The following table details the company's intangible asset balances by major asset class.

* Other intangibles are primarily acquired proprietary and non-proprietary business processes, methodologies and systems.


	At December 31, 2018
(Dollars in millions)	Gross Carrying		Accumulated		Net Carrying
Intangible asset class	Amount		Amortization		Amount
Capitalized software	$	1,568	$	(629)	$	939
Client relationships		2,068		(1,123)		945
Completed technology		2,156		(1,296)		860
Patents/trademarks		641		(330)		311
Other*		56		(23)		32
Total	$	6,489	$	(3,402)	$	3,087

* Other intangibles are primarily acquired proprietary and non-proprietary business processes, methodologies and systems.

The net carrying amount of intangible assets decreased $360 million during the first six months of 2019, primarily due to intangible asset amortization, partially offset by additions resulting from capitalized software. The aggregate intangible amortization expense was $307 million and $610 million for the second quarter and first six months of 2019, respectively, versus $342 million and $683 million for the second quarter and first six months of 2018, respectively. In

addition, in the first six months of 2019, the company retired $433 million of fully amortized intangible assets, impacting both the gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization by this amount.

The amortization expense for each of the five succeeding years relating to intangible assets currently recorded in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position is estimated to be the following at June 30, 2019:


	Capitalized		Acquired
(Dollars in millions)	Software		Intangibles		Total
2019 (for Q3-Q4)	$	261	$	323	$	584
2020		410		550		961
2021		248		445		693
2022		33		382		415
2023		—		64		64

Goodwill

The change in the goodwill balances by segment, for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and for the year ended December 31, 2018 are as follows:


									Foreign
									Currency
					Purchase				Translation
(Dollars in millions)	Balance		Goodwill		Price				And Other		Balance
Segment	1/1/2019		Additions		Adjustments		Divestitures		Adjustments*		6/30/2019
Cloud & Cognitive Software	$	24,594	$	—	$	0	$	—	$	89	$	24,683
Global Business Services		4,711		—		1		—		7		4,718
Global Technology Services		3,988		—		—		—		40		4,027
Systems		1,847		—		—		—		7		1,855
Other — divested businesses		1,126		—		—		(1,126)		—		—
Total	$	36,265	$	—	$	1	$	(1,126)	$	143	$	35,284

* Primarily driven by foreign currency translation.


									Foreign
									Currency
					Purchase				Translation
(Dollars in millions)	Balance		Goodwill		Price				And Other		Balance
Segment	1/1/2018		Additions		Adjustments		Divestitures		Adjustments**		12/31/2018
Cloud & Cognitive Software*	$	24,973	$	9	$	0	$	(1)	$	(388)	$	24,594
Global Business Services*		4,782		24		(3)		—		(92)		4,711
Global Technology Services*		4,044		—		0		—		(56)		3,988
Systems		1,862		—		0		—		(15)		1,847
Other — divested businesses*		1,127		1		0		0		(2)		1,126
Total	$	36,788	$	34	$	(3)	$	(1)	$	(553)	$	36,265

* Recast to conform to 2019 presentation.

** Primarily driven by foreign currency translation.

There were no goodwill impairment losses recorded during the first six months of 2019 or the full year of 2018 and the company has no accumulated impairment losses.

Purchase price adjustments recorded in the first six months of 2019 and full year 2018 were related to acquisitions that were still subject to the measurement period that ends at the earlier of 12 months from the acquisition date or when

information becomes available. Net purchase price adjustments recorded during the first six months of 2019 and full year 2018 were not material.