets	$	114,283	$	113,767
Long-term debt	$	55,129	$	54,102
Noncurrent liabilities (excluding debt)	$	39,672	$	39,398

Noncurrent assets increased $516 million ($193 million adjusted for currency) due to:

● An increase in deferred taxes of $3,670 million ($3,718 adjusted for currency) primarily due to the intra-entity sale of IP in the first quarter; and

● An increase in retirement plan assets of $771 million ($717 million adjusted for currency) driven by higher expected returns on plan assets, partially offset by interest costs; partially offset by

● A decrease in long-term financing receivables of $2,290 million ($2,304 million adjusted for currency) as a result of reductions from seasonally higher year-end balances as well as sales of receivables;

● A decrease in net intangible assets and goodwill of $1,139 million ($1,520 million adjusted for currency) primarily resulting from intangibles amortization; and

● A decrease in operating right-of-use assets of $281 million ($308 million adjusted for currency).

Long-term debt increased $1,027 million ($189 million adjusted for currency) due to:

● Issuances of $8,542 million; partially offset by

● Reclassifications to short-term debt of $6,361 million to reflect upcoming maturities; and

● Redemption of $2,069 million of certain outstanding bonds.

Noncurrent liabilities (excluding debt) increased $273 million ($48 million adjusted for currency) due to:

● An increase in other liabilities of $958 million ($1,079 million adjusted for currency) primarily driven by an increase in deferred tax liabilities related to the first-quarter intra-entity IP sale; partially offset by

● A decrease in retirement and nonpension postretirement benefit obligations of $410 million ($751 million adjusted for currency); and

● A decrease in long-term operating lease liabilities of $244 million ($261 million adjusted for currency) related primarily to real estate leases.

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Management Discussion – (continued)

Debt

We continually monitor our funding requirements and execute our strategies to manage the overall asset and liability profile. Additionally, the company maintains sufficient flexibility to access global funding sources as needed.

	At September 30,		At December 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019
Total company debt	$	65,414	$	62,899
Total Global Financing segment debt	$	20,876	$	24,727
Debt to support external clients		17,518		21,487
Debt to support internal clients		3,358		3,239
Non-Global Financing debt	$	44,538	$	38,173

Total debt of $65,414 million increased $2,515 million from December 31, 2019, driven by new debt issuances of $8,774 million; partially offset by debt maturities and early retirements of $6,724 million.

Non-Global Financing debt of $44,538 million increased $6,365 million from December 31, 2019 and decreased $3,518 million since June 30, 2019.

Global Financing debt of $20,876 million decreased $3,851 million from December 31, 2019, primarily due to lower funding requirements.

Global Financing provides financing predominantly for the company’s external client assets, as well as for assets under contract by other IBM units. These assets, primarily for Global Technology Services, generate long-term, stable revenue streams similar to the Global Financing asset portfolio. Based on their attributes, these Global Technology Services assets are leveraged with the balance of the Global Financing asset base.

The debt used to fund Global Financing assets is composed of intercompany loans and external debt. Total debt changes generally correspond with the level of client and commercial financing receivables, the level of cash and cash equivalents, the change in intercompany and external payables and the change in intercompany investment from IBM. The terms of the intercompany loans are set by the company to substantially match the term, currency and interest rate variability underlying the financing receivable and are based on arm’s-length pricing. The Global Financing debt-to-equity ratio remained at 9.0 to 1 at September 30, 2020.

We measure Global Financing as a stand-alone entity, and accordingly, interest expense relating to debt supporting Global Financing’s external client and internal business is included in the “Global Financing Results of Operations” and in note 4, “Segments.” In the Consolidated Income Statement, the external debt-related interest expense supporting Global Financing’s internal financing to the company is reclassified from cost of financing to interest expense.

Equity

Total equity increased $349 million from December 31, 2019, primarily due to increases from net income ($4,234 million) and an increase in common stock ($471 million), partially offset by decreases from dividends paid ($4,343 million).

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Management Discussion – (continued)

Cash Flow

Our cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities, as reflected in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows on page 7, are summarized in the following table. These amounts include the cash flows associated with the Global Financing business.

(Dollars in millions)
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019
Net cash provided by/(used in) continuing operations:
Operating activities	$	12,337	$	11,319
Investing activities		(2,470)		(27,064)
Financing activities		(3,428)		14,717
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(200)		(352)
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	6,239	$	(1,379)

Net cash provided by operating activities increased $1,018 million as compared to the first nine months of 2019 driven primarily by:

● An increase of cash provided by receivables of $2,377 million primarily driven by business volumes, our continued focus on collections as well as sales of receivables, including sales of financing receivables of $1,610 million; and

● Payroll tax and value-added tax payment deferrals and exemptions of approximately $550 million due to tax relief provided under the U.S. CARES Act and other non-U.S. government assistance programs related to COVID-19; partially offset by

● An increase in workforce rebalancing payments of $281 million;

● An increase in interest payments on debt of approximately $250 million;

● A net increase in cash payments for income taxes of $243 million primarily driven by withholding tax on intercompany dividends in the second quarter; and

● Performance-related declines within net income.

Net cash used in investing activities decreased $24,594 million as compared to the first nine months of 2019 driven by:

● A decrease in net cash used for acquisitions of $32,593 million due to the Red Hat acquisition in the prior year; partially offset by

● A decrease of $6,067 million in cash provided by net non-operating finance receivables primarily driven by the wind down of the OEM IT commercial financing operations;

● An increase in cash used for net purchases of marketable securities and other investments of $977 million; and

● An increase in cash used for net capital expenditures of $537 million.

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Management Discussion – (continued)

Financing activities were a net use of cash of $3,428 million in the first nine months of 2020 compared to a net source of cash of $14,717 million in the first nine months of 2019. The year-to-year change of $18,145 million was driven by:

● A decrease in net cash provided by debt transactions of $19,398 million driven primarily by a higher level of net additions in the prior year to fund the Red Hat acquisition; partially offset by

● A decrease in cash used for gross common share repurchases of $1,361 million.

Looking Forward

IBM is redefining our future as a hybrid cloud platform and AI company. On October 8, 2020, we announced our plan to separate our managed infrastructure services unit of our GTS segment into a new public company (currently referred to as NewCo and to be named later). The separation is expected to be achieved through a U.S. federal tax-free spin-off to IBM shareholders, and be completed by the end of 2021. This creates two industry-leading companies, each with strategic focus and flexibility to capitalize on their respective missions and drive client and shareholder value. Client buying needs for application and infrastructure services are diverging, while adoption of our hybrid cloud platform is accelerating. This change in clients’ needs makes it the right time to create two market-leading companies focused on what they do best. IBM will accelerate our open hybrid cloud platform growth strategy and AI capabilities to drive clients’ digital transformations. NewCo will design, run and modernize the infrastructure of the world’s most important organizations. Both IBM and NewCo will have greater agility to focus on their operating and financial models, have more freedom to partner with others and both will align their investments and capital structure to their strategic focus areas.

IBM’s focus will be on our open hybrid cloud platform, which represents a $1 trillion market opportunity. Building on our hybrid cloud foundation, through the acquisition of Red Hat, we are unlocking the full value of the cloud for clients, further accelerating adoption of the platform. This platform facilitates the deployment of powerful AI capabilities to enable the power of data, application modernization services, and systems. These are all underpinned by the security, unmatched expertise in industry verticals, and deep commitment to open source innovation that clients expect from us. Our approach is platform-centric and differentiated by Red Hat OpenShift, our market-leading open platform, along with a vast software portfolio modernized to run cloud-native and our GBS expertise that drives platform adoption. This platform allows clients to “write-once/run-anywhere,” and enables a hybrid cloud approach that drives up to 2.5 times more value for clients than a public cloud-only solution. Our unique full-stack capabilities and the large ecosystem of partners and global coalition of best of breed independent software vendors we have brought together should accelerate adoption of our platform. Our software portfolio, focused on data and AI, automation, and security, enables the widest access to innovation through open source. Our business, strategy and technology consultants help clients transform by modernizing their existing applications, and by building new AI-infused data analysis capabilities on the leading open hybrid cloud platform. The secure, mission-critical IBM public cloud is designed to provide all required regulatory controls, and offers clients a foundation of open source software, security leadership, and enterprise-grade infrastructure. Our Systems business, integrated with the hybrid cloud platform, allows cloud-native developers to capitalize on the unique capabilities of our hardware. Leveraging our long-term relationships with clients, we will continue to drive the innovation in hardware that enterprises rely on for their most mission-critical computing needs.

NewCo will immediately be the world’s leading managed infrastructure services provider, entirely focused on managing and modernizing client-owned infrastructures, a $500 billion market opportunity. It will leverage its unrivaled expertise to offer hosting and network services, services management, infrastructure modernization, and migrating and managing multi-cloud environments to help clients in their transformation journeys. NewCo will extend its leadership through increased investment in the next generation of transformational managed infrastructure services and be able to partner fully across all cloud vendors, opening new avenues for growth, while maintaining a strong strategic partnership with IBM and continuing to serve existing and new clients.

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Management Discussion – (continued)

Looking forward, there is tremendous opportunity for us to help our clients become digital businesses. The value we provide clients was evident in our third-quarter 2020 cloud revenue growth, continued momentum in Red Hat and our strong GBS signings driven by cloud and application modernization offerings. With the acceleration of our hybrid cloud platform strategy, we will increase focus and investments to drive future growth. We announced that we will be taking structural actions to simplify and streamline our business and expect charges of approximately $2.3 billion in the fourth-quarter 2020 for these actions. The savings from these actions will be reinvested in areas such as hybrid cloud, data and AI, security and emerging technologies. With our focused hybrid cloud platform strategy and these increased investments, we expect to drive sustainable mid-single digit revenue growth after the separation of NewCo is complete. We expect to show milestones, including improving revenue growth, by the middle of 2021 as we progress toward mid-single digit growth. For example, our GBS segment is expected to return to pre-COVID revenue growth rates by mid-year 2021.

In the near term, the rate and pace of global economic recovery due to COVID-19 remains uncertain and as a consequence, we have not seen a fundamental shift in overall demand levels. Given this uncertainty, we are not providing full-year 2020 expectations. While the current environment presents some near-term challenges for our clients, it also provides longer-term opportunities for us as our clients accelerate their transitions to digital environments. We have both a business profile and business model that provide some stability in the current environment and we have taken a number of actions that strengthen our operating model currently and for the future.

For the fourth quarter of 2020, we continue to see a solid pipeline in hybrid cloud and AI solutions to address accelerated shifts in clients’ digital transformation and journey to cloud. From a historical perspective, the fourth quarter is seasonally our strongest quarter for revenue and earnings per share, due to our high value software and hardware transactions. We expect the dollar increase of revenue from third-quarter to fourth-quarter 2020 to be in line with historical averages and the percentage increase of operating (non-GAAP) earnings per share from third-quarter to fourth-quarter to be consistent with or slightly ahead of the historical average over the past few years, before the $2.3 billion fourth quarter charge for structural actions. On a year-to-year basis for the fourth quarter of 2020, we are comparing to strong performance in the prior-year period due to: the first full quarter of z15 availability in the fourth-quarter 2019 and very strong software growth, including the first full quarter of Red Hat contribution. In the fourth quarter, which is our largest transactional quarter, we will focus our investments in hybrid cloud and AI and start to execute the process of separating our managed infrastructure services business.

We continue to take prudent actions to improve our operating model and accelerate our strategic priorities. We are managing for the long-term and are excited about the direction and focus of our business. We are making strategic decisions, taking actions and increasing investments today to better position our business and accelerate our top line growth on a sustainable basis. We remain confident that we have ample free cash flow and liquidity to support our business and return value to shareholders through a stable and growing dividend. Following separation of the managed infrastructure services business, IBM and NewCo together are initially expected to pay a combined quarterly dividend that is no less than IBM’s pre-spin dividend per share. Following the completion of the separation, each company’s dividend policy will be determined by its respective Board of Directors.

For the period ended September 30, 2020, we assessed certain accounting-related matters that generally require consideration of current information reasonably available to us and utilized forecasted financial data to help assess future impacts to IBM as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The accounting matters considered for assessment included but were not limited to, the allowances for credit losses, the carrying values of goodwill and intangible assets and other long-lived assets, our net investments in sales-type or direct financing leases, any significant lease modifications, valuation allowances for tax assets and revenue recognition. Our assessments did not result in any material impacts to our consolidated financial results as of and for the quarter ended September 30, 2020. We will continue to assess these matters in future periods. However, given the inherent uncertainty of the magnitude of future impacts from and/or the duration of the pandemic, there can be no assurance that impacts will not be material to our consolidated financial results in future periods.

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Management Discussion – (continued)

Our pension plans are well funded coming into this environment. Contributions for all retirement-related plans are expected to be approximately $2.2 billion in 2020, approximately flat compared to 2019, of which $0.2 billion relates to legally required contributions to non-U.S. defined benefit and multi-employer plans. We expect 2020 pre-tax retirement-related plan cost to be approximately $2.7 billion, an increase of approximately $600 million compared to 2019. This estimate reflects current pension plan assumptions at December 31, 2019. Within total retirement-related plan cost, operating retirement-related plan cost is expected to be approximately $1.5 billion, approximately flat versus 2019. Non-operating retirement-related plan cost is expected to be approximately $1.2 billion, an increase of approximately $600 million compared to 2019, primarily driven by lower income from expected return on assets.

Currency Rate Fluctuations

Changes in the relative values of non-U.S. currencies to the U.S. dollar (USD) affect our financial results and financial position. At September 30, 2020, currency changes resulted in assets denominated in local currencies being translated into fewer dollars and liabilities denominated in local currencies being translated into more dollars than at year-end 2019. We use financial hedging instruments to limit specific currency risks related to financing transactions and other foreign currency-based transactions.

During periods of sustained movements in currency, the marketplace and competition adjust to the changing rates. For example, when pricing offerings in the marketplace, we may use some of the advantage from a weakening U.S. dollar to improve our position competitively, and price more aggressively to win the business, essentially passing on a portion of the currency advantage to our customers. Competition will frequently take the same action. Consequently, we believe that some of the currency-based changes in cost impact the prices charged to clients. We also maintain currency hedging programs for cash management purposes which temporarily mitigate, but do not eliminate, the volatility of currency impacts on our financial results.

We translate revenue, cost and expense in our non-U.S. operations at current exchange rates in the reported period. References to “adjusted for currency” or “constant currency” reflect adjustments based upon a simple mathematical formula. However, this constant currency methodology that we utilize to disclose this information does not incorporate any operational actions that management could take to mitigate fluctuating currency rates. Currency movements impacted our year-to-year revenue and earnings per share growth in the first nine months of 2020. Based on the currency rate movements in the first nine months of 2020, total revenue decreased 3.8 percent as reported and 3.1 percent at constant currency versus the first nine months of 2019. On an income from continuing operations before income tax basis, these translation impacts, mitigated by the net impact of hedging activities, resulted in a theoretical maximum (assuming no pricing or sourcing actions) increase of approximately $270 million in the first nine months of 2020 on both an as-reported basis and operating (non-GAAP) basis. The same mathematical exercise resulted in an increase of approximately $240 million in the first nine months of 2019 on an as-reported basis and an increase of approximately $210 million on an operating (non-GAAP) basis. We view these amounts as a theoretical maximum impact to our as-reported financial results. Considering the operational responses mentioned above, movements of exchange rates, and the nature and timing of hedging instruments, it is difficult to predict future currency impacts on any particular period, but we believe it could be substantially less than the theoretical maximum given the competitive pressure in the marketplace.

For non-U.S. subsidiaries and branches that operate in U.S. dollars or whose economic environment is highly inflationary, translation adjustments are reflected in results of operations. Generally, we manage currency risk in these entities by linking prices and contracts to U.S. dollars.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

In our 2019 Annual Report, on pages 57 to 59, there is a discussion of our liquidity including two tables that present three years of data. The table presented on page 58 includes net cash from operating activities, cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term marketable securities, and the size of our global credit facilities for each of the past three years. For the nine months ended, or at, as applicable, September 30, 2020, those amounts are $12.3 billion

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Management Discussion – (continued)

of net cash from operating activities, $15.8 billion of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term marketable securities and $15.3 billion in global credit facilities, respectively. While we have no current plans to draw on these credit facilities, they are available as back-up liquidity.

On July 9, 2019, we closed the acquisition of Red Hat for cash consideration of $34.8 billion. The transaction was funded through a combination of cash on hand and proceeds from debt issuances. In order to reduce this debt and return to target leverage ratios within a couple of years, we suspended our share repurchase program at the time of the Red Hat acquisition closing. Refer to note 11, “Borrowings,” for additional details of financing this transaction.

The major rating agencies’ ratings on our debt securities at September 30, 2020 appear in the following table and remain unchanged.

	STANDARD	MOODY’S
	AND	INVESTORS
IBM and IBM Credit LLC ratings:	POOR’S	SERVICE
Senior long-term debt	A	A2
Commercial paper	A-1	Prime-1

We remain committed to a target leverage profile consistent with a single A credit rating within a couple of years.

We do not have “ratings trigger” provisions in our debt covenants or documentation, which would allow the holders to declare an event of default and seek to accelerate payments thereunder in the event of a change in credit rating. Our debt covenants are well within the required levels. Our contractual agreements governing derivative instruments contain standard market clauses which can trigger the termination of the agreement if our credit rating were to fall below investment grade. At September 30, 2020, the fair value of those instruments that were in a liability position was $583 million, before any applicable netting, and this position is subject to fluctuations in fair value period to period based on the level of our outstanding instruments and market conditions. We have no other contractual arrangements that, in the event of a change in credit rating, would result in a material adverse effect on our financial position or liquidity.

In July 2017, the UK's Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), announced that it intends to phase out LIBOR by the end of 2021. Various central bank committees and working groups continue to discuss replacement of benchmark rates, the process for amending existing LIBOR-based contracts, and the potential economic impacts of different alternatives. The Alternative Reference Rates Committee has identified the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) as its preferred alternative rate for USD LIBOR. SOFR is a measure of the cost of borrowing cash overnight, collateralized by U.S. Treasury securities, and is based on directly observable U.S. Treasury-backed repurchase transactions. We are continuing to evaluate the potential impact of the replacement of the LIBOR benchmark interest rate, including risk management, internal operational readiness and monitoring the FASB standard-setting process for additional updates to address financial reporting issues that might arise in connection with transition from LIBOR to a new benchmark rate. However, it is not expected to have a material impact in the consolidated financial results.

We prepare our Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows in accordance with applicable accounting standards for cash flow presentation on page 7 of this Form 10-Q and highlight causes and events underlying sources and uses of cash in that format on pages 85 and 86. For the purpose of running its business, IBM manages, monitors and analyzes cash flows in a different manner.

Management uses free cash flow as a measure to evaluate its operating results, plan share repurchase levels, strategic investments and assess its ability and need to incur and service debt. The entire free cash flow amount is not necessarily available for discretionary expenditures. We define free cash flow as net cash from operating activities less the change in Global Financing receivables and net capital expenditures, including the investment in software. A key objective of the Global Financing business is to generate strong returns on equity, and increasing receivables is the basis for growth. Accordingly, management considers Global Financing receivables as a profit-generating investment, not as

89

Management Discussion – (continued)

working capital that should be minimized for efficiency. Therefore, management includes presentations of both free cash flow and net cash from operating activities that exclude the effect of Global Financing receivables. Free cash flow guidance is derived using an estimate of profit, working capital and operational cash flows. As previously noted, we view Global Financing receivables as a profit-generating investment which we seek to maximize and, therefore, it is not considered when formulating guidance for free cash flow. As a result, we do not estimate a GAAP Net Cash from Operations expectation metric.

The following is management’s view of cash flows for the first nine months of 2020 and 2019 prepared in a manner consistent with the description above.

(Dollars in millions)
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019
Net cash from operating activities per GAAP	$	12,337	$	11,319
Less: change in Global Financing receivables		5,324		3,712
Net cash from operating activities, excluding Global Financing receivables	$	7,014	$	7,607
Capital expenditures, net		(2,262)		(1,725)
Free cash flow	$	4,751	$	5,882
Acquisitions		(37)		(32,630)
Divestitures		510		927
Share repurchase		—		(1,361)
Common stock repurchases for tax withholdings		(225)		(186)
Dividends		(4,343)		(4,269)
Non-Global Financing debt		4,977		28,432
Other (includes Global Financing net receivables and Global Financing debt)		1,111		1,941
Change in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term marketable securities	$	6,744	$	(1,265)

In the first nine months of 2020, we generated free cash flow of $4.8 billion, a decrease of $1.1 billion versus the prior year. In the first nine months of 2020, we continued to return value to shareholders with $4.3 billion in dividends.

Events that could temporarily change the historical cash flow dynamics discussed previously and in 2019 Annual Report include significant changes in operating results, material changes in geographic sources of cash, unexpected adverse impacts from litigation, future pension funding requirements, periods of severe downturn in the capital markets or the timing of tax payments. Whether any litigation has such an adverse impact will depend on a number of variables, which are more completely described in note 13, “Contingencies,” in this Form 10-Q. With respect to pension funding, we expect to make legally mandated pension plan contributions to certain non-U.S. defined benefit plans of approximately $200 million in 2020. Contributions related to all retirement-related plans are expected to be approximately $2.2 billion in 2020. Financial market performance could increase the legally mandated minimum contributions in certain non-U.S. countries that require more frequent remeasurement of the funded status. We are not quantifying any further impact from pension funding because it is not possible to predict future movements in the capital markets or pension plan funding regulations.

In 2020, we are not legally required to make any contributions to the U.S. defined benefit pension plans.

Our cash flows are sufficient to fund our current operations and obligations, including investing and financing activities such as dividends and debt service. When additional requirements arise, we have several liquidity options available. These options may include the ability to borrow additional funds at reasonable interest rates and utilizing our committed global credit facilities. With our share repurchase program suspended since the close of the Red Hat acquisition, our overall shareholder payout remains at a comfortable level and we remain fully committed to our long-standing dividend policy.

90

Management Discussion – (continued)

Global Financing Return on Equity Calculation

	For Three Months Ended						For Nine Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,
(Dollars in millions)	2020			2019			2020			2019
Numerator
Global Financing after-tax income*	$	150		$	217		$	489		$	521
Annualized after-tax income (1)	$	600		$	867		$	651		$	694
Denominator
Average Global Financing equity (2)**	$	2,376		$	2,672		$	2,493		$	3,022
Global Financing return on equity (1)/(2)		25.2	%		32.4	%		26.1	%		23.0	%

*    Calculated based upon an estimated tax rate principally based on Global Financing’s geographic mix of earnings as IBM’s provision for income taxes is determined on a consolidated basis.

**  Average of the ending equity for Global Financing for the last two quarters and four quarters, for the three months ended September 30 and for the nine months ended September 30, respectively.

91

Management Discussion – (continued)

GAAP Reconciliation

The tables below provide a reconciliation of our income statement results as reported under GAAP to our operating earnings presentation which is a non-GAAP measure. Management’s calculation of operating (non-GAAP) earnings, as presented, may differ from similarly titled measures reported by other companies. Refer to the “Operating (non-GAAP) Earnings” section for management’s rationale for presenting operating earnings information.

				Acquisition-			Retirement-			U.S.
(Dollars in millions except per share amounts)				Related			Related			Tax Reform			Operating
For the three months ended September 30, 2020:	GAAP			Adjustments			Adjustments			Impacts			(non-GAAP)
Gross profit	$	8,430		$	180		$	—		$	—		$	8,610
Gross profit margin		48.0	%		1.0	pts.		—	pts.		—	pts.		49.0	%
S,G&A	$	4,647		$	(279)		$	—		$	—		$	4,367
R,D&E		1,515			—			—			—			1,515
Other (income) and expense		253			(1)			(291)			—			(39)
Interest expense		323			—			—			—			323
Total expense and other (income)		6,603			(280)			(291)			—			6,032
Pre-tax income from continuing operations		1,827			460			291			—			2,578
Pre-tax margin from continuing operations		10.4	%		2.6	pts.		1.7	pts.		—	pts.		14.7	%
Provision for income taxes*	$	128		$	102		$	54		$	(21)		$	263
Effective tax rate		7.0	%		2.7	pts.		1.3	pts.		(0.8)	pts.		10.2	%
Income from continuing operations	$	1,698		$	358		$	237		$	21		$	2,315
Income margin from continuing operations		9.7	%		2.0	pts.		1.4	pts.		0.1	pts.		13.2	%
Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations	$	1.89		$	0.40		$	0.26		$	0.03		$	2.58

*  The tax impact on operating (non-GAAP) pre-tax income from continuing operations is calculated under the same accounting principles applied to the GAAP pre-tax income which employs an annual effective tax rate method to the results.

				Acquisition-			Retirement-			U.S.
(Dollars in millions except per share amounts)				Related			Related			Tax Reform			Operating
For the three months ended September 30, 2019:	GAAP			Adjustments			Adjustments			Impacts			(non-GAAP)
Gross profit	$	8,336		$	209		$	—		$	—		$	8,545
Gross profit margin		46.2	%		1.2	pts.		—	pts.		—	pts.		47.4	%
S,G&A	$	5,024		$	(451)		$	—		$	—		$	4,573
R,D&E		1,553			(53)			—			—			1,500
Other (income) and expense		(31)			10			(145)			—			(166)
Interest expense		432			(24)			—			—			408
Total expense and other (income)		6,813			(518)			(145)			—			6,150
Pre-tax income from continuing operations		1,522			727			145			—			2,395
Pre-tax margin from continuing operations		8.4	%		4.0	pts.		0.8	pts.		—	pts.		13.3	%
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes*	$	(151)		$	142		$	16		$	(5)		$	1
Effective tax rate		(9.9)	%		8.9	pts.		1.3	pts.		(0.2)	pts.		0.1	%
Income from continuing operations	$	1,673		$	586		$	130		$	5		$	2,394
Income margin from continuing operations		9.3	%		3.3	pts.		0.7	pts.		0.0	pts.		13.3	%
Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations	$	1.87		$	0.66		$	0.14		$	0.01		$	2.68

*    The tax impact on operating (non-GAAP) pre-tax income from continuing operations is calculated under the same accounting principles applied to the GAAP pre-tax income which employs an annual effective tax rate method to the results.

92

Management Discussion – (continued)

				Acquisition-			Retirement-			U.S.
(Dollars in millions except per share amounts)				Related			Related			Tax Reform			Operating
For the nine months ended September 30, 2020:	GAAP			Adjustments			Adjustments			Impacts			(non-GAAP)
Gross profit	$	25,052		$	556		$	—		$	—		$	25,608
Gross profit margin		47.0	%		1.0	pts.		—	pts.		—	pts.		48.1	%
S,G&A	$	15,849		$	(849)		$	—		$	—		$	15,000
R,D&E		4,722			—			—			—			4,722
Other (income) and expense		614			(2)			(829)			—			(217)
Interest expense		971			—			—			—			971
Total expense and other (income)		21,704			(851)			(829)			—			20,024
Pre-tax income from continuing operations		3,348			1,407			829			—			5,584
Pre-tax margin from continuing operations		6.3	%		2.6	pts.		1.6	pts.		—	pts.		10.5	%
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes*	$	(888)		$	312		$	119		$	128		$	(329)
Effective tax rate		(26.5)	%		12.3	pts.		6.1	pts.		2.3	pts.		(5.9)	%
Income from continuing operations	$	4,237		$	1,095		$	710		$	(128)		$	5,913
Income margin from continuing operations		8.0	%		2.1	pts.		1.3	pts.		(0.2)	pts.		11.1	%
Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations	$	4.72		$	1.23		$	0.79		$	(0.14)		$	6.60

*     The tax impact on operating (non-GAAP) pre-tax income from continuing operations is calculated under the same accounting principles applied to the GAAP pre-tax income which employs an annual effective tax rate method to the results.

				Acquisition-			Retirement-			U.S.
(Dollars in millions except per share amounts)				Related			Related			Tax Reform			Operating
For the nine months ended September 30, 2019:	GAAP			Adjustments			Adjustments			Impacts			(non-GAAP)
Gross profit	$	25,388		$	359		$	—		$	—		$	25,747
Gross profit margin		45.9	%		0.6	pts.		—	pts.		—	pts.		46.5	%
S,G&A	$	15,171		$	(724)		$	—		$	—		$	14,447
R,D&E		4,393			(53)			—			—			4,340
Other (income) and expense		(850)			152			(419)			—			(1,118)
Interest expense		990			(228)			—			—			762
Total expense and other (income)		19,215			(853)			(419)			—			17,942
Pre-tax income from continuing operations		6,173			1,212			419			—			7,805
Pre-tax margin from continuing operations		11.1	%		2.2	pts.		0.8	pts.		—	pts.		14.1	%
Provision for income taxes*	$	407		$	245		$	82		$	(160)		$	575
Effective tax rate		6.6	%		2.1	pts.		0.7	pts.		(2.0)	pts.		7.4	%
Income from continuing operations	$	5,766		$	967		$	338		$	160		$	7,230
Income margin from continuing operations		10.4	%		1.7	pts.		0.6	pts.		0.3	pts.		13.1	%
Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations	$	6.46		$	1.08		$	0.38		$	0.18		$	8.10

*     The tax impact on operating (non-GAAP) pre-tax income from continuing operations is calculated under the same accounting principles applied to the GAAP pre-tax income which employs an annual effective tax rate method to the results.

93

Management Discussion – (continued)

Forward-Looking and Cautionary Statements

Except for the historical information and discussions contained herein, statements contained in this Form 10-Q may constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are based on the company’s current assumptions regarding future business and financial performance. These statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially, including, but not limited to, the following: a downturn in economic environment and client spending budgets; the company’s failure to meet growth and productivity objectives; a failure of the company’s innovation initiatives; damage to the company’s reputation; risks from investing in growth opportunities; failure of the company’s intellectual property portfolio to prevent competitive offerings and the failure of the company to obtain necessary licenses; cybersecurity and data privacy considerations; fluctuations in financial results; the possibility that the proposed separation of the managed infrastructure services unit of the company’s Global Technology Services segment will not be completed within the anticipated time period or at all, the possibility of disruption or unanticipated costs in connection with the proposed separation or the possibility that the separation will not achieve its intended benefits; impact of local legal, economic, political, health and other conditions; adverse effects from environmental matters, tax matters and the company’s pension plans; ineffective internal controls; the company’s use of accounting estimates; impairment of the company’s goodwill or amortizable intangible assets; the company’s ability to attract and retain key employees and its reliance on critical skills; impacts of relationships with critical suppliers; product quality issues; impacts of business with government clients; currency fluctuations and customer financing risks; impact of changes in market liquidity conditions and customer credit risk on receivables; reliance on third party distribution channels and ecosystems; the company’s ability to successfully manage acquisitions, alliances and dispositions, including integration challenges, failure to achieve objectives, the assumption of liabilities, and higher debt levels; legal proceedings and investigatory risks; risk factors related to IBM securities; and other risks, uncertainties and factors discussed in the company’s Form 10-Qs, Form 10-K and in the company’s other filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission or in materials incorporated therein by reference. Any forward-looking statement in this Form 10-Q speaks only as of the date on which it is made. Except as required by law, the company assumes no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

The company’s management evaluated, with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report. There has been no change in the company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter covered by this report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting.

94

Part II — Other Information

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

Refer to note 13, “Contingencies,” in this Form 10-Q.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds and Issuer Repurchases of Equity Securities

The following table provides information relating to the company’s repurchase of common stock for the third quarter of 2020.

				Total Number	Approximate
				of Shares	Dollar Value
				Purchased as	of Shares that
	Total Number	Average		Part of Publicly	May Yet Be
	of Shares	Price Paid		Announced	Purchased Under
Period	Purchased	per Share		Program	The Program*
July 1, 2020 - July 31, 2020	—	$	—	—	$	2,007,611,768
August 1, 2020 - August 31, 2020	—	$	—	—	$	2,007,611,768
September 1, 2020 - September 30, 2020	—	$	—	—	$	2,007,611,768
Total	—	$	—	—

*     On October 30, 2018, the Board of Directors authorized $4.0 billion in funds for use in the company’s common stock repurchase program. The company stated that it would repurchase shares on the open market or in private transactions depending on market conditions. The common stock repurchase program does not have an expiration date. This table does not include shares tendered to satisfy the exercise price in connection with cashless exercises of employee stock options or shares tendered to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with employee equity awards.

The company suspended its share repurchase program at the time of the Red Hat closing. At September 30, 2020 there was approximately $2.0 billion in authorized funds remaining for purchases under this program.

95

Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit Number
31.1	Certification by principal executive officer pursuant to Rule 13A-14(a) or 15D-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2	Certification by principal financial officer pursuant to Rule 13A-14(a) or 15D-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1	Certification by principal executive officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2	Certification by principal financial officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear on the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File – the cover page interactive data file does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document

96

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

		International Business Machines Corporation
		(Registrant)
Date:	October 27, 2020
		By:	/s/ Robert F. Del Bene
			Robert F. Del Bene
			Vice President and Controller

97

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO RULE 13A-14(a) OR 15D-14(a) OF THE SECURITIES

EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE

SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Arvind Krishna, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of International Business Machines Corporation;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a. designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b. designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c. evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d. disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a. all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b. any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: October 27, 2020

/s/ Arvind Krishna

Arvind Krishna

Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO RULE 13A-14(a) OR 15D-14(a) OF THE SECURITIES

EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE

SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, James J. Kavanaugh, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of International Business Machines Corporation;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a. designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b. designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c. evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d. disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a. all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b. any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: October 27, 2020

/s/ James J. Kavanaugh

James J. Kavanaugh

Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of International Business Machines Corporation (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ending September 30, 2020, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Arvind Krishna, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. ss. 1350, as adopted pursuant to ss. 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

/s/ Arvind Krishna

Arvind Krishna

Chief Executive Officer

October 27, 2020

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to IBM and will be retained by IBM and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of International Business Machines Corporation (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ending September 30, 2020, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, James J. Kavanaugh, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. ss. 1350, as adopted pursuant to ss. 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

/s/ James J. Kavanaugh

James J. Kavanaugh

Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

October 27, 2020

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to IBM and will be retained by IBM and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

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Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2020
Entity File Number	1-2360
Entity Registrant Name	INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	NY
Entity Tax Identification Number	13-0871985
Entity Address, Address Line One	One New Orchard Road
Entity Address, City or Town	Armonk
Entity Address, State or Province	NY
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	10504
City Area Code	914
Local Phone Number	499-1900
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Central Index Key	0000051143
Amendment Flag	false
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding	891,057,116
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2020
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
New York Stock Exchange | Common Stock
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Capital stock, par value $.20 per share
Trading Symbol	IBM
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
New York Stock Exchange | 2.750% Notes due 2020
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	2.750%  Notes due 2020
Trading Symbol	IBM 20B
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
New York Stock Exchange | 1.875% Notes due 2020
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	1.875%  Notes due 2020
Trading Symbol	IBM 20A
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
New York Stock Exchange | 0.500% Notes due 2021
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	0.500%  Notes due 2021
Trading Symbol	IBM 21B
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
New York Stock Exchange | 2.625% Notes due 2022
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	2.625%  Notes due 2022
Trading Symbol	IBM 22A
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
New York Stock Exchange | 1.25% Notes due 2023
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	1.250%  Notes due 2023
Trading Symbol	IBM 23A
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
New York Stock Exchange | 0.375% Notes due 2023
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	0.375%  Notes due 2023
Trading Symbol	IBM 23B
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
New York Stock Exchange | 1.125% Notes due 2024
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	1.125%  Notes due 2024
Trading Symbol	IBM 24A
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
New York Stock Exchange | 2.875% Notes due 2025
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	2.875%  Notes due 2025
Trading Symbol	IBM 25A
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
New York Stock Exchange | 0.950% Notes due 2025
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	0.950%  Notes due 2025
Trading Symbol	IBM 25B
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
New York Stock Exchange | 0.875% Notes due 2025
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	0.875%  Notes due 2025
Trading Symbol	IBM 25C
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
New York Stock Exchange | 0.300% Notes due 2026
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	0.300%  Notes due 2026
Trading Symbol	IBM 26B
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
New York Stock Exchange | 1.250% Notes due 2027
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	1.250%  Notes due 2027
Trading Symbol	IBM 27B
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
New York Stock Exchange | 0.300% Notes due 2028
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	0.300% Notes due 2028
Trading Symbol	IBM 28B
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
New York Stock Exchange | 1.750% Notes due 2028
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	1.750%  Notes due 2028
Trading Symbol	IBM 28A
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
New York Stock Exchange | 1.500% Notes due 2029
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	1.500%  Notes due 2029
Trading Symbol	IBM 29
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
New York Stock Exchange | 1.750% Notes due 2031
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	1.750%  Notes due 2031
Trading Symbol	IBM 31
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
New York Stock Exchange | 0.650% Notes due 2032
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	0.650% Notes due 2032
Trading Symbol	IBM 32A
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
New York Stock Exchange | 1.200% Notes due 2040
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	1.200% Notes due 2040
Trading Symbol	IBM 40
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
New York Stock Exchange | 7.00% Debentures due 2025
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	7.00%    Debentures due 2025
Trading Symbol	IBM 25
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
New York Stock Exchange | 6.22% Debentures due 2027
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	6.22%    Debentures due 2027
Trading Symbol	IBM 27
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
New York Stock Exchange | 6.50% Debentures due 2028
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	6.50%    Debentures due 2028
Trading Symbol	IBM 28
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
New York Stock Exchange | 7.00% Debentures due 2045
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	7.00%    Debentures due 2045
Trading Symbol	IBM 45
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
New York Stock Exchange | 7.125% Debentures due 2096
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	7.125%  Debentures due 2096
Trading Symbol	IBM 96
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
Chicago Stock Exchange | Common Stock
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Capital stock, par value $.20 per share
Trading Symbol	IBM
Security Exchange Name	CHX

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CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENT - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Revenue	$ 17,560	$ 18,028	$ 53,253	$ 55,370
Cost	9,130	9,692	28,202	29,982
Gross profit	8,430	8,336	25,052	25,388
Expense and other (income):
Selling, general and administrative	4,647	5,024	15,849	15,171
Research, development and engineering	1,515	1,553	4,722	4,393
Intellectual property and custom development income	(134)	(166)	(453)	(489)
Other (income) and expense	253	(31)	614	(850)
Interest expense	323	432	971	990
Total expense and other (income)	6,603	6,813	21,704	19,215
Income from continuing operations before income taxes	1,827	1,522	3,348	6,173
Provision for/(benefit from) income taxes	128	(151)	(888)	407
Income from continuing operations	1,698	1,673	4,237	5,766
Income/(loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax	(1)	(1)	(2)	(5)
Net income	$ 1,698	$ 1,672	$ 4,234	$ 5,761
Assuming dilution:
Continuing operations (in dollars per share)	$ 1.89	$ 1.87	$ 4.72	$ 6.46
Discontinued operations (in dollars per share)	0.00	0.00	0.00	(0.01)
Total (in dollars per share)	1.89	1.87	4.72	6.45
Basic:
Continuing operations (in dollars per share)	1.90	1.89	4.76	6.50
Discontinued operations (in dollars per share)	0.00	0.00	0.00	(0.01)
Total (in dollars per share)	$ 1.90	$ 1.89	$ 4.76	$ 6.49
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding:
Assuming dilution (in shares)	897,292,233	892,839,745	895,756,850	892,527,357
Basic (in shares)	891,381,032	886,018,372	889,595,181	887,291,199
Services
Revenue	$ 11,180	$ 11,703	$ 33,490	$ 35,454
Cost	7,357	7,840	22,720	24,293
Sales
Revenue	6,106	5,981	18,918	18,817
Cost	1,601	1,635	4,964	4,979
Financing
Revenue	275	343	845	1,099
Cost	$ 172	$ 217	$ 517	$ 710

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Net income	$ 1,698	$ 1,672	$ 4,234	$ 5,761
Other comprehensive income/(loss), before tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(439)	(509)	(1,354)	(333)
Net changes related to available-for-sale securities:
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period	(1)	3	0	1
Total net changes related to available-for-sale securities	(1)	3	0	1
Unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges:
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period	(32)	(439)	(249)	(798)
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to net income	(69)	488	(37)	418
Total unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges	(101)	49	(285)	(380)
Retirement-related benefit plans:
Prior service costs/(credits)	(1)		(5)
Net (losses)/gains arising during the period	0	0	65	113
Curtailments and settlements	21	3	42	7
Amortization of prior service (credits)/costs	0	(3)	1	(9)
Amortization of net (gains)/losses	586	461	1,722	1,385
Total retirement-related benefit plans	607	461	1,826	1,496
Other comprehensive income/(loss), before tax	66	4	187	784
Income tax (expense)/benefit related to items of other comprehensive income	106	(249)	(175)	(380)
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax	172	(245)	12	404
Total comprehensive income/(loss)	$ 1,870	$ 1,427	$ 4,247	$ 6,165

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CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 14,393	$ 8,172
Restricted cash	160	141
Marketable securities	1,200	696
Notes and accounts receivable - trade (net of allowances of $354 in 2020 and $299 in 2019)	6,099	7,870
Short-term financing receivables (net of allowances of $205 in 2020 and $188 in 2019)	10,848	14,192
Other accounts receivable (net of allowances of $32 in 2020 and $33 in 2019)	923	1,733
Inventories, at lower of average cost or net realizable value:
Finished goods	287	220
Work in process and raw materials	1,662	1,399
Total	1,949	1,619
Deferred costs	2,084	1,896
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	2,188	2,101
Total current assets	39,845	38,420
Property, plant and equipment	32,432	32,028
Less: Accumulated depreciation	22,474	22,018
Property, plant and equipment - net	9,958	10,010
Operating right-of-use assets - net	4,715	4,996
Long-term financing receivables (net of allowances of $59 in 2020 and $33 in 2019)	6,423	8,712
Prepaid pension assets	7,636	6,865
Deferred costs	2,438	2,472
Deferred taxes	8,852	5,182
Goodwill	58,355	58,222
Intangible assets - net	13,962	15,235
Investments and sundry assets	1,944	2,074
Total assets	154,128	152,186
Current liabilities:
Taxes	2,375	2,839
Short-term debt	10,285	8,797
Accounts payable	3,985	4,896
Compensation and benefits	3,602	3,406
Deferred income	11,681	12,026
Operating lease liabilities	1,336	1,380
Other accrued expenses and liabilities	4,730	4,357
Total current liabilities	37,993	37,701
Long-term debt	55,129	54,102
Retirement and nonpension postretirement benefit obligations	16,732	17,142
Deferred income	3,820	3,851
Operating lease liabilities	3,635	3,879
Other liabilities	15,484	14,526
Total liabilities	132,794	131,202
IBM stockholders' equity:
Common stock, par value $.20 per share, and additional paid-in capital; Shares authorized: 4,687,500,000; Shares issued: 2020-2,241,658,034; 2019-2,237,996,975	56,366	55,895
Retained earnings	162,806	162,954
Treasury stock, at cost; Shares: 2020-1,350,600,918; 2019-1,350,886,521	(169,380)	(169,413)
Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)	(28,584)	(28,597)
Total IBM stockholders' equity	21,208	20,841
Noncontrolling interests	126	144
Total equity	21,334	20,985
Total liabilities and equity	$ 154,128	$ 152,186

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CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET
Notes and accounts receivable - trade, allowances	$ 354	$ 299
Short-term financing receivables, allowances	205	188
Other accounts receivable, allowances	32	33
Long-term financing receivables, allowances	$ 59	$ 33
Common stock, Par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.20	$ 0.20
Common stock, Shares authorized (in shares)	4,687,500,000	4,687,500,000
Common stock, Shares issued (in shares)	2,241,658,034	2,237,996,975
Treasury stock, Shares (in shares)	1,350,600,918	1,350,886,521

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$ 4,234	$ 5,761
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operating activities
Depreciation	3,138	3,188
Amortization of intangibles	1,858	1,221
Stock-based compensation	658	468
Net (gain)/loss on asset sales and other	80	(828)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions/divestitures	2,370	1,509
Net cash provided by operating activities	12,337	11,319
Cash flows from investing activities:
Payments for property, plant and equipment	(1,940)	(1,710)
Proceeds from disposition of property, plant and equipment	147	452
Investment in software	(469)	(468)
Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired	(37)	(32,630)
Divestiture of businesses, net of cash transferred	510	927
Non-operating finance receivables - net	29	6,096
Purchases of marketable securities and other investments	(5,012)	(2,813)
Proceeds from disposition of marketable securities and other investments	4,302	3,081
Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities	(2,470)	(27,064)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from new debt	10,337	31,496
Payments to settle debt	(8,802)	(8,891)
Short-term borrowings/(repayments) less than 90 days - net	(467)	(2,140)
Common stock repurchases		(1,361)
Common stock repurchases for tax withholdings	(225)	(186)
Financing - other	72	68
Cash dividends paid	(4,343)	(4,269)
Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities	(3,428)	14,717
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(200)	(352)
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	6,239	(1,379)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	8,314	11,604
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$ 14,553	$ 10,225

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF EQUITY - USD ($) $ in Millions	Total IBM Stockholders' Equity Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment	[1]	Total IBM Stockholders' Equity	Common Stock and Additional Paid-in Capital	Retained Earnings Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment	[1]	Retained Earnings	Treasury Stock	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)	Non-Controlling Interests	Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment	[1]	Total
Balance at the Beginning of the Period at Dec. 31, 2018			$ 16,796	$ 55,151			$ 159,206	$ (168,071)	$ (29,490)	$ 134			$ 16,929
Net income plus other comprehensive income/(loss):
Net income			5,761				5,761						5,761
Other comprehensive income/(loss)			404						404				404
Total comprehensive income/(loss)			6,165										6,165
Cash dividends paid - common stock			(4,269)				(4,269)						(4,269)
Common stock issued under employee plans			657	657									657
Purchases and sales of treasury stock under employee plans - net			(56)				16	(72)					(56)
Other treasury shares purchased, not retired			(1,331)					(1,331)					(1,331)
Changes in other equity			(5)				(5)						(5)
Changes in noncontrolling interests										6			6
Balance at the End of the Period at Sep. 30, 2019			17,956	55,808			160,709	(169,474)	(29,086)	139			18,096
Balance at the Beginning of the Period at Jun. 30, 2019			17,645	55,404			160,467	(169,385)	(28,841)	131			17,776
Net income plus other comprehensive income/(loss):
Net income			1,672				1,672						1,672
Other comprehensive income/(loss)			(245)						(245)				(245)
Total comprehensive income/(loss)			1,427										1,427
Cash dividends paid - common stock			(1,436)				(1,436)						(1,436)
Common stock issued under employee plans			404	404									404
Purchases and sales of treasury stock under employee plans - net			32				6	27					32
Other treasury shares purchased, not retired			(115)					(115)					(115)
Changes in noncontrolling interests										8			8
Balance at the End of the Period at Sep. 30, 2019			17,956	55,808			160,709	(169,474)	(29,086)	139			18,096
Balance at the Beginning of the Period at Dec. 31, 2019	$ (66)		20,841	55,895	$ (66)		162,954	(169,413)	(28,597)	144	$ (66)		20,985
Net income plus other comprehensive income/(loss):
Net income			4,234				4,234						4,234
Other comprehensive income/(loss)			12						12				12
Total comprehensive income/(loss)			4,247										4,247
Cash dividends paid - common stock			(4,343)				(4,343)						(4,343)
Common stock issued under employee plans			471	471									471
Purchases and sales of treasury stock under employee plans - net			59				26	33					59
Changes in noncontrolling interests										(18)			(18)
Balance at the End of the Period at Sep. 30, 2020			21,208	56,366			162,806	(169,380)	(28,584)	126			21,334
Balance at the Beginning of the Period at Jun. 30, 2020			20,551	56,135			162,559	(169,386)	(28,757)	137			20,688
Net income plus other comprehensive income/(loss):
Net income			1,698				1,698						1,698
Other comprehensive income/(loss)			172						172				172
Total comprehensive income/(loss)			1,870										1,870
Cash dividends paid - common stock			(1,453)				(1,453)						(1,453)
Common stock issued under employee plans			232	232									232
Purchases and sales of treasury stock under employee plans - net			9				2	7					9
Changes in noncontrolling interests										(11)			(11)
Balance at the End of the Period at Sep. 30, 2020			$ 21,208	$ 56,366			$ 162,806	$ (169,380)	$ (28,584)	$ 126			$ 21,334

[1] Reflects the adoption of the FASB guidance on current expected credit losses. Refer to note 2, “Accounting Changes.”

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF EQUITY (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF EQUITY
Cash dividend per common share	$ 1.63	$ 1.62	$ 4.88	$ 4.81
Common stock issued under employee plans (in shares)	429,304	353,035	3,661,059	3,628,250
Purchases of treasury stock under employee plans (in shares)	110,415	241,779	1,731,915	1,377,598
Sales of treasury stock under employee plans (in shares)	159,479	473,196	2,017,518	886,907
Other treasury shares purchased, not retired (in shares)		822,159		9,979,516

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Basis of Presentation

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

1. Basis of Presentation:

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements and footnotes of the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM or the company) have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). The financial statements and footnotes are unaudited. In the opinion of the company’s management, these statements include all adjustments, which are only of a normal recurring nature, necessary to present a fair statement of the company’s results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amount of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs, expenses and other comprehensive income/(loss) that are reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying disclosures. These estimates are based on management’s best knowledge of current events, historical experience, actions that the company may undertake in the future and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. As a result, actual results may be different from these estimates.

On October 8, 2020, the company announced that it will separate its managed infrastructure services unit of its Global Technology Services (GTS) segment into a new public company (NewCo). The separation is expected to be achieved through a U.S. federal tax-free spin-off to IBM shareholders and completed by the end of 2021. It will be subject to customary market, regulatory and other closing conditions, including final IBM Board of Directors’ approval. The announcement did not have any classification impact to the company’s consolidated financial statements or segment reporting. The company expects the managed infrastructure services unit to meet the criteria to be classified as discontinued operations upon separation.

In the first quarter of 2020, the company realigned offerings and the related management system to reflect divestitures completed in the second half of 2019 and tighter integration of certain industry-related consulting services. These changes impacted a few of the company’s reportable segments, but did not impact the Consolidated Financial Statements. Refer to note 4, “Segments,” for additional information on the company’s reportable segments. The periods presented in this Form 10-Q are reported on a comparable basis.

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, the company reported a provision for income taxes of $128 million. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the company reported a benefit from income taxes of $888 million. The tax benefit was primarily related to the tax impacts of an intra-entity sale of certain of the company’s intellectual property in the first quarter, which required the recognition of a $3,442 million deferred tax asset. The recognition of this deferred tax asset and the related impacts resulted in a net one-time benefit in the first quarter of $939 million. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the company reported a benefit from income taxes of $151 million and a provision for income taxes of $407 million, respectively.

On July 9, 2019, the company completed the acquisition of all of the outstanding shares of Red Hat, Inc. (Red Hat). Refer to note 5, “Acquisitions & Divestitures,” and note 10, “Intangible Assets Including Goodwill,” for additional information.

Noncontrolling interest amounts of $3.4 million and $7.1 million, net of tax, for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $14.7 million and $19.0 million, net of tax, for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, are included as a reduction within other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Income Statement.

Interim results are not necessarily indicative of financial results for a full year. The information included in this Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the company’s 2019 Annual Report.

Within the financial statements and tables presented, certain columns and rows may not add due to the use of rounded numbers for disclosure purposes. Percentages presented are calculated from the underlying whole-dollar

amounts. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. This is annotated where applicable.

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Accounting Changes

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Accounting Changes

Accounting Changes

2. Accounting Changes:

New Standards to be Implemented

Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes

Standard/Description–Issuance date: December 2019. This guidance simplifies various aspects of income tax accounting by removing certain exceptions to the general principle of the guidance and also clarifies and amends existing guidance to improve consistency in application.

Effective Date and Adoption Considerations–The guidance is effective January 1, 2021 and early adoption is permitted. The company will adopt the guidance as of the effective date.

Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters–The guidance is not expected to have a material impact in the consolidated financial results.

Standards Implemented

Reference Rate Reform

Standard/Description–Issuance date: March 2020. This guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contract modifications, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) or another reference rate expected to be discontinued, subject to meeting certain criteria.

Effective Date and Adoption Considerations–The guidance is effective as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022.

Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters–The company made a policy election in the first quarter of 2020 to adopt the practical expedient which allows for the continuation of fair value hedge accounting for interest rate derivative contracts upon the transition from LIBOR to Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) or another reference rate alternative, without any impact to the Consolidated Income Statement. The company is continuing to evaluate the potential impact of the replacement of the LIBOR benchmark on its interest rate risk management activities; however, it is not expected to have a material impact in the consolidated financial results.

Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment

Standard/Description–Issuance date: January 2017. This guidance simplifies the goodwill impairment test by removing Step 2. It also requires disclosure of any reporting units that have zero or negative carrying amounts if they have goodwill allocated to them.

Effective Date and Adoption Considerations–The guidance was effective January 1, 2020 and early adoption was permitted. The company adopted the guidance on a prospective basis as of the effective date.

Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters–The guidance did not have a material impact in the consolidated financial results.

Financial Instruments–Credit Losses

Standard/Description–Issuance date: June 2016, with amendments in 2018, 2019 and 2020. This changes the guidance for credit losses based on an expected loss model rather than an incurred loss model. It requires the consideration of all available relevant information when estimating expected credit losses, including past events, current conditions and forecasts and their implications for expected credit losses. It also expands the scope of financial instruments subject to impairment, including off-balance sheet commitments and residual value.

Effective Date and Adoption Considerations–The guidance was effective January 1, 2020 with one-year early adoption permitted. The company adopted the guidance as of the effective date, using the transition methodology whereby prior comparative periods were not retrospectively presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters–At January 1, 2020, an increase in the allowance for credit losses of $81 million was recorded for accounts receivable–trade and financing receivables (inclusive of its related off-balance sheet commitments). Additionally, net deferred taxes were reduced by $14 million in the Consolidated Balance Sheet, resulting in a cumulative-effect net decrease to retained earnings of $66 million. Refer to note 8, “Financing Receivables,” and note 12, “Commitments,” for additional information.

Leases

Standard/Description–Issuance date: February 2016, with amendments in 2018 and 2019. This guidance requires lessees to recognize right-of-use (ROU) assets and lease liabilities for most leases in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. For lessors, it also eliminated the use of third-party residual value guarantee insurance in the lease classification test, and overall aligns with revenue recognition guidance. Due to changes in lease termination guidance, when equipment is returned to the company prior to the end of the lease term, the carrying amounts of lease receivables are reclassified to loan receivables. The guidance also requires qualitative and quantitative disclosures to assess the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases.

Effective Date and Adoption Considerations–The company adopted the guidance on its effective date of January 1, 2019, using the transition option whereby prior comparative periods were not retrospectively presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements. The company elected the package of practical expedients not to reassess prior conclusions related to contracts containing leases, lease classification and initial direct costs and the lessee practical expedient to combine lease and non-lease components for all asset classes. The company made a policy election to not recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases for all asset classes.

Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters–The guidance had a material impact on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of the effective date. As a lessee, at adoption, the company recognized operating and financing ROU assets of $4.8 billion and $0.2 billion, respectively, and operating and financing lease liabilities of $5.1 billion and $0.2 billion, respectively. The transition adjustment recognized in retained earnings on January 1, 2019 was not material. None of the other changes to the guidance had a material impact in the company’s consolidated financial results at the effective date.

For all other standards that the company adopted in 2019, there was no material impact in the consolidated financial results.

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Revenue Recognition

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

3. Revenue Recognition:

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following tables provide details of revenue by major products/service offerings and by geography.

Revenue by Major Products/Service Offerings

	Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019			2020		2019
Cloud & Data Platforms	$	2,775	$	2,308		$	8,108	$	6,398
Cognitive Applications		1,317		1,305	*		3,745		3,914	*
Transaction Processing Platforms		1,461		1,589			4,687		5,419
Total Cloud & Cognitive Software	$	5,553	$	5,201	*	$	16,540	$	15,731	*
Consulting		1,966		2,016	*		5,973		6,037	*
Application Management		1,758		1,897			5,332		5,724
Global Process Services		240		247			687		752
Total Global Business Services	$	3,965	$	4,160	*	$	11,992	$	12,513	*
Infrastructure & Cloud Services		4,933		5,071			14,663		15,454
Technology Support Services		1,528		1,629			4,582		4,958
Total Global Technology Services	$	6,462	$	6,700		$	19,245	$	20,412
Systems Hardware		919		1,117			3,404		3,358
Operating Systems Software		338		364			1,074		1,204
Total Systems	$	1,257	$	1,481		$	4,477	$	4,562
Global Financing**		273		343			837		1,100
Other		50		142	*		163		1,053	*
Total revenue	$	17,560	$	18,028		$	53,253	$	55,370

*  Recast to conform to current period presentation. Refer to note 4, “Segments,” for additional information.

** Contains lease and loan/working capital financing arrangements which are not subject to the guidance on revenue from contracts with customers.

Revenue by Geography

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019		2020		2019
Americas	$	8,139	$	8,514	$	24,755	$	25,813
Europe/Middle East/Africa		5,564		5,477		16,775		17,354
Asia Pacific		3,857		4,036		11,723		12,203
Total	$	17,560	$	18,028	$	53,253	$	55,370

Remaining Performance Obligations

The remaining performance obligation (RPO) disclosure provides the aggregate amount of the transaction price yet to be recognized as of the end of the reporting period and an explanation as to when the company expects to recognize these amounts in revenue. It is intended to be a statement of overall work under contract that has not yet been performed and does not include contracts in which the customer is not committed, such as certain as-a-Service, governmental, term software license and services offerings. The customer is not considered committed when they are able to terminate for convenience without payment of a substantive penalty. The disclosure includes estimates of variable consideration, except when the variable consideration is a sales-based or usage-based royalty promised in exchange for a license of intellectual property. Additionally, as a practical expedient, the company does not include contracts that have an original duration of one year or less. RPO estimates are subject to change and are affected by several factors, including terminations, changes in the scope of contracts, periodic revalidations, adjustment for revenue that has not materialized and adjustments for currency.

At September 30, 2020, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to RPO related to customer contracts that are unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied was $117 billion. Approximately 60 percent of the amount is expected to be

recognized as revenue in the subsequent two years, approximately 35 percent in the subsequent three to five years and the balance (mostly Infrastructure & Cloud Services) thereafter.

Revenue Recognized for Performance Obligations Satisfied (or Partially Satisfied) in Prior Periods

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, revenue was increased by $12 million and reduced by $45 million, respectively, for performance obligations satisfied (or partially satisfied) in previous periods mainly due to changes in estimates on percentage-of-completion based contracts.

Contract Balances

The following table provides information about notes and accounts receivable – trade, contract assets and deferred income balances:

	At September 30,		At December 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019
Notes and accounts receivable — trade (net of allowances of $354 in 2020 and $299 in 2019)	$	6,099	$	7,870
Contract assets (1)		528		492
Deferred income (current)		11,681		12,026
Deferred income (noncurrent)		3,820		3,851

(1) Included within prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

The amount of revenue recognized during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 that was included within the deferred income balance at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 was $4.2 billion and $8.6 billion, respectively, and was primarily related to services and software.

The following table provides roll forwards of the notes and accounts receivable – trade allowance for credit losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and the year ended December 31, 2019:

(Dollars in millions)
January 1, 2020*		Additions / (Releases)		Write-offs		Other**		September 30, 2020
$	316	$	79	$	(39)	$	(2)	$	354

January 1, 2019		Additions / (Releases)		Write-offs		Other**		December 31, 2019
$	309	$	98	$	(113)	$	5	$	299

* Opening balance does not equal the allowance at December 31, 2019 due to the adoption of the guidance for current expected credit losses. Refer to note 2, “Accounting Changes,” for additional information.

** Primarily represents translation adjustments.

The contract assets allowance for credit losses was not material in any of the periods presented.

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Segments

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Segments

Segments

4. Segments:

During the first quarter of 2020, the company realigned offerings and the related management system to reflect divestitures completed in the second half of 2019 and tighter integration of certain industry-related consulting services. Accordingly, the company updated its Cloud & Cognitive Software segment, Global Business Services segment and the Other – divested businesses category in the first quarter of 2020 and recast the related historical information for consistency with the go-forward performance. Total recast revenue for full-year 2019 was approximately $0.3 billion of IBM’s total $77 billion. There was no change to the Global Technology Services, Systems or Global Financing segments, and there was no impact to IBM’s consolidated results. The following table displays the segment updates:

Management System Change	Resulting Segment Implications
Divestitures of IBM's Risk Analytics and Regulatory Offerings and Sales Performance Management Offerings	- Cloud & Cognitive Software (Cognitive Applications)
	+ Other – divested businesses
Realignment of certain industry-related consulting offerings to the Global Business Services segment	- Cloud & Cognitive Software (Cognitive Applications)
	+ Global Business Services (Consulting)

SEGMENT INFORMATION

	Cloud &			Global			Global
	Cognitive			Business			Technology						Global			Total
(Dollars in millions)	Software			Services			Services			Systems			Financing			Segments
For the three months ended September 30, 2020:
External revenue	$	5,553		$	3,965		$	6,462		$	1,257		$	273		$	17,510
Internal revenue		875			49			312			240			208			1,683
Total revenue	$	6,428		$	4,014		$	6,774		$	1,497		$	480		$	19,193
Pre-tax income/(loss) from continuing operations	$	1,834		$	570		$	399		$	(37)		$	196		$	2,962
Revenue year-to-year change		9.2	%		(5.1)	%		(3.1)	%		(10.6)	%		(25.6)	%		(1.2)	%
Pre-tax income/(loss) year-to-year change		42.2	%		0.6	%		(18.7)	%		nm			(28.9)	%		11.3	%
Pre-tax income/(loss) margin		28.5	%		14.2	%		5.9	%		(2.5)	%		40.7	%		15.4	%
For the three months ended September 30, 2019:
External revenue	$	5,201	*	$	4,160	*	$	6,700		$	1,481		$	343		$	17,886	*
Internal revenue		686			70			287			195			302			1,541
Total revenue	$	5,888	*	$	4,230	*	$	6,988		$	1,676		$	645		$	19,427	*
Pre-tax income from continuing operations	$	1,290	*	$	567	*	$	490		$	39		$	275		$	2,661	*
Pre-tax income margin		21.9	%*		13.4	%*		7.0	%		2.3	%		42.6	%		13.7	%*

nm - not meaningful

Reconciliations to IBM as Reported:

(Dollars in millions)
For the three months ended September 30:	2020		2019
Revenue:
Total reportable segments	$	19,193	$	19,427	*
Other — divested businesses		4		83	*
Other revenue		46		59
Eliminations of internal transactions		(1,683)		(1,541)
Total consolidated revenue	$	17,560	$	18,028
Pre-tax income from continuing operations:
Total reportable segments	$	2,962	$	2,661	*
Amortization of acquired intangible assets		(459)		(473)
Acquisition-related (charges)/income		(1)		(255)
Non-operating retirement-related (costs)/income		(291)		(145)
Eliminations of internal transactions		(158)		(84)
Other — divested businesses		(20)		(25)	*
Unallocated corporate amounts		(206)		(157)
Total pre-tax income from continuing operations	$	1,827	$	1,522

* Recast to conform to current period presentation.

SEGMENT INFORMATION

	Cloud &			Global			Global
	Cognitive			Business			Technology						Global			Total
(Dollars in millions)	Software			Services			Services			Systems			Financing			Segments
For the nine months ended September 30, 2020:
External revenue	$	16,540		$	11,992		$	19,245		$	4,477		$	837		$	53,090
Internal revenue		2,431			150			911			628			660			4,780
Total revenue	$	18,971		$	12,142		$	20,155		$	5,106		$	1,497		$	57,870
Pre-tax income/(loss) from continuing operations	$	4,475		$	1,203		$	471		$	(7)		$	566		$	6,708
Revenue year-to-year change		6.2	%		(4.6)	%		(5.3)	%		0.3	%		(24.5)	%		(1.8)	%
Pre-tax income/(loss) year-to-year change		(11.9)	%		4.2	%		(53.0)	%		(93.6)	%		(29.5)	%		(15.5)	%
Pre-tax income/(loss) margin		23.6	%		9.9	%		2.3	%		(0.1)	%		37.8	%		11.6	%
For the nine months ended September 30, 2019:
External revenue	$	15,731	*	$	12,513	*	$	20,412		$	4,562		$	1,100		$	54,317	*
Internal revenue		2,135			213			879			528			884			4,638
Total revenue	$	17,865	*	$	12,726	*	$	21,291		$	5,091		$	1,983		$	58,956	*
Pre-tax income/(loss) from continuing operations	$	5,082	*	$	1,154	*	$	1,000		$	(101)		$	803		$	7,938	*
Pre-tax income/(loss) margin		28.4	%*		9.1	%*		4.7	%		(2.0)	%		40.5	%		13.5	%*

Reconciliations to IBM as Reported:

(Dollars in millions)
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019
Revenue:
Total reportable segments	$	57,870	$	58,956	*
Other — divested businesses		36		863	*
Other revenue		127		190
Eliminations of internal transactions		(4,780)		(4,638)
Total consolidated revenue	$	53,253	$	55,370
Pre-tax income from continuing operations:
Total reportable segments	$	6,708	$	7,938	*
Amortization of acquired intangible assets		(1,404)		(816)
Acquisition-related (charges)/income		(3)		(396)
Non-operating retirement-related (costs)/income		(829)		(419)
Eliminations of internal transactions		(334)		(233)
Other — divested businesses		(17)		480	*
Unallocated corporate amounts		(773)		(380)
Total pre-tax income from continuing operations	$	3,348	$	6,173

* Recast to conform to current period presentation.

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Acquisitions/Divestitures

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Acquisitions/Divestitures

Acquisitions/Divestitures

5. Acquisitions & Divestitures:

Acquisitions

Purchase price consideration for all acquisitions was paid primarily in cash. All acquisitions, except otherwise stated were for 100 percent of the acquired business and are reported in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows, net of acquired cash and cash equivalents.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the company completed three acquisitions in the Cloud & Cognitive Software segment with one acquisition closing in each of the first three quarters of 2020. These acquisitions did not have a material impact in the Consolidated Financial Statements.

On July 9, 2019, the company completed the acquisition of all of the outstanding shares of Red Hat at an aggregate cost of $35 billion. Red Hat’s portfolio of open-source and cloud technologies combined with IBM’s innovative hybrid cloud technology and industry expertise are accelerating the delivery of the hybrid cloud platform capabilities required to address the next chapter of cloud implementations.

On the acquisition date, Red Hat shareholders received $190 per share in cash, representing a total equity value of approximately $34 billion. The company funded the transaction through a combination of cash on hand and proceeds from debt issuances.

The following table reflects the purchase price and the resulting purchase price allocation as of September 30, 2020.

	Amortization	Allocated
(Dollars in millions)	Life (in years)	Amount
Current assets*		$	3,186
Property, plant and equipment/noncurrent assets			948
Intangible assets:
Goodwill	N/A		22,985
Client relationships	10		7,215
Completed technology	9		4,571
Trademarks	20		1,686
Total assets acquired		$	40,592
Current liabilities**			1,395
Noncurrent liabilities			4,117
Total liabilities assumed		$	5,512
Total purchase price		$	35,080

* Includes $2.2 billion of cash and cash equivalents.

** Includes $485 million of short-term debt related to the convertible notes acquired from Red Hat that were recognized at their fair value on the acquisition date, which was fully settled as of October 1, 2019.

N/A – not applicable

The goodwill generated is primarily attributable to the assembled workforce of Red Hat and the increased synergies expected to be achieved from the integration of Red Hat products into the company’s various integrated solutions neither of which qualify as an amortizable intangible asset.

The overall weighted-average useful life of the identified amortizable intangible assets acquired was 10.9 years. These identified intangible assets will be amortized on a straight-line basis over their useful lives, which approximates the pattern that the assets’ economic benefits are expected to be consumed over time. The following table presents the goodwill allocated to the segments as of September 30, 2020.

(Dollars in billions)	Goodwill
Segment	Allocated*
Cloud & Cognitive Software	$	18.4
Global Technology Services		3.1
Global Business Services		1.1
Systems		0.4
Total	$	23.0

* It is expected that approximately six percent of the goodwill will be deductible for tax purposes.

The following table presents the supplemental consolidated financial results of the company for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 on an unaudited pro forma basis, as if the acquisition had been consummated on January 1, 2018 through the periods shown below. The primary adjustments reflected in the pro forma results relate to: (1) the debt used to fund the acquisition, (2) changes driven by acquisition accounting, including amortization of intangible assets and the deferred revenue fair value adjustment, (3) employee retention plans, (4) elimination of intercompany transactions between IBM and Red Hat, and (5) the presentation of acquisition-related costs.

The unaudited pro forma financial information presented below does not purport to represent the actual results of operations that IBM and Red Hat would have achieved had the companies been combined during the periods presented, and was not intended to project the future results of operations that the combined company could achieve after the acquisition. Historical fiscal periods are not aligned under this presentation. The unaudited pro forma financial information did not reflect any potential cost savings, operating efficiencies, long-term debt pay down estimates, suspension of IBM’s share repurchase program, financial synergies or other strategic benefits as a result of the acquisition or any restructuring costs to achieve those benefits.

(Unaudited)	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions)	2019		2019
Revenue	$	18,567	$	57,424
Net income	$	2,249	$	5,664

Divestitures

Select IBM Software Products – On June 30, 2019, HCL Technologies Limited (HCL) acquired select standalone Cloud & Cognitive Software products from IBM for $1,775 million, inclusive of $150 million of contingent consideration. The transaction included commercial software, intellectual property and services offerings in addition to transition services for IT and other services. The total pre-tax gain recognized on this transaction as of September 30, 2020 was $640 million. The total gain on sale may change in the future due to contingent consideration or changes in other transaction estimates, however, material changes are not expected.

The company received cash of $812 million at closing and $812 million in the second quarter of 2020. The company also received $90 million of contingent consideration as of the third quarter of 2020. Any earned outstanding contingent consideration is expected to be paid to IBM within 27 months of the closing. In addition, IBM remits payment to HCL predominantly for servicing certain customer contracts until such contracts are terminated or entitlements are assumed by HCL, related to deferred revenue that existed prior to closing. IBM made cash payments to HCL of $51 million and $270 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, for such contracts.

Select IBM Marketing Platform and Commerce Offerings – On April 4, 2019, IBM and Centerbridge Partners, L.P. (Centerbridge) announced a definitive agreement, in which Centerbridge would acquire select marketing platform and commerce offerings from IBM. The transaction included commercial software and services offerings. In addition, IBM is providing Centerbridge with IT transition services. All other contracted transition services have concluded as of June 30, 2020. Upon closing, Centerbridge announced that this business would be re-branded under the name Acoustic. The

closing completed for the U.S. on June 30, 2019. The company received a net cash payment of $240 million and expects to receive an additional $150 million of cash within 36 months of the U.S. closing.

A subsequent closing occurred in most other countries on March 31, 2020. The closing of all remaining countries occurred as of June 30, 2020. The pre-tax gain recognized on this transaction as of September 30, 2020 was $80 million, and was not material to the consolidated financial results in any quarter. The pre-tax gain is subject to adjustment in the future due to changes in transaction-related estimates which are not expected to be material.

IBM Risk Analytics and Regulatory Offerings – On September 24, 2019, IBM and SS&C Technologies Holdings, Inc. (SS&C) entered into a definitive agreement in which SS&C would acquire certain Algorithmics and related assets from IBM. The transaction closed in the fourth quarter of 2019. The company recognized an immaterial pre-tax gain on the sale for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Sales Performance Management Offerings – On November 20, 2019, IBM and Varicent Parent Holdings Corporation (Varicent) entered into a definitive agreement in which Varicent would acquire certain sales performance management assets from IBM. The initial closing of certain countries was completed on December 31, 2019. The company received a net cash payment of $230 million and recognized a pre-tax gain on the sale of $136 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. A subsequent closing for the remaining countries occurred on March 31, 2020 and the company recognized an immaterial pre-tax gain.

The above divested businesses are reported in Other–divested businesses as described in note 4, "Segments."

The pre-tax gains recognized on the divestitures above were recorded in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Income Statement.

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Earnings Per Share of Common Stock

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Earnings Per Share of Common Stock

Earnings Per Share of Common Stock

6. Earnings Per Share of Common Stock:

The following tables provide the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share of common stock for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019.

	For the Three Months Ended
(Dollars in millions except per share amounts)	September 30, 2020		September 30, 2019
Number of shares on which basic earnings per share is calculated:
Weighted-average shares outstanding during period		891,381,032		886,018,372
Add — Incremental shares under stock-based compensation plans		4,595,327		5,368,268
Add — Incremental shares associated with contingently issuable shares		1,315,874		1,453,105
Number of shares on which diluted earnings per share is calculated		897,292,233		892,839,745
Income from continuing operations	$	1,698	$	1,673
Income/(loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax		(1)		(1)
Net income on which basic earnings per share is calculated	$	1,698	$	1,672
Income from continuing operations	$	1,698	$	1,673
Net income applicable to contingently issuable shares		—		—
Income from continuing operations on which diluted earnings per share is calculated	$	1,698	$	1,673
Income/(loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax, on which basic and diluted earnings per share is calculated		(1)		(1)
Net income on which diluted earnings per share is calculated	$	1,698	$	1,672
Earnings/(loss) per share of common stock:
Assuming dilution
Continuing operations	$	1.89	$	1.87
Discontinued operations		0.00		0.00
Total	$	1.89	$	1.87
Basic
Continuing operations	$	1.90	$	1.89
Discontinued operations		0.00		0.00
Total	$	1.90	$	1.89

Stock options to purchase 1,510,886 shares and 761,659 shares were outstanding as of September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, but were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because the options' exercise price during the respective period was greater than the average market price of the common shares, and, therefore, the effect would have been antidilutive.

	For the Nine Months Ended
(Dollars in millions except per share amounts)	September 30, 2020		September 30, 2019
Number of shares on which basic earnings per share is calculated:
Weighted-average shares outstanding during period		889,595,181		887,291,199
Add — Incremental shares under stock-based compensation plans		4,875,369		4,007,433
Add — Incremental shares associated with contingently issuable shares		1,286,300		1,228,726
Number of shares on which diluted earnings per share is calculated		895,756,850		892,527,357
Income from continuing operations	$	4,237	$	5,766
Income/(loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax		(2)		(5)
Net income on which basic earnings per share is calculated	$	4,234	$	5,761
Income from continuing operations	$	4,237	$	5,766
Net income applicable to contingently issuable shares		(2)		0
Income from continuing operations on which diluted earnings per share is calculated	$	4,234	$	5,766
Income/(loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax, on which basic and diluted earnings per share is calculated		(2)		(5)
Net income on which diluted earnings per share is calculated	$	4,232	$	5,762
Earnings/(loss) per share of common stock:
Assuming dilution
Continuing operations	$	4.72	$	6.46
Discontinued operations		0.00		(0.01)
Total	$	4.72	$	6.45
Basic
Continuing operations	$	4.76	$	6.50
Discontinued operations		0.00		(0.01)
Total	$	4.76	$	6.49

Stock options to purchase 1,386,591 shares and 886,899 shares (average of first, second and third quarter share amounts) were outstanding as of September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, but were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because the options' exercise price during the respective period was greater than the average market price of the common shares, and, therefore, the effect would have been antidilutive.

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Financial Assets & Liabilities

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Financial Assets & Liabilities

Financial Assets & Liabilities

7. Financial Assets & Liabilities:

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The company classifies certain assets and liabilities based on the following fair value hierarchy:

● Level 1—Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that can be accessed at the measurement date;

● Level 2—Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly; and

● Level 3—Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

When available, the company uses unadjusted quoted market prices in active markets to measure the fair value and classifies such items as Level 1. If quoted market prices are not available, fair value is based upon internally developed models that use current market-based or independently sourced market parameters such as interest rates and currency rates. Items valued using internally generated models are classified according to the lowest level input or value driver that is significant to the valuation.

The determination of fair value considers various factors including interest rate yield curves and time value underlying the financial instruments. For derivatives and debt securities, the company uses a discounted cash flow analysis using discount rates commensurate with the duration of the instrument.

In determining the fair value of financial instruments, the company considers certain market valuation adjustments to the “base valuations” calculated using the methodologies described below for several parameters that market participants would consider in determining fair value:

● Counterparty credit risk adjustments are applied to financial instruments, taking into account the actual credit risk of a counterparty as observed in the credit default swap market to determine the true fair value of such an instrument.

● Credit risk adjustments are applied to reflect the company’s own credit risk when valuing all liabilities measured at fair value. The methodology is consistent with that applied in developing counterparty credit risk adjustments, but incorporates the company’s own credit risk as observed in the credit default swap market.

The company holds investments primarily in time deposits, certificates of deposit, and U.S. government debt that are designated as available-for-sale. The primary objective of the company’s cash and debt investment portfolio is to maintain principal by investing in very liquid and highly rated investment grade securities.

Available-for-sale securities are measured for impairment on a recurring basis by comparing the security’s fair value with its amortized cost basis. Effective January 1, 2020 with the adoption of the new standard on credit losses, if the fair value of the security falls below its amortized cost basis, the change in fair value is recognized in the period the impairment is identified when the loss is due to credit factors. The change in fair value due to non-credit factors is recorded in other comprehensive income when the company does not intend to sell and has the ability to hold the investment. The company’s standard practice is to hold all of its debt security investments classified as available-for-sale until maturity. There were no impairments for credit losses or non-credit impairments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020. Prior to the adoption of the new standard, available-for-sale securities were measured for impairment using an other-than-temporary impairment model. No impairment was recorded for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019.

Certain nonfinancial assets such as property, plant and equipment, operating right-of-use assets, land, goodwill and intangible assets are also subject to nonrecurring fair value measurements if they are deemed to be impaired. The impairment models used for nonfinancial assets depend on the type of asset. There were no material impairments of nonfinancial assets for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

The following table presents the company’s financial assets and financial liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

	Fair Value
	Hierarchy	At September 30, 2020				At December 31, 2019
(Dollars in millions)	Level	Assets (7)		Liabilities (8)		Assets (7)		Liabilities (8)
Cash equivalents (1)
Time deposits and certificates of deposit (2)	2	$	9,880	$	N/A	$	4,392	$	N/A
Money market funds	1		658		N/A		427		N/A
U.S. government securities (2)	2		100		N/A		—		N/A
Total cash equivalents		$	10,638	$	N/A	$	4,819	$	N/A
Equity investments (3)	1		1		N/A		0		N/A
Debt securities-current (2)(4)	2		1,200		N/A		696		N/A
Debt securities-noncurrent (2)(5)	2		—		N/A		65		N/A
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
Interest rate contracts	2		98		—		56		—
Foreign exchange contracts	2		93		566		175		635
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Foreign exchange contracts	2		9		11		10		33
Equity contracts (6)	1,2		4		7		1		4
Total		$	12,043	$	583	$	5,823	$	673

(1) Included within cash and cash equivalents in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

(2) Available-for-sale securities with an amortized cost basis that approximates fair value.

(3) Included within investments and sundry assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

(4) Primarily includes time deposits and U.S. treasury bills that are reported within marketable securities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

(5) Primarily includes corporate debt securities with maturities of less than two years that are reported within investments and sundry assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

(6) Level 1 includes immaterial amounts related to equity futures contracts.

(7) The gross balances of derivative assets contained within prepaid expenses and other current assets, and investments and sundry assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at September 30, 2020 were $83 million and $121 million, respectively, and at December 31, 2019 were $149 million and $94 million, respectively.

(8) The gross balances of derivative liabilities contained within other accrued expenses and liabilities, and other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at September 30, 2020 were $480 million and $103 million, respectively, and at December 31, 2019 were $167 million and $506 million, respectively.

N/A – not applicable

Financial Assets and Liabilities Not Measured at Fair Value

Short-Term Receivables and Payables

Notes and other accounts receivable and other investments are financial assets with carrying values that approximate fair value. Accounts payable, other accrued expenses and short-term debt (excluding the current portion of long-term debt and including short-term finance lease liabilities) are financial liabilities with carrying values that approximate fair value. If measured at fair value in the financial statements, these financial instruments would be classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy, except for short-term debt which would be classified as Level 2.

Loans and Long-Term Receivables

Fair values are based on discounted future cash flows using current interest rates offered for similar loans to clients with similar credit ratings for the same remaining maturities. At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the difference between the carrying amount and estimated fair value for loans and long-term receivables was immaterial. If measured at fair value in the financial statements, these financial instruments would be classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Long-Term Debt

Fair value of publicly-traded long-term debt is based on quoted market prices for the identical liability when traded as an asset in an active market. For other long-term debt (including long-term finance lease liabilities) for which a quoted market price is not available, an expected present value technique that uses rates currently available to the company for debt with similar terms and remaining maturities is used to estimate fair value. The carrying amount of long-term debt was $55,129 million and $54,102 million, and the estimated fair value was $61,783 million and $58,431 million at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. If measured at fair value in the financial statements, long-term debt (including the current portion) would be classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

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Financing Receivables

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Financing Receivables

Financing Receivables

8. Financing Receivables:

Financing receivables primarily consist of client loan and installment payment receivables (loans) and investment in sales-type and direct financing leases (collectively referred to as client financing receivables) and commercial financing receivables. Loans are provided primarily to clients to finance the purchase of hardware, software and services. Payment terms on these financing arrangements are generally for terms up to seven years. Investment in sales-type and direct financing leases relate principally to the company’s Systems products and are for terms ranging generally from two to six years. Commercial financing receivables relate primarily to working capital financing for dealers and remarketers of IBM products. Payment terms for working capital financing generally range from 30 to 90 days.

Effective January 1, 2020, the company adopted the new accounting standard related to credit losses, using the transition methodology whereby prior comparative periods were not retrospectively presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Refer to note 2, “Accounting Changes,” for additional information. Under this new guidance, the amortized cost basis of a financial asset represents the original amount of the financing receivable (including residual value) adjusted for unearned income, deferred initial direct costs, cash collected, write-offs and any foreign exchange adjustments. The allowance for credit losses represents future expected credit losses over the life of the receivables based on past experience, current information and forward-looking economic considerations. Prior to the effective date, financing receivables were measured at recorded investment, which does not include residual value. As a result, all prior periods are presented at recorded investment, while current period information is presented at amortized cost. Additionally, current period information reflects updates to the portfolio segments, and other presentation changes within the following tables, as a result of the adoption of this new guidance.

A summary of the components of the company’s financing receivables is presented as follows:

	Client Financing Receivables
	Client Loan and		Investment in
	Installment Payment		Sales-Type and		Commercial
(Dollars in millions)	Receivables		Direct Financing		Financing
At September 30, 2020:	(Loans)		Leases		Receivables		Total
Financing receivables, gross	$	11,599	$	4,124	$	2,127	$	17,849
Unearned income		(479)		(339)		(3)		(822)
Residual value*		—		507		—		507
Amortized cost	$	11,119	$	4,292	$	2,124	$	17,534
Allowance for credit losses		(162)		(92)		(9)		(264)
Total financing receivables, net	$	10,957	$	4,200	$	2,114	$	17,271
Current portion	$	6,921	$	1,813	$	2,114	$	10,848
Noncurrent portion	$	4,036	$	2,387	$	—	$	6,423

* Includes guaranteed and unguaranteed residual value.

	Client Financing Receivables
	Client Loan and		Investment in
	Installment Payment		Sales-Type and		Commercial
(Dollars in millions)	Receivables		Direct Financing		Financing
At December 31, 2019:	(Loans)		Leases		Receivables		Total
Financing receivables, gross	$	13,592	$	6,077	$	3,836	$	23,504
Unearned income		(570)		(509)		(4)		(1,083)
Recorded investment	$	13,022	$	5,567	$	3,831	$	22,421
Allowance for credit losses		(138)		(72)		(11)		(221)
Unguaranteed residual value		—		652		—		652
Guaranteed residual value		—		53		—		53
Total financing receivables, net	$	12,884	$	6,199	$	3,820	$	22,904
Current portion	$	8,037	$	2,334	$	3,820	$	14,192
Noncurrent portion	$	4,847	$	3,865	$	—	$	8,712

The company has a long-standing practice of taking mitigation actions, in certain circumstances, to transfer credit risk to third parties, with enhanced focus in this unprecedented environment of the COVID-19 pandemic. These actions may include credit insurance, financial guarantees, nonrecourse borrowings, transfers of receivables recorded as true sales in accordance with accounting guidance or sales of equipment under operating lease. Sales of receivables arrangements are also utilized in the normal course of business as part of the company’s cash and liquidity management.

During the three months ended September 30, 2020, the company sold $899 million of financing receivables, consisting of lease and loan receivables of $435 million and $464 million, respectively. At the time of sale, more than half of the receivables sold were due within the next 12 months. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the company sold $1,610 million of financing receivables consisting of lease and loan receivables of $852 million and $758 million, respectively. The transfer of these receivables qualified as true sales and therefore reduced Global Financing receivables, resulting in a benefit to cash flows from operating activities. The impact to the Consolidated Income Statement, including fees and net gain associated with the transfer of these receivables for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, was not material.

The company did not have any material financing receivables held for sale as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

Financing receivables pledged as collateral for borrowings were $596 million and $1,062 million at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Financing Receivables

Refer to note A, “Significant Accounting Policies,” in the company’s 2019 Annual Report for a full description of its accounting policies for trade and financing receivables, contract assets and related allowances. The descriptions below include any changes to those policies due to the new standard.

Effective with the adoption of the new credit losses standard, the company’s estimates of its allowances for expected credit losses include consideration of: past events, including any historical default, historical concessions and resulting troubled debt restructurings, current economic conditions, taking into account any non-freestanding mitigating credit enhancements and certain forward-looking information, including reasonable and supportable forecasts.

Collectively Evaluated Financing Receivables

The company determines its allowance for credit losses based on two portfolio segments: client financing receivables and commercial financing receivables, and further segments the portfolio into three classes: Americas, Europe/Middle East/Africa (EMEA) and Asia Pacific.

For client financing receivables, the company uses a credit loss model to calculate allowances based on its internal loss experience and current conditions and forecasts, by class of financing receivable. The company records an unallocated reserve that is calculated by applying a reserve rate to its portfolio, excluding accounts that have been individually evaluated and specifically reserved. This reserve rate is based upon credit rating, probability of default, term and loss history. The allowance is adjusted quarterly for expected recoveries of amounts that were previously written off or are expected to be written off. Recoveries cannot exceed the aggregated amount of the previous write-off or expected write-off.

Macroeconomic variables attributed to the expected credit losses for client financing receivables may vary by class of financing receivables based on historical experiences, portfolio composition and current environment. In addition to a qualitative review of credit risk factors across the portfolio, the company considers forward-looking macroeconomic variables such as gross domestic product, unemployment rates, equity prices and corporate profits when quantifying the impact of economic forecasts on its client financing receivables allowance for expected credit losses. The company also considers the impact of current conditions and economic forecasts relating to specific industries, geographical areas, and client-credit ratings on the portfolio. Under this approach, forecasts of these variables over two years are considered reasonable and supportable. Beyond two years, the company reverts to long-term average loss experience. Forward-looking estimates require the use of judgment, particularly in times of economic uncertainty. Consistent with the first half of 2020, the company continues to monitor the evolving global impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic as well as its impact on external economic models, which have been revised with increased frequency throughout the year. The company’s allowances at September 30, 2020, reflect the qualitative process described above. Any changes to economic models that occurred after the balance sheet date will be reflected in future periods.

The allowance for commercial financing receivables is estimated based on a combination of write-off history and current economic conditions, excluding any individually evaluated accounts. The commercial financing receivables portfolio segment is excluded from the tables in the sections below as the receivables are short term in nature and the current estimated risk of loss and resulting impact to the company’s financial results are not material.

At January 1, 2020, upon adoption of the new standard, the company recorded an additional allowance for client and commercial financing receivables (including related off-balance sheet commitments) of $64 million. This was primarily driven by an increase in the client financing receivables allowance. Refer to note 12, “Commitments,” for additional information regarding off-balance sheet commitments.

Client Financing Receivables

The following tables present the amortized cost basis or recorded investment for client financing receivables at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, further segmented by three classes: Americas, Europe/Middle East/Africa (EMEA) and Asia Pacific.

(Dollars in millions)
At September 30, 2020:	Americas		EMEA		Asia Pacific		Total
Amortized cost	$	7,631	$	4,813	$	2,968	$	15,411
Allowance for credit losses
Beginning balance at December 31, 2019	$	120	$	54	$	36	$	210
Adjustment for adoption of new standard		21		15		5		41
Beginning balance at January 1, 2020	$	142	$	69	$	41	$	252
Write-offs	$	(27)	$	(1)	$	(3)	$	(31)
Recoveries		0		0		2		2
Additions/(releases)		33		8		(1)		40
Other*		(11)		2		0		(9)
Ending balance at September 30, 2020	$	137	$	78	$	39	$	254

* Primarily represents translation adjustments.

(Dollars in millions)
At December 31, 2019:	Americas		EMEA		Asia Pacific		Total
Recorded investment
Lease receivables	$	3,419	$	1,186	$	963	$	5,567
Loan receivables		6,726		3,901		2,395		13,022
Ending balance	$	10,144	$	5,087	$	3,359	$	18,590
Recorded investment collectively evaluated for impairment	$	10,032	$	5,040	$	3,326	$	18,399
Recorded investment individually evaluated for impairment	$	112	$	47	$	32	$	191
Allowance for credit losses
Beginning balance at January 1, 2019
Lease receivables	$	53	$	22	$	24	$	99
Loan receivables		105		43		32		179
Total	$	158	$	65	$	56	$	279
Write-offs	$	(42)	$	(3)	$	(18)	$	(63)
Recoveries		1		0		1		2
Additions/(releases)		5		(7)		(3)		(5)
Other*		(1)		0		(1)		(2)
Ending balance at December 31, 2019	$	120	$	54	$	36	$	210
Lease receivables	$	33	$	23	$	16	$	72
Loan receivables	$	88	$	31	$	20	$	138
Related allowance, collectively evaluated for impairment	$	25	$	11	$	4	$	39
Related allowance, individually evaluated for impairment	$	96	$	43	$	32	$	171

* Primarily represents translation adjustments.

Write-offs of lease receivables and loan receivables were $16 million and $47 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2019. Provisions for credit losses recorded for lease receivables and loan receivables were a release of $6 million and an addition of $2 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Past Due Financing Receivables

The company considers a client’s financing receivable balance past due when any installment is aged over 90 days. The following tables summarize information about the amortized cost basis or recorded investment in client financing receivables, including amortized cost or recorded investment aged over 90 days and still accruing, billed invoices aged over 90 days and still accruing, and amortized cost or recorded investment not accruing.

					Amortized		Billed
	Total		Amortized		Cost		Invoices		Amortized
(Dollars in millions)	Amortized		Cost		> 90 Days and		> 90 Days and		Cost Not
At September 30, 2020:	Cost		> 90 Days (1)		Accruing (1)		Accruing		Accruing (2)
Americas	$	7,631	$	257	$	166	$	31	$	102
EMEA		4,813		99		13		5		93
Asia Pacific		2,968		60		27		6		34
Total client financing receivables	$	15,411	$	416	$	206	$	41	$	229

(1) At a contract level, which includes total billed and unbilled amounts for financing receivables aged greater than 90 days.

(2) Of the amortized cost not accruing, there is a related allowance of $170 million. Financing income recognized on these receivables was immaterial for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively.

					Recorded		Billed		Recorded
	Total		Recorded		Investment		Invoices		Investment
(Dollars in millions)	Recorded		Investment		> 90 Days and		> 90 Days and		Not
At December 31, 2019:	Investment		> 90 Days (1)		Accruing (1)		Accruing		Accruing (2)
Americas	$	3,419	$	187	$	147	$	11	$	41
EMEA		1,186		28		13		2		17
Asia Pacific		963		19		7		1		11
Total lease receivables	$	5,567	$	234	$	168	$	14	$	69
Americas	$	6,726	$	127	$	71	$	11	$	72
EMEA		3,901		77		8		3		72
Asia Pacific		2,395		26		6		2		21
Total loan receivables	$	13,022	$	231	$	85	$	15	$	166
Total	$	18,590	$	465	$	253	$	29	$	235

(1) At a contract level, which includes total billed and unbilled amounts for financing receivables aged greater than 90 days.

(2) Of the recorded investment not accruing, $191 million is individually evaluated for impairment with a related allowance of $171 million. Financing income recognized on these receivables was immaterial for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.

Credit Quality Indicators

The company’s credit quality indicators, which are based on rating agency data, publicly available information and information provided by customers, are reviewed periodically based on the relative level of risk. The resulting indicators are a numerical rating system that maps to Moody’s Investors Service credit ratings as shown below. The company uses information provided by Moody’s, where available, as one of many inputs in its determination of customer credit ratings. The credit quality of the customer is evaluated based on these indicators and is assigned the same risk rating whether the receivable is a lease or a loan.

The following tables present the amortized cost basis or recorded investment for client financing receivables by credit quality indicator at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Receivables with a credit quality indicator ranging from Aaa to Baa3 are considered investment grade. All others are considered non-investment grade. Effective January 1, 2020, under the new guidance for credit losses, the company discloses its credit quality by year of origination. Additionally, under the new guidance, the amortized cost is presented on a gross basis, whereas under the

prior guidance, the company presented the recorded investment net of the allowance for credit losses. At September 30, 2020, the credit quality indicators reflect mitigating credit enhancement actions taken by customers which reduces the risk to IBM.

(Dollars in millions)	Americas				EMEA				Asia Pacific
At September 30, 2020:	Aaa – Baa3		Ba1 – D		Aaa – Baa3		Ba1 – D		Aaa – Baa3		Ba1 – D
Vintage year:
2020	$	1,786	$	1,301	$	1,038	$	1,352	$	710	$	287
2019		1,334		763		745		614		609		170
2018		1,002		489		372		296		448		188
2017		422		194		92		147		225		66
2016		108		78		44		55		142		40
2015 and prior		41		112		33		25		58		23
Total	$	4,694	$	2,937	$	2,324	$	2,489	$	2,193	$	775

(Dollars in millions)	Lease Receivables						Loan Receivables
At December 31, 2019:	Americas		EMEA		Asia Pacific		Americas		EMEA		Asia Pacific
Credit rating:
Aaa – Aa3	$	465	$	54	$	43	$	1,028	$	193	$	189
A1 – A3		750		181		454		1,186		395		892
Baa1 – Baa3		955		409		147		1,882		1,527		619
Ba1 – Ba2		746		326		154		1,513		921		388
Ba3 – B1		215		140		101		471		564		205
B2 – B3		242		50		47		522		253		72
Caa – D		13		2		2		36		18		10
Total	$	3,385	$	1,162	$	947	$	6,638	$	3,871	$	2,376

Troubled Debt Restructurings

The company did not have any significant troubled debt restructurings during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 or for the year ended December 31, 2019.

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Leases

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Leases

Leases

9. Leases:

Accounting for leases as a lessor

The following table presents amounts included in the Consolidated Income Statement related to lessor activity:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019		2020		2019
Lease income – sales-type and direct financing leases
Sales-type lease selling price	$	154	$	188	$	733	$	516
Less: Carrying value of underlying assets*		64		75		258		204
Gross profit	$	90	$	113	$	475	$	312
Interest income on lease receivables		56		71		195		222
Total sales-type and direct financing lease income	$	145	$	184	$	670	$	534
Lease income – operating leases		65		80		204		252
Variable lease income		25		12		82		38
Total lease income	$	235	$	276	$	956	$	824

* Excludes unguaranteed residual value.

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Intangible Assets Including Goodwill

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Intangible Assets Including Goodwill

Intangible Assets Including Goodwill

10. Intangible Assets Including Goodwill: 

Intangible Assets

The following table presents the company's intangible asset balances by major asset class:

	At September 30, 2020
	Gross Carrying		Accumulated		Net Carrying
(Dollars in millions)	Amount		Amortization		Amount*
Intangible asset class
Capitalized software	$	1,769	$	(785)	$	984
Client relationships		8,698		(1,852)		6,847
Completed technology		5,900		(1,531)		4,369
Patents/trademarks		2,210		(467)		1,743
Other**		56		(37)		18
Total	$	18,634	$	(4,672)	$	13,962

	At December 31, 2019
	Gross Carrying		Accumulated		Net Carrying
(Dollars in millions)	Amount		Amortization		Amount*
Intangible asset class
Capitalized software	$	1,749	$	(743)	$	1,006
Client relationships		8,921		(1,433)		7,488
Completed technology		6,261		(1,400)		4,861
Patents/trademarks		2,301		(445)		1,856
Other**		56		(31)		24
Total	$	19,287	$	(4,052)	$	15,235

*  Amounts as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 include an increase in net intangible asset balances of $133 million and a decrease of $42 million, respectively, due to foreign currency translation.

** Other intangibles are primarily acquired proprietary and non-proprietary business processes, methodologies and systems.

The net carrying amount of intangible assets decreased $1,273 million during the first nine months of 2020, primarily due to intangible asset amortization, partially offset by additions of capitalized software. The aggregate intangible asset amortization expense was $613 million and $1,858 million for the third quarter and first nine months of 2020, respectively, versus $614 million and $1,224 million for the third quarter and first nine months of 2019, respectively. The increase in intangible amortization expense for the first nine months of 2020 was primarily due to an increase in the gross carrying amount of intangible assets from the Red Hat acquisition which closed in the third quarter of 2019. In addition, in the first nine months of 2020, the company retired $1,258 million of fully amortized intangible assets, impacting both the gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization by this amount.

The future amortization expense relating to intangible assets currently recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheet is estimated to be the following at September 30, 2020:

	Capitalized		Acquired
(Dollars in millions)	Software		Intangibles		Total
Remainder of 2020	$	154	$	454	$	608
2021		501		1,766		2,267
2022		261		1,704		1,964
2023		68		1,390		1,458
2024		0		1,340		1,340
Thereafter		—		6,324		6,324

Goodwill

The changes in the goodwill balances by segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and for the year ended December 31, 2019 are as follows:

									Foreign
									Currency
					Purchase				Translation
(Dollars in millions)	Balance		Goodwill		Price				And Other		Balance
Segment	1/1/2020		Additions		Adjustments		Divestitures		Adjustments**		9/30/2020
Cloud & Cognitive Software	$	43,037	$	25	$	(139)	$	—	$	186	$	43,109
Global Business Services		5,775		—		—		—		47		5,822
Global Technology Services		7,141		—		—		—		13		7,154
Systems		2,270		—		—		—		1		2,270
Other—divested businesses		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	58,222	$	25	$	(139)	$	—	$	248	$	58,355

									Foreign
									Currency
					Purchase				Translation
(Dollars in millions)	Balance		Goodwill		Price				And Other		Balance
Segment	1/1/2019		Additions		Adjustments		Divestitures		Adjustments**		12/31/2019
Cloud & Cognitive Software*	$	24,463	$	18,399	$	133	$	—	$	41	$	43,037
Global Business Services		4,711		1,059		1		(1)		5		5,775
Global Technology Services		3,988		3,119		—		—		34		7,141
Systems		1,847		525		(110)		—		7		2,270
Other—divested businesses*		1,256		—		—		(1,256)		—		—
Total	$	36,265	$	23,102	$	24	$	(1,257)	$	87	$	58,222

* Recast to conform to 2020 presentation.

** Primarily driven by foreign currency translation.

There were no goodwill impairment losses recorded during the first nine months of 2020 or full year 2019 and the company has no accumulated impairment losses.

Purchase price adjustments recorded in the first nine months of 2020 and full year 2019 were related to acquisitions that were still subject to the measurement period that ends at the earlier of 12 months from the acquisition date or when information becomes available. During the first nine months of 2020, net purchase price adjustments recorded to noncurrent tax assets and liabilities were related to the Red Hat acquisition. Net purchase price adjustments recorded in full-year 2019 were not material.

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Borrowings

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Borrowings

Borrowings

11. Borrowings: 

Short-Term Debt

	At September 30,		At December 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019
Commercial paper	$	25	$	304
Short-term loans		584		971
Long-term debt—current maturities		9,677		7,522
Total	$	10,285	$	8,797

The weighted-average interest rate for commercial paper at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 was 1.4 percent and 1.6 percent, respectively. The weighted-average interest rate for short-term loans was 5.4 percent and 6.1 percent at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

Long-Term Debt

Pre-Swap Borrowing

		Balance		Balance
(Dollars in millions)	Maturities	9/30/2020		12/31/2019
U.S. dollar debt (weighted-average interest rate at September 30, 2020):*
2.1%	2020	$	1,500	$	4,326
1.4%	2021		5,516		8,498
2.6%	2022		6,245		6,289
3.3%	2023		2,406		2,388
3.3%	2024		5,035		5,045
6.7%	2025		635		636
3.3%	2026		4,373		4,350
3.0%	2027		2,219		969
6.5%	2028		313		313
3.5%	2029		3,250		3,250
2.0%	2030		1,350		—
5.9%	2032		600		600
8.0%	2038		83		83
4.5%	2039		2,745		2,745
2.9%	2040		650		—
4.0%	2042		1,107		1,107
7.0%	2045		27		27
4.7%	2046		650		650
4.3%	2049		3,000		3,000
3.0%	2050		750		—
7.1%	2096		316		316
		$	42,771	$	44,594
Other currencies (weighted-average interest rate at September 30, 2020, in parentheses):*
Euro (1.1%)	2020–2040	$	19,354	$	14,306
Pound sterling (2.7%)	2020–2022		1,360		1,390
Japanese yen (0.3%)	2022–2026		1,379		1,339
Other (3.1%)	2021–2024		242		375
		$	65,106	$	62,003
Finance lease obligations (1.9%)	2021–2030		291		204
		$	65,397	$	62,207
Less: net unamortized discount			884		881
Less: net unamortized debt issuance costs			161		142
Add: fair value adjustment**			453		440
		$	64,805	$	61,624
Less: current maturities			9,677		7,522
Total		$	55,129	$	54,102

*   Includes notes, debentures, bank loans and secured borrowings.

** The portion of the company’s fixed-rate debt obligations that was hedged was reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as an amount equal to the sum of the debt’s carrying value and a fair value adjustment representing changes in the fair value of the hedged debt obligations attributable to movements in benchmark interest rates.

The company’s indenture governing its debt securities and its various credit facilities each contain significant covenants which obligate the company to promptly pay principal and interest, limit the aggregate amount of secured

indebtedness and sale and leaseback transactions to 10 percent of the company’s consolidated net tangible assets, and restrict the company’s ability to merge or consolidate unless certain conditions are met. The credit facilities also include a covenant on the company’s consolidated net interest expense ratio, which cannot be less than 2.20 to 1.0, as well as a cross default provision with respect to other defaulted indebtedness of at least $500 million.

The company is in compliance with its debt covenants and provides periodic certifications to its lenders. The failure to comply with its debt covenants could constitute an event of default with respect to the debt to which such provisions apply. If certain events of default were to occur, the principal and interest on the debt to which such event of default applied would become immediately due and payable.  

In the first half of 2019, the company issued an aggregate of $20 billion of U.S. dollar fixed- and floating-rate notes and $5.7 billion of Euro fixed-rate notes. The proceeds were primarily used for the acquisition of Red Hat. For additional information on this transaction, refer to note 5, “Acquisitions & Divestitures.” In the first half of 2020, the company issued an aggregate of $4.1 billion of Euro fixed-rate notes and $4.0 billion of U.S. dollar fixed-rate notes. The proceeds from the Euro issuance were primarily used to early redeem outstanding fixed-rate notes which were due in 2021 in the aggregate amount of $2.9 billion. The company incurred a loss of $49 million in the first quarter of 2020 upon redemption, which was recorded in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Income Statement.

Pre-swap annual contractual obligations of long-term debt outstanding at September 30, 2020, are as follows:

(Dollars in millions)	Total
Remainder of 2020	$	4,343
2021		7,003
2022		7,276
2023		5,564
2024		6,454
Thereafter		34,757
Total	$	65,397

Interest on Debt

(Dollars in millions)
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019
Cost of financing	$	346	$	483
Interest expense		971		990
Interest capitalized		6		5
Total interest paid and accrued	$	1,323	$	1,478

Lines of Credit

On July 2, 2020, the company and IBM Credit LLC entered into a new $2.5 billion 364-day Credit Agreement to replace the existing $2.5 billion 364-day Credit Agreement, and also extended the maturity date of the existing $2.5 billion Three-Year Credit Agreement. The new maturity dates for the 364-day and Three-Year Credit Agreements are July 1, 2021 and July 20, 2023, respectively. The company also amended its $10.25 billion Five-Year Credit Agreement to include an option exercisable in 2021 to extend the current maturity date of July 20, 2024 by an additional two years.

At September 30, 2020, there were no borrowings by the company, or its subsidiaries, under these credit facilities.

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Commitments

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Commitments

Commitments

12. Commitments:

The company’s extended lines of credit to third-party entities include unused amounts of $1.9 billion and $1.8 billion at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. A portion of these amounts was available to the

company’s business partners to support their working capital needs. In addition, the company has committed to provide future financing to its clients in connection with client purchase agreements for $5.3 billion and $6.3 billion at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Effective January 1, 2020, the company adopted the new standard on credit losses, which resulted in the recognition of a related allowance for non-cancellable off-balance sheet commitments. Refer to note 2, “Accounting Changes,” for additional information. The allowance for these commitments is recorded in other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet and was not material at September 30, 2020. The company collectively evaluates the allowance for these arrangements using a provision methodology consistent with the portfolio of the commitments. Refer to note 8, “Financing Receivables,” for additional information.

The company has applied the guidance requiring a guarantor to disclose certain types of guarantees, even if the likelihood of requiring the guarantor’s performance is remote. The following is a description of arrangements in which the company is the guarantor.

The company is a party to a variety of agreements pursuant to which it may be obligated to indemnify the other party with respect to certain matters. Typically, these obligations arise in the context of contracts entered into by the company, under which the company customarily agrees to hold the party harmless against losses arising from a breach of representations and covenants related to such matters as title to the assets sold, certain intellectual property rights, specified environmental matters, third-party performance of nonfinancial contractual obligations and certain income taxes. In each of these circumstances, payment by the company is conditioned on the other party making a claim pursuant to the procedures specified in the particular contract, the procedures of which typically allow the company to challenge the other party’s claims. While typically indemnification provisions do not include a contractual maximum on the company’s payment, the company’s obligations under these agreements may be limited in terms of time and/or nature of claim, and in some instances, the company may have recourse against third parties for certain payments made by the company.

It is not possible to predict the maximum potential amount of future payments under these or similar agreements due to the conditional nature of the company’s obligations and the unique facts and circumstances involved in each particular agreement. Historically, payments made by the company under these agreements have not had a material effect on the company’s business, financial condition or results of operations.

In addition, the company guarantees certain loans and financial commitments. The maximum potential future payment under these financial guarantees and the fair value of these guarantees recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 was not material.

Changes in the company’s warranty liability for standard warranties, which are included in other accrued expenses and liabilities and other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet, and for extended warranty contracts, which are included in deferred income in the Consolidated Balance Sheet, are presented in the following tables.

Standard Warranty Liability

(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019
Balance at January 1	$	113	$	118
Current period accruals		56		66
Accrual adjustments to reflect actual experience		(15)		(1)
Charges incurred		(73)		(86)
Balance at September 30	$	80	$	98

Extended Warranty Liability

(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019
Balance at January 1	$	477	$	533
Revenue deferred for new extended warranty contracts		115		124
Amortization of deferred revenue		(169)		(194)
Other*		(3)		(8)
Balance at September 30	$	419	$	455
Current portion	$	196	$	226
Noncurrent portion	$	223	$	230

* Other primarily consists of foreign currency translation adjustments.

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Contingencies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Contingencies

Contingencies

13. Contingencies:

As a company with a substantial employee population and with clients in more than 175 countries, IBM is involved, either as plaintiff or defendant, in a variety of ongoing claims, demands, suits, investigations, tax matters and proceedings that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of its business. The company is a leader in the information technology industry and, as such, has been and will continue to be subject to claims challenging its IP rights and associated products and offerings, including claims of copyright and patent infringement and violations of trade secrets and other IP rights. In addition, the company enforces its own IP against infringement, through license negotiations, lawsuits or otherwise. Also, as is typical for companies of IBM’s scope and scale, the company is party to actions and proceedings in various jurisdictions involving a wide range of labor and employment issues (including matters related to contested employment decisions, country-specific labor and employment laws, and the company’s pension, retirement and other benefit plans), as well as actions with respect to contracts, product liability, securities, foreign operations, competition law and environmental matters. These actions may be commenced by a number of different parties, including competitors, clients, current or former employees, government and regulatory agencies, stockholders and representatives of the locations in which the company does business. Some of the actions to which the company is party may involve particularly complex technical issues, and some actions may raise novel questions under the laws of the various jurisdictions in which these matters arise.

The company records a provision with respect to a claim, suit, investigation or proceeding when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Any recorded liabilities, including any changes to such liabilities for the quarter ended September 30, 2020 were not material to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In accordance with the relevant accounting guidance, the company provides disclosures of matters for which the likelihood of material loss is at least reasonably possible. In addition, the company also discloses matters based on its consideration of other matters and qualitative factors, including the experience of other companies in the industry, and investor, customer and employee relations considerations.

With respect to certain of the claims, suits, investigations and proceedings discussed herein, the company believes at this time that the likelihood of any material loss is remote, given, for example, the procedural status, court rulings, and/or the strength of the company’s defenses in those matters. With respect to the remaining claims, suits, investigations and proceedings discussed in this note, except as specifically discussed herein, the company is unable to provide estimates of reasonably possible losses or range of losses, including losses in excess of amounts accrued, if any, for the following reasons. Claims, suits, investigations and proceedings are inherently uncertain, and it is not possible to predict the ultimate outcome of these matters. It is the company’s experience that damage amounts claimed in litigation against it are unreliable and unrelated to possible outcomes, and as such are not meaningful indicators of the company’s potential liability. Further, the company is unable to provide such an estimate due to a number of other factors with respect to these claims, suits, investigations and proceedings, including considerations of the procedural status of the matter in question, the presence of complex or novel legal theories, and/or the ongoing discovery and development of information

important to the matters. The company reviews claims, suits, investigations and proceedings at least quarterly, and decisions are made with respect to recording or adjusting provisions and disclosing reasonably possible losses or range of losses (individually or in the aggregate), to reflect the impact and status of settlement discussions, discovery, procedural and substantive rulings, reviews by counsel and other information pertinent to a particular matter.

Whether any losses, damages or remedies finally determined in any claim, suit, investigation or proceeding could reasonably have a material effect on the company’s business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows will depend on a number of variables, including: the timing and amount of such losses or damages; the structure and type of any such remedies; the significance of the impact any such losses, damages or remedies may have in the Consolidated Financial Statements; and the unique facts and circumstances of the particular matter that may give rise to additional factors. While the company will continue to defend itself vigorously, it is possible that the company’s business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows could be affected in any particular period by the resolution of one or more of these matters.

The following is a summary of the more significant legal matters involving the company.

The company is a defendant in an action filed on March 6, 2003 in state court in Salt Lake City, Utah by the SCO Group (SCO v. IBM). The company removed the case to Federal Court in Utah. Plaintiff is an alleged successor in interest to some of AT&T’s UNIX IP rights, and alleges copyright infringement, unfair competition, interference with contract and breach of contract with regard to the company’s distribution of AIX and Dynix and contribution of code to Linux and the company has asserted counterclaims. On September 14, 2007, plaintiff filed for bankruptcy protection, and all proceedings in this case were stayed. The court in another suit, the SCO Group, Inc. v. Novell, Inc., held a trial in March 2010. The jury found that Novell is the owner of UNIX and UnixWare copyrights; the judge subsequently ruled that SCO is obligated to recognize Novell’s waiver of SCO’s claims against IBM and Sequent for breach of UNIX license agreements. On August 30, 2011, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the district court’s ruling and denied SCO’s appeal of this matter. In June 2013, the Federal Court in Utah granted SCO’s motion to reopen the SCO v. IBM case. In February 2016, the Federal Court ruled in favor of IBM on all of SCO’s remaining claims, and SCO appealed. On October 30, 2017, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the dismissal of all but one of SCO’s remaining claims, which was remanded to the Federal Court in Utah.

On March 9, 2017, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania’s Department of Labor and Industry sued IBM in Pennsylvania state court regarding a 2006 contract for the development of a custom software system to manage the Commonwealth’s unemployment insurance benefits programs. The matter is pending in a Pennsylvania court.

In December 2017, CIS General Insurance Limited (CISGIL) sued IBM UK regarding a contract entered into by IBM UK and CISGIL in 2015 to implement and operate an IT insurance platform. The contract was terminated by IBM UK in July 2017 for non-payment by CISGIL. CISGIL alleges wrongful termination, breach of contract and breach of warranty. The matter is pending in the London High Court with trial beginning in January 2020.

In May 2015, a putative class action was commenced in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York related to the company’s October 2014 announcement that it was divesting its global commercial semiconductor technology business, alleging violations of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA). Management’s Retirement Plans Committee and three former IBM executives are named as defendants. On September 29, 2017, the Court granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss the first amended complaint. On December 10, 2018, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the District Court order. On January 14, 2020, the Supreme Court of the United States vacated the decision and remanded the case to the Second Circuit. On June 22, 2020, the Second Circuit reinstated its prior decision and remanded the case to the District Court.

The company is party to, or otherwise involved in, proceedings brought by U.S. federal or state environmental agencies under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), known as “Superfund,” or laws similar to CERCLA. Such statutes require potentially responsible parties to participate in remediation activities regardless of fault or ownership of sites. The company is also conducting environmental

investigations, assessments or remediations at or in the vicinity of several current or former operating sites globally pursuant to permits, administrative orders or agreements with country, state or local environmental agencies, and is involved in lawsuits and claims concerning certain current or former operating sites.

The company is also subject to ongoing tax examinations and governmental assessments in various jurisdictions. Along with many other U.S. companies doing business in Brazil, the company is involved in various challenges with Brazilian tax authorities regarding non-income tax assessments and non-income tax litigation matters. The total potential amount related to all these matters for all applicable years is approximately $700 million. The company believes it will prevail on these matters and that this amount is not a meaningful indicator of liability.

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Equity Activity

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Equity Activity

Equity Activity

14. Equity Activity:

Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income

(Dollars in millions)	Before Tax		Tax (Expense)/		Net of Tax
For the three months ended September 30, 2020:	Amount		Benefit		Amount
Other comprehensive income/(loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustments	$	(439)	$	247	$	(192)
Net changes related to available-for-sale securities:
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period	$	(1)	$	0	$	(1)
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to other (income) and expense		—		—		—
Total net changes related to available-for-sale securities	$	(1)	$	0	$	(1)
Unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges:
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period	$	(32)	$	8	$	(24)
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to:
Cost of services		(10)		2		(7)
Cost of sales		4		(1)		3
Cost of financing		6		(2)		5
SG&A expense		5		(1)		4
Other (income) and expense		(93)		23		(70)
Interest expense		19		(5)		14
Total unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges	$	(101)	$	26	$	(75)
Retirement-related benefit plans (1):
Prior service costs/(credits)	$	(1)	$	0	$	0
Net (losses)/gains arising during the period		0		0		0
Curtailments and settlements		21		(6)		14
Amortization of prior service (credits)/costs		0		1		1
Amortization of net (gains)/losses		586		(161)		425
Total retirement-related benefit plans	$	607	$	(167)	$	440
Other comprehensive income/(loss)	$	66	$	106	$	172

(1) These accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost. Refer to note 17, “Retirement-Related Benefits,” for additional information.

Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income

(Dollars in millions)	Before Tax		Tax (Expense)/		Net of Tax
For the three months ended September 30, 2019:	Amount		Benefit		Amount
Other comprehensive income/(loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustments	$	(509)	$	(109)	$	(618)
Net changes related to available-for-sale securities:
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period	$	3	$	(1)	$	2
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to other (income) and expense		—		—		—
Total net changes related to available-for-sale securities	$	3	$	(1)	$	2
Unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges:
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period	$	(439)	$	110	$	(329)
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to:
Cost of services		(22)		6		(17)
Cost of sales		(10)		3		(7)
Cost of financing		21		(5)		15
SG&A expense		(11)		3		(8)
Other (income) and expense		447		(112)		334
Interest expense		64		(16)		48
Total unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges	$	49	$	(12)	$	36
Retirement-related benefit plans (1):
Net (losses)/gains arising during the period	$	0	$	0	$	0
Curtailments and settlements		3		(1)		2
Amortization of prior service (credits)/costs		(3)		3		(1)
Amortization of net (gains)/losses		461		(128)		333
Total retirement-related benefit plans	$	461	$	(127)	$	335
Other comprehensive income/(loss)	$	4	$	(249)	$	(245)

(1) These AOCI components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost. Refer to note 17, “Retirement-Related Benefits,” for additional information.

Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income

(Dollars in millions)	Before Tax		Tax (Expense)/		Net of Tax
For the nine months ended September 30, 2020:	Amount		Benefit		Amount
Other comprehensive income/(loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustments	$	(1,354)	$	260	$	(1,094)
Net changes related to available-for-sale securities:
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period	$	0	$	0	$	0
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to other (income) and expense		—		—		—
Total net changes related to available-for-sale securities	$	0	$	0	$	0
Unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges:
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period	$	(249)	$	63	$	(186)
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to:
Cost of services		(18)		5		(14)
Cost of sales		(14)		4		(10)
Cost of financing		21		(5)		16
SG&A expense		(12)		3		(9)
Other (income) and expense		(74)		19		(55)
Interest expense		60		(15)		45
Total unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges	$	(285)	$	73	$	(212)
Retirement-related benefit plans (1):
Prior service costs/(credits)	$	(5)	$	1	$	(3)
Net (losses)/gains arising during the period		65		(24)		41
Curtailments and settlements		42		(12)		30
Amortization of prior service (credits)/costs		1		2		3
Amortization of net (gains)/losses		1,722		(473)		1,249
Total retirement-related benefit plans	$	1,826	$	(507)	$	1,319
Other comprehensive income/(loss)	$	187	$	(175)	$	12

(1) These AOCI components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost. Refer to note 17, “Retirement-Related Benefits,” for additional information.

Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income

(Dollars in millions)	Before Tax		Tax (Expense)/		Net of Tax
For the nine months ended September 30, 2019:	Amount		Benefit		Amount
Other comprehensive income/(loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustments	$	(333)	$	(72)	$	(405)
Net changes related to available-for-sale securities:
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period	$	1	$	0	$	1
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to other (income) and expense		—		—		—
Total net changes related to available-for-sale securities	$	1	$	0	$	1
Unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges:
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period	$	(798)	$	196	$	(601)
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to:
Cost of services		(52)		13		(38)
Cost of sales		(40)		11		(29)
Cost of financing		73		(18)		55
SG&A expense		(45)		12		(33)
Other (income) and expense		331		(83)		248
Interest expense		150		(38)		112
Total unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges	$	(380)	$	93	$	(287)
Retirement-related benefit plans (1):
Net (losses)/gains arising during the period	$	113	$	(23)	$	90
Curtailments and settlements		7		(1)		6
Amortization of prior service (credits)/costs		(9)		4		(5)
Amortization of net (gains)/losses		1,385		(380)		1,005
Total retirement-related benefit plans	$	1,496	$	(401)	$	1,095
Other comprehensive income/(loss)	$	784	$	(380)	$	404

(1) These AOCI components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost. Refer to note 17, “Retirement-Related Benefits,” for additional information.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss) (net of tax)

					Net Change		Net Unrealized
	Net Unrealized		Foreign		Retirement-		Gains/(Losses)		Accumulated
	Gains/(Losses)		Currency		Related		on Available-		Other
	on Cash Flow		Translation		Benefit		For-Sale		Comprehensive
(Dollars in millions)	Hedges		Adjustments*		Plans		Securities		Income/(Loss)
January 1, 2020	$	(179)	$	(3,700)	$	(24,718)	$	0	$	(28,597)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications		(186)		(1,094)		37		0		(1,242)
Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income		(27)		—		1,281		—		1,255
Total change for the period	$	(212)	$	(1,094)	$	1,319	$	0	$	12
September 30, 2020	$	(391)	$	(4,794)	$	(23,399)	$	0	$	(28,584)

*  Foreign currency translation adjustments are presented gross except for any associated hedges which are presented net of tax.

					Net Change		Net Unrealized
	Net Unrealized		Foreign		Retirement-		Gains/(Losses)		Accumulated
	Gains/(Losses)		Currency		Related		on Available-		Other
	on Cash Flow		Translation		Benefit		For-Sale		Comprehensive
(Dollars in millions)	Hedges		Adjustments*		Plans		Securities		Income/(Loss)
January 1, 2019	$	284	$	(3,690)	$	(26,083)	$	0	$	(29,490)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications		(601)		(405)		89		1		(916)
Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income		315		—		1,005		—		1,320
Total change for the period	$	(287)	$	(405)	$	1,095	$	1	$	404
September 30, 2019	$	(3)	$	(4,095)	$	(24,988)	$	0	$	(29,086)

* Foreign currency translation adjustments are presented gross except for any associated hedges which are presented net of tax.

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Derivative Financial Instruments

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Derivative Financial Instruments

Derivative Financial Instruments

15. Derivative Financial Instruments:

The company operates in multiple functional currencies and is a significant lender and borrower in the global markets. In the normal course of business, the company is exposed to the impact of interest rate changes and foreign currency fluctuations, and to a lesser extent equity and commodity price changes and client credit risk. The company limits these risks by following established risk management policies and procedures, including the use of derivatives, and, where cost effective, financing with debt in the currencies in which assets are denominated. For interest rate exposures, derivatives are used to better align rate movements between the interest rates associated with the company’s lease and other financial assets and the interest rates associated with its financing debt. Derivatives are also used to manage the related cost of debt. For foreign currency exposures, derivatives are used to better manage the cash flow volatility arising from foreign exchange rate fluctuations.

In the Consolidated Balance Sheet, the company does not offset derivative assets against liabilities in master netting arrangements nor does it offset receivables or payables recognized upon payment or receipt of cash collateral against the fair values of the related derivative instruments. No amounts were recognized for the right to reclaim or the obligation to return cash collateral at September 30, 2020 and $26 million was recognized in other accounts receivable for the right to reclaim cash collateral at December 31, 2019. The company restricts the use of cash collateral received to rehypothecation, and therefore reports it in restricted cash in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. No amount was rehypothecated at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. Additionally, if derivative exposures covered by a qualifying master netting agreement had been netted in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the total derivative asset and liability positions each would have been reduced by $191 million and $194 million, respectively.

In its hedging programs, the company may use forward contracts, futures contracts, interest-rate swaps, cross-currency swaps, equity swaps, and options depending upon the underlying exposure. The company is not a party to leveraged derivative instruments.

A brief description of the major hedging programs, categorized by underlying risk, follows.

Interest Rate Risk

Fixed and Variable Rate Borrowings

The company issues debt in the global capital markets to fund its operations and financing business. Access to cost-effective financing can result in interest rate mismatches with the underlying assets. To manage these mismatches and to reduce overall interest cost, the company may use interest-rate swaps to convert specific fixed-rate debt issuances into variable-rate debt (i.e., fair value hedges) and to convert specific variable-rate debt issuances into fixed-rate debt (i.e., cash flow hedges). At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the total notional amount of the company’s interest-

rate swaps was $3.0 billion at both periods. The weighted-average remaining maturity of these instruments at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 was approximately 1.4 years and 2.2 years, respectively. These interest-rate contracts were accounted for as fair value hedges. The company did not have any cash flow hedges relating to this program outstanding at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

Forecasted Debt Issuance

The company is exposed to interest rate volatility on future debt issuances. To manage this risk, the company may use instruments such as forward starting interest-rate swaps to lock in the rate on the interest payments related to the forecasted debt issuances. In the second quarter of 2019, the company issued an aggregate of $20 billion of indebtedness (refer to note 11, “Borrowings,” for additional information). Following the receipt of the net proceeds from this debt offering, the company terminated $5.5 billion of forward starting interest-rate swaps. There were no instruments outstanding at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

In connection with cash flow hedges of forecasted interest payments related to the company's borrowings, the company recorded net losses of $179 million and net losses of $192 million (before taxes) at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, in AOCI. The company estimates that $18 million (before taxes) of the deferred net losses on derivatives in AOCI at September 30, 2020 will be reclassified to net income within the next 12 months, providing an offsetting economic impact against the underlying interest payments.

Foreign Exchange Risk

Long-Term Investments in Foreign Subsidiaries (Net Investment)

A large portion of the company’s foreign currency denominated debt portfolio is designated as a hedge of net investment in foreign subsidiaries to reduce the volatility in stockholders’ equity caused by changes in foreign currency exchange rates in the functional currency of major foreign subsidiaries with respect to the U.S. dollar. At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the carrying value of debt designated as hedging instruments was $17.8 billion and $7.3 billion, respectively. The $10.5 billion increase is part of the company’s risk management strategy and is primarily the result of the designation of new issuances in the first quarter of 2020 and previously hedged Euro denominated debt. The company also uses cross-currency swaps and foreign exchange forward contracts for risk management purposes. At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the total notional amount of derivative instruments designated as net investment hedges was $8.6 billion and $7.9 billion, respectively. At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the weighted-average remaining maturity of these instruments was approximately 0.2 years and 0.1 years, respectively.

Anticipated Royalties and Cost Transactions

The company’s operations generate significant nonfunctional currency, third-party vendor payments and intercompany payments for royalties and goods and services among the company’s non-U.S. subsidiaries and with the company. In anticipation of these foreign currency cash flows and in view of the volatility of the currency markets, the company selectively employs foreign exchange forward contracts to manage its currency risk. These forward contracts are accounted for as cash flow hedges. The maximum remaining length of time over which the company hedged its exposure is approximately four years. At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the total notional amount of forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges of forecasted royalty and cost transactions was $8.9 billion and $9.7 billion, respectively. At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the weighted-average remaining maturity of these instruments was approximately 0.7 years and 0.8 years, respectively.

At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, in connection with cash flow hedges of anticipated royalties and cost transactions, the company recorded net losses of $72 million and net gains of $145 million (before taxes), respectively, in AOCI. The company estimates that $144 million (before taxes) of deferred net losses on derivatives in AOCI at September 30, 2020 will be reclassified to net income within the next 12 months, providing an offsetting economic impact against the underlying anticipated transactions.

Foreign Currency Denominated Borrowings

The company is exposed to exchange rate volatility on foreign currency denominated debt. To manage this risk, the company employs cross-currency swaps to convert fixed-rate foreign currency denominated debt to fixed-rate debt denominated in the functional currency of the borrowing entity. These swaps are accounted for as cash flow hedges. At September 30, 2020, the maximum length of time remaining over which the company hedged its exposure was approximately seven years. At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the total notional amount of cross-currency swaps designated as cash flow hedges of foreign currency denominated debt was $2.4 billion and $8.2 billion, respectively. The $5.7 billion decrease in cross-currency swaps is part of the company’s risk management strategy and the previously hedged foreign currency denominated debt has been designated as a hedge of net investment in foreign subsidiaries.

At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, in connection with cash flow hedges of foreign currency denominated borrowings, the company recorded net losses of $266 million and net losses of $185 million (before taxes), respectively, in AOCI. The company estimates that $24 million (before taxes) of deferred net losses on derivatives in AOCI at September 30, 2020 will be reclassified to net income within the next 12 months, providing an offsetting economic impact against the underlying exposure.

Subsidiary Cash and Foreign Currency Asset/Liability Management

The company uses its Global Treasury Centers to manage the cash of its subsidiaries. These centers principally use currency swaps to convert cash flows in a cost-effective manner. In addition, the company uses foreign exchange forward contracts to economically hedge, on a net basis, the foreign currency exposure of a portion of the company’s nonfunctional currency assets and liabilities. The terms of these forward and swap contracts are generally less than one year. The changes in the fair values of these contracts and of the underlying hedged exposures are generally offsetting and are recorded in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Income Statement. At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the total notional amount of derivative instruments in economic hedges of foreign currency exposure was $4.2 billion and $7.1 billion, respectively.

Equity Risk Management

The company is exposed to market price changes in certain broad market indices and in the company’s own stock primarily related to certain obligations to employees. Changes in the overall value of these employee compensation obligations are recorded in SG&A expense in the Consolidated Income Statement. Although not designated as accounting hedges, the company utilizes derivatives, including equity swaps and futures, to economically hedge the exposures related to its employee compensation obligations. The derivatives are linked to the total return on certain broad market indices or the total return on the company’s common stock, and are recorded at fair value with gains or losses also reported in SG&A expense in the Consolidated Income Statement. At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the total notional amount of derivative instruments in economic hedges of these compensation obligations was $1.2 billion and $1.3 billion, respectively.

Cumulative Basis Adjustments for Fair Value Hedges

At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the following amounts were recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:

	September 30,			December 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2020			2019
Short-term debt:
Carrying amount of the hedged item	$	(1,308)		$	—
Cumulative hedging adjustments included in the carrying amount - assets/(liabilities)		(8)			—
Long-term debt:
Carrying amount of the hedged item	$	(2,117)		$	(3,411)
Cumulative hedging adjustments included in the carrying amount - assets/(liabilities)		(445)	(1)		(440)	(1)

(1) Includes ($365) million and ($404) million of hedging adjustments on discontinued hedging relationships at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

The Effect of Derivative Instruments in the Consolidated Income Statement

The total amounts of income and expense line items presented in the Consolidated Income Statement in which the effects of fair value hedges, cash flow hedges, net investment hedges and derivatives not designated as hedging instruments are recorded and the total effect of hedge activity on these income and expense line items are as follows:

					Gains/(Losses) of
(Dollars in millions)	Total				Total Hedge Activity
For the three months ended September 30:	2020		2019		2020		2019
Cost of services	$	7,357	$	7,840	$	10	$	22
Cost of sales		1,601		1,635		(4)		10
Cost of financing		172		217		3		(11)
SG&A expense		4,647		5,024		58		20
Other (income) and expense		253		(31)		101		(561)
Interest expense		323		432		8		(35)

	Gain (Loss) Recognized in Consolidated Income Statement
	Consolidated	Recognized on				Attributable to Risk
(Dollars in millions)	Income Statement	Derivatives				Being Hedged (2)
For the three months ended September 30:	Line Item	2020		2019		2020		2019
Derivative instruments in fair value hedges (1):
Interest rate contracts	Cost of financing	$	0	$	3	$	7	$	0
	Interest expense		0		9		20		0
Derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments:
Foreign exchange contracts	Other (income) and expense		8		(114)		N/A		N/A
Equity contracts	SG&A expense		63		9		N/A		N/A
Total		$	71	$	(94)	$	27	$	0

	Gain (Loss) Recognized in Consolidated Income Statement and Other Comprehensive Income
(Dollars in millions)					Consolidated	Reclassified				Amounts Excluded from
For the three months	Recognized in OCI				Income Statement	from AOCI				Effectiveness Testing (3)
ended September 30:	2020		2019		Line Item	2020		2019		2020		2019
Derivative instruments in cash flow hedges:
Interest rate contracts	$	—	$	—	Cost of financing	$	(1)	$	(1)	$	—	$	—
					Interest expense		(3)		(3)		—		—
Foreign exchange contracts		(32)		(439)	Cost of services		10		22		—		—
					Cost of sales		(4)		10		—		—
					Cost of financing		(5)		(20)		—		—
					SG&A expense		(5)		11		—		—
					Other (income) and expense		93		(447)		—		—
					Interest expense		(15)		(61)		—		—
Instruments in net investment hedges (4):
Foreign exchange contracts		(983)		435	Cost of financing		—		—		2		7
					Interest expense		—		—		7		20
Total	$	(1,015)	$	(4)		$	69	$	(488)	$	9	$	27

(1) The amount includes changes in clean fair values of the derivative instruments in fair value hedging relationships and the periodic accrual for coupon payments required under these derivative contracts.

(2) The amount includes basis adjustments to the carrying value of the hedged item recorded during the period and amortization of basis adjustments recorded on de-designated hedging relationships during the period.

(3) The company’s policy is to recognize all fair value changes in amounts excluded from effectiveness testing in net income each period.

(4) Instruments in net investment hedges include derivative and non-derivative instruments.

N/A - not applicable

					Gains/(Losses) of
(Dollars in millions)	Total				Total Hedge Activity
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019		2020		2019
Cost of services	$	22,720	$	24,293	$	18	$	52
Cost of sales		4,964		4,979		14		40
Cost of financing		517		710		9		(47)
SG&A expense		15,849		15,171		24		199
Other (income) and expense		614		(850)		92		(358)
Interest expense		971		990		24		(96)

	Gain (Loss) Recognized in Consolidated Income Statement
	Consolidated	Recognized on				Attributable to Risk
(Dollars in millions)	Income Statement	Derivatives				Being Hedged (2)
For the nine months ended September 30:	Line Item	2020		2019		2020		2019
Derivative instruments in fair value hedges (1):
Interest rate contracts	Cost of financing	$	20	$	51	$	(3)	$	(44)
	Interest expense		57		105		(9)		(89)
Derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments:
Foreign exchange contracts	Other (income) and expense		18		(27)		N/A		N/A
Equity contracts	SG&A expense		12		153		N/A		N/A
Total		$	108	$	283	$	(13)	$	(133)

	Gain (Loss) Recognized in Consolidated Income Statement and Other Comprehensive Income
(Dollars in millions)					Consolidated	Reclassified				Amounts Excluded from
For the nine months	Recognized in OCI				Income Statement	from AOCI				Effectiveness Testing (3)
ended September 30:	2020		2019		Line Item	2020		2019		2020		2019
Derivative instruments in cash flow hedges:
Interest rate contracts	$	—	$	(168)	Cost of financing	$	(3)	$	(2)	$	—	$	—
					Interest expense		(10)		(5)		—		—
Foreign exchange contracts		(249)		(630)	Cost of services		18		52		—		—
					Cost of sales		14		40		—		—
					Cost of financing		(18)		(71)		—		—
					SG&A expense		12		45		—		—
					Other (income) and expense		74		(331)		—		—
					Interest expense		(50)		(146)		—		—
Instruments in net investment hedges (4):
Foreign exchange contracts		(1,033)		306	Cost of financing		—		—		13		19
					Interest expense		—		—		37		38
Total	$	(1,281)	$	(491)		$	37	$	(418)	$	50	$	57

(1) The amount includes changes in clean fair values of the derivative instruments in fair value hedging relationships and the periodic accrual for coupon payments required under these derivative contracts.

(2) The amount includes basis adjustments to the carrying value of the hedged item recorded during the period and amortization of basis adjustments recorded on de-designated hedging relationships during the period.

(3) The company’s policy is to recognize all fair value changes in amounts excluded from effectiveness testing in net income each period.

(4) Instruments in net investment hedges include derivative and non-derivative instruments.

N/A - not applicable

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, there were no material gains or losses excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness (for fair value or cash flow hedges), or associated with an underlying exposure that did not or was not expected to occur (for cash flow hedges); nor are there any anticipated in the normal course of business.

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Stock-Based Compensation

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

16. Stock-Based Compensation:

Stock-based compensation cost is measured at grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and is recognized over the employee requisite service period. The following table presents total stock-based compensation cost included in income from continuing operations.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019		2020		2019
Cost	$	42	$	29	$	109	$	71
Selling, general and administrative		129		147		401		313
Research, development and engineering		50		44		147		84
Pre-tax stock-based compensation cost	$	222	$	220	$	658	$	468
Income tax benefits		(50)		(50)		(146)		(104)
Total net stock-based compensation cost	$	172	$	170	$	512	$	364

Pre-tax stock-based compensation cost for the three months ended September 30, 2020 increased $2 million compared to the corresponding period in the prior year. This was primarily due to increases related to restricted stock units ($49 million), offset by decreases related to performance share units ($27 million) and the conversion of stock-based compensation previously issued by Red Hat ($20 million).

Pre-tax stock-based compensation cost for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 increased $189 million compared to the corresponding period in the prior year. This was primarily due to increases related to restricted stock units ($112 million) and the conversion of stock-based compensation previously issued by Red Hat ($107 million), partially offset by decreases in performance share units ($29 million).

Total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested awards at September 30, 2020 was $1.4 billion and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.5 years.

Capitalized stock-based compensation cost was not material at September 30, 2020 and 2019.

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Retirement-Related Benefits

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Retirement-Related Benefits

Retirement-Related Benefits

17. Retirement-Related Benefits:

The company offers defined benefit pension plans, defined contribution pension plans, as well as nonpension postretirement plans primarily consisting of retiree medical benefits. The following tables provide the pre-tax cost for all retirement-related plans.

					Yr. to Yr.
(Dollars in millions)					Percent
For the three months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change
Retirement-related plans — cost
Defined benefit and contribution pension plans — cost	$	610	$	459	32.9	%
Nonpension postretirement plans — cost		50		53	(5.9)
Total	$	660	$	512	28.9	%

					Yr. to Yr.
(Dollars in millions)					Percent
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change
Retirement-related plans — cost
Defined benefit and contribution pension plans — cost	$	1,789	$	1,337	33.8	%
Nonpension postretirement plans — cost		151		160	(5.2)
Total	$	1,941	$	1,497	29.6	%

The following tables provide the components of the cost/(income) for the company’s pension plans.

Cost/(Income) of Pension Plans

(Dollars in millions)	U.S. Plans				Non-U.S. Plans
For the three months ended September 30:	2020		2019		2020		2019
Service cost	$	—	$	—	$	99	$	93
Interest cost (1)		375		470		142		202
Expected return on plan assets (1)		(542)		(650)		(323)		(391)
Amortization of prior service costs/(credits) (1)		4		4		(5)		(7)
Recognized actuarial losses (1)		207		140		360		313
Curtailments and settlements (1)		—		—		21		3
Multi-employer plans		—		—		7		10
Other costs/(credits) (1)		—		—		6		11
Total net periodic pension (income)/cost of defined benefit plans	$	44	$	(36)	$	307	$	235
Cost of defined contribution plans		148		151		111		109
Total defined benefit and contribution pension plans cost recognized in the Consolidated Income Statement	$	192	$	115	$	418	$	344

(Dollars in millions)	U.S. Plans				Non-U.S. Plans
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019		2020		2019
Service cost	$	—	$	—	$	289	$	279
Interest cost (1)		1,126		1,411		408		616
Expected return on plan assets (1)		(1,627)		(1,949)		(943)		(1,186)
Amortization of prior service costs/(credits) (1)		12		12		(14)		(20)
Recognized actuarial losses (1)		622		419		1,041		939
Curtailments and settlements (1)		—		—		42		7
Multi-employer plans		—		—		22		26
Other costs/(credits) (1)		—		—		20		22
Total net periodic pension (income)/cost of defined benefit plans	$	133	$	(107)	$	865	$	683
Cost of defined contribution plans		457		440		334		321
Total defined benefit and contribution pension plans cost recognized in the Consolidated Income Statement	$	590	$	333	$	1,200	$	1,004

(1) These components of net periodic pension cost are included in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Income Statement.

The following tables provide the components of the cost for the company’s nonpension postretirement plans.

Cost of Nonpension Postretirement Plans

(Dollars in millions)	U.S. Plan				Non-U.S. Plans
For the three months ended September 30:	2020		2019		2020		2019
Service cost	$	2	$	3	$	1	$	1
Interest cost (1)		26		36		8		12
Expected return on plan assets (1)		—		—		(1)		(1)
Amortization of prior service costs/(credits) (1)		1		(1)		0		0
Recognized actuarial losses (1)		7		0		5		3
Curtailments and settlements (1)		—		—		—		—
Total nonpension postretirement plans cost recognized in Consolidated Income Statement	$	36	$	38	$	14	$	15

(1) These components of net periodic pension cost are included in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Income Statement.

(Dollars in millions)	U.S. Plan				Non-U.S. Plans
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019		2020		2019
Service cost	$	7	$	8	$	4	$	4
Interest cost (1)		77		109		26		37
Expected return on plan assets (1)		—		—		(3)		(4)
Amortization of prior service costs/(credits) (1)		3		(2)		0		0
Recognized actuarial losses (1)		22		0		16		8
Curtailments and settlements (1)		—		—		0		0
Total nonpension postretirement plans cost recognized in Consolidated Income Statement	$	109	$	115	$	43	$	45

(1) These components of net periodic pension cost are included in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Income Statement.

The table below includes contributions to the following plans:

	Plan Contributions
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019		2020		2019
U.S. nonpension postretirement benefit plan	$	65	$	35	$	265	$	262
Non-U.S. DB and multi-employer plans		16		32		127		159
Total plan contributions	$	80	$	66	$	392	$	421

During the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, $65 million for both periods, was contributed in U.S. Treasury securities (includes the Active Medical Trust). During the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, $475 million and $421 million, respectively, was contributed in U.S. Treasury securities (includes the Active Medical Trust). The contribution of U.S. Treasury securities is considered a non-cash transaction.

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Subsequent Events

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Subsequent Events

Subsequent Events

18. Subsequent Events:

On October 8, 2020, together with the company's announcement to separate its managed infrastructure services unit of its GTS segment into a new public company by the end of 2021 (refer to note 1, "Basis of Presentation" for additional information), the company announced that it expects to record a charge for structural actions of approximately $2.3 billion in the fourth quarter of 2020.

On October 27, 2020, the company announced that the Board of Directors approved a quarterly dividend of $1.63 per common share. The dividend is payable December 10, 2020 to shareholders of record on November 10, 2020.

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Accounting Policies (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements and footnotes of the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM or the company) have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). The financial statements and footnotes are unaudited. In the opinion of the company’s management, these statements include all adjustments, which are only of a normal recurring nature, necessary to present a fair statement of the company’s results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amount of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs, expenses and other comprehensive income/(loss) that are reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying disclosures. These estimates are based on management’s best knowledge of current events, historical experience, actions that the company may undertake in the future and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. As a result, actual results may be different from these estimates.

On October 8, 2020, the company announced that it will separate its managed infrastructure services unit of its Global Technology Services (GTS) segment into a new public company (NewCo). The separation is expected to be achieved through a U.S. federal tax-free spin-off to IBM shareholders and completed by the end of 2021. It will be subject to customary market, regulatory and other closing conditions, including final IBM Board of Directors’ approval. The announcement did not have any classification impact to the company’s consolidated financial statements or segment reporting. The company expects the managed infrastructure services unit to meet the criteria to be classified as discontinued operations upon separation.

In the first quarter of 2020, the company realigned offerings and the related management system to reflect divestitures completed in the second half of 2019 and tighter integration of certain industry-related consulting services. These changes impacted a few of the company’s reportable segments, but did not impact the Consolidated Financial Statements. Refer to note 4, “Segments,” for additional information on the company’s reportable segments. The periods presented in this Form 10-Q are reported on a comparable basis.

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, the company reported a provision for income taxes of $128 million. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the company reported a benefit from income taxes of $888 million. The tax benefit was primarily related to the tax impacts of an intra-entity sale of certain of the company’s intellectual property in the first quarter, which required the recognition of a $3,442 million deferred tax asset. The recognition of this deferred tax asset and the related impacts resulted in a net one-time benefit in the first quarter of $939 million. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the company reported a benefit from income taxes of $151 million and a provision for income taxes of $407 million, respectively.

On July 9, 2019, the company completed the acquisition of all of the outstanding shares of Red Hat, Inc. (Red Hat). Refer to note 5, “Acquisitions & Divestitures,” and note 10, “Intangible Assets Including Goodwill,” for additional information.

Noncontrolling interest amounts of $3.4 million and $7.1 million, net of tax, for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $14.7 million and $19.0 million, net of tax, for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, are included as a reduction within other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Income Statement.

Interim results are not necessarily indicative of financial results for a full year. The information included in this Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the company’s 2019 Annual Report.

Within the financial statements and tables presented, certain columns and rows may not add due to the use of rounded numbers for disclosure purposes. Percentages presented are calculated from the underlying whole-dollar

amounts. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. This is annotated where applicable.

Accounting Changes

New Standards to be Implemented

Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes

Standard/Description–Issuance date: December 2019. This guidance simplifies various aspects of income tax accounting by removing certain exceptions to the general principle of the guidance and also clarifies and amends existing guidance to improve consistency in application.

Effective Date and Adoption Considerations–The guidance is effective January 1, 2021 and early adoption is permitted. The company will adopt the guidance as of the effective date.

Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters–The guidance is not expected to have a material impact in the consolidated financial results.

Standards Implemented

Reference Rate Reform

Standard/Description–Issuance date: March 2020. This guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contract modifications, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) or another reference rate expected to be discontinued, subject to meeting certain criteria.

Effective Date and Adoption Considerations–The guidance is effective as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022.

Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters–The company made a policy election in the first quarter of 2020 to adopt the practical expedient which allows for the continuation of fair value hedge accounting for interest rate derivative contracts upon the transition from LIBOR to Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) or another reference rate alternative, without any impact to the Consolidated Income Statement. The company is continuing to evaluate the potential impact of the replacement of the LIBOR benchmark on its interest rate risk management activities; however, it is not expected to have a material impact in the consolidated financial results.

Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment

Standard/Description–Issuance date: January 2017. This guidance simplifies the goodwill impairment test by removing Step 2. It also requires disclosure of any reporting units that have zero or negative carrying amounts if they have goodwill allocated to them.

Effective Date and Adoption Considerations–The guidance was effective January 1, 2020 and early adoption was permitted. The company adopted the guidance on a prospective basis as of the effective date.

Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters–The guidance did not have a material impact in the consolidated financial results.

Financial Instruments–Credit Losses

Standard/Description–Issuance date: June 2016, with amendments in 2018, 2019 and 2020. This changes the guidance for credit losses based on an expected loss model rather than an incurred loss model. It requires the consideration of all available relevant information when estimating expected credit losses, including past events, current conditions and forecasts and their implications for expected credit losses. It also expands the scope of financial instruments subject to impairment, including off-balance sheet commitments and residual value.

Effective Date and Adoption Considerations–The guidance was effective January 1, 2020 with one-year early adoption permitted. The company adopted the guidance as of the effective date, using the transition methodology whereby prior comparative periods were not retrospectively presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters–At January 1, 2020, an increase in the allowance for credit losses of $81 million was recorded for accounts receivable–trade and financing receivables (inclusive of its related off-balance sheet commitments). Additionally, net deferred taxes were reduced by $14 million in the Consolidated Balance Sheet, resulting in a cumulative-effect net decrease to retained earnings of $66 million. Refer to note 8, “Financing Receivables,” and note 12, “Commitments,” for additional information.

Leases

Standard/Description–Issuance date: February 2016, with amendments in 2018 and 2019. This guidance requires lessees to recognize right-of-use (ROU) assets and lease liabilities for most leases in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. For lessors, it also eliminated the use of third-party residual value guarantee insurance in the lease classification test, and overall aligns with revenue recognition guidance. Due to changes in lease termination guidance, when equipment is returned to the company prior to the end of the lease term, the carrying amounts of lease receivables are reclassified to loan receivables. The guidance also requires qualitative and quantitative disclosures to assess the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases.

Effective Date and Adoption Considerations–The company adopted the guidance on its effective date of January 1, 2019, using the transition option whereby prior comparative periods were not retrospectively presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements. The company elected the package of practical expedients not to reassess prior conclusions related to contracts containing leases, lease classification and initial direct costs and the lessee practical expedient to combine lease and non-lease components for all asset classes. The company made a policy election to not recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases for all asset classes.

Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters–The guidance had a material impact on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of the effective date. As a lessee, at adoption, the company recognized operating and financing ROU assets of $4.8 billion and $0.2 billion, respectively, and operating and financing lease liabilities of $5.1 billion and $0.2 billion, respectively. The transition adjustment recognized in retained earnings on January 1, 2019 was not material. None of the other changes to the guidance had a material impact in the company’s consolidated financial results at the effective date.

For all other standards that the company adopted in 2019, there was no material impact in the consolidated financial results.

Revenue Recognition For Remaining Performance Obligations

Remaining Performance Obligations

The remaining performance obligation (RPO) disclosure provides the aggregate amount of the transaction price yet to be recognized as of the end of the reporting period and an explanation as to when the company expects to recognize these amounts in revenue. It is intended to be a statement of overall work under contract that has not yet been performed and does not include contracts in which the customer is not committed, such as certain as-a-Service, governmental, term software license and services offerings. The customer is not considered committed when they are able to terminate for convenience without payment of a substantive penalty. The disclosure includes estimates of variable consideration, except when the variable consideration is a sales-based or usage-based royalty promised in exchange for a license of intellectual property. Additionally, as a practical expedient, the company does not include contracts that have an original duration of one year or less. RPO estimates are subject to change and are affected by several factors, including terminations, changes in the scope of contracts, periodic revalidations, adjustment for revenue that has not materialized and adjustments for currency.

Segments

During the first quarter of 2020, the company realigned offerings and the related management system to reflect divestitures completed in the second half of 2019 and tighter integration of certain industry-related consulting services. Accordingly, the company updated its Cloud & Cognitive Software segment, Global Business Services segment and the Other – divested businesses category in the first quarter of 2020 and recast the related historical information for consistency with the go-forward performance. Total recast revenue for full-year 2019 was approximately $0.3 billion of IBM’s total $77 billion. There was no change to the Global Technology Services, Systems or Global Financing segments, and there was no impact to IBM’s consolidated results.

Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured At Fair Value

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The company classifies certain assets and liabilities based on the following fair value hierarchy:

● Level 1—Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that can be accessed at the measurement date;

● Level 2—Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly; and

● Level 3—Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

When available, the company uses unadjusted quoted market prices in active markets to measure the fair value and classifies such items as Level 1. If quoted market prices are not available, fair value is based upon internally developed models that use current market-based or independently sourced market parameters such as interest rates and currency rates. Items valued using internally generated models are classified according to the lowest level input or value driver that is significant to the valuation.

The determination of fair value considers various factors including interest rate yield curves and time value underlying the financial instruments. For derivatives and debt securities, the company uses a discounted cash flow analysis using discount rates commensurate with the duration of the instrument.

In determining the fair value of financial instruments, the company considers certain market valuation adjustments to the “base valuations” calculated using the methodologies described below for several parameters that market participants would consider in determining fair value:

● Counterparty credit risk adjustments are applied to financial instruments, taking into account the actual credit risk of a counterparty as observed in the credit default swap market to determine the true fair value of such an instrument.

● Credit risk adjustments are applied to reflect the company’s own credit risk when valuing all liabilities measured at fair value. The methodology is consistent with that applied in developing counterparty credit risk adjustments, but incorporates the company’s own credit risk as observed in the credit default swap market.

The company holds investments primarily in time deposits, certificates of deposit, and U.S. government debt that are designated as available-for-sale. The primary objective of the company’s cash and debt investment portfolio is to maintain principal by investing in very liquid and highly rated investment grade securities.

Available-for-sale securities are measured for impairment on a recurring basis by comparing the security’s fair value with its amortized cost basis. Effective January 1, 2020 with the adoption of the new standard on credit losses, if the fair value of the security falls below its amortized cost basis, the change in fair value is recognized in the period the impairment is identified when the loss is due to credit factors. The change in fair value due to non-credit factors is recorded in other comprehensive income when the company does not intend to sell and has the ability to hold the investment. The company’s standard practice is to hold all of its debt security investments classified as available-for-sale until maturity. There were no impairments for credit losses or non-credit impairments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020. Prior to the adoption of the new standard, available-for-sale securities were measured for impairment using an other-than-temporary impairment model. No impairment was recorded for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019.

Certain nonfinancial assets such as property, plant and equipment, operating right-of-use assets, land, goodwill and intangible assets are also subject to nonrecurring fair value measurements if they are deemed to be impaired. The impairment models used for nonfinancial assets depend on the type of asset. There were no material impairments of nonfinancial assets for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Financial Assets and Liabilities Not Measured At Fair Value

Financial Assets and Liabilities Not Measured at Fair Value

Short-Term Receivables and Payables

Notes and other accounts receivable and other investments are financial assets with carrying values that approximate fair value. Accounts payable, other accrued expenses and short-term debt (excluding the current portion of long-term debt and including short-term finance lease liabilities) are financial liabilities with carrying values that approximate fair value. If measured at fair value in the financial statements, these financial instruments would be classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy, except for short-term debt which would be classified as Level 2.

Loans and Long-Term Receivables

Fair values are based on discounted future cash flows using current interest rates offered for similar loans to clients with similar credit ratings for the same remaining maturities. At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the difference between the carrying amount and estimated fair value for loans and long-term receivables was immaterial. If measured at fair value in the financial statements, these financial instruments would be classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Long-Term Debt

Fair value of publicly-traded long-term debt is based on quoted market prices for the identical liability when traded as an asset in an active market. For other long-term debt (including long-term finance lease liabilities) for which a quoted market price is not available, an expected present value technique that uses rates currently available to the company for debt with similar terms and remaining maturities is used to estimate fair value. The carrying amount of long-term debt was $55,129 million and $54,102 million, and the estimated fair value was $61,783 million and $58,431 million at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. If measured at fair value in the financial statements, long-term debt (including the current portion) would be classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Financing Receivables

Effective January 1, 2020, the company adopted the new accounting standard related to credit losses, using the transition methodology whereby prior comparative periods were not retrospectively presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Refer to note 2, “Accounting Changes,” for additional information. Under this new guidance, the amortized cost basis of a financial asset represents the original amount of the financing receivable (including residual value) adjusted for unearned income, deferred initial direct costs, cash collected, write-offs and any foreign exchange adjustments. The allowance for credit losses represents future expected credit losses over the life of the receivables based on past experience, current information and forward-looking economic considerations. Prior to the effective date, financing receivables were measured at recorded investment, which does not include residual value. As a result, all prior periods are presented at recorded investment, while current period information is presented at amortized cost. Additionally, current period information reflects updates to the portfolio segments, and other presentation changes within the following tables, as a result of the adoption of this new guidance.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Financing Receivables

Allowance for Credit Losses – Financing Receivables

Refer to note A, “Significant Accounting Policies,” in the company’s 2019 Annual Report for a full description of its accounting policies for trade and financing receivables, contract assets and related allowances. The descriptions below include any changes to those policies due to the new standard.

Effective with the adoption of the new credit losses standard, the company’s estimates of its allowances for expected credit losses include consideration of: past events, including any historical default, historical concessions and resulting troubled debt restructurings, current economic conditions, taking into account any non-freestanding mitigating credit enhancements and certain forward-looking information, including reasonable and supportable forecasts.

Collectively Evaluated Financing Receivables

Collectively Evaluated Financing Receivables

The company determines its allowance for credit losses based on two portfolio segments: client financing receivables and commercial financing receivables, and further segments the portfolio into three classes: Americas, Europe/Middle East/Africa (EMEA) and Asia Pacific.

For client financing receivables, the company uses a credit loss model to calculate allowances based on its internal loss experience and current conditions and forecasts, by class of financing receivable. The company records an unallocated reserve that is calculated by applying a reserve rate to its portfolio, excluding accounts that have been individually evaluated and specifically reserved. This reserve rate is based upon credit rating, probability of default, term and loss history. The allowance is adjusted quarterly for expected recoveries of amounts that were previously written off or are expected to be written off. Recoveries cannot exceed the aggregated amount of the previous write-off or expected write-off.

Macroeconomic variables attributed to the expected credit losses for client financing receivables may vary by class of financing receivables based on historical experiences, portfolio composition and current environment. In addition to a qualitative review of credit risk factors across the portfolio, the company considers forward-looking macroeconomic variables such as gross domestic product, unemployment rates, equity prices and corporate profits when quantifying the impact of economic forecasts on its client financing receivables allowance for expected credit losses. The company also considers the impact of current conditions and economic forecasts relating to specific industries, geographical areas, and client-credit ratings on the portfolio. Under this approach, forecasts of these variables over two years are considered reasonable and supportable. Beyond two years, the company reverts to long-term average loss experience. Forward-looking estimates require the use of judgment, particularly in times of economic uncertainty. Consistent with the first half of 2020, the company continues to monitor the evolving global impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic as well as its impact on external economic models, which have been revised with increased frequency throughout the year. The company’s allowances at September 30, 2020, reflect the qualitative process described above. Any changes to economic models that occurred after the balance sheet date will be reflected in future periods.

The allowance for commercial financing receivables is estimated based on a combination of write-off history and current economic conditions, excluding any individually evaluated accounts. The commercial financing receivables portfolio segment is excluded from the tables in the sections below as the receivables are short term in nature and the current estimated risk of loss and resulting impact to the company’s financial results are not material.

Past Due Financing Receivables

Past Due Financing Receivables

The company considers a client’s financing receivable balance past due when any installment is aged over 90 days.

Commitments

Effective January 1, 2020, the company adopted the new standard on credit losses, which resulted in the recognition of a related allowance for non-cancellable off-balance sheet commitments. Refer to note 2, “Accounting Changes,” for additional information. The allowance for these commitments is recorded in other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet and was not material at September 30, 2020. The company collectively evaluates the allowance for these arrangements using a provision methodology consistent with the portfolio of the commitments. Refer to note 8, “Financing Receivables,” for additional information.The company has applied the guidance requiring a guarantor to disclose certain types of guarantees, even if the likelihood of requiring the guarantor’s performance is remote.

Contingencies

The company records a provision with respect to a claim, suit, investigation or proceeding when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Any recorded liabilities, including any changes to such liabilities for the quarter ended September 30, 2020 were not material to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In accordance with the relevant accounting guidance, the company provides disclosures of matters for which the likelihood of material loss is at least reasonably possible. In addition, the company also discloses matters based on its consideration of other matters and qualitative factors, including the experience of other companies in the industry, and investor, customer and employee relations considerations.

With respect to certain of the claims, suits, investigations and proceedings discussed herein, the company believes at this time that the likelihood of any material loss is remote, given, for example, the procedural status, court rulings, and/or the strength of the company’s defenses in those matters. With respect to the remaining claims, suits, investigations and proceedings discussed in this note, except as specifically discussed herein, the company is unable to provide estimates of reasonably possible losses or range of losses, including losses in excess of amounts accrued, if any, for the following reasons. Claims, suits, investigations and proceedings are inherently uncertain, and it is not possible to predict the ultimate outcome of these matters. It is the company’s experience that damage amounts claimed in litigation against it are unreliable and unrelated to possible outcomes, and as such are not meaningful indicators of the company’s potential liability. Further, the company is unable to provide such an estimate due to a number of other factors with respect to these claims, suits, investigations and proceedings, including considerations of the procedural status of the matter in question, the presence of complex or novel legal theories, and/or the ongoing discovery and development of information

important to the matters. The company reviews claims, suits, investigations and proceedings at least quarterly, and decisions are made with respect to recording or adjusting provisions and disclosing reasonably possible losses or range of losses (individually or in the aggregate), to reflect the impact and status of settlement discussions, discovery, procedural and substantive rulings, reviews by counsel and other information pertinent to a particular matter.

Derivative Financial Instruments

The company operates in multiple functional currencies and is a significant lender and borrower in the global markets. In the normal course of business, the company is exposed to the impact of interest rate changes and foreign currency fluctuations, and to a lesser extent equity and commodity price changes and client credit risk. The company limits these risks by following established risk management policies and procedures, including the use of derivatives, and, where cost effective, financing with debt in the currencies in which assets are denominated. For interest rate exposures, derivatives are used to better align rate movements between the interest rates associated with the company’s lease and other financial assets and the interest rates associated with its financing debt. Derivatives are also used to manage the related cost of debt. For foreign currency exposures, derivatives are used to better manage the cash flow volatility arising from foreign exchange rate fluctuations.

In the Consolidated Balance Sheet, the company does not offset derivative assets against liabilities in master netting arrangements nor does it offset receivables or payables recognized upon payment or receipt of cash collateral against the fair values of the related derivative instruments. No amounts were recognized for the right to reclaim or the obligation to return cash collateral at September 30, 2020 and $26 million was recognized in other accounts receivable for the right to reclaim cash collateral at December 31, 2019. The company restricts the use of cash collateral received to rehypothecation, and therefore reports it in restricted cash in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. No amount was rehypothecated at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. Additionally, if derivative exposures covered by a qualifying master netting agreement had been netted in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the total derivative asset and liability positions each would have been reduced by $191 million and $194 million, respectively.

In its hedging programs, the company may use forward contracts, futures contracts, interest-rate swaps, cross-currency swaps, equity swaps, and options depending upon the underlying exposure. The company is not a party to leveraged derivative instruments.

Derivatives, Methods of Accounting, Hedge Effectiveness

(3) The company’s policy is to recognize all fair value changes in amounts excluded from effectiveness testing in net income each period.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation cost is measured at grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and is recognized over the employee requisite service period.

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Revenue Recognition (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Revenue Recognition

Schedule of disaggregation of revenue

	Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019			2020		2019
Cloud & Data Platforms	$	2,775	$	2,308		$	8,108	$	6,398
Cognitive Applications		1,317		1,305	*		3,745		3,914	*
Transaction Processing Platforms		1,461		1,589			4,687		5,419
Total Cloud & Cognitive Software	$	5,553	$	5,201	*	$	16,540	$	15,731	*
Consulting		1,966		2,016	*		5,973		6,037	*
Application Management		1,758		1,897			5,332		5,724
Global Process Services		240		247			687		752
Total Global Business Services	$	3,965	$	4,160	*	$	11,992	$	12,513	*
Infrastructure & Cloud Services		4,933		5,071			14,663		15,454
Technology Support Services		1,528		1,629			4,582		4,958
Total Global Technology Services	$	6,462	$	6,700		$	19,245	$	20,412
Systems Hardware		919		1,117			3,404		3,358
Operating Systems Software		338		364			1,074		1,204
Total Systems	$	1,257	$	1,481		$	4,477	$	4,562
Global Financing**		273		343			837		1,100
Other		50		142	*		163		1,053	*
Total revenue	$	17,560	$	18,028		$	53,253	$	55,370

*  Recast to conform to current period presentation. Refer to note 4, “Segments,” for additional information.

** Contains lease and loan/working capital financing arrangements which are not subject to the guidance on revenue from contracts with customers.

Schedule of disaggregation of revenue by geography

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019		2020		2019
Americas	$	8,139	$	8,514	$	24,755	$	25,813
Europe/Middle East/Africa		5,564		5,477		16,775		17,354
Asia Pacific		3,857		4,036		11,723		12,203
Total	$	17,560	$	18,028	$	53,253	$	55,370

Schedule of reconciliation of contract balances

	At September 30,		At December 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019
Notes and accounts receivable — trade (net of allowances of $354 in 2020 and $299 in 2019)	$	6,099	$	7,870
Contract assets (1)		528		492
Deferred income (current)		11,681		12,026
Deferred income (noncurrent)		3,820		3,851

(1) Included within prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Schedule of notes and accounts receivable - trade allowance for credit losses

(Dollars in millions)
January 1, 2020*		Additions / (Releases)		Write-offs		Other**		September 30, 2020
$	316	$	79	$	(39)	$	(2)	$	354

January 1, 2019		Additions / (Releases)		Write-offs		Other**		December 31, 2019
$	309	$	98	$	(113)	$	5	$	299

* Opening balance does not equal the allowance at December 31, 2019 due to the adoption of the guidance for current expected credit losses. Refer to note 2, “Accounting Changes,” for additional information.

** Primarily represents translation adjustments.

The contract assets allowance for credit losses was not material in any of the periods presented.

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Segments (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Segments

Revenue and Pre-tax Income by Segment

	Cloud &			Global			Global
	Cognitive			Business			Technology						Global			Total
(Dollars in millions)	Software			Services			Services			Systems			Financing			Segments
For the three months ended September 30, 2020:
External revenue	$	5,553		$	3,965		$	6,462		$	1,257		$	273		$	17,510
Internal revenue		875			49			312			240			208			1,683
Total revenue	$	6,428		$	4,014		$	6,774		$	1,497		$	480		$	19,193
Pre-tax income/(loss) from continuing operations	$	1,834		$	570		$	399		$	(37)		$	196		$	2,962
Revenue year-to-year change		9.2	%		(5.1)	%		(3.1)	%		(10.6)	%		(25.6)	%		(1.2)	%
Pre-tax income/(loss) year-to-year change		42.2	%		0.6	%		(18.7)	%		nm			(28.9)	%		11.3	%
Pre-tax income/(loss) margin		28.5	%		14.2	%		5.9	%		(2.5)	%		40.7	%		15.4	%
For the three months ended September 30, 2019:
External revenue	$	5,201	*	$	4,160	*	$	6,700		$	1,481		$	343		$	17,886	*
Internal revenue		686			70			287			195			302			1,541
Total revenue	$	5,888	*	$	4,230	*	$	6,988		$	1,676		$	645		$	19,427	*
Pre-tax income from continuing operations	$	1,290	*	$	567	*	$	490		$	39		$	275		$	2,661	*
Pre-tax income margin		21.9	%*		13.4	%*		7.0	%		2.3	%		42.6	%		13.7	%*

nm - not meaningful

	Cloud &			Global			Global
	Cognitive			Business			Technology						Global			Total
(Dollars in millions)	Software			Services			Services			Systems			Financing			Segments
For the nine months ended September 30, 2020:
External revenue	$	16,540		$	11,992		$	19,245		$	4,477		$	837		$	53,090
Internal revenue		2,431			150			911			628			660			4,780
Total revenue	$	18,971		$	12,142		$	20,155		$	5,106		$	1,497		$	57,870
Pre-tax income/(loss) from continuing operations	$	4,475		$	1,203		$	471		$	(7)		$	566		$	6,708
Revenue year-to-year change		6.2	%		(4.6)	%		(5.3)	%		0.3	%		(24.5)	%		(1.8)	%
Pre-tax income/(loss) year-to-year change		(11.9)	%		4.2	%		(53.0)	%		(93.6)	%		(29.5)	%		(15.5)	%
Pre-tax income/(loss) margin		23.6	%		9.9	%		2.3	%		(0.1)	%		37.8	%		11.6	%
For the nine months ended September 30, 2019:
External revenue	$	15,731	*	$	12,513	*	$	20,412		$	4,562		$	1,100		$	54,317	*
Internal revenue		2,135			213			879			528			884			4,638
Total revenue	$	17,865	*	$	12,726	*	$	21,291		$	5,091		$	1,983		$	58,956	*
Pre-tax income/(loss) from continuing operations	$	5,082	*	$	1,154	*	$	1,000		$	(101)		$	803		$	7,938	*
Pre-tax income/(loss) margin		28.4	%*		9.1	%*		4.7	%		(2.0)	%		40.5	%		13.5	%*

Reconciliation of segment revenue and pre-tax income to IBM as reported

Reconciliations to IBM as Reported:

(Dollars in millions)
For the three months ended September 30:	2020		2019
Revenue:
Total reportable segments	$	19,193	$	19,427	*
Other — divested businesses		4		83	*
Other revenue		46		59
Eliminations of internal transactions		(1,683)		(1,541)
Total consolidated revenue	$	17,560	$	18,028
Pre-tax income from continuing operations:
Total reportable segments	$	2,962	$	2,661	*
Amortization of acquired intangible assets		(459)		(473)
Acquisition-related (charges)/income		(1)		(255)
Non-operating retirement-related (costs)/income		(291)		(145)
Eliminations of internal transactions		(158)		(84)
Other — divested businesses		(20)		(25)	*
Unallocated corporate amounts		(206)		(157)
Total pre-tax income from continuing operations	$	1,827	$	1,522

* Recast to conform to current period presentation.

Reconciliations to IBM as Reported:

(Dollars in millions)
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019
Revenue:
Total reportable segments	$	57,870	$	58,956	*
Other — divested businesses		36		863	*
Other revenue		127		190
Eliminations of internal transactions		(4,780)		(4,638)
Total consolidated revenue	$	53,253	$	55,370
Pre-tax income from continuing operations:
Total reportable segments	$	6,708	$	7,938	*
Amortization of acquired intangible assets		(1,404)		(816)
Acquisition-related (charges)/income		(3)		(396)
Non-operating retirement-related (costs)/income		(829)		(419)
Eliminations of internal transactions		(334)		(233)
Other — divested businesses		(17)		480	*
Unallocated corporate amounts		(773)		(380)
Total pre-tax income from continuing operations	$	3,348	$	6,173

* Recast to conform to current period presentation.

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Acquisitions/Divestitures (Tables) - Red Hat, Inc.

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Acquisitions/Divestitures

Business acquisition, purchase price allocation

	Amortization	Allocated
(Dollars in millions)	Life (in years)	Amount
Current assets*		$	3,186
Property, plant and equipment/noncurrent assets			948
Intangible assets:
Goodwill	N/A		22,985
Client relationships	10		7,215
Completed technology	9		4,571
Trademarks	20		1,686
Total assets acquired		$	40,592
Current liabilities**			1,395
Noncurrent liabilities			4,117
Total liabilities assumed		$	5,512
Total purchase price		$	35,080

* Includes $2.2 billion of cash and cash equivalents.

** Includes $485 million of short-term debt related to the convertible notes acquired from Red Hat that were recognized at their fair value on the acquisition date, which was fully settled as of October 1, 2019.

Business acquisition, goodwill segment allocation

(Dollars in billions)	Goodwill
Segment	Allocated*
Cloud & Cognitive Software	$	18.4
Global Technology Services		3.1
Global Business Services		1.1
Systems		0.4
Total	$	23.0

* It is expected that approximately six percent of the goodwill will be deductible for tax purposes.

Business acquisition, pro forma information

(Unaudited)	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions)	2019		2019
Revenue	$	18,567	$	57,424
Net income	$	2,249	$	5,664

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Earnings Per Share of Common Stock (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Earnings Per Share of Common Stock

Computation of basic and diluted earnings per share

	For the Three Months Ended
(Dollars in millions except per share amounts)	September 30, 2020		September 30, 2019
Number of shares on which basic earnings per share is calculated:
Weighted-average shares outstanding during period		891,381,032		886,018,372
Add — Incremental shares under stock-based compensation plans		4,595,327		5,368,268
Add — Incremental shares associated with contingently issuable shares		1,315,874		1,453,105
Number of shares on which diluted earnings per share is calculated		897,292,233		892,839,745
Income from continuing operations	$	1,698	$	1,673
Income/(loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax		(1)		(1)
Net income on which basic earnings per share is calculated	$	1,698	$	1,672
Income from continuing operations	$	1,698	$	1,673
Net income applicable to contingently issuable shares		—		—
Income from continuing operations on which diluted earnings per share is calculated	$	1,698	$	1,673
Income/(loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax, on which basic and diluted earnings per share is calculated		(1)		(1)
Net income on which diluted earnings per share is calculated	$	1,698	$	1,672
Earnings/(loss) per share of common stock:
Assuming dilution
Continuing operations	$	1.89	$	1.87
Discontinued operations		0.00		0.00
Total	$	1.89	$	1.87
Basic
Continuing operations	$	1.90	$	1.89
Discontinued operations		0.00		0.00
Total	$	1.90	$	1.89

	For the Nine Months Ended
(Dollars in millions except per share amounts)	September 30, 2020		September 30, 2019
Number of shares on which basic earnings per share is calculated:
Weighted-average shares outstanding during period		889,595,181		887,291,199
Add — Incremental shares under stock-based compensation plans		4,875,369		4,007,433
Add — Incremental shares associated with contingently issuable shares		1,286,300		1,228,726
Number of shares on which diluted earnings per share is calculated		895,756,850		892,527,357
Income from continuing operations	$	4,237	$	5,766
Income/(loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax		(2)		(5)
Net income on which basic earnings per share is calculated	$	4,234	$	5,761
Income from continuing operations	$	4,237	$	5,766
Net income applicable to contingently issuable shares		(2)		0
Income from continuing operations on which diluted earnings per share is calculated	$	4,234	$	5,766
Income/(loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax, on which basic and diluted earnings per share is calculated		(2)		(5)
Net income on which diluted earnings per share is calculated	$	4,232	$	5,762
Earnings/(loss) per share of common stock:
Assuming dilution
Continuing operations	$	4.72	$	6.46
Discontinued operations		0.00		(0.01)
Total	$	4.72	$	6.45
Basic
Continuing operations	$	4.76	$	6.50
Discontinued operations		0.00		(0.01)
Total	$	4.76	$	6.49

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Financial Assets & Liabilities (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Financial Assets & Liabilities

Financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis

	Fair Value
	Hierarchy	At September 30, 2020				At December 31, 2019
(Dollars in millions)	Level	Assets (7)		Liabilities (8)		Assets (7)		Liabilities (8)
Cash equivalents (1)
Time deposits and certificates of deposit (2)	2	$	9,880	$	N/A	$	4,392	$	N/A
Money market funds	1		658		N/A		427		N/A
U.S. government securities (2)	2		100		N/A		—		N/A
Total cash equivalents		$	10,638	$	N/A	$	4,819	$	N/A
Equity investments (3)	1		1		N/A		0		N/A
Debt securities-current (2)(4)	2		1,200		N/A		696		N/A
Debt securities-noncurrent (2)(5)	2		—		N/A		65		N/A
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
Interest rate contracts	2		98		—		56		—
Foreign exchange contracts	2		93		566		175		635
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Foreign exchange contracts	2		9		11		10		33
Equity contracts (6)	1,2		4		7		1		4
Total		$	12,043	$	583	$	5,823	$	673

(1) Included within cash and cash equivalents in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

(2) Available-for-sale securities with an amortized cost basis that approximates fair value.

(3) Included within investments and sundry assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

(4) Primarily includes time deposits and U.S. treasury bills that are reported within marketable securities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

(5) Primarily includes corporate debt securities with maturities of less than two years that are reported within investments and sundry assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

(6) Level 1 includes immaterial amounts related to equity futures contracts.

(7) The gross balances of derivative assets contained within prepaid expenses and other current assets, and investments and sundry assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at September 30, 2020 were $83 million and $121 million, respectively, and at December 31, 2019 were $149 million and $94 million, respectively.

(8) The gross balances of derivative liabilities contained within other accrued expenses and liabilities, and other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at September 30, 2020 were $480 million and $103 million, respectively, and at December 31, 2019 were $167 million and $506 million, respectively.

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Financing Receivables (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Financing Receivables

Summary of the components of financing receivables

	Client Financing Receivables
	Client Loan and		Investment in
	Installment Payment		Sales-Type and		Commercial
(Dollars in millions)	Receivables		Direct Financing		Financing
At September 30, 2020:	(Loans)		Leases		Receivables		Total
Financing receivables, gross	$	11,599	$	4,124	$	2,127	$	17,849
Unearned income		(479)		(339)		(3)		(822)
Residual value*		—		507		—		507
Amortized cost	$	11,119	$	4,292	$	2,124	$	17,534
Allowance for credit losses		(162)		(92)		(9)		(264)
Total financing receivables, net	$	10,957	$	4,200	$	2,114	$	17,271
Current portion	$	6,921	$	1,813	$	2,114	$	10,848
Noncurrent portion	$	4,036	$	2,387	$	—	$	6,423

* Includes guaranteed and unguaranteed residual value.

	Client Financing Receivables
	Client Loan and		Investment in
	Installment Payment		Sales-Type and		Commercial
(Dollars in millions)	Receivables		Direct Financing		Financing
At December 31, 2019:	(Loans)		Leases		Receivables		Total
Financing receivables, gross	$	13,592	$	6,077	$	3,836	$	23,504
Unearned income		(570)		(509)		(4)		(1,083)
Recorded investment	$	13,022	$	5,567	$	3,831	$	22,421
Allowance for credit losses		(138)		(72)		(11)		(221)
Unguaranteed residual value		—		652		—		652
Guaranteed residual value		—		53		—		53
Total financing receivables, net	$	12,884	$	6,199	$	3,820	$	22,904
Current portion	$	8,037	$	2,334	$	3,820	$	14,192
Noncurrent portion	$	4,847	$	3,865	$	—	$	8,712

Schedule of financing receivables and allowance for credit losses by class

(Dollars in millions)
At September 30, 2020:	Americas		EMEA		Asia Pacific		Total
Amortized cost	$	7,631	$	4,813	$	2,968	$	15,411
Allowance for credit losses
Beginning balance at December 31, 2019	$	120	$	54	$	36	$	210
Adjustment for adoption of new standard		21		15		5		41
Beginning balance at January 1, 2020	$	142	$	69	$	41	$	252
Write-offs	$	(27)	$	(1)	$	(3)	$	(31)
Recoveries		0		0		2		2
Additions/(releases)		33		8		(1)		40
Other*		(11)		2		0		(9)
Ending balance at September 30, 2020	$	137	$	78	$	39	$	254

* Primarily represents translation adjustments.

(Dollars in millions)
At December 31, 2019:	Americas		EMEA		Asia Pacific		Total
Recorded investment
Lease receivables	$	3,419	$	1,186	$	963	$	5,567
Loan receivables		6,726		3,901		2,395		13,022
Ending balance	$	10,144	$	5,087	$	3,359	$	18,590
Recorded investment collectively evaluated for impairment	$	10,032	$	5,040	$	3,326	$	18,399
Recorded investment individually evaluated for impairment	$	112	$	47	$	32	$	191
Allowance for credit losses
Beginning balance at January 1, 2019
Lease receivables	$	53	$	22	$	24	$	99
Loan receivables		105		43		32		179
Total	$	158	$	65	$	56	$	279
Write-offs	$	(42)	$	(3)	$	(18)	$	(63)
Recoveries		1		0		1		2
Additions/(releases)		5		(7)		(3)		(5)
Other*		(1)		0		(1)		(2)
Ending balance at December 31, 2019	$	120	$	54	$	36	$	210
Lease receivables	$	33	$	23	$	16	$	72
Loan receivables	$	88	$	31	$	20	$	138
Related allowance, collectively evaluated for impairment	$	25	$	11	$	4	$	39
Related allowance, individually evaluated for impairment	$	96	$	43	$	32	$	171

* Primarily represents translation adjustments.

Schedule of past due financing receivables

					Amortized		Billed
	Total		Amortized		Cost		Invoices		Amortized
(Dollars in millions)	Amortized		Cost		> 90 Days and		> 90 Days and		Cost Not
At September 30, 2020:	Cost		> 90 Days (1)		Accruing (1)		Accruing		Accruing (2)
Americas	$	7,631	$	257	$	166	$	31	$	102
EMEA		4,813		99		13		5		93
Asia Pacific		2,968		60		27		6		34
Total client financing receivables	$	15,411	$	416	$	206	$	41	$	229

(1) At a contract level, which includes total billed and unbilled amounts for financing receivables aged greater than 90 days.

(2) Of the amortized cost not accruing, there is a related allowance of $170 million. Financing income recognized on these receivables was immaterial for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively.

					Recorded		Billed		Recorded
	Total		Recorded		Investment		Invoices		Investment
(Dollars in millions)	Recorded		Investment		> 90 Days and		> 90 Days and		Not
At December 31, 2019:	Investment		> 90 Days (1)		Accruing (1)		Accruing		Accruing (2)
Americas	$	3,419	$	187	$	147	$	11	$	41
EMEA		1,186		28		13		2		17
Asia Pacific		963		19		7		1		11
Total lease receivables	$	5,567	$	234	$	168	$	14	$	69
Americas	$	6,726	$	127	$	71	$	11	$	72
EMEA		3,901		77		8		3		72
Asia Pacific		2,395		26		6		2		21
Total loan receivables	$	13,022	$	231	$	85	$	15	$	166
Total	$	18,590	$	465	$	253	$	29	$	235

(1) At a contract level, which includes total billed and unbilled amounts for financing receivables aged greater than 90 days.

(2) Of the recorded investment not accruing, $191 million is individually evaluated for impairment with a related allowance of $171 million. Financing income recognized on these receivables was immaterial for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.

Schedule of net recorded investment by credit quality indicator

(Dollars in millions)	Americas				EMEA				Asia Pacific
At September 30, 2020:	Aaa – Baa3		Ba1 – D		Aaa – Baa3		Ba1 – D		Aaa – Baa3		Ba1 – D
Vintage year:
2020	$	1,786	$	1,301	$	1,038	$	1,352	$	710	$	287
2019		1,334		763		745		614		609		170
2018		1,002		489		372		296		448		188
2017		422		194		92		147		225		66
2016		108		78		44		55		142		40
2015 and prior		41		112		33		25		58		23
Total	$	4,694	$	2,937	$	2,324	$	2,489	$	2,193	$	775

(Dollars in millions)	Lease Receivables						Loan Receivables
At December 31, 2019:	Americas		EMEA		Asia Pacific		Americas		EMEA		Asia Pacific
Credit rating:
Aaa – Aa3	$	465	$	54	$	43	$	1,028	$	193	$	189
A1 – A3		750		181		454		1,186		395		892
Baa1 – Baa3		955		409		147		1,882		1,527		619
Ba1 – Ba2		746		326		154		1,513		921		388
Ba3 – B1		215		140		101		471		564		205
B2 – B3		242		50		47		522		253		72
Caa – D		13		2		2		36		18		10
Total	$	3,385	$	1,162	$	947	$	6,638	$	3,871	$	2,376

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Leases (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Leases

Schedule of amounts included in the Consolidated Income Statement related to lessor activity

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019		2020		2019
Lease income – sales-type and direct financing leases
Sales-type lease selling price	$	154	$	188	$	733	$	516
Less: Carrying value of underlying assets*		64		75		258		204
Gross profit	$	90	$	113	$	475	$	312
Interest income on lease receivables		56		71		195		222
Total sales-type and direct financing lease income	$	145	$	184	$	670	$	534
Lease income – operating leases		65		80		204		252
Variable lease income		25		12		82		38
Total lease income	$	235	$	276	$	956	$	824

* Excludes unguaranteed residual value.

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Intangible Assets Including Goodwill (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Intangible Assets Including Goodwill

Intangible asset balances by major asset class

	At September 30, 2020
	Gross Carrying		Accumulated		Net Carrying
(Dollars in millions)	Amount		Amortization		Amount*
Intangible asset class
Capitalized software	$	1,769	$	(785)	$	984
Client relationships		8,698		(1,852)		6,847
Completed technology		5,900		(1,531)		4,369
Patents/trademarks		2,210		(467)		1,743
Other**		56		(37)		18
Total	$	18,634	$	(4,672)	$	13,962

	At December 31, 2019
	Gross Carrying		Accumulated		Net Carrying
(Dollars in millions)	Amount		Amortization		Amount*
Intangible asset class
Capitalized software	$	1,749	$	(743)	$	1,006
Client relationships		8,921		(1,433)		7,488
Completed technology		6,261		(1,400)		4,861
Patents/trademarks		2,301		(445)		1,856
Other**		56		(31)		24
Total	$	19,287	$	(4,052)	$	15,235

*  Amounts as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 include an increase in net intangible asset balances of $133 million and a decrease of $42 million, respectively, due to foreign currency translation.

** Other intangibles are primarily acquired proprietary and non-proprietary business processes, methodologies and systems.

Intangible assets, future amortization expense

	Capitalized		Acquired
(Dollars in millions)	Software		Intangibles		Total
Remainder of 2020	$	154	$	454	$	608
2021		501		1,766		2,267
2022		261		1,704		1,964
2023		68		1,390		1,458
2024		0		1,340		1,340
Thereafter		—		6,324		6,324

Changes in goodwill balances by reportable segment

									Foreign
									Currency
					Purchase				Translation
(Dollars in millions)	Balance		Goodwill		Price				And Other		Balance
Segment	1/1/2020		Additions		Adjustments		Divestitures		Adjustments**		9/30/2020
Cloud & Cognitive Software	$	43,037	$	25	$	(139)	$	—	$	186	$	43,109
Global Business Services		5,775		—		—		—		47		5,822
Global Technology Services		7,141		—		—		—		13		7,154
Systems		2,270		—		—		—		1		2,270
Other—divested businesses		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	58,222	$	25	$	(139)	$	—	$	248	$	58,355

									Foreign
									Currency
					Purchase				Translation
(Dollars in millions)	Balance		Goodwill		Price				And Other		Balance
Segment	1/1/2019		Additions		Adjustments		Divestitures		Adjustments**		12/31/2019
Cloud & Cognitive Software*	$	24,463	$	18,399	$	133	$	—	$	41	$	43,037
Global Business Services		4,711		1,059		1		(1)		5		5,775
Global Technology Services		3,988		3,119		—		—		34		7,141
Systems		1,847		525		(110)		—		7		2,270
Other—divested businesses*		1,256		—		—		(1,256)		—		—
Total	$	36,265	$	23,102	$	24	$	(1,257)	$	87	$	58,222

* Recast to conform to 2020 presentation.

** Primarily driven by foreign currency translation.

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Borrowings (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Borrowings

Short-Term Debt

	At September 30,		At December 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019
Commercial paper	$	25	$	304
Short-term loans		584		971
Long-term debt—current maturities		9,677		7,522
Total	$	10,285	$	8,797

Long-Term Debt

		Balance		Balance
(Dollars in millions)	Maturities	9/30/2020		12/31/2019
U.S. dollar debt (weighted-average interest rate at September 30, 2020):*
2.1%	2020	$	1,500	$	4,326
1.4%	2021		5,516		8,498
2.6%	2022		6,245		6,289
3.3%	2023		2,406		2,388
3.3%	2024		5,035		5,045
6.7%	2025		635		636
3.3%	2026		4,373		4,350
3.0%	2027		2,219		969
6.5%	2028		313		313
3.5%	2029		3,250		3,250
2.0%	2030		1,350		—
5.9%	2032		600		600
8.0%	2038		83		83
4.5%	2039		2,745		2,745
2.9%	2040		650		—
4.0%	2042		1,107		1,107
7.0%	2045		27		27
4.7%	2046		650		650
4.3%	2049		3,000		3,000
3.0%	2050		750		—
7.1%	2096		316		316
		$	42,771	$	44,594
Other currencies (weighted-average interest rate at September 30, 2020, in parentheses):*
Euro (1.1%)	2020–2040	$	19,354	$	14,306
Pound sterling (2.7%)	2020–2022		1,360		1,390
Japanese yen (0.3%)	2022–2026		1,379		1,339
Other (3.1%)	2021–2024		242		375
		$	65,106	$	62,003
Finance lease obligations (1.9%)	2021–2030		291		204
		$	65,397	$	62,207
Less: net unamortized discount			884		881
Less: net unamortized debt issuance costs			161		142
Add: fair value adjustment**			453		440
		$	64,805	$	61,624
Less: current maturities			9,677		7,522
Total		$	55,129	$	54,102

*   Includes notes, debentures, bank loans and secured borrowings.

** The portion of the company’s fixed-rate debt obligations that was hedged was reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as an amount equal to the sum of the debt’s carrying value and a fair value adjustment representing changes in the fair value of the hedged debt obligations attributable to movements in benchmark interest rates.

Pre-swap annual contractual obligations of long-term debt outstanding

Pre-swap annual contractual obligations of long-term debt outstanding at September 30, 2020, are as follows:

(Dollars in millions)	Total
Remainder of 2020	$	4,343
2021		7,003
2022		7,276
2023		5,564
2024		6,454
Thereafter		34,757
Total	$	65,397

Interest on Debt

(Dollars in millions)
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019
Cost of financing	$	346	$	483
Interest expense		971		990
Interest capitalized		6		5
Total interest paid and accrued	$	1,323	$	1,478

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Commitments (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Commitments

Changes in warranty liabilities

Standard Warranty Liability

(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019
Balance at January 1	$	113	$	118
Current period accruals		56		66
Accrual adjustments to reflect actual experience		(15)		(1)
Charges incurred		(73)		(86)
Balance at September 30	$	80	$	98

Extended Warranty Liability

(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019
Balance at January 1	$	477	$	533
Revenue deferred for new extended warranty contracts		115		124
Amortization of deferred revenue		(169)		(194)
Other*		(3)		(8)
Balance at September 30	$	419	$	455
Current portion	$	196	$	226
Noncurrent portion	$	223	$	230

* Other primarily consists of foreign currency translation adjustments.

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Equity Activity (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Equity Activity

Reclassifications and taxes related to items of other comprehensive income

(Dollars in millions)	Before Tax		Tax (Expense)/		Net of Tax
For the three months ended September 30, 2020:	Amount		Benefit		Amount
Other comprehensive income/(loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustments	$	(439)	$	247	$	(192)
Net changes related to available-for-sale securities:
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period	$	(1)	$	0	$	(1)
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to other (income) and expense		—		—		—
Total net changes related to available-for-sale securities	$	(1)	$	0	$	(1)
Unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges:
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period	$	(32)	$	8	$	(24)
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to:
Cost of services		(10)		2		(7)
Cost of sales		4		(1)		3
Cost of financing		6		(2)		5
SG&A expense		5		(1)		4
Other (income) and expense		(93)		23		(70)
Interest expense		19		(5)		14
Total unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges	$	(101)	$	26	$	(75)
Retirement-related benefit plans (1):
Prior service costs/(credits)	$	(1)	$	0	$	0
Net (losses)/gains arising during the period		0		0		0
Curtailments and settlements		21		(6)		14
Amortization of prior service (credits)/costs		0		1		1
Amortization of net (gains)/losses		586		(161)		425
Total retirement-related benefit plans	$	607	$	(167)	$	440
Other comprehensive income/(loss)	$	66	$	106	$	172

(1) These accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost. Refer to note 17, “Retirement-Related Benefits,” for additional information.

Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income

(Dollars in millions)	Before Tax		Tax (Expense)/		Net of Tax
For the three months ended September 30, 2019:	Amount		Benefit		Amount
Other comprehensive income/(loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustments	$	(509)	$	(109)	$	(618)
Net changes related to available-for-sale securities:
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period	$	3	$	(1)	$	2
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to other (income) and expense		—		—		—
Total net changes related to available-for-sale securities	$	3	$	(1)	$	2
Unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges:
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period	$	(439)	$	110	$	(329)
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to:
Cost of services		(22)		6		(17)
Cost of sales		(10)		3		(7)
Cost of financing		21		(5)		15
SG&A expense		(11)		3		(8)
Other (income) and expense		447		(112)		334
Interest expense		64		(16)		48
Total unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges	$	49	$	(12)	$	36
Retirement-related benefit plans (1):
Net (losses)/gains arising during the period	$	0	$	0	$	0
Curtailments and settlements		3		(1)		2
Amortization of prior service (credits)/costs		(3)		3		(1)
Amortization of net (gains)/losses		461		(128)		333
Total retirement-related benefit plans	$	461	$	(127)	$	335
Other comprehensive income/(loss)	$	4	$	(249)	$	(245)

(1) These AOCI components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost. Refer to note 17, “Retirement-Related Benefits,” for additional information.

Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income

(Dollars in millions)	Before Tax		Tax (Expense)/		Net of Tax
For the nine months ended September 30, 2020:	Amount		Benefit		Amount
Other comprehensive income/(loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustments	$	(1,354)	$	260	$	(1,094)
Net changes related to available-for-sale securities:
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period	$	0	$	0	$	0
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to other (income) and expense		—		—		—
Total net changes related to available-for-sale securities	$	0	$	0	$	0
Unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges:
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period	$	(249)	$	63	$	(186)
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to:
Cost of services		(18)		5		(14)
Cost of sales		(14)		4		(10)
Cost of financing		21		(5)		16
SG&A expense		(12)		3		(9)
Other (income) and expense		(74)		19		(55)
Interest expense		60		(15)		45
Total unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges	$	(285)	$	73	$	(212)
Retirement-related benefit plans (1):
Prior service costs/(credits)	$	(5)	$	1	$	(3)
Net (losses)/gains arising during the period		65		(24)		41
Curtailments and settlements		42		(12)		30
Amortization of prior service (credits)/costs		1		2		3
Amortization of net (gains)/losses		1,722		(473)		1,249
Total retirement-related benefit plans	$	1,826	$	(507)	$	1,319
Other comprehensive income/(loss)	$	187	$	(175)	$	12

(1) These AOCI components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost. Refer to note 17, “Retirement-Related Benefits,” for additional information.

Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income

(Dollars in millions)	Before Tax		Tax (Expense)/		Net of Tax
For the nine months ended September 30, 2019:	Amount		Benefit		Amount
Other comprehensive income/(loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustments	$	(333)	$	(72)	$	(405)
Net changes related to available-for-sale securities:
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period	$	1	$	0	$	1
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to other (income) and expense		—		—		—
Total net changes related to available-for-sale securities	$	1	$	0	$	1
Unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges:
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period	$	(798)	$	196	$	(601)
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to:
Cost of services		(52)		13		(38)
Cost of sales		(40)		11		(29)
Cost of financing		73		(18)		55
SG&A expense		(45)		12		(33)
Other (income) and expense		331		(83)		248
Interest expense		150		(38)		112
Total unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges	$	(380)	$	93	$	(287)
Retirement-related benefit plans (1):
Net (losses)/gains arising during the period	$	113	$	(23)	$	90
Curtailments and settlements		7		(1)		6
Amortization of prior service (credits)/costs		(9)		4		(5)
Amortization of net (gains)/losses		1,385		(380)		1,005
Total retirement-related benefit plans	$	1,496	$	(401)	$	1,095
Other comprehensive income/(loss)	$	784	$	(380)	$	404

(1) These AOCI components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost. Refer to note 17, “Retirement-Related Benefits,” for additional information.

Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) (net of tax)

					Net Change		Net Unrealized
	Net Unrealized		Foreign		Retirement-		Gains/(Losses)		Accumulated
	Gains/(Losses)		Currency		Related		on Available-		Other
	on Cash Flow		Translation		Benefit		For-Sale		Comprehensive
(Dollars in millions)	Hedges		Adjustments*		Plans		Securities		Income/(Loss)
January 1, 2020	$	(179)	$	(3,700)	$	(24,718)	$	0	$	(28,597)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications		(186)		(1,094)		37		0		(1,242)
Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income		(27)		—		1,281		—		1,255
Total change for the period	$	(212)	$	(1,094)	$	1,319	$	0	$	12
September 30, 2020	$	(391)	$	(4,794)	$	(23,399)	$	0	$	(28,584)

*  Foreign currency translation adjustments are presented gross except for any associated hedges which are presented net of tax.

					Net Change		Net Unrealized
	Net Unrealized		Foreign		Retirement-		Gains/(Losses)		Accumulated
	Gains/(Losses)		Currency		Related		on Available-		Other
	on Cash Flow		Translation		Benefit		For-Sale		Comprehensive
(Dollars in millions)	Hedges		Adjustments*		Plans		Securities		Income/(Loss)
January 1, 2019	$	284	$	(3,690)	$	(26,083)	$	0	$	(29,490)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications		(601)		(405)		89		1		(916)
Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income		315		—		1,005		—		1,320
Total change for the period	$	(287)	$	(405)	$	1,095	$	1	$	404
September 30, 2019	$	(3)	$	(4,095)	$	(24,988)	$	0	$	(29,086)

* Foreign currency translation adjustments are presented gross except for any associated hedges which are presented net of tax.

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Derivative Financial Instruments (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Derivative Financial Instruments

Amounts related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges

	September 30,			December 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2020			2019
Short-term debt:
Carrying amount of the hedged item	$	(1,308)		$	—
Cumulative hedging adjustments included in the carrying amount - assets/(liabilities)		(8)			—
Long-term debt:
Carrying amount of the hedged item	$	(2,117)		$	(3,411)
Cumulative hedging adjustments included in the carrying amount - assets/(liabilities)		(445)	(1)		(440)	(1)

(1) Includes ($365) million and ($404) million of hedging adjustments on discontinued hedging relationships at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

Effect of derivative instruments in the consolidated income statement

					Gains/(Losses) of
(Dollars in millions)	Total				Total Hedge Activity
For the three months ended September 30:	2020		2019		2020		2019
Cost of services	$	7,357	$	7,840	$	10	$	22
Cost of sales		1,601		1,635		(4)		10
Cost of financing		172		217		3		(11)
SG&A expense		4,647		5,024		58		20
Other (income) and expense		253		(31)		101		(561)
Interest expense		323		432		8		(35)

	Gain (Loss) Recognized in Consolidated Income Statement
	Consolidated	Recognized on				Attributable to Risk
(Dollars in millions)	Income Statement	Derivatives				Being Hedged (2)
For the three months ended September 30:	Line Item	2020		2019		2020		2019
Derivative instruments in fair value hedges (1):
Interest rate contracts	Cost of financing	$	0	$	3	$	7	$	0
	Interest expense		0		9		20		0
Derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments:
Foreign exchange contracts	Other (income) and expense		8		(114)		N/A		N/A
Equity contracts	SG&A expense		63		9		N/A		N/A
Total		$	71	$	(94)	$	27	$	0

	Gain (Loss) Recognized in Consolidated Income Statement and Other Comprehensive Income
(Dollars in millions)					Consolidated	Reclassified				Amounts Excluded from
For the three months	Recognized in OCI				Income Statement	from AOCI				Effectiveness Testing (3)
ended September 30:	2020		2019		Line Item	2020		2019		2020		2019
Derivative instruments in cash flow hedges:
Interest rate contracts	$	—	$	—	Cost of financing	$	(1)	$	(1)	$	—	$	—
					Interest expense		(3)		(3)		—		—
Foreign exchange contracts		(32)		(439)	Cost of services		10		22		—		—
					Cost of sales		(4)		10		—		—
					Cost of financing		(5)		(20)		—		—
					SG&A expense		(5)		11		—		—
					Other (income) and expense		93		(447)		—		—
					Interest expense		(15)		(61)		—		—
Instruments in net investment hedges (4):
Foreign exchange contracts		(983)		435	Cost of financing		—		—		2		7
					Interest expense		—		—		7		20
Total	$	(1,015)	$	(4)		$	69	$	(488)	$	9	$	27

(1) The amount includes changes in clean fair values of the derivative instruments in fair value hedging relationships and the periodic accrual for coupon payments required under these derivative contracts.

(2) The amount includes basis adjustments to the carrying value of the hedged item recorded during the period and amortization of basis adjustments recorded on de-designated hedging relationships during the period.

(3) The company’s policy is to recognize all fair value changes in amounts excluded from effectiveness testing in net income each period.

(4) Instruments in net investment hedges include derivative and non-derivative instruments.

N/A - not applicable

					Gains/(Losses) of
(Dollars in millions)	Total				Total Hedge Activity
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019		2020		2019
Cost of services	$	22,720	$	24,293	$	18	$	52
Cost of sales		4,964		4,979		14		40
Cost of financing		517		710		9		(47)
SG&A expense		15,849		15,171		24		199
Other (income) and expense		614		(850)		92		(358)
Interest expense		971		990		24		(96)

	Gain (Loss) Recognized in Consolidated Income Statement
	Consolidated	Recognized on				Attributable to Risk
(Dollars in millions)	Income Statement	Derivatives				Being Hedged (2)
For the nine months ended September 30:	Line Item	2020		2019		2020		2019
Derivative instruments in fair value hedges (1):
Interest rate contracts	Cost of financing	$	20	$	51	$	(3)	$	(44)
	Interest expense		57		105		(9)		(89)
Derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments:
Foreign exchange contracts	Other (income) and expense		18		(27)		N/A		N/A
Equity contracts	SG&A expense		12		153		N/A		N/A
Total		$	108	$	283	$	(13)	$	(133)

	Gain (Loss) Recognized in Consolidated Income Statement and Other Comprehensive Income
(Dollars in millions)					Consolidated	Reclassified				Amounts Excluded from
For the nine months	Recognized in OCI				Income Statement	from AOCI				Effectiveness Testing (3)
ended September 30:	2020		2019		Line Item	2020		2019		2020		2019
Derivative instruments in cash flow hedges:
Interest rate contracts	$	—	$	(168)	Cost of financing	$	(3)	$	(2)	$	—	$	—
					Interest expense		(10)		(5)		—		—
Foreign exchange contracts		(249)		(630)	Cost of services		18		52		—		—
					Cost of sales		14		40		—		—
					Cost of financing		(18)		(71)		—		—
					SG&A expense		12		45		—		—
					Other (income) and expense		74		(331)		—		—
					Interest expense		(50)		(146)		—		—
Instruments in net investment hedges (4):
Foreign exchange contracts		(1,033)		306	Cost of financing		—		—		13		19
					Interest expense		—		—		37		38
Total	$	(1,281)	$	(491)		$	37	$	(418)	$	50	$	57

(1) The amount includes changes in clean fair values of the derivative instruments in fair value hedging relationships and the periodic accrual for coupon payments required under these derivative contracts.

(2) The amount includes basis adjustments to the carrying value of the hedged item recorded during the period and amortization of basis adjustments recorded on de-designated hedging relationships during the period.

(3) The company’s policy is to recognize all fair value changes in amounts excluded from effectiveness testing in net income each period.

(4) Instruments in net investment hedges include derivative and non-derivative instruments.

N/A - not applicable

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Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation cost included in income from continuing operations

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019		2020		2019
Cost	$	42	$	29	$	109	$	71
Selling, general and administrative		129		147		401		313
Research, development and engineering		50		44		147		84
Pre-tax stock-based compensation cost	$	222	$	220	$	658	$	468
Income tax benefits		(50)		(50)		(146)		(104)
Total net stock-based compensation cost	$	172	$	170	$	512	$	364

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Retirement-Related Benefits (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Retirement-Related Benefits

Pre-tax cost for all retirement-related plans

					Yr. to Yr.
(Dollars in millions)					Percent
For the three months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change
Retirement-related plans — cost
Defined benefit and contribution pension plans — cost	$	610	$	459	32.9	%
Nonpension postretirement plans — cost		50		53	(5.9)
Total	$	660	$	512	28.9	%

					Yr. to Yr.
(Dollars in millions)					Percent
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019		Change
Retirement-related plans — cost
Defined benefit and contribution pension plans — cost	$	1,789	$	1,337	33.8	%
Nonpension postretirement plans — cost		151		160	(5.2)
Total	$	1,941	$	1,497	29.6	%

Components of the cost/(income) for the company's pension plans

(Dollars in millions)	U.S. Plans				Non-U.S. Plans
For the three months ended September 30:	2020		2019		2020		2019
Service cost	$	—	$	—	$	99	$	93
Interest cost (1)		375		470		142		202
Expected return on plan assets (1)		(542)		(650)		(323)		(391)
Amortization of prior service costs/(credits) (1)		4		4		(5)		(7)
Recognized actuarial losses (1)		207		140		360		313
Curtailments and settlements (1)		—		—		21		3
Multi-employer plans		—		—		7		10
Other costs/(credits) (1)		—		—		6		11
Total net periodic pension (income)/cost of defined benefit plans	$	44	$	(36)	$	307	$	235
Cost of defined contribution plans		148		151		111		109
Total defined benefit and contribution pension plans cost recognized in the Consolidated Income Statement	$	192	$	115	$	418	$	344

(Dollars in millions)	U.S. Plans				Non-U.S. Plans
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019		2020		2019
Service cost	$	—	$	—	$	289	$	279
Interest cost (1)		1,126		1,411		408		616
Expected return on plan assets (1)		(1,627)		(1,949)		(943)		(1,186)
Amortization of prior service costs/(credits) (1)		12		12		(14)		(20)
Recognized actuarial losses (1)		622		419		1,041		939
Curtailments and settlements (1)		—		—		42		7
Multi-employer plans		—		—		22		26
Other costs/(credits) (1)		—		—		20		22
Total net periodic pension (income)/cost of defined benefit plans	$	133	$	(107)	$	865	$	683
Cost of defined contribution plans		457		440		334		321
Total defined benefit and contribution pension plans cost recognized in the Consolidated Income Statement	$	590	$	333	$	1,200	$	1,004

(1) These components of net periodic pension cost are included in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Income Statement.

Components of the cost/(income) for the company's nonpension postretirement plans

(Dollars in millions)	U.S. Plan				Non-U.S. Plans
For the three months ended September 30:	2020		2019		2020		2019
Service cost	$	2	$	3	$	1	$	1
Interest cost (1)		26		36		8		12
Expected return on plan assets (1)		—		—		(1)		(1)
Amortization of prior service costs/(credits) (1)		1		(1)		0		0
Recognized actuarial losses (1)		7		0		5		3
Curtailments and settlements (1)		—		—		—		—
Total nonpension postretirement plans cost recognized in Consolidated Income Statement	$	36	$	38	$	14	$	15

(1) These components of net periodic pension cost are included in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Income Statement.

(Dollars in millions)	U.S. Plan				Non-U.S. Plans
For the nine months ended September 30:	2020		2019		2020		2019
Service cost	$	7	$	8	$	4	$	4
Interest cost (1)		77		109		26		37
Expected return on plan assets (1)		—		—		(3)		(4)
Amortization of prior service costs/(credits) (1)		3		(2)		0		0
Recognized actuarial losses (1)		22		0		16		8
Curtailments and settlements (1)		—		—		0		0
Total nonpension postretirement plans cost recognized in Consolidated Income Statement	$	109	$	115	$	43	$	45

(1) These components of net periodic pension cost are included in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Income Statement.

Schedule of contributions

	Plan Contributions
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019		2020		2019
U.S. nonpension postretirement benefit plan	$	65	$	35	$	265	$	262
Non-U.S. DB and multi-employer plans		16		32		127		159
Total plan contributions	$	80	$	66	$	392	$	421

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Basis of Presentation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended			9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Mar. 31, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Provision for/(benefit from) income taxes	$ 128.0		$ (151.0)	$ (888.0)	$ 407.0
Deferred tax asset from intra-entity sale		$ 3,442.0
Net one-time benefit		$ 939.0
Other (income) and expense
Noncontrolling interest amounts, net of tax	$ 3.4		$ 7.1	$ 14.7	$ 19.0

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Accounting Changes - Credit Losses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Accounting Changes
Deferred tax assets	$ 8,852	$ 5,182
Retained earnings	$ 162,806	162,954
Accounting Standards Update 2016-13 | Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment
Accounting Changes
Allowance for credit losses		81
Deferred tax assets		(14)
Retained earnings		$ (66)

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Accounting Changes - Leases (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Leases
Operating right-of-use assets	$ 4,715	$ 4,996
Finance lease obligations	$ 291	$ 204
Accounting Standards Update 2016-02, Leases | Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment
Leases
Operating right-of-use assets			$ 4,800
Financing right-of-use assets			200
Operating lease liabilities			5,100
Finance lease obligations			$ 200

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Revenue Recognition - Disaggregation of Revenue by Major Products/Service Offerings (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019
Revenue by Major Products/Service Offerings
Total Revenue	$ 17,560	$ 18,028	$ 53,253	$ 55,370	$ 77,000
External Revenue
Revenue by Major Products/Service Offerings
Total Revenue	17,510	17,886	53,090	54,317
Other
Revenue by Major Products/Service Offerings
Revenue	50	142	163	1,053
Cloud & Cognitive Software | External Revenue
Revenue by Major Products/Service Offerings
Revenue	5,553	5,201	16,540	15,731
Total Revenue	5,553	5,201	16,540	15,731
Global Business Services | External Revenue
Revenue by Major Products/Service Offerings
Revenue	3,965	4,160	11,992	12,513
Total Revenue	3,965	4,160	11,992	12,513
Global Technology Services | External Revenue
Revenue by Major Products/Service Offerings
Revenue	6,462	6,700	19,245	20,412
Total Revenue	6,462	6,700	19,245	20,412
Systems | External Revenue
Revenue by Major Products/Service Offerings
Revenue	1,257	1,481	4,477	4,562
Total Revenue	1,257	1,481	4,477	4,562
Global Financing | External Revenue
Revenue by Major Products/Service Offerings
Financial Services Revenue	273	343	837	1,100
Total Revenue	273	343	837	1,100
Cognitive Applications | Cloud & Cognitive Software | External Revenue
Revenue by Major Products/Service Offerings
Revenue	1,317	1,305	3,745	3,914
Cloud & Data Platforms | Cloud & Cognitive Software | External Revenue
Revenue by Major Products/Service Offerings
Revenue	2,775	2,308	8,108	6,398
Transaction Processing Platforms | Cloud & Cognitive Software | External Revenue
Revenue by Major Products/Service Offerings
Revenue	1,461	1,589	4,687	5,419
Consulting | Global Business Services | External Revenue
Revenue by Major Products/Service Offerings
Revenue	1,966	2,016	5,973	6,037
Application Management | Global Business Services | External Revenue
Revenue by Major Products/Service Offerings
Revenue	1,758	1,897	5,332	5,724
Global Process Services | Global Business Services | External Revenue
Revenue by Major Products/Service Offerings
Revenue	240	247	687	752
Infrastructure & Cloud Services | Global Technology Services | External Revenue
Revenue by Major Products/Service Offerings
Revenue	4,933	5,071	14,663	15,454
Technology Support Services | Global Technology Services | External Revenue
Revenue by Major Products/Service Offerings
Revenue	1,528	1,629	4,582	4,958
Systems Hardware | Systems | External Revenue
Revenue by Major Products/Service Offerings
Revenue	919	1,117	3,404	3,358
Operating Systems Software | Systems | External Revenue
Revenue by Major Products/Service Offerings
Revenue	$ 338	$ 364	$ 1,074	$ 1,204

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Revenue Recognition - Disaggregation of Revenue by Geography (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019
Revenue by Geography
Revenues	$ 17,560	$ 18,028	$ 53,253	$ 55,370	$ 77,000
Americas
Revenue by Geography
Revenues	8,139	8,514	24,755	25,813
EMEA
Revenue by Geography
Revenues	5,564	5,477	16,775	17,354
Asia Pacific
Revenue by Geography
Revenues	$ 3,857	$ 4,036	$ 11,723	$ 12,203

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Revenue Recognition - Remaining Performance Obligations (Details) - USD ($) $ in Billions	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Revenue Recognition
Practical expedient, remaining performance obligations	true	true
Remaining performance obligations related to customer contracts that are unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied	$ 117

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Revenue Recognition - Remaining Performance Obligations, Expected Timing of Satisfaction (Details)	Sep. 30, 2020
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2020-10-01
Remaining Performance Obligations
Percentage of remaining performance obligation expected to be recognized	60.00%
Duration of expected recognition period for remaining performance obligation	2 years
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2022-10-01
Remaining Performance Obligations
Percentage of remaining performance obligation expected to be recognized	35.00%
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2022-10-01 | Minimum
Remaining Performance Obligations
Duration of expected recognition period for remaining performance obligation	3 years
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2022-10-01 | Maximum
Remaining Performance Obligations
Duration of expected recognition period for remaining performance obligation	5 years

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Revenue Recognition - Performance Obligations Satisfied or Partially Satisfied in Prior Periods (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2020
Revenue Recognition
Impact to revenue from performance obligations satisfied (or partially satisfied) in previous periods	$ 12	$ (45)

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Revenue Recognition - Reconciliation of Contract Balances (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Reconciliation of Contract Balances
Notes and accounts receivable - trade (net of allowances of $354 in 2020 and $299 in 2019)	$ 6,099	$ 6,099	$ 7,870
Notes and accounts receivable - trade, allowances	354	354	299
Contract assets	528	528	492
Deferred income (current)	11,681	11,681	12,026
Deferred income (noncurrent)	3,820	3,820	$ 3,851
Revenue recognized that was included in deferred income at the beginning of the period	$ 4,200	$ 8,600

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Revenue Recognition - Trade allowance for credit losses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Roll forward of notes and accounts receivable - trade allowance for credit losses
Allowance for Credit Loss, Beginning Balance	$ 299	$ 309
Additions / (Releases)	79	98
Write-offs	(39)	(113)
Other	(2)	5
Allowance for Credit Loss, Ending Balance	354	299
Accounting Standards Update 2016-13 | Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment
Roll forward of notes and accounts receivable - trade allowance for credit losses
Allowance for Credit Loss, Beginning Balance	$ 316
Allowance for Credit Loss, Ending Balance		$ 316

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Segments - Results of Continuing Operations (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019
Segment Information
Revenue	$ 17,560	$ 18,028	$ 53,253	$ 55,370	$ 77,000
Pre-tax income/(loss) from continuing operations	1,827	1,522	3,348	6,173
External Revenue
Segment Information
Revenue	17,510	17,886	53,090	54,317
External Revenue | Cloud & Cognitive Software
Segment Information
Revenue	5,553	5,201	16,540	15,731
External Revenue | Global Business Services
Segment Information
Revenue	3,965	4,160	11,992	12,513
External Revenue | Global Technology Services
Segment Information
Revenue	6,462	6,700	19,245	20,412
External Revenue | Systems
Segment Information
Revenue	1,257	1,481	4,477	4,562
External Revenue | Global Financing
Segment Information
Revenue	273	343	837	1,100
Internal transactions
Segment Information
Revenue	(1,683)	(1,541)	(4,780)	(4,638)
Pre-tax income/(loss) from continuing operations	(158)	(84)	(334)	(233)
Internal transactions | Cloud & Cognitive Software
Segment Information
Revenue	(875)	(686)	(2,431)	(2,135)
Internal transactions | Global Business Services
Segment Information
Revenue	(49)	(70)	(150)	(213)
Internal transactions | Global Technology Services
Segment Information
Revenue	(312)	(287)	(911)	(879)
Internal transactions | Systems
Segment Information
Revenue	(240)	(195)	(628)	(528)
Internal transactions | Global Financing
Segment Information
Revenue	(208)	(302)	(660)	(884)
Business Segments
Segment Information
Revenue	19,193	19,427	57,870	58,956
Pre-tax income/(loss) from continuing operations	$ 2,962	$ 2,661	$ 6,708	$ 7,938
Revenue year-to-year change (as a percent)	(1.20%)		(1.80%)
Pre-tax income/(loss) year-to-year change (as a percent)	11.30%		(15.50%)
Pre-tax income/(loss) margin (as a percent)	15.40%	13.70%	11.60%	13.50%
Business Segments | Cloud & Cognitive Software
Segment Information
Revenue	$ 6,428	$ 5,888	$ 18,971	$ 17,865
Pre-tax income/(loss) from continuing operations	$ 1,834	$ 1,290	$ 4,475	$ 5,082
Revenue year-to-year change (as a percent)	9.20%		6.20%
Pre-tax income/(loss) year-to-year change (as a percent)	42.20%		(11.90%)
Pre-tax income/(loss) margin (as a percent)	28.50%	21.90%	23.60%	28.40%
Business Segments | Global Business Services
Segment Information
Revenue	$ 4,014	$ 4,230	$ 12,142	$ 12,726
Pre-tax income/(loss) from continuing operations	$ 570	$ 567	$ 1,203	$ 1,154
Revenue year-to-year change (as a percent)	(5.10%)		(4.60%)
Pre-tax income/(loss) year-to-year change (as a percent)	0.60%		4.20%
Pre-tax income/(loss) margin (as a percent)	14.20%	13.40%	9.90%	9.10%
Business Segments | Global Technology Services
Segment Information
Revenue	$ 6,774	$ 6,988	$ 20,155	$ 21,291
Pre-tax income/(loss) from continuing operations	$ 399	$ 490	$ 471	$ 1,000
Revenue year-to-year change (as a percent)	(3.10%)		(5.30%)
Pre-tax income/(loss) year-to-year change (as a percent)	(18.70%)		(53.00%)
Pre-tax income/(loss) margin (as a percent)	5.90%	7.00%	2.30%	4.70%
Business Segments | Systems
Segment Information
Revenue	$ 1,497	$ 1,676	$ 5,106	$ 5,091
Pre-tax income/(loss) from continuing operations	$ (37)	$ 39	$ (7)	$ (101)
Revenue year-to-year change (as a percent)	(10.60%)		0.30%
Pre-tax income/(loss) year-to-year change (as a percent)			(93.60%)
Pre-tax income/(loss) margin (as a percent)	(2.50%)	2.30%	(0.10%)	(2.00%)
Business Segments | Global Financing
Segment Information
Revenue	$ 480	$ 645	$ 1,497	$ 1,983
Pre-tax income/(loss) from continuing operations	$ 196	$ 275	$ 566	$ 803
Revenue year-to-year change (as a percent)	(25.60%)		(24.50%)
Pre-tax income/(loss) year-to-year change (as a percent)	(28.90%)		(29.50%)
Pre-tax income/(loss) margin (as a percent)	40.70%	42.60%	37.80%	40.50%
Adjustment
Segment Information
Revenue					$ 300

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Segments - Revenue Reconciliation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019
Revenue
Revenue	$ 17,560	$ 18,028	$ 53,253	$ 55,370	$ 77,000
Business Segments
Revenue
Revenue	19,193	19,427	57,870	58,956
Other
Revenue
Other - divested businesses	4	83	36	863
Other revenue	46	59	127	190
Internal transactions
Revenue
Revenue	$ (1,683)	$ (1,541)	$ (4,780)	$ (4,638)

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Segments - Pre-Tax Income Reconciliation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Pre-tax income from continuing operations
Amortization of acquired intangible assets	$ (459)	$ (473)	$ (1,404)	$ (816)
Acquisition-related (charges)/income	(1)	(255)	(3)	(396)
Non-operating retirement-related (costs)/income	(291)	(145)	(829)	(419)
Other - divested businesses	(20)	(25)	(17)	480
Income from continuing operations before income taxes	1,827	1,522	3,348	6,173
Business Segments
Pre-tax income from continuing operations
Income from continuing operations before income taxes	2,962	2,661	6,708	7,938
Internal transactions
Pre-tax income from continuing operations
Income from continuing operations before income taxes	(158)	(84)	(334)	(233)
Unallocated corporate amounts
Pre-tax income from continuing operations
Income from continuing operations before income taxes	$ (206)	$ (157)	$ (773)	$ (380)

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Acquisitions/Divestitures (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Billions		3 Months Ended			9 Months Ended
	Jul. 09, 2019 USD ($) $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2020 item	Jun. 30, 2020 item	Mar. 31, 2020 item	Sep. 30, 2020 item
Acquisitions
Percentage of business acquired (as a percent)		100.00%			100.00%
Red Hat, Inc.
Acquisitions
Percentage of business acquired (as a percent)	100.00%
Cash paid to acquiree shareholders (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 190
Aggregate acquisitions cost	$ 35
Businesses acquired, cash consideration	$ 34
Cloud & Cognitive Software
Acquisitions
Number of acquisitions | item		1	1	1	3

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Acquisitions/Divestitures - Purchase Price Allocation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jul. 09, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Acquisitions
Goodwill		$ 58,355	$ 58,222	$ 36,265
Red Hat, Inc.
Acquisitions
Current assets	$ 3,186
Property, plant, and equipment/noncurrent assets	948
Goodwill	22,985	$ 23,000
Total assets acquired	40,592
Current liabilities	1,395
Noncurrent liabilities	4,117
Total liabilities assumed	5,512
Total purchase price	$ 35,080
Acquired intangible asset, weighted average useful life	10 years 10 months 24 days
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 2,200
Short-term debt	485
Red Hat, Inc. | Completed technology
Acquisitions
Intangible assets	$ 4,571
Acquired intangible asset, weighted average useful life	9 years
Red Hat, Inc. | Client relationships
Acquisitions
Intangible assets	$ 7,215
Acquired intangible asset, weighted average useful life	10 years
Red Hat, Inc. | Trademarks
Acquisitions
Intangible assets	$ 1,686
Acquired intangible asset, weighted average useful life	20 years

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Acquisitions/Divestitures - Goodwill (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Jul. 09, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Acquisitions
Goodwill	$ 58,355	$ 58,222		$ 36,265
Red Hat, Inc.
Acquisitions
Goodwill	$ 23,000		$ 22,985
Expected percent of goodwill deductible for tax purposes	6.00%
Cloud & Cognitive Software | Red Hat, Inc.
Acquisitions
Goodwill	$ 18,400
Global Technology Services | Red Hat, Inc.
Acquisitions
Goodwill	3,100
Global Business Services | Red Hat, Inc.
Acquisitions
Goodwill	1,100
Systems | Red Hat, Inc.
Acquisitions
Goodwill	$ 400

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Acquisitions/Divestitures - Pro forma information (Details) - Red Hat, Inc. - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2019
Acquisitions
Revenue	$ 18,567	$ 57,424
Net income	$ 2,249	$ 5,664

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Acquisitions/Divestitures - Divestitures (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Select Standalone Cloud and Cognitive Software Products
Divestitures
Consideration	$ 1,775
Contingent consideration included in total	150
Cash consideration received	$ 812		$ 812
Contingent consideration received		$ 90
Cash payments by IBM for deferred revenue earned and received post divestiture		$ 51		$ 270
Pre-tax gain on sale of business				640
Period after closing to receive outstanding contingent consideration	27 months
Select Marketing Platform and Commerce Offerings
Divestitures
Pre-tax gain on sale of business				$ 80
Select Marketing Platform and Commerce Offerings | U.S.
Divestitures
Cash consideration received	$ 240
Remaining consideration to be received	$ 150
Period after closing for receipt of remaining consideration	36 months
Sales Performance Management Offerings
Divestitures
Cash consideration received					$ 230
Pre-tax gain on sale of business					$ 136

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Earnings Per Share of Common Stock - Computation (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Weighted-average number of shares on which earnings per share calculations are based
Weighted-average shares outstanding during period (in shares)	891,381,032	886,018,372	889,595,181	887,291,199
Add - Incremental shares under stock-based compensation plans (in shares)	4,595,327	5,368,268	4,875,369	4,007,433
Add - Incremental shares associated with contingently issuable shares (in shares)	1,315,874	1,453,105	1,286,300	1,228,726
Assuming dilution (in shares)	897,292,233	892,839,745	895,756,850	892,527,357
Net income on which basic earnings per share is calculated
Income from continuing operations	$ 1,698	$ 1,673	$ 4,237	$ 5,766
Income/(loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax	(1)	(1)	(2)	(5)
Net income on which basic earnings per share is calculated	1,698	1,672	4,234	5,761
Net income on which diluted earnings per share is calculated
Income from continuing operations	1,698	1,673	4,237	5,766
Net income applicable to contingently issuable shares			(2)	0
Income from continuing operations on which diluted earnings per share is calculated	1,698	1,673	4,234	5,766
Income/(loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax, on which basic and diluted earnings per share is calculated	(1)	(1)	(2)	(5)
Net income on which diluted earnings per share is calculated	$ 1,698	$ 1,672	$ 4,232	$ 5,762
Assuming dilution
Continuing operations (in dollars per share)	$ 1.89	$ 1.87	$ 4.72	$ 6.46
Discontinued operations (in dollars per share)	0.00	0.00	0.00	(0.01)
Total (in dollars per share)	1.89	1.87	4.72	6.45
Basic
Continuing operations (in dollars per share)	1.90	1.89	4.76	6.50
Discontinued operations (in dollars per share)	0.00	0.00	0.00	(0.01)
Total (in dollars per share)	$ 1.90	$ 1.89	$ 4.76	$ 6.49

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Earnings Per Share of Common Stock - Antidilutive Stock Options (Details) - shares	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Stock Options
Antidilutive stock options
Outstanding stock options not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share (in shares)	1,510,886	761,659	1,386,591	886,899

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Financial Assets & Liabilities - Impairment (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Financial Assets & Liabilities
Impairment for credit losses	$ 0		$ 0
Non-credit impairment	$ 0		$ 0
Available-for-sale securities impairment		$ 0		$ 0

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Financial Assets & Liabilities - Fair Value Measurements (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Debt securities - current	$ 1,200	$ 696
Potential reduction in net position of total derivative assets	191	194
Potential reduction in net position of total derivative liabilities	191	194
Recurring
Financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Cash equivalents	10,638	4,819
Total assets	12,043	5,823
Total liabilities	583	673
Recurring | Prepaid expenses and other current assets
Financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Derivative assets	83	149
Recurring | Investments and sundry assets
Financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Derivative assets	121	94
Recurring | Other accrued expenses and liabilities
Financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Derivative liabilities	480	167
Recurring | Other liabilities
Financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Derivative liabilities	103	506
Recurring | Level 1
Financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Equity investments	1	0
Recurring | Level 1 | Money market funds
Financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Cash equivalents	658	427
Recurring | Level 2
Financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Debt securities - current	1,200	696
Debt securities - noncurrent		65
Recurring | Level 2 | Interest rate contracts
Financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Derivatives designated as hedging - Assets	98	56
Recurring | Level 2 | Foreign exchange contracts
Financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Derivatives designated as hedging - Assets	93	175
Derivatives designated as hedging - Liabilities	566	635
Derivatives not designated as hedging - Assets	9	10
Derivatives not designated as hedging - Liabilities	11	33
Recurring | Level 2 | Time deposits and certificates of deposit
Financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Cash equivalents	9,880	4,392
Recurring | Level 2 | U.S. government securities
Financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Cash equivalents	100
Recurring | Level 1 And 2 | Equity contracts
Financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Derivatives not designated as hedging - Assets	4	1
Derivatives not designated as hedging - Liabilities	$ 7	$ 4
Maximum | Debt | Investments and sundry assets
Financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Term of debt instrument	2 years

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Financial Assets & Liabilities - Not Measured at Fair Value (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt	$ 55,129	$ 54,102
Fair value of long-term debt	$ 61,783	$ 58,431

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Financing Receivables - Payment Terms (Details)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020
Lease receivables | Minimum
Financing receivables
Financing receivable, payment terms	2 years
Lease receivables | Maximum
Financing receivables
Financing receivable, payment terms	6 years
Commercial financing receivables | Minimum
Financing receivables
Financing receivable, payment terms	30 days
Commercial financing receivables | Maximum
Financing receivables
Financing receivable, payment terms	90 days
Loan receivables | Maximum
Financing receivables
Financing receivable, payment terms	7 years

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Financing Receivables - Components of Financing Receivables (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Components of the company's financing receivables
Financing receivables, gross	$ 17,849	$ 17,849	$ 23,504
Unearned income	(822)	(822)	(1,083)
Residual value	507	507
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment	17,534	17,534	22,421
Allowance for credit losses	(264)	(264)	(221)
Unguaranteed residual value			652
Guaranteed residual value			53
Total financing receivables, net	17,271	17,271	22,904
Current portion	10,848	10,848	14,192
Noncurrent portion	6,423	6,423	8,712
Financing receivables pledged as collateral for borrowings	596	596	1,062
Sold financing receivables	899	1,610
Lease receivables
Components of the company's financing receivables
Financing receivables, gross	4,124	4,124	6,077
Unearned income	(339)	(339)	(509)
Residual value	507	507
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment	4,292	4,292	5,567
Allowance for credit losses	(92)	(92)	(72)	$ (99)
Unguaranteed residual value			652
Guaranteed residual value			53
Total financing receivables, net	4,200	4,200	6,199
Current portion	1,813	1,813	2,334
Noncurrent portion	2,387	2,387	3,865
Sold financing receivables	435	852
Commercial financing receivables
Components of the company's financing receivables
Financing receivables, gross	2,127	2,127	3,836
Unearned income	(3)	(3)	(4)
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment	2,124	2,124	3,831
Allowance for credit losses	(9)	(9)	(11)
Total financing receivables, net	2,114	2,114	3,820
Current portion	2,114	2,114	3,820
Loan receivables
Components of the company's financing receivables
Financing receivables, gross	11,599	11,599	13,592
Unearned income	(479)	(479)	(570)
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment	11,119	11,119	13,022
Allowance for credit losses	(162)	(162)	(138)	$ (179)
Total financing receivables, net	10,957	10,957	12,884
Current portion	6,921	6,921	8,037
Noncurrent portion	4,036	4,036	$ 4,847
Sold financing receivables	$ 464	$ 758
Minimum
Components of the company's financing receivables
Financing receivables sold that were due in the next 12 months (as a percent)	50.00%

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Financing Receivables - Collectively Evaluated Financing Receivables (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Maximum
Financing receivables
Reasonable and supportable economic forecast duration	2 years
Accounting Standards Update 2016-13 | Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment
Financing receivables
Financing receivables - credit allowance, including related off-balance sheet commitments)		$ 64

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Financing Receivables - By Portfolio Segment (Details) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($) item	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($) item
Financing receivables
Number of portfolio segments | item	2
Number of classes of financing receivable | item	3	3
Amortized cost/Recorded investment	$ 17,534	$ 22,421
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for credit losses, beginning balance	221
Allowance for credit losses, ending balance	264	221
Total Client Financing Receivables Portfolio Segment
Financing receivables
Amortized cost/Recorded investment	15,411	18,590
Recorded investment collectively evaluated for impairment		18,399
Recorded investment individually evaluated for impairment		191
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for credit losses, beginning balance	210	279
Write-offs	(31)	(63)
Recoveries	2	2
Additions/(releases)	40	(5)
Other	(9)	(2)
Allowance for credit losses, ending balance	254	210
Related allowance, collectively evaluated for impairment		39
Related allowance, individually evaluated for impairment		171
Total Client Financing Receivables Portfolio Segment | Americas
Financing receivables
Amortized cost/Recorded investment	7,631	10,144
Recorded investment collectively evaluated for impairment		10,032
Recorded investment individually evaluated for impairment		112
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for credit losses, beginning balance	120	158
Write-offs	(27)	(42)
Recoveries	0	1
Additions/(releases)	33	5
Other	(11)	(1)
Allowance for credit losses, ending balance	137	120
Related allowance, collectively evaluated for impairment		25
Related allowance, individually evaluated for impairment		96
Total Client Financing Receivables Portfolio Segment | EMEA
Financing receivables
Amortized cost/Recorded investment	4,813	5,087
Recorded investment collectively evaluated for impairment		5,040
Recorded investment individually evaluated for impairment		47
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for credit losses, beginning balance	54	65
Write-offs	(1)	(3)
Recoveries	0	0
Additions/(releases)	8	(7)
Other	2	0
Allowance for credit losses, ending balance	78	54
Related allowance, collectively evaluated for impairment		11
Related allowance, individually evaluated for impairment		43
Total Client Financing Receivables Portfolio Segment | Asia Pacific
Financing receivables
Amortized cost/Recorded investment	2,968	3,359
Recorded investment collectively evaluated for impairment		3,326
Recorded investment individually evaluated for impairment		32
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for credit losses, beginning balance	36	56
Write-offs	(3)	(18)
Recoveries	2	1
Additions/(releases)	(1)	(3)
Other	0	(1)
Allowance for credit losses, ending balance	39	36
Related allowance, collectively evaluated for impairment		4
Related allowance, individually evaluated for impairment		32
Lease receivables
Financing receivables
Amortized cost/Recorded investment	4,292	5,567
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for credit losses, beginning balance	72	99
Write-offs		(16)
Additions/(releases)		(6)
Allowance for credit losses, ending balance	92	72
Lease receivables | Americas
Financing receivables
Amortized cost/Recorded investment		3,419
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for credit losses, beginning balance	33	53
Allowance for credit losses, ending balance		33
Lease receivables | EMEA
Financing receivables
Amortized cost/Recorded investment		1,186
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for credit losses, beginning balance	23	22
Allowance for credit losses, ending balance		23
Lease receivables | Asia Pacific
Financing receivables
Amortized cost/Recorded investment		963
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for credit losses, beginning balance	16	24
Allowance for credit losses, ending balance		16
Loan receivables
Financing receivables
Amortized cost/Recorded investment	11,119	13,022
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for credit losses, beginning balance	138	179
Write-offs		(47)
Additions/(releases)		2
Allowance for credit losses, ending balance	162	138
Loan receivables | Americas
Financing receivables
Amortized cost/Recorded investment		6,726
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for credit losses, beginning balance	88	105
Allowance for credit losses, ending balance		88
Loan receivables | EMEA
Financing receivables
Amortized cost/Recorded investment		3,901
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for credit losses, beginning balance	31	43
Allowance for credit losses, ending balance		31
Loan receivables | Asia Pacific
Financing receivables
Amortized cost/Recorded investment		2,395
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for credit losses, beginning balance	20	32
Allowance for credit losses, ending balance		20
Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment | Total Client Financing Receivables Portfolio Segment
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for credit losses, beginning balance	41
Allowance for credit losses, ending balance		41
Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment | Total Client Financing Receivables Portfolio Segment | Americas
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for credit losses, beginning balance	21
Allowance for credit losses, ending balance		21
Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment | Total Client Financing Receivables Portfolio Segment | EMEA
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for credit losses, beginning balance	15
Allowance for credit losses, ending balance		15
Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment | Total Client Financing Receivables Portfolio Segment | Asia Pacific
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for credit losses, beginning balance	5
Allowance for credit losses, ending balance		5
Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjusted Balance | Total Client Financing Receivables Portfolio Segment
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for credit losses, beginning balance	252
Allowance for credit losses, ending balance		252
Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjusted Balance | Total Client Financing Receivables Portfolio Segment | Americas
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for credit losses, beginning balance	142
Allowance for credit losses, ending balance		142
Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjusted Balance | Total Client Financing Receivables Portfolio Segment | EMEA
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for credit losses, beginning balance	69
Allowance for credit losses, ending balance		69
Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjusted Balance | Total Client Financing Receivables Portfolio Segment | Asia Pacific
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for credit losses, beginning balance	$ 41
Allowance for credit losses, ending balance		$ 41

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Financing Receivables - Past Due (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Past Due Financing Receivable
Amortized cost/Recorded investment	$ 17,534	$ 22,421
Total Client Financing Receivables Portfolio Segment
Past Due Financing Receivable
Amortized cost/Recorded investment	15,411	18,590
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment Not Accruing	229	235
Impaired financing receivables individually evaluated for impairment with related allowance		191
Impaired financing receivables, related allowance	170	171
Total Client Financing Receivables Portfolio Segment | Total Past Due > 90 days
Past Due Financing Receivable
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment > 90 Days	416	465
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment > 90 Days and Accruing	206	253
Billed Invoices > 90 Days and Accruing	41	29
Total Client Financing Receivables Portfolio Segment | Americas
Past Due Financing Receivable
Amortized cost/Recorded investment	7,631	10,144
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment Not Accruing	102
Total Client Financing Receivables Portfolio Segment | Americas | Total Past Due > 90 days
Past Due Financing Receivable
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment > 90 Days	257
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment > 90 Days and Accruing	166
Billed Invoices > 90 Days and Accruing	31
Total Client Financing Receivables Portfolio Segment | EMEA
Past Due Financing Receivable
Amortized cost/Recorded investment	4,813	5,087
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment Not Accruing	93
Total Client Financing Receivables Portfolio Segment | EMEA | Total Past Due > 90 days
Past Due Financing Receivable
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment > 90 Days	99
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment > 90 Days and Accruing	13
Billed Invoices > 90 Days and Accruing	5
Total Client Financing Receivables Portfolio Segment | Asia Pacific
Past Due Financing Receivable
Amortized cost/Recorded investment	2,968	3,359
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment Not Accruing	34
Total Client Financing Receivables Portfolio Segment | Asia Pacific | Total Past Due > 90 days
Past Due Financing Receivable
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment > 90 Days	60
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment > 90 Days and Accruing	27
Billed Invoices > 90 Days and Accruing	6
Lease receivables
Past Due Financing Receivable
Amortized cost/Recorded investment	4,292	5,567
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment Not Accruing		69
Lease receivables | Total Past Due > 90 days
Past Due Financing Receivable
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment > 90 Days		234
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment > 90 Days and Accruing		168
Billed Invoices > 90 Days and Accruing		14
Lease receivables | Americas
Past Due Financing Receivable
Amortized cost/Recorded investment		3,419
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment Not Accruing		41
Lease receivables | Americas | Total Past Due > 90 days
Past Due Financing Receivable
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment > 90 Days		187
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment > 90 Days and Accruing		147
Billed Invoices > 90 Days and Accruing		11
Lease receivables | EMEA
Past Due Financing Receivable
Amortized cost/Recorded investment		1,186
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment Not Accruing		17
Lease receivables | EMEA | Total Past Due > 90 days
Past Due Financing Receivable
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment > 90 Days		28
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment > 90 Days and Accruing		13
Billed Invoices > 90 Days and Accruing		2
Lease receivables | Asia Pacific
Past Due Financing Receivable
Amortized cost/Recorded investment		963
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment Not Accruing		11
Lease receivables | Asia Pacific | Total Past Due > 90 days
Past Due Financing Receivable
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment > 90 Days		19
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment > 90 Days and Accruing		7
Billed Invoices > 90 Days and Accruing		1
Loan receivables
Past Due Financing Receivable
Amortized cost/Recorded investment	$ 11,119	13,022
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment Not Accruing		166
Loan receivables | Total Past Due > 90 days
Past Due Financing Receivable
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment > 90 Days		231
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment > 90 Days and Accruing		85
Billed Invoices > 90 Days and Accruing		15
Loan receivables | Americas
Past Due Financing Receivable
Amortized cost/Recorded investment		6,726
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment Not Accruing		72
Loan receivables | Americas | Total Past Due > 90 days
Past Due Financing Receivable
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment > 90 Days		127
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment > 90 Days and Accruing		71
Billed Invoices > 90 Days and Accruing		11
Loan receivables | EMEA
Past Due Financing Receivable
Amortized cost/Recorded investment		3,901
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment Not Accruing		72
Loan receivables | EMEA | Total Past Due > 90 days
Past Due Financing Receivable
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment > 90 Days		77
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment > 90 Days and Accruing		8
Billed Invoices > 90 Days and Accruing		3
Loan receivables | Asia Pacific
Past Due Financing Receivable
Amortized cost/Recorded investment		2,395
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment Not Accruing		21
Loan receivables | Asia Pacific | Total Past Due > 90 days
Past Due Financing Receivable
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment > 90 Days		26
Amortized cost/Recorded Investment > 90 Days and Accruing		6
Billed Invoices > 90 Days and Accruing		$ 2

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Financing Receivables - Credit Quality Year of Origination (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment	$ 17,534	$ 22,421
Americas | Aaa - Baa3
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
2020	1,786
2019	1,334
2018	1,002
2017	422
2016	108
2015 and prior	41
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment	4,694
Americas | Ba1 - D
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
2020	1,301
2019	763
2018	489
2017	194
2016	78
2015 and prior	112
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment	2,937
EMEA | Aaa - Baa3
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
2020	1,038
2019	745
2018	372
2017	92
2016	44
2015 and prior	33
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment	2,324
EMEA | Ba1 - D
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
2020	1,352
2019	614
2018	296
2017	147
2016	55
2015 and prior	25
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment	2,489
Asia Pacific | Aaa - Baa3
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
2020	710
2019	609
2018	448
2017	225
2016	142
2015 and prior	58
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment	2,193
Asia Pacific | Ba1 - D
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
2020	287
2019	170
2018	188
2017	66
2016	40
2015 and prior	23
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment	$ 775

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Financing Receivables - Credit Quality Indicators (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Troubled debt restructurings of financing receivables
Lease receivables | Americas
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		3,385
Lease receivables | Americas | Aaa - Aa3
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		465
Lease receivables | Americas | A1 - A3
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		750
Lease receivables | Americas | Baa1 - Baa3
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		955
Lease receivables | Americas | Ba1 - Ba2
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		746
Lease receivables | Americas | Ba3 - B1
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		215
Lease receivables | Americas | B2 - B3
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		242
Lease receivables | Americas | Caa - D
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		13
Lease receivables | EMEA
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		1,162
Lease receivables | EMEA | Aaa - Aa3
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		54
Lease receivables | EMEA | A1 - A3
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		181
Lease receivables | EMEA | Baa1 - Baa3
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		409
Lease receivables | EMEA | Ba1 - Ba2
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		326
Lease receivables | EMEA | Ba3 - B1
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		140
Lease receivables | EMEA | B2 - B3
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		50
Lease receivables | EMEA | Caa - D
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		2
Lease receivables | Asia Pacific
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		947
Lease receivables | Asia Pacific | Aaa - Aa3
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		43
Lease receivables | Asia Pacific | A1 - A3
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		454
Lease receivables | Asia Pacific | Baa1 - Baa3
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		147
Lease receivables | Asia Pacific | Ba1 - Ba2
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		154
Lease receivables | Asia Pacific | Ba3 - B1
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		101
Lease receivables | Asia Pacific | B2 - B3
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		47
Lease receivables | Asia Pacific | Caa - D
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		2
Loan receivables | Americas
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		6,638
Loan receivables | Americas | Aaa - Aa3
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		1,028
Loan receivables | Americas | A1 - A3
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		1,186
Loan receivables | Americas | Baa1 - Baa3
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		1,882
Loan receivables | Americas | Ba1 - Ba2
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		1,513
Loan receivables | Americas | Ba3 - B1
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		471
Loan receivables | Americas | B2 - B3
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		522
Loan receivables | Americas | Caa - D
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		36
Loan receivables | EMEA
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		3,871
Loan receivables | EMEA | Aaa - Aa3
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		193
Loan receivables | EMEA | A1 - A3
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		395
Loan receivables | EMEA | Baa1 - Baa3
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		1,527
Loan receivables | EMEA | Ba1 - Ba2
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		921
Loan receivables | EMEA | Ba3 - B1
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		564
Loan receivables | EMEA | B2 - B3
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		253
Loan receivables | EMEA | Caa - D
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		18
Loan receivables | Asia Pacific
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		2,376
Loan receivables | Asia Pacific | Aaa - Aa3
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		189
Loan receivables | Asia Pacific | A1 - A3
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		892
Loan receivables | Asia Pacific | Baa1 - Baa3
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		619
Loan receivables | Asia Pacific | Ba1 - Ba2
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		388
Loan receivables | Asia Pacific | Ba3 - B1
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		205
Loan receivables | Asia Pacific | B2 - B3
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		72
Loan receivables | Asia Pacific | Caa - D
Amortized cost/recorded investment for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator
Amortized Cost/Recorded Investment		$ 10

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Leases - Lease Amounts Included in Consolidated Income Statement (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Lease income - sales-type and direct financing leases
Sales-type lease selling price	$ 154	$ 188	$ 733	$ 516
Less: Carrying value of underlying assets	64	75	258	204
Gross profit	90	113	475	312
Interest income on lease receivables	56	71	195	222
Total sales-type and direct financing lease income	145	184	670	534
Lease income - operating leases	65	80	204	252
Variable lease income	25	12	82	38
Total lease income	$ 235	$ 276	$ 956	$ 824

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Intangible Assets Including Goodwill - Intangible Assets by Class (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Intangible asset balances by major asset class
Gross Carrying Amount	$ 18,634	$ 19,287
Accumulated Amortization	(4,672)	(4,052)
Net Carrying Amount	13,962	15,235
Amount of foreign currency translation increase (decrease)	133	(42)
Capitalized software
Intangible asset balances by major asset class
Gross Carrying Amount	1,769	1,749
Accumulated Amortization	(785)	(743)
Net Carrying Amount	984	1,006
Client relationships
Intangible asset balances by major asset class
Gross Carrying Amount	8,698	8,921
Accumulated Amortization	(1,852)	(1,433)
Net Carrying Amount	6,847	7,488
Completed technology
Intangible asset balances by major asset class
Gross Carrying Amount	5,900	6,261
Accumulated Amortization	(1,531)	(1,400)
Net Carrying Amount	4,369	4,861
Patents/trademarks
Intangible asset balances by major asset class
Gross Carrying Amount	2,210	2,301
Accumulated Amortization	(467)	(445)
Net Carrying Amount	1,743	1,856
Other intangible assets
Intangible asset balances by major asset class
Gross Carrying Amount	56	56
Accumulated Amortization	(37)	(31)
Net Carrying Amount	$ 18	$ 24

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Intangible Assets Including Goodwill - Intangible Assets Activity (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Intangible assets
Intangible assets, increase (decrease)			$ (1,273)
Intangible asset amortization expense	$ 613	$ 614	1,858	$ 1,224
Retirement of fully amortized intangible assets			$ 1,258

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Intangible Assets Including Goodwill - Future Amortization (Details) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($)
Future amortization expense, by year
Remainder of 2020	$ 608
2021	2,267
2022	1,964
2023	1,458
2024	1,340
Thereafter	6,324
Capitalized software
Future amortization expense, by year
Remainder of 2020	154
2021	501
2022	261
2023	68
2024	0
Acquired intangibles
Future amortization expense, by year
Remainder of 2020	454
2021	1,766
2022	1,704
2023	1,390
2024	1,340
Thereafter	$ 6,324

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Intangible Assets Including Goodwill - Goodwill by Segment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Changes in Goodwill Balances
Beginning Balance	$ 58,222	$ 36,265
Goodwill Additions	25	23,102
Purchase Price Adjustments		24
Divestitures		(1,257)
Foreign Currency Translation and Other Adjustments	248	87
Ending Balance	58,355	58,222
Goodwill impairment losses	0	0
Goodwill accumulated impairment losses	0	0
Red Hat, Inc.
Changes in Goodwill Balances
Purchase Price Adjustments	(139)
Ending Balance	23,000
Cloud & Cognitive Software | Red Hat, Inc.
Changes in Goodwill Balances
Ending Balance	18,400
Global Business Services | Red Hat, Inc.
Changes in Goodwill Balances
Ending Balance	1,100
Global Technology Services | Red Hat, Inc.
Changes in Goodwill Balances
Ending Balance	3,100
Systems | Red Hat, Inc.
Changes in Goodwill Balances
Ending Balance	400
Business Segments | Cloud & Cognitive Software
Changes in Goodwill Balances
Beginning Balance	43,037	24,463
Goodwill Additions	25	18,399
Purchase Price Adjustments		133
Foreign Currency Translation and Other Adjustments	186	41
Ending Balance	43,109	43,037
Business Segments | Cloud & Cognitive Software | Red Hat, Inc.
Changes in Goodwill Balances
Purchase Price Adjustments	(139)
Business Segments | Global Business Services
Changes in Goodwill Balances
Beginning Balance	5,775	4,711
Goodwill Additions		1,059
Purchase Price Adjustments		1
Divestitures		(1)
Foreign Currency Translation and Other Adjustments	47	5
Ending Balance	5,822	5,775
Business Segments | Global Technology Services
Changes in Goodwill Balances
Beginning Balance	7,141	3,988
Goodwill Additions		3,119
Foreign Currency Translation and Other Adjustments	13	34
Ending Balance	7,154	7,141
Business Segments | Systems
Changes in Goodwill Balances
Beginning Balance	2,270	1,847
Goodwill Additions		525
Purchase Price Adjustments		(110)
Foreign Currency Translation and Other Adjustments	1	7
Ending Balance	$ 2,270	2,270
Other | Divested businesses
Changes in Goodwill Balances
Beginning Balance		1,256
Divestitures		$ (1,256)

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Borrowings - Short-Term Debt (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Short-term debt disclosures
Commercial paper	$ 25	$ 304
Short-term loans	584	971
Long-term debt - current maturities	9,677	7,522
Short-term Debt, Total	$ 10,285	$ 8,797
Commercial paper
Short-term debt disclosures
Weighted-average interest rates for short-term debt (as a percent)	1.40%	1.60%
Short-term loans
Short-term debt disclosures
Weighted-average interest rates for short-term debt (as a percent)	5.40%	6.10%

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Borrowings - Long-Term Debt, Components (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Borrowings
Long-term debt excluding finance lease obligations	$ 65,106	$ 62,003
Finance lease obligations	291	204
Long-term debt, gross	65,397	62,207
Less: net unamortized discount	884	881
Less: net unamortized debt issuance cost	161	142
Add: fair value adjustment	453	440
Total	64,805	61,624
Less: current maturities	9,677	7,522
Total long-term debt (excluding current portion)	$ 55,129	54,102
Finance lease obligations, interest rate	1.90%
U.S. dollars
Borrowings
Long-term debt, gross	$ 42,771	44,594
Euro
Borrowings
Long-term debt, gross	$ 19,354	14,306
Debt instrument, weighted-average interest rate (as a percent)	1.10%
Pound sterling
Borrowings
Long-term debt, gross	$ 1,360	1,390
Debt instrument, weighted-average interest rate (as a percent)	2.70%
Japanese yen
Borrowings
Long-term debt, gross	$ 1,379	1,339
Debt instrument, weighted-average interest rate (as a percent)	0.30%
Other
Borrowings
Long-term debt, gross	$ 242	375
Debt instrument, weighted-average interest rate (as a percent)	3.10%
Maturing 2020 | U.S. dollars
Borrowings
Long-term debt, gross	$ 1,500	4,326
Debt instrument, weighted-average interest rate (as a percent)	2.10%
Maturing 2021 | U.S. dollars
Borrowings
Long-term debt, gross	$ 5,516	8,498
Debt instrument, weighted-average interest rate (as a percent)	1.40%
Maturing 2022 | U.S. dollars
Borrowings
Long-term debt, gross	$ 6,245	6,289
Debt instrument, weighted-average interest rate (as a percent)	2.60%
Maturing 2023 | U.S. dollars
Borrowings
Long-term debt, gross	$ 2,406	2,388
Debt instrument, weighted-average interest rate (as a percent)	3.30%
Maturing 2024 | U.S. dollars
Borrowings
Long-term debt, gross	$ 5,035	5,045
Debt instrument, weighted-average interest rate (as a percent)	3.30%
Maturing 2025 | U.S. dollars
Borrowings
Long-term debt, gross	$ 635	636
Debt instrument, weighted-average interest rate (as a percent)	6.70%
Maturing 2026 | U.S. dollars
Borrowings
Long-term debt, gross	$ 4,373	4,350
Debt instrument, weighted-average interest rate (as a percent)	3.30%
Maturing 2027 | U.S. dollars
Borrowings
Long-term debt, gross	$ 2,219	969
Debt instrument, weighted-average interest rate (as a percent)	3.00%
Maturing 2028 | U.S. dollars
Borrowings
Long-term debt, gross	$ 313	313
Debt instrument, weighted-average interest rate (as a percent)	6.50%
Maturing 2029 | U.S. dollars
Borrowings
Long-term debt, gross	$ 3,250	3,250
Debt instrument, weighted-average interest rate (as a percent)	3.50%
Maturing 2030 | U.S. dollars
Borrowings
Long-term debt, gross	$ 1,350
Debt instrument, weighted-average interest rate (as a percent)	2.00%
Maturing 2032 | U.S. dollars
Borrowings
Long-term debt, gross	$ 600	600
Debt instrument, weighted-average interest rate (as a percent)	5.90%
Maturing 2038 | U.S. dollars
Borrowings
Long-term debt, gross	$ 83	83
Debt instrument, weighted-average interest rate (as a percent)	8.00%
Maturing 2039 | U.S. dollars
Borrowings
Long-term debt, gross	$ 2,745	2,745
Debt instrument, weighted-average interest rate (as a percent)	4.50%
Maturing 2040 | U.S. dollars
Borrowings
Long-term debt, gross	$ 650
Debt instrument, weighted-average interest rate (as a percent)	2.90%
Maturing 2042 | U.S. dollars
Borrowings
Long-term debt, gross	$ 1,107	1,107
Debt instrument, weighted-average interest rate (as a percent)	4.00%
Maturing 2045 | U.S. dollars
Borrowings
Long-term debt, gross	$ 27	27
Debt instrument, weighted-average interest rate (as a percent)	7.00%
Maturing 2046 | U.S. dollars
Borrowings
Long-term debt, gross	$ 650	650
Debt instrument, weighted-average interest rate (as a percent)	4.70%
Maturing 2049 | U.S. dollars
Borrowings
Long-term debt, gross	$ 3,000	3,000
Debt instrument, weighted-average interest rate (as a percent)	4.30%
Maturing 2050 | U.S. dollars
Borrowings
Long-term debt, gross	$ 750
Debt instrument, weighted-average interest rate (as a percent)	3.00%
Maturing 2096 | U.S. dollars
Borrowings
Long-term debt, gross	$ 316	$ 316
Debt instrument, weighted-average interest rate (as a percent)	7.10%

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Borrowings - Long-Term Debt, Covenants (Details) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($)
Borrowings
Limit based on net tangible assets	10.00%
Credit Facilities
Borrowings
Minimum net interest expense ratio	2.20
Default provision on credit facility	$ 500

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Borrowings - Long-Term Debt, Debt Issued (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
Long-term Debt Instrument
Notes Issued
Aggregate amount of debt issued			$ 20,000
U.S dollar. fixed and/or floating rate notes
Notes Issued
Aggregate amount of debt issued		$ 4,000	20,000
Euro fixed-rate notes
Notes Issued
Aggregate amount of debt issued		4,100	$ 5,700
Fixed rate debt due in 2021
Notes Issued
Outstanding debt redeemed		$ 2,900
Loss upon redemption on notes	$ (49)

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Borrowings - Pre-Swap Obligations (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Pre-swap annual contractual obligations of long-term debt outstanding
Remainder of 2020	$ 4,343
2021	7,003
2022	7,276
2023	5,564
2024	6,454
Thereafter	34,757
Total	$ 65,397	$ 62,207

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Borrowings - Interest on Debt (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Interest on Debt
Interest capitalized	$ 6	$ 5
Total interest paid and accrued	1,323	1,478
Cost of financing
Interest on Debt
Interest paid	346	483
Interest expense
Interest on Debt
Interest paid	$ 971	$ 990

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Borrowings - Lines of Credit (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		6 Months Ended
	Jul. 02, 2020	Jun. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2020
Five-Year Credit Agreement
Lines of Credit
Amount of credit facility	$ 10,250
Credit facility term	5 years
Option to extend maturity period	2 years
364-Day Credit Agreement, 2019
Lines of Credit
Amount of credit facility		$ 2,500
Credit facility term		364 days
Three-Year Credit Agreement
Lines of Credit
Amount of credit facility	$ 2,500
Credit facility term	3 years
Credit Agreement 364 Days 2020
Lines of Credit
Amount of credit facility	$ 2,500
Credit facility term	364 days
Credit Facilities
Lines of Credit
Borrowings outstanding			$ 0

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Commitments - Extensions of Credit (Details) - USD ($) $ in Billions	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Extended lines of credit
Commitments, guarantees:
Unused amounts in lines of credit to third-party entities and commitments for future financing to clients	$ 1.9	$ 1.8
Financing for client purchase agreements
Commitments, guarantees:
Unused amounts in lines of credit to third-party entities and commitments for future financing to clients	$ 5.3	$ 6.3

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Commitments - Standard Warranty Liability (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Movement in standard warranty liability
Beginning Balance	$ 113	$ 118
Current period accruals	56	66
Accrual adjustments to reflect actual experience	(15)	(1)
Charges incurred	(73)	(86)
Ending Balance	$ 80	$ 98

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Commitments - Extended Warranty Liability (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019
Movement in deferred income
Amortization of deferred revenue	$ (4,200)	$ (8,600)
Current portion	11,681	11,681		$ 12,026
Noncurrent portion	3,820	3,820		$ 3,851
Extended Warranty
Movement in deferred income
Beginning Balance		477	$ 533
Revenue deferred for new extended warranty contracts		115	124
Amortization of deferred revenue		(169)	(194)
Other		(3)	(8)
Ending Balance	419	419	455
Current portion	196	196	226
Noncurrent portion	$ 223	$ 223	$ 230

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Contingencies (Details) $ in Millions	1 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	May 31, 2015 defendant	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($) country	Oct. 30, 2017 claim
Brazil Tax Matters
Loss Contingencies
Damages sought, value | $		$ 700
SCO v. IBM
Loss Contingencies
Number of remaining claims | claim			1
Litigation Case In United States District Court regarding divesting Microelectronics business, alleging violations of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act
Loss Contingencies
Number of officers or executives named as defendants | defendant	3
Minimum
Loss Contingencies
Clients' presence in number of countries | country		175

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Equity Activity - Reclassifications and Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income
Cost	$ 9,130	$ 9,692	$ 28,202	$ 29,982
SG&A expense	4,647	5,024	15,849	15,171
Other (income) and expense	253	(31)	614	(850)
Interest expense	323	432	971	990
Provision for/(benefit from) income taxes	128	(151)	(888)	407
Net (income) loss	(1,698)	(1,672)	(4,234)	(5,761)
Other comprehensive income/(loss)	172	(245)	12	404
Services
Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income
Cost	7,357	7,840	22,720	24,293
Sales
Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income
Cost	1,601	1,635	4,964	4,979
Financing
Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income
Cost	172	217	517	710
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)
Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period, Net of Tax Amount			(1,242)	(916)
Reclassification/amortization, Net of Tax Amount			1,255	1,320
Other comprehensive income/(loss), Before Tax Amount	66	4	187	784
Other comprehensive income/(loss), Tax (Expense)/Benefit	106	(249)	(175)	(380)
Other comprehensive income/(loss)	172	(245)	12	404
Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments
Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period, Net of Tax Amount			(1,094)	(405)
Other comprehensive income/(loss), Before Tax Amount	(439)	(509)	(1,354)	(333)
Other comprehensive income/(loss), Tax (Expense)/Benefit	247	(109)	260	(72)
Other comprehensive income/(loss)	(192)	(618)	(1,094)	(405)
Net Unrealized Gains/(Losses) on Available-For-Sale Securities
Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period, Before Tax Amount	(1)	3	0	1
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period, Tax (Expense)/Benefit	0	(1)	0	0
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period, Net of Tax Amount	(1)	2	0	1
Other comprehensive income/(loss), Before Tax Amount	(1)	3	0	1
Other comprehensive income/(loss), Tax (Expense)/Benefit	0	(1)	0	0
Other comprehensive income/(loss)	(1)	2	0	1
Net Unrealized Gains/(Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges
Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period, Before Tax Amount	(32)	(439)	(249)	(798)
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period, Tax (Expense)/Benefit	8	110	63	196
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period, Net of Tax Amount	(24)	(329)	(186)	(601)
Reclassification/amortization, Net of Tax Amount			(27)	315
Other comprehensive income/(loss), Before Tax Amount	(101)	49	(285)	(380)
Other comprehensive income/(loss), Tax (Expense)/Benefit	26	(12)	73	93
Other comprehensive income/(loss)	(75)	36	(212)	(287)
Net Unrealized Gains/(Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges | Reclassifications
Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income
SG&A expense	5	(11)	(12)	(45)
Other (income) and expense	(93)	447	(74)	331
Interest expense	19	64	60	150
Net Unrealized Gains/(Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges | Reclassifications | Services
Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income
Cost	(10)	(22)	(18)	(52)
Net Unrealized Gains/(Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges | Reclassifications | Sales
Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income
Cost	4	(10)	(14)	(40)
Net Unrealized Gains/(Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges | Reclassifications | Financing
Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income
Cost	6	21	21	73
Net Unrealized Gains/(Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges | Reclassifications | Cost of services
Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income
Provision for/(benefit from) income taxes	2	6	5	13
Net (income) loss	(7)	(17)	(14)	(38)
Net Unrealized Gains/(Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges | Reclassifications | Cost of sales
Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income
Provision for/(benefit from) income taxes	(1)	3	4	11
Net (income) loss	3	(7)	(10)	(29)
Net Unrealized Gains/(Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges | Reclassifications | Cost of financing
Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income
Provision for/(benefit from) income taxes	(2)	(5)	(5)	(18)
Net (income) loss	5	15	16	55
Net Unrealized Gains/(Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges | Reclassifications | SG&A expense
Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income
Provision for/(benefit from) income taxes	(1)	3	3	12
Net (income) loss	4	(8)	(9)	(33)
Net Unrealized Gains/(Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges | Reclassifications | Other (income) and expense
Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income
Provision for/(benefit from) income taxes	23	(112)	19	(83)
Net (income) loss	(70)	334	(55)	248
Net Unrealized Gains/(Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges | Reclassifications | Interest expense
Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income
Provision for/(benefit from) income taxes	(5)	(16)	(15)	(38)
Net (income) loss	14	48	45	112
Net Change Retirement-Related Benefit Plans
Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period, Net of Tax Amount			37	89
Reclassification/amortization, Net of Tax Amount			1,281	1,005
Other comprehensive income/(loss), Before Tax Amount	607	461	1,826	1,496
Other comprehensive income/(loss), Tax (Expense)/Benefit	(167)	(127)	(507)	(401)
Other comprehensive income/(loss)	440	335	1,319	1,095
Retirement-Related Benefit Plans, Prior Service Costs/(Credits)
Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period, Before Tax Amount	(1)		(5)
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period, Tax (Expense)/Benefit	0		1
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period, Net of Tax Amount	0		(3)
Reclassification/amortization, Before Tax Amount	0	(3)	1	(9)
Reclassification/amortization, Tax (Expense)/Benefit	1	3	2	4
Reclassification/amortization, Net of Tax Amount	1	(1)	3	(5)
Retirement-Related Benefit Plans, Net Gains/(Losses)
Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period, Before Tax Amount	0	0	65	113
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period, Tax (Expense)/Benefit	0	0	(24)	(23)
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period, Net of Tax Amount	0	0	41	90
Reclassification/amortization, Before Tax Amount	586	461	1,722	1,385
Reclassification/amortization, Tax (Expense)/Benefit	(161)	(128)	(473)	(380)
Reclassification/amortization, Net of Tax Amount	425	333	1,249	1,005
Retirement-Related Benefit Plans, Curtailments and Settlements
Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period, Before Tax Amount	21	3	42	7
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period, Tax (Expense)/Benefit	(6)	(1)	(12)	(1)
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period, Net of Tax Amount	$ 14	$ 2	$ 30	$ 6

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Equity Activity - AOCI Rollforward (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (net of tax)
Balance at the Beginning of the Period	$ 20,688	$ 17,776	$ 20,985	$ 16,929
Other comprehensive income/(loss)	172	(245)	12	404
Balance at the End of the Period	21,334	18,096	21,334	18,096
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (net of tax)
Balance at the Beginning of the Period	(28,757)	(28,841)	(28,597)	(29,490)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications			(1,242)	(916)
Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income			1,255	1,320
Other comprehensive income/(loss)	172	(245)	12	404
Balance at the End of the Period	(28,584)	(29,086)	(28,584)	(29,086)
Net Unrealized Gains/(Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (net of tax)
Balance at the Beginning of the Period			(179)	284
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications	(24)	(329)	(186)	(601)
Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income			(27)	315
Other comprehensive income/(loss)	(75)	36	(212)	(287)
Balance at the End of the Period	(391)	(3)	(391)	(3)
Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (net of tax)
Balance at the Beginning of the Period			(3,700)	(3,690)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications			(1,094)	(405)
Other comprehensive income/(loss)	(192)	(618)	(1,094)	(405)
Balance at the End of the Period	(4,794)	(4,095)	(4,794)	(4,095)
Net Change Retirement-Related Benefit Plans
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (net of tax)
Balance at the Beginning of the Period			(24,718)	(26,083)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications			37	89
Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income			1,281	1,005
Other comprehensive income/(loss)	440	335	1,319	1,095
Balance at the End of the Period	(23,399)	(24,988)	(23,399)	(24,988)
Net Unrealized Gains/(Losses) on Available-For-Sale Securities
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (net of tax)
Balance at the Beginning of the Period			0	0
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications	(1)	2	0	1
Other comprehensive income/(loss)	(1)	2	0	1
Balance at the End of the Period	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0

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Derivative Financial Instruments - Offsetting (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Derivative Financial Instruments
Potential reduction in net position of total derivative assets	$ 191	$ 194
Potential reduction in net position of total derivative liabilities	191	194
Cash collateral rehypothecated	0	0
Other receivables
Derivative Financial Instruments
Right to reclaim cash collateral	$ 0	$ 26

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Derivative Financial Instruments - Hedging Programs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Jun. 30, 2019
Instruments in net investment hedges
Derivative Financial Instruments
Notional amount	$ 8,600	$ 7,900
Average remaining maturity	2 months 12 days	1 month 6 days
Interest rate swaps | Derivative instruments in fair value hedges
Derivative Financial Instruments
Notional amount	$ 3,000	$ 3,000
Average remaining maturity	1 year 4 months 24 days	2 years 2 months 12 days
Interest rate swaps | Derivative instruments in cash flow hedges
Derivative Financial Instruments
Notional amount	$ 0	$ 0
Foreign exchange contracts | Not designated as hedging instruments - economic hedges
Derivative Financial Instruments
Notional amount	$ 4,200	7,100
Foreign exchange contracts | Not designated as hedging instruments - economic hedges | Maximum
Derivative Financial Instruments
Term of contract	1 year
Foreign exchange contracts | Instruments in net investment hedges
Derivative Financial Instruments
Increase (decrease) in derivative	$ 10,500
Notional amount	$ 17,800	7,300
Foreign exchange forward contracts | Derivative instruments in cash flow hedges
Derivative Financial Instruments
Maximum length of time hedged	4 years
Notional amount	$ 8,900	$ 9,700
Average remaining maturity	8 months 12 days	9 months 18 days
Net gains (losses) before taxes in other comprehensive income/(loss), cash flow hedges	$ (72)	$ 145
Gains (losses) expected to be reclassified to net income within the next 12 months	$ (144)
Cross-currency swaps | Derivative instruments in cash flow hedges
Derivative Financial Instruments
Maximum length of time hedged	7 years
Increase (decrease) in derivative	$ (5,700)
Notional amount	2,400	8,200
Net gains (losses) before taxes in other comprehensive income/(loss), cash flow hedges	(266)	$ (185)
Gains (losses) expected to be reclassified to net income within the next 12 months	$ (24)
Forward-starting interest rate swaps | Derivative instruments in cash flow hedges
Derivative Financial Instruments
Amount of terminated derivative			$ 5,500
Number of derivative instruments outstanding	0	0
Net gains (losses) before taxes in other comprehensive income/(loss), cash flow hedges	$ (179)	$ (192)
Gains (losses) expected to be reclassified to net income within the next 12 months	(18)
Equity contracts hedging employee compensation obligations | Not designated as hedging instruments - economic hedges
Derivative Financial Instruments
Notional amount	$ 1,200	$ 1,300
Long-term Debt Instrument
Derivative Financial Instruments
Aggregate amount of debt issued			$ 20,000

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Derivative Financial Instruments - Cumulative Basis Adjustments for Fair Value Hedges (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Short-term debt
Amounts recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges
Carrying amount of the hedged item	$ (1,308)
Cumulative hedging adjustments included in the carrying amount-assets/(liabilities)	(8)
Long-term debt
Amounts recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges
Carrying amount of the hedged item	(2,117)	$ (3,411)
Cumulative hedging adjustments included in the carrying amount-assets/(liabilities)	(445)	(440)
Hedging adjustments on discontinued hedging relationships	$ (365)	$ (404)

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Derivative Financial Instruments - Effect of Hedge Activity on Income and Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Cost	$ 9,130	$ 9,692	$ 28,202	$ 29,982
SG&A expense	4,647	5,024	15,849	15,171
Other (income) and expense	253	(31)	614	(850)
Interest expense	323	432	971	990
Cost of services
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gains/(losses) of total hedge activity	10	22	18	52
Cost of sales
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gains/(losses) of total hedge activity	(4)	10	14	40
Cost of financing
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gains/(losses) of total hedge activity	3	(11)	9	(47)
SG&A expense
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gains/(losses) of total hedge activity	58	20	24	199
Other (income) and expense
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gains/(losses) of total hedge activity	101	(561)	92	(358)
Interest expense
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gains/(losses) of total hedge activity	8	(35)	24	(96)
Services
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Cost	7,357	7,840	22,720	24,293
Sales
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Cost	1,601	1,635	4,964	4,979
Financing
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Cost	$ 172	$ 217	$ 517	$ 710

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Derivative Financial Instruments - Gains and Losses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gain (loss) recognized in earnings on derivatives	$ 71	$ (94)	$ 108	$ 283
Gain (loss) recognized in earnings attributable to risk being hedged	27	0	(13)	(133)
Cash flow hedges and net investment hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings and Other Comprehensive Income - Recognized in OCI	(1,015)	(4)	(1,281)	(491)
Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings and Other Comprehensive Income - Reclassified from AOCI	69	(488)	37	(418)
Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings and Other Comprehensive Income - Amounts Excluded from Effectiveness Testing	9	27	50	57
Interest rate contracts | Derivative instruments in cash flow hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings and Other Comprehensive Income - Recognized in OCI				(168)
Foreign exchange contracts | Derivative instruments in cash flow hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings and Other Comprehensive Income - Recognized in OCI	(32)	(439)	(249)	(630)
Foreign exchange contracts | Instruments in net investment hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings and Other Comprehensive Income - Recognized in OCI	(983)	435	(1,033)	306
Cost of services | Foreign exchange contracts | Derivative instruments in cash flow hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings and Other Comprehensive Income - Reclassified from AOCI	10	22	18	52
Cost of sales | Foreign exchange contracts | Derivative instruments in cash flow hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings and Other Comprehensive Income - Reclassified from AOCI	(4)	10	14	40
Cost of financing | Interest rate contracts | Derivative instruments in fair value hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gain (loss) recognized in earnings on derivatives	0	3	20	51
Gain (loss) recognized in earnings attributable to risk being hedged	7	0	(3)	(44)
Cost of financing | Interest rate contracts | Derivative instruments in cash flow hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings and Other Comprehensive Income - Reclassified from AOCI	(1)	(1)	(3)	(2)
Cost of financing | Foreign exchange contracts | Derivative instruments in cash flow hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings and Other Comprehensive Income - Reclassified from AOCI	(5)	(20)	(18)	(71)
Cost of financing | Foreign exchange contracts | Instruments in net investment hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings and Other Comprehensive Income - Amounts Excluded from Effectiveness Testing	2	7	13	19
SG&A expense | Foreign exchange contracts | Derivative instruments in cash flow hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings and Other Comprehensive Income - Reclassified from AOCI	(5)	11	12	45
SG&A expense | Equity contracts | Not designated as hedging instruments - economic hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gain (loss) recognized in earnings on derivatives	63	9	12	153
Other (income) and expense | Foreign exchange contracts | Derivative instruments in cash flow hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings and Other Comprehensive Income - Reclassified from AOCI	93	(447)	74	(331)
Other (income) and expense | Foreign exchange contracts | Not designated as hedging instruments - economic hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gain (loss) recognized in earnings on derivatives	8	(114)	18	(27)
Interest expense | Interest rate contracts | Derivative instruments in fair value hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gain (loss) recognized in earnings on derivatives	0	9	57	105
Gain (loss) recognized in earnings attributable to risk being hedged	20	0	(9)	(89)
Interest expense | Interest rate contracts | Derivative instruments in cash flow hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings and Other Comprehensive Income - Reclassified from AOCI	(3)	(3)	(10)	(5)
Interest expense | Foreign exchange contracts | Derivative instruments in cash flow hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings and Other Comprehensive Income - Reclassified from AOCI	(15)	(61)	(50)	(146)
Interest expense | Foreign exchange contracts | Instruments in net investment hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings and Other Comprehensive Income - Amounts Excluded from Effectiveness Testing	$ 7	$ 20	$ 37	$ 38

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Derivative Financial Instruments - Other Information (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Derivative Financial Instruments
Gains (losses) excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness for fair value hedges
Gains (losses) excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness for cash flow hedges
Gains (losses) associated with underlying exposure that did not occur or was not expected to occur for cash flow hedges

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Stock-Based Compensation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Stock-based compensation cost, allocation of recognized costs
Pre-tax stock-based compensation cost	$ 222	$ 220	$ 658	$ 468
Income tax benefits	(50)	(50)	(146)	(104)
Net stock-based compensation cost	172	170	512	364
Pre-tax stock-based compensation cost increase (decrease)	2		189
Unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested awards	1,400		$ 1,400
Unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested awards, weighted average period of recognition			2 years 6 months
Restricted Stock Units
Stock-based compensation cost, allocation of recognized costs
Pre-tax stock-based compensation cost increase (decrease)	49		$ 112
Performance Share Units
Stock-based compensation cost, allocation of recognized costs
Pre-tax stock-based compensation cost increase (decrease)	(27)		(29)
Red Hat, Inc.
Stock-based compensation cost, allocation of recognized costs
Pre-tax stock-based compensation cost increase (decrease) related to conversion of stock-based awards of acquired entities	(20)		107
Cost
Stock-based compensation cost, allocation of recognized costs
Pre-tax stock-based compensation cost	42	29	109	71
SG&A expense
Stock-based compensation cost, allocation of recognized costs
Pre-tax stock-based compensation cost	129	147	401	313
Research, development and engineering
Stock-based compensation cost, allocation of recognized costs
Pre-tax stock-based compensation cost	$ 50	$ 44	$ 147	$ 84

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Retirement-Related Benefits - All Retirement Plans Cost (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Retirement-Related Benefits
Defined benefit and contribution pension plans - cost	$ 610	$ 459	$ 1,789	$ 1,337
Nonpension postretirement plans - cost	50	53	151	160
Total	$ 660	$ 512	$ 1,941	$ 1,497
Year-to-year percent change, defined benefit and contribution pension plans cost (as a percent)	32.90%		33.80%
Year-to-year percent change, nonpension postretirement plans cost (as a percent)	(5.90%)		(5.20%)
Year-to-year percent change, total (as a percent)	28.90%		29.60%

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Retirement-Related Benefits - Cost of Pension Plans (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Cost/(Income) of Pension Plans
Total defined benefit and contribution pension plans cost recognized in the Consolidated Income Statement	$ 610	$ 459	$ 1,789	$ 1,337
U.S. | Pension Plans
Cost/(Income) of Pension Plans
Interest cost	$ 375	$ 470	$ 1,126	$ 1,411
Interest cost - income statement location	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense
Expected return on plan assets	$ (542)	$ (650)	$ (1,627)	$ (1,949)
Expected return on plan assets - income statement location	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense
Amortization of prior service costs/(credits)	$ 4	$ 4	$ 12	$ 12
Amortization of prior service costs/(credits) - income statement location	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense
Recognized actuarial losses	$ 207	$ 140	$ 622	$ 419
Recognized actuarial losses - income statement location	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense
Curtailments and settlements - income statement location	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense
Other costs - income statement location	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense
Total net periodic pension / nonpension (income)/cost of defined benefit plans	$ 44	$ (36)	$ 133	$ (107)
Cost of defined contribution plans	148	151	457	440
Total defined benefit and contribution pension plans cost recognized in the Consolidated Income Statement	192	115	590	333
Non-U.S. | Pension Plans
Cost/(Income) of Pension Plans
Service cost	99	93	289	279
Interest cost	$ 142	$ 202	$ 408	$ 616
Interest cost - income statement location	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense
Expected return on plan assets	$ (323)	$ (391)	$ (943)	$ (1,186)
Expected return on plan assets - income statement location	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense
Amortization of prior service costs/(credits)	$ (5)	$ (7)	$ (14)	$ (20)
Amortization of prior service costs/(credits) - income statement location	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense
Recognized actuarial losses	$ 360	$ 313	$ 1,041	$ 939
Recognized actuarial losses - income statement location	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense
Curtailments and settlements	$ 21	$ 3	$ 42	$ 7
Curtailments and settlements - income statement location	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense
Multi-employer plans	$ 7	$ 10	$ 22	$ 26
Other costs/(credits)	$ 6	$ 11	$ 20	$ 22
Other costs - income statement location	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense
Total net periodic pension / nonpension (income)/cost of defined benefit plans	$ 307	$ 235	$ 865	$ 683
Cost of defined contribution plans	111	109	334	321
Total defined benefit and contribution pension plans cost recognized in the Consolidated Income Statement	$ 418	$ 344	$ 1,200	$ 1,004

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Retirement-Related Benefits - Nonpension Postretirement Cost (Details) - Nonpension Postretirement Benefit Plans - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
U.S.
Post retirement plan cost
Service cost	$ 2	$ 3	$ 7	$ 8
Interest cost	$ 26	$ 36	$ 77	$ 109
Interest cost - income statement location	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense
Expected return on plan assets - income statement location	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense
Amortization of prior service costs/(credits)	$ 1	$ (1)	$ 3	$ (2)
Amortization of prior service costs/(credits) - income statement location	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense
Recognized actuarial losses	$ 7	$ 0	$ 22	$ 0
Recognized actuarial losses - income statement location	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense
Curtailments and settlements - income statement location	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense
Total net periodic pension / nonpension (income)/cost of defined benefit plans	$ 36	$ 38	$ 109	$ 115
Non-U.S.
Post retirement plan cost
Service cost	1	1	4	4
Interest cost	$ 8	$ 12	$ 26	$ 37
Interest cost - income statement location	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense
Expected return on plan assets	$ (1)	$ (1)	$ (3)	$ (4)
Expected return on plan assets - income statement location	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense
Amortization of prior service costs/(credits)	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Amortization of prior service costs/(credits) - income statement location	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense
Recognized actuarial losses	$ 5	$ 3	$ 16	$ 8
Recognized actuarial losses - income statement location	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense
Curtailments and settlements			$ 0	$ 0
Curtailments and settlements - income statement location	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense	ibm:OtherIncomeAndExpense
Total net periodic pension / nonpension (income)/cost of defined benefit plans	$ 14	$ 15	$ 43	$ 45

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Retirement-Related Benefits - Contributions (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Retirement-Related Benefits
Employer contributions	$ 80	$ 66	$ 392	$ 421
Pension Plans, including Multi-employer Plans, and Nonpension Postretirement Benefits Plans
Retirement-Related Benefits
Contributions by employer - Noncash	65	65	475	421
U.S.
Retirement-Related Benefits
Employer contributions	65	35	265	262
Non-U.S.
Retirement-Related Benefits
Employer contributions	$ 16	$ 32	$ 127	$ 159

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Subsequent Events (Details) - Subsequent event - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Billions		3 Months Ended
	Oct. 27, 2020	Dec. 31, 2020
Subsequent Events
Dividend declared, date	Oct. 27, 2020
Dividend declared (in dollars per share)	$ 1.63
Dividend payable, date	Dec. 10, 2020
Shareholders of record, date	Nov. 10, 2020
Expected
Subsequent Events
Charge for structural actions		$ 2.3