Research, Development & Engineering	12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Research, Development & Engineering
Research, Development & Engineering	NOTE F. RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT & ENGINEERING RD&E expense was $5,989 million in 2019, $5,379 million in 2018 and $5,590 million in 2017. The company incurred total expense of $5,657 million, $5,027 million and $5,170 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, for scientific research and the application of scientific advances to the development of new and improved products and their uses, as well as services and their application. Within these amounts, software-related expense was $3,541 million, $3,050 million and $3,145 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Expense for product-related engineering was $334 million, $352 million and $420 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The entire disclosure for research, development, and computer software activities, including contracts and arrangements to be performed for others and with federal government. Includes costs incurred (1) in a planned search or critical investigation aimed at discovery of new knowledge with the hope that such knowledge will be useful in developing a new product or service, a new process or technique, or in bringing about a significant improvement to an existing product or process; or (2) to translate research findings or other knowledge into a plan or design for a new product or process or for a significant improvement to an existing product or process whether intended for sale or the entity's use, during the reporting period charged to research and development projects, including the costs of developing computer software up to the point in time of achieving technological feasibility and in-process research and development acquired in a business combination consummated during the period.

Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 985
-SubTopic 730
-URI http://asc.fasb.org/subtopic&trid=2197926

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