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Equity Activity
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Stockholders' Equity Note [Abstract]  
Equity Activity EQUITY ACTIVITY
The authorized capital stock of IBM consists of (i) 4,687,500,000 shares of common stock with a $0.20 per share par value, of which 915,013,646 shares were outstanding at December 31, 2023, and (ii) 150,000,000 shares of preferred stock with a $0.01 per share par value, whereby 75,000,000 shares have been designated as Series A Preferred Stock, of which 57,916,244 shares of Series A Preferred Stock were issued to a wholly owned subsidiary of the company but were not outstanding at December 31, 2023. The company does not intend to issue or transfer any shares of Series A Preferred Stock to any third parties.
Stock Repurchases
The Board of Directors authorizes the company to repurchase IBM common stock. The company suspended its share repurchase program at the time of the Red Hat acquisition in 2019. At December 31, 2023, $2,008 million of Board common stock repurchase authorization was available.
Other Stock Transactions
The company issued the following shares of common stock as part of its stock-based compensation plans and employees stock purchase plan: 9,794,240 shares in 2023, 8,539,072 shares in 2022, and 5,608,845 shares in 2021. The company issued 2,080,983 treasury shares in 2023, 2,512,300 treasury shares in 2022, and 2,093,243 treasury shares in 2021, as a result of restricted stock unit releases and exercises of stock options by employees of certain acquired businesses and by non-U.S. employees. Also, as part of the company’s stock-based compensation plans, 2,953,554 common shares at a cost of $402 million, 3,027,994 common shares at a cost of $407 million, and 2,286,912 common shares at a cost of $319 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, were remitted by employees to the company in order to satisfy minimum statutory tax withholding requirements. These amounts are included in the treasury stock balance in the Consolidated Balance Sheet and the Consolidated Statement of Equity.
Reclassifications and Taxes Related to Items of Other Comprehensive Income
($ in millions)
For the year ended December 31, 2023:Before Tax
Amount		Tax (Expense)/
Benefit		Net of Tax
Amount
Other comprehensive income/(loss)   
Foreign currency translation adjustments$3 $100 $103 
Net changes related to available-for-sale securities
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period$0 $0 $0 
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to other (income) and expense— — — 
Total net changes related to available-for-sale securities$0 $0 $0 
Unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period$207 $(63)$144 
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to:
Cost of services5 (1)5 
Cost of sales(22)8 (14)
Cost of financing14 (3)10 
SG&A expense(12)4 (8)
Other (income) and expense(209)53 (157)
Interest expense66 (17)49 
Total unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges$47 $(19)$28 
Retirement-related benefit plans (1)
Prior service costs/(credits)$2 $0 $2 
Net (losses)/gains arising during the period(3,115)536 (2,579)
Curtailments and settlements5 (1)4 
Amortization of prior service (credits)/costs(9)3 (6)
Amortization of net (gains)/losses515 (88)427 
Total retirement-related benefit plans$(2,602)$450 $(2,152)
Other comprehensive income/(loss)$(2,552)$531 $(2,021)
(1)    These AOCI components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost. Refer to note V, “Retirement-Related Benefits,” for additional information.
($ in millions)
For the year ended December 31, 2022:Before Tax
Amount		Tax (Expense)/
Benefit		Net of Tax
Amount
Other comprehensive income/(loss)   
Foreign currency translation adjustments$176 $(406)$(229)
Net changes related to available-for-sale securities   
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period$(1)$0 $(1)
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to other (income) and expense— — — 
Total net changes related to available-for-sale securities$(1)$0 $(1)
Unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges   
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period$241 $(64)$178 
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to:   
Cost of services(24)6 (18)
Cost of sales(99)28 (70)
Cost of financing24 (6)18 
SG&A expense(38)11 (28)
Other (income) and expense(349)88 (261)
Interest expense86 (22)64 
Total unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges$(158)$41 $(117)
Retirement-related benefit plans (1)
   
Prior service costs/(credits)$463 $(99)$364 
Net (losses)/gains arising during the period878 (183)695 
Curtailments and settlements5,970 (1,490)4,480 
Amortization of prior service (credits)/costs12 (3)9 
Amortization of net (gains)/losses1,596 (304)1,293 
Total retirement-related benefit plans$8,919 $(2,078)$6,841 
Other comprehensive income/(loss)$8,936 $(2,442)$6,494 
(1)    These AOCI components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost and include the impact of a one-time, non-cash pension settlement charge of $5.9 billion ($4.4 billion net of tax). Refer to note V, “Retirement-Related Benefits,” for additional information.
($ in millions)
For the year ended December 31, 2021:Before Tax
Amount		Tax (Expense)/
Benefit		Net of Tax
Amount
Other comprehensive income/(loss)   
Foreign currency translation adjustments$987 $(414)$573 
Net changes related to available-for-sale securities   
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period$0 $0 $0 
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to other (income) and expense— — — 
Total net changes related to available-for-sale securities$0 $0 $0 
Unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges   
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period$344 $(89)$256 
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to:   
Cost of services(43)11 (32)
Cost of sales16 (3)13 
Cost of financing22 (6)17 
SG&A expense24 (6)19 
Other (income) and expense157 (40)118 
Interest expense65 (16)49 
Total unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges$587 $(149)$438 
Retirement-related benefit plans (1)
   
Prior service costs/(credits)$(51)$(1)$(52)
Net (losses)/gains arising during the period2,433 (601)1,832 
Curtailments and settlements94 (11)83 
Amortization of prior service (credits)/costs9 0 9 
Amortization of net (gains)/losses2,484 (528)1,956 
Total retirement-related benefit plans$4,969 $(1,140)$3,828 
Other comprehensive income/(loss)$6,542 $(1,703)$4,839 
(1)    These AOCI components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost. Refer to note V, “Retirement-Related Benefits,” for additional information.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss) (net of tax)
($ in millions)
Net Unrealized
Gains/(Losses)
on Cash Flow
Hedges
Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments (1)
Net Change
Retirement-
Related
Benefit
Plans		 Net Unrealized
Gains/(Losses)
on Available-
For-Sale
Securities		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income/(Loss)
December 31, 2020$(456)$(4,665)$(24,216)$0 $(29,337)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications256 573 1,780 0 2,608 
Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income183 — 2,049 — 2,231 
Separation of Kyndryl— 730 534 — 1,264 
Total change for the period438 1,303 4,362 0 6,103 
December 31, 2021(18)(3,362)(19,854)(1)(23,234)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications178 (229)1,059 (1)1,007 
Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (2)
(295)— 5,782 — 5,487 
Total change for the period(117)(229)6,841 (1)6,494 
December 31, 2022(135)(3,591)(13,013)(1)(16,740)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications144 103 (2,577)0 (2,331)
Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income(115)— 425 — 310 
Total change for the period28 103 (2,152)0 (2,021)
December 31, 2023$(106)$(3,488)$(15,165)$(1)$(18,761)
(1)    Foreign currency translation adjustments are presented gross except for any associated hedges which are presented net of tax.
(2)    Net change in retirement-related benefit plans includes the impact of a one-time, non-cash pension settlement charge of $5.9 billion ($4.4 billion net of tax). Refer to note V, “Retirement-Related Benefits,” for additional information.