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Retirement-Related Benefits - Plan Assets (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Dec. 31, 2018
Dec. 31, 2017
Pension Plans | U.S.      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets $ 51,784 $ 48,213 $ 52,694
Pension Plans | U.S. | Corporate bonds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Value of IBM securities included in plan assets $ 37    
Percentage of IBM securities included in plan assets 0.07%    
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP)      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal $ 42,271 39,608  
Investments measured at net asset value using the NAV expedient 9,519 8,835  
Other (6) (230)  
Fair value of plan assets 51,784 48,213  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Equity securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 1,943 1,538  
Value of IBM securities included in plan assets $ 2 $ 2  
Percentage of IBM securities included in plan assets 0.004% 0.004%  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Equity mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal $ 85 $ 65  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Government and related      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 21,134 19,661  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Corporate bonds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 17,185 16,208  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Mortgage and asset-backed securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 630 640  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Fixed income mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 386 421  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Cash and short-term investments      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 903 1,075  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Derivatives      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 6 2  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 1      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 2,469 2,081  
Fair value of plan assets 2,469 2,081  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 1 | Equity securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 1,943 1,538  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 1 | Equity mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 85 65  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 1 | Fixed income mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 386 421  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 1 | Cash and short-term investments      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 54 55  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 1 | Derivatives      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 0 3  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 2      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 39,284 37,164  
Fair value of plan assets 39,284 37,164  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 2 | Government and related      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 21,134 19,661  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 2 | Corporate bonds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 16,666 15,849  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 2 | Mortgage and asset-backed securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 630 635  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 2 | Cash and short-term investments      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 848 1,020  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 2 | Derivatives      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 6 (1)  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 3      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 518 363  
Fair value of plan assets 518 363 376
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 3 | Corporate bonds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 518 359  
Fair value of plan assets 518 359 372
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 3 | Mortgage and asset-backed securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal   4  
Fair value of plan assets   4 4
Pension Plans | Non-U.S.      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 18,693 16,266  
Investments measured at net asset value using the NAV expedient 21,653 20,525  
Other (26) (32)  
Fair value of plan assets 40,319 36,758 40,798
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Equity securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 2,209 2,333  
Value of IBM securities included in plan assets $ 10 $ 10  
Percentage of IBM securities included in plan assets 0.02% 0.03%  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Equity mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal   $ 23  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Government and related      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal $ 10,290 8,973  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Corporate bonds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 2,124 1,865  
Value of IBM securities included in plan assets $ 8 $ 3  
Percentage of IBM securities included in plan assets 0.02% 0.007%  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Mortgage and asset-backed securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal $ 19 $ 6  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Fixed income mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal   11  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Insurance contracts      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 1,862 1,308  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Cash and short-term investments      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 849 753  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Real estate      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 328 339  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Derivatives      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 987 630  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Other mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 25 24  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 1      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 2,456 2,753  
Fair value of plan assets 2,456 2,753  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 1 | Equity securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 2,209 2,333  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 1 | Equity mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal   18  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 1 | Government and related      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal   20  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 1 | Fixed income mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal   11  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 1 | Cash and short-term investments      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 204 322  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 1 | Derivatives      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 18 24  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 1 | Other mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 25 24  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 2      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 15,907 13,172  
Fair value of plan assets 15,907 13,172  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 2 | Equity securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 0    
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 2 | Equity mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal   5  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 2 | Government and related      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 10,288 8,951  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 2 | Corporate bonds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 2,124 1,865  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 2 | Mortgage and asset-backed securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 19 6  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 2 | Insurance contracts      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 1,862 1,308  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 2 | Cash and short-term investments      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 644 431  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 2 | Derivatives      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 969 606  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 2 | Other mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 0    
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 3      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 330 341  
Fair value of plan assets 330 341 365
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 3 | Equity securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal   0  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 3 | Government and related      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 2 2  
Fair value of plan assets 2 2 8
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 3 | Corporate bonds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal   0  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 3 | Real estate      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 328 339  
Fair value of plan assets 328 339 356
Nonpension Postretirement Plans | U.S.      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets 3 29 18
Nonpension Postretirement Plans | Non-U.S.      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets $ 65 $ 65 $ 70