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INCOME TAXES
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
INCOME TAXES INCOME TAXES
The components of income tax expense (benefit) applicable to pretax earnings for the years ended December 31 were as follows:
(In millions)ForeignU.S.Total
2023:
Current$1,275 $388 $1,663 
Deferred(160)(900)(1,060)
Total income tax expense$1,115 $(512)$603 
2022:
Current$913 $268 $1,181 
Deferred200 (930)(730)
Total income tax expense$1,113 $(662)$451 
2021:
Current$884 $211 $1,095 
Deferred251 (369)(118)
Total income tax expense$1,135 $(158)$977 
Prior-year amounts have been adjusted for the adoption of accounting guidance on January 1, 2023 related to accounting for long-duration insurance contracts.

The Japan income tax rate for the fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021 was 28.0%.

Aflac Japan holds certain U.S. dollar-denominated assets in a Delaware Statutory Trust (DST). These assets are mostly comprised of various U.S. dollar-denominated commercial mortgage loans. The functional currency of the DST for U.S. tax purposes was historically the Japanese yen. In 2022, the Company requested a change in tax accounting method through the Internal Revenue Service's automatic consent procedures to change the functional currency of the DST for U.S. tax purposes to the U.S. dollar. As a result, foreign currency translation gains or losses on assets held in the DST are no longer recognized for U.S. tax purposes. The Company historically recorded a deferred tax liability for foreign currency translation gains on the DST assets, which was released in the third quarter of 2022 as a result of the functional currency change. The release of the deferred tax liability resulted in the Company recognizing an income tax benefit of $174 million in 2023 and $452 million in 2022.

In August 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA) was signed into U.S. law, which among other things imposed a 1% excise tax on the Company’s repurchases of its common stock. Effective January 1, 2023, charges associated with the excise tax are recognized in equity consistent with other costs related to treasury stock.

Income tax expense in the accompanying statements of earnings varies from the amount computed by applying the expected U.S. tax rate of 21% to pretax earnings. The principal reasons for the differences and the related tax effects for the years ended December 31 were as follows:
(In millions)202320222021
Income taxes based on U.S. statutory rates$1,105 $1,023 $1,094 
DST functional currency change(174)(452)0 
Solar and historic tax credits, net of amortization(348)(83)(115)
Other, net20 (37)(2)
Income tax expense$603 $451 $977 
Prior-year amounts have been adjusted for the adoption of accounting guidance on January 1, 2023 related to accounting for long-duration insurance contracts.
Total income tax expense for the years ended December 31 was allocated as follows:
(In millions)202320222021
Statements of earnings$603 $451 $977 
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) during
  period		140 547 15 
Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities:
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on fixed maturity
  securities during period		520 (2,657)(194)
Reclassification adjustment for (gains) losses
  on fixed maturity securities included in net earnings		(35)(95)(7)
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives during period1 1 1 
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions during period(122)3,650 728 
Pension liability adjustment during period7 35 30 
Total income tax expense (benefit) related to items of
  other comprehensive income (loss)		511 1,481 573 
Total income taxes$1,114 $1,932 $1,550 
Prior-year amounts have been adjusted for the adoption of accounting guidance on January 1, 2023 related to accounting for long-duration insurance contracts.

The income tax effects of the temporary differences that gave rise to deferred income tax assets and liabilities as of December 31 were as follows:
(In millions)20232022
Deferred income tax liabilities:
Deferred policy acquisition costs$2,883 $3,056 
Unrealized gains and other basis differences on investments988 0 
Foreign currency gain on Aflac Japan2 147 
Premiums receivable85 59 
Policy benefit reserves110 1,137 
Total deferred income tax liabilities4,068 4,399 
Deferred income tax assets:
Unfunded retirement benefits5 7 
Other accrued expenses28 27 
Policy and contract claims572 671 
Foreign currency loss on Aflac Japan0 0 
Deferred compensation45 65 
Depreciation265 248 
Anticipatory foreign tax credit2,210 1,992 
Deferred foreign tax credit1,077 822 
Other basis differences in investments0 85 
Other135 106 
Total deferred income tax assets4,337 4,023 
Net deferred income tax liability(269)376 
Current income tax (asset) liability423 322 
Total income tax liability$154 $698 
Prior-year amounts have been adjusted for the adoption of accounting guidance on January 1, 2023 related to accounting for long-duration insurance contracts.

The application of U.S. GAAP requires the Company to evaluate the recoverability of deferred tax assets and establish a valuation allowance if necessary to reduce the deferred tax asset to an amount that is more likely than not expected to be realized. The Company has determined no valuation allowance against its anticipatory foreign tax credits is necessary. The anticipatory foreign tax credit represents the foreign tax credit the Company will generate from the reversal of Japan
deferred tax liabilities in the future. Deferred foreign tax credits are foreign tax credits generated in the current tax year by the Japanese life company, but are unable to be utilized until 2024 due to Japan's current tax year not closing until March 31, 2024. Based upon a review of the Company's anticipated future taxable income, and including all other available evidence, both positive and negative, the Company's management has concluded that, notwithstanding the items noted above, it is more likely than not that all other deferred tax assets will be realized.

Under U.S. income tax rules, only 35% of non-life operating losses can be offset against life insurance taxable income each year. For current U.S. income tax purposes, as of December 31, 2023, there were non-life operating loss carryforwards of $109 million available to offset against future taxable income, all of which do not expire. The Company has no capital loss carryforwards available to offset capital gains. The Company has no foreign tax credit carryforwards as of December 31, 2023 .

The Company files federal income tax returns in the U.S. and Japan as well as state or prefecture income tax returns in various jurisdictions in the two countries. There are currently no other open Federal, State, or local U.S. income tax audits. U.S. federal income tax returns for years before 2016 are no longer subject to examination. Japan corporate income tax returns for years before the tax year ended March 2022 are no longer subject to examination. Management believes it has established adequate tax liabilities and final resolution of all open audits is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows for the years ended December 31:
(In millions)2023 2022 
Balance, beginning of year$5 $5 
Additions for tax positions of prior years0   0   
Reductions for tax positions of prior years(4)  0 
Balance, end of year$1 $5 

Included in the balance of the liability for unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2023 and 2022, are no tax positions for which the ultimate deductibility is highly certain, but for which there is uncertainty about the timing of such deductibility. Because of the impact of deferred tax accounting, other than interest and penalties, the disallowance of the shorter deductibility period would not affect the annual effective tax rate, but would accelerate the payment of cash to the taxing authority to an earlier period. The Company has accrued approximately $1 million as of December 31, 2023, for permanent uncertainties, which if reversed would not have a material effect on the annual effective rate.

The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. The Company recognized an immaterial amount of interest and penalties in both 2023 and 2022, compared with approximately $1 million in 2021. The Company accrued an immaterial amount for the payment of interest and penalties as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

As of December 31, 2023, there were no material uncertain tax positions for which the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits will significantly increase or decrease within the next 12 months.