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INVESTMENTS
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Investments [Abstract]  
INVESTMENTS
INVESTMENTS
Investment Holdings
The amortized cost for the Company's investments in fixed maturity securities, the cost for equity securities and the fair values of these investments are shown in the following tables.
  
March 31, 2020
(In millions)

Amortized
Cost
Allowance for Credit Losses
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
  Fair
  Value
Securities available for sale, carried at fair
value through other comprehensive income:
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturity securities:
 
 
 
 
 
  Yen-denominated:
 
 
 
 
 
Japan government and agencies
$
31,853

$
0

$
4,766

$
14

$
36,605

Municipalities
984

0

228

1

1,211

Mortgage- and asset-backed securities
306

0

31

0

337

Public utilities
4,412

0

430

93

4,749

Sovereign and supranational
1,300

0

33

27

1,306

Banks/financial institutions
7,159

0

404

557

7,006

Other corporate
7,817

0

753

389

8,181

Total yen-denominated
53,831

0

6,645

1,081

59,395

  U.S. dollar-denominated:
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government and agencies
350

0

23

0

373

Municipalities
1,084

0

145

0

1,229

Mortgage- and asset-backed securities
152

0

8

0

160

Public utilities
3,844

0

649

50

4,443

Sovereign and supranational
239

0

65

1

303

Banks/financial institutions
2,848

0

545

21

3,372

Other corporate
25,533

63

2,531

988

27,013

Total U.S. dollar-denominated
34,050

63

3,966

1,060

36,893

Total securities available for sale
$
87,881

$
63

$
10,611

$
2,141

$
96,288




  
December 31, 2019
(In millions)

Amortized
Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
  Fair
  Value
Securities available for sale, carried at fair
  value through other comprehensive income:
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturity securities:
 
 
 
 
  Yen-denominated:
 
 
 
 
Japan government and agencies
$
30,929

$
5,169

$
0

$
36,098

Municipalities
516

116

3

629

Mortgage- and asset-backed securities
229

25

0

254

Public utilities
1,855

406

0

2,261

Sovereign and supranational
680

50

0

730

Banks/financial institutions
6,152

700

86

6,766

Other corporate
5,323

944

24

6,243

Total yen-denominated
45,684

7,410

113

52,981

  U.S dollar-denominated:
 
 
 
 
U.S. government and agencies
293

9

0

302

Municipalities
1,077

141

0

1,218

Mortgage- and asset-backed securities
149

7

0

156

Public utilities
3,804

725

10

4,519

Sovereign and supranational
239

73

0

312

Banks/financial institutions
2,879

646

4

3,521

Other corporate
25,246

3,255

248

28,253

Total U.S. dollar-denominated
33,687

4,856

262

38,281

Total securities available for sale
$
79,371

$
12,266

$
375

$
91,262



  
March 31, 2020
(In millions)

Amortized
Cost
Allowance for Credit Losses
Net Carrying Amount
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair  
Value  
Securities held to maturity, carried at
amortized cost:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturity securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Yen-denominated:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Japan government and agencies
$
22,387

$
3

$
22,384

$
5,810

$
0

$
28,194

Municipalities
362

0

362

122

0

484

Public utilities
46

1

45

14

0

59

Sovereign and supranational
469

5

464

114

0

578

Other corporate
23

0

23

9

0

32

Total yen-denominated
23,287

9

23,278

6,069

0

29,347

Total securities held to maturity
$
23,287

$
9

$
23,278

$
6,069

$
0

$
29,347




  
December 31, 2019
(In millions)

Amortized
Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Value
Securities held to maturity, carried at
amortized cost:
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturity securities:
 
 
 
 
  Yen-denominated:
 
 
 
 
Japan government and agencies
$
22,241

$
6,050

$
0

$
28,291

Municipalities
821

262

0

1,083

Mortgage- and asset-backed securities
16

1

0

17

Public utilities
2,535

419

0

2,954

Sovereign and supranational
1,123

197

0

1,320

Banks/financial institutions
916

105

3

1,018

Other corporate
2,433

485

7

2,911

Total yen-denominated
30,085

7,519

10

37,594

Total securities held to maturity
$
30,085

$
7,519

$
10

$
37,594



(In millions)
March 31, 2020
 
December 31, 2019
Equity securities, carried at fair value through net earnings:
Fair Value
 
Fair Value
Equity securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
      Yen-denominated
 
$
528

 
 
 
$
658

 
      U.S. dollar-denominated
 
132

 
 
 
144

 
Total equity securities
 
$
660

 
 
 
$
802

 


The methods of determining the fair values of the Company's investments in fixed maturity securities and equity securities are described in Note 5.

During the first quarter of 2020, as a result of the adoption of ASU 2019-04 discussed in Note 1, the Company reclassified $6.9 billion (at amortized cost) of pre-payable fixed-maturity securities from the held-to-maturity category to the available-for-sale category. This reclassification resulted in recording in accumulated other comprehensive income a net unrealized gain of $848 million on an after-tax basis. During the first quarter of 2019, the Company did not reclassify any investments from the held-to-maturity category to the available-for-sale category.
Contractual and Economic Maturities
The contractual and economic maturities of the Company's investments in fixed maturity securities at March 31, 2020, were as follows:
(In millions)
Amortized
Cost
(1)
 
Fair
Value
 
Available for sale:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Due in one year or less
 
$
1,078

 
 
 
$
1,105

 
 
Due after one year through five years
 
8,992

 
 
 
8,806

 
 
Due after five years through 10 years
 
12,399

 
 
 
13,221

 
 
Due after 10 years
 
64,891

 
 
 
72,659

 
 
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities
 
458

 
 
 
497

 
 
Total fixed maturity securities available for sale
 
$
87,818

 
 
 
$
96,288

 
 
Held to maturity:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Due in one year or less
 
$
0

 
 
 
$
0

 
 
Due after one year through five years
 
0

 
 
 
0

 
 
Due after five years through 10 years
 
49

 
 
 
55

 
 
Due after 10 years
 
23,229

 
 
 
29,292

 
 
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities
 
0

 
 
 
0

 
 
Total fixed maturity securities held to maturity
 
$
23,278

 
 
 
$
29,347

 
 

(1) Net of allowance for credit losses

Economic maturities are used for certain debt instruments with no stated maturity where the expected maturity date is based on the combination of features in the financial instrument such as the right to call or prepay obligations or changes in coupon rates.

Investment Concentrations

The Company's process for investing in credit-related investments begins with an independent approach to underwriting each issuer's fundamental credit quality. The Company evaluates independently those factors that it believes could influence an issuer's ability to make payments under the contractual terms of the Company's instruments. This includes a thorough analysis of a variety of items including the issuer's country of domicile (including political, legal, and financial considerations); the industry in which the issuer competes (with an analysis of industry structure, end-market dynamics, and regulation); company specific issues (such as management, assets, earnings, cash generation, and capital needs); and contractual provisions of the instrument (such as financial covenants and position in the capital structure). The Company further evaluates the investment considering broad business and portfolio management objectives, including asset/liability needs, portfolio diversification, and expected income.

Investment exposures that individually exceeded 10% of shareholders' equity were as follows:
 
March 31, 2020
 
December 31, 2019
(In millions)
Credit
Rating
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Fair
Value
 
Credit
Rating
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Fair
Value
Japan National Government(1)
A+
 
$52,786
 
$63,020
 
A+
 
$51,726
 
$62,584
(1)Japan Government Bonds (JGBs) or JGB-backed securities


Net Investment Gains and Losses

Information regarding pretax net gains and losses from investments is as follows:
  
 
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
(In millions)
 
2020
 
2019
 
Net investment gains (losses):
 
 
 
 
 
Sales and redemptions:
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturity securities available for sale:
 
 
 
 
 
Gross gains from sales
 
$
7

 
$
12

 
Gross losses from sales
 
0

 
(8
)
 
Foreign currency gains (losses) on sales and redemptions
 
(14
)
 
13

 
Total sales and redemptions
 
(7
)
 
17

 
Equity securities
 
(149
)
 
58

 
Loan loss reserves (1)
 
0

 
(2
)
 
Credit losses:
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturity securities available for sale
 
(63
)
 
0

 
Fixed maturity securities held to maturity
 
1

 
0

 
Commercial mortgage and other loans
 
(37
)
 
0

 
Loan commitments
 
(46
)
 
0

 
Total credit losses
 
(145
)
 
0

 
Derivatives and other:
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative gains (losses)
 
(85
)
 
0

 
Foreign currency gains (losses)
 
(77
)
 
(2
)
 
Total derivatives and other
 
(162
)
 
(2
)
 
Total net investment gains (losses)
 
$
(463
)
 
$
71

 

(1) U.S. GAAP guidance adopted as of January 1, 2020 has superseded these losses, included for comparative purposes only.

The unrealized holding gains, net of losses, recorded as a component of net investment gains and losses for the three-month period ended March 31, 2020, that relate to equity securities still held at the March 31, 2020 reporting date, were $149 million.

Unrealized Investment Gains and Losses
Effect on Shareholders’ Equity
The net effect on shareholders’ equity of unrealized gains and losses from fixed maturity securities was as follows:
(In millions)
March 31, 2020
 
December 31,
2019
Unrealized gains (losses) on securities available for sale
 
$
8,470

 
 
 
$
11,891

 
Deferred income taxes
 
(2,427
)
 
 
 
(3,343
)
 
Shareholders’ equity, unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities
 
$
6,043

 
 
 
$
8,548

 


Gross Unrealized Loss Aging
The following tables show the fair values and gross unrealized losses of the Company's available-for-sale investments for the periods ended March 31, 2020 and available-for-sale and held-to-maturity investments for prior periods that were in an unrealized loss position, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position.

  
March 31, 2020
  
Total
 
Less than 12 months
 
12 months or longer
(In millions)
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
Fixed maturity securities available
for sale:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Japan government and
agencies:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Yen-denominated
 
$
725

 
 
 
$
14

 
 
 
$
725

 
 
 
$
14

 
 
 
$
0

 
 
 
$
0

 
  Municipalities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Yen-denominated
 
56

 
 
 
1

 
 
 
42

 
 
 
0

 
 
 
14

 
 
 
1

 
  Public utilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  U.S. dollar-denominated
 
825

 
 
 
50

 
 
 
701

 
 
 
38

 
 
 
124

 
 
 
12

 
      Yen-denominated
 
880

 
 
 
93

 
 
 
880

 
 
 
93

 
 
 
0

 
 
 
0

 
  Sovereign and supranational:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  U.S. dollar-denominated
 
18

 
 
 
1

 
 
 
18

 
 
 
1

 
 
 
0

 
 
 
0

 
  Yen-denominated
 
701

 
 
 
27

 
 
 
701

 
 
 
27

 
 
 
0

 
 
 
0

 
  Banks/financial institutions:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  U.S. dollar-denominated
 
355

 
 
 
21

 
 
 
321

 
 
 
13

 
 
 
34

 
 
 
8

 
  Yen-denominated
 
3,410

 
 
 
557

 
 
 
2,626

 
 
 
406

 
 
 
784

 
 
 
151

 
  Other corporate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  U.S. dollar-denominated
 
8,244

 
 
 
988

 
 
 
5,427

 
 
 
527

 
 
 
2,817

 
 
 
461

 
  Yen-denominated
 
2,829

 
 
 
389

 
 
 
2,677

 
 
 
357

 
 
 
152

 
 
 
32

 
  Total
 
$
18,043

 
 
 
$
2,141

 
 
 
$
14,118

 
 
 
$
1,476

 
 
 
$
3,925

 
 
 
$
665

 


  
December 31, 2019
  
Total
 
Less than 12 months
 
12 months or longer
(In millions)
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
Fixed maturity securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Municipalities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Yen-denominated
 
$
80

 
 
 
$
3

 
 
 
$
80

 
 
 
$
3

 
 
 
$
0

 
 
 
$
0

 
  Public utilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  U.S. dollar-denominated
 
306

 
 
 
10

 
 
 
69

 
 
 
2

 
 
 
237

 
 
 
8

 
  Banks/financial institutions:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  U.S. dollar-denominated
 
79

 
 
 
4

 
 
 
18

 
 
 
0

 
 
 
61

 
 
 
4

 
  Yen-denominated
 
1,828

 
 
 
89

 
 
 
1,828

 
 
 
89

 
 
 
0

 
 
 
0

 
  Other corporate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  U.S. dollar-denominated
 
4,261

 
 
 
248

 
 
 
792

 
 
 
53

 
 
 
3,469

 
 
 
195

 
  Yen-denominated
 
636

 
 
 
31

 
 
 
636

 
 
 
31

 
 
 
0

 
 
 
0

 
  Total
 
$
7,190

 
 
 
$
385

 
 
 
$
3,423

 
 
 
$
178

 
 
 
$
3,767

 
 
 
$
207

 


Analysis of Securities in Unrealized Loss Positions

The unrealized losses on the Company's fixed maturity securities investments have been primarily related to general market changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and/or the levels of credit spreads rather than specific concerns with the issuer's ability to pay interest and repay principal.

For any significant declines in fair value of its fixed maturity securities, the Company performs a more focused review of the related issuers' credit profile. For corporate issuers, the Company evaluates their assets, business profile including industry dynamics and competitive positioning, financial statements and other available financial data. For non-corporate issuers, the Company analyzes all sources of credit support, including issuer-specific factors. The Company utilizes information available in the public domain and, for certain private placement issuers, from consultations with the issuers directly. The Company also considers ratings from Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations (NRSROs), as well as the specific characteristics of the security it owns including seniority in the issuer's capital structure, covenant protections, or other relevant features. From these reviews, the Company evaluates the issuers' continued ability to service the Company's investment through payment of interest and principal.

Assuming no credit-related factors develop, unrealized gains and losses on fixed maturity securities are expected to diminish as investments near maturity. Based on its credit analysis, the Company believes that the issuers of its fixed maturity investments in the sectors shown in the table above have the ability to service their obligations to the Company, and the Company does not intend to sell the investments and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost bases, which may be at maturity.

However, the Company has identified certain available-for-sale fixed maturity securities where the amortized cost basis exceeds the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected due to credit related factors and as a result, a credit allowance has been calculated. As of March 31, 2020, the Company recorded an allowance of $63 million. Refer to the Credit Losses section below for additional information.

Commercial Mortgage and Other Loans

The Company classifies its transitional real estate loans (TREs), commercial mortgage loans (CMLs) and middle market loans (MMLs) as held-for-investment and includes them in the commercial mortgage and other loans line on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company carries them on the balance sheet at amortized cost less an estimated allowance for credit losses.

The following table reflects the composition of the carrying value for commercial mortgage and other loans by property type as of the periods presented.

(In millions)
March 31, 2020
 
December 31, 2019
 
Amortized Cost
 
% of Total
 
Amortized Cost
 
% of Total
Commercial Mortgage and other loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Transitional real estate loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Office
$
1,954

 
18.0
%
 
$
1,800

 
18.7
%
Retail
165

 
1.5

 
131

 
1.4

Apartments/Multi-Family
2,065

 
19.0

 
2,085

 
21.7

Industrial
175

 
1.6

 
256

 
2.7

Hospitality
1,024

 
9.4

 
1,036

 
10.8

Other
260

 
2.4

 
164

 
1.7

Total transitional real estate loans
5,643

 
51.9

 
5,472

 
57.0

Commercial mortgage loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Office
408

 
3.8

 
410

 
4.3

Retail
346

 
3.1

 
348

 
3.5

Apartments/Multi-Family
589

 
5.4

 
569

 
5.9

Industrial
397

 
3.7

 
383

 
4.0

Total commercial mortgage loans
1,740

 
16.0

 
1,710

 
17.7

Middle market loans
3,492

 
32.1

 
2,432

 
25.3

Total commercial mortgage and other loans
$
10,875

 
100.0
%
 
$
9,614

 
100.0
%
Allowance for credit losses
(125
)
 
 
 
(45
)
(1) 
 
Total net commercial mortgage and other loans
$
10,750

 
 
 
$
9,569

 
 
(1) U.S. GAAP guidance adopted as of January 1, 2020 has superseded these losses, included for comparative purposes only.

Commercial mortgage and transitional real estate loans were secured by properties entirely within the U.S. (with the largest concentrations in California (20%), Texas (14%) and Florida (10%)). Middle market loans are issued only to companies domiciled within the U.S. and Canada.

Transitional Real Estate Loans

Transitional real estate loans are commercial mortgage loans that are typically relatively short-term floating rate instruments secured by a first lien on the property. These loans provide funding for properties undergoing a change in their physical characteristics and/or economic profile and do not typically require any principal repayment prior to the maturity date. This loan portfolio is generally considered to be investment grade. As of March 31, 2020, the Company had $838 million in outstanding commitments to fund transitional real estate loans. These commitments are contingent on the final underwriting and due diligence to be performed.

Commercial Mortgage Loans

Commercial mortgage loans are typically fixed rate loans on commercial real estate with partial repayment of principal over the life of the loan with the remaining outstanding principal being repaid upon maturity. This loan portfolio is generally considered higher quality investment grade loans. As of March 31, 2020, the Company had $10 million of outstanding commitments to fund commercial mortgage loans. These commitments are contingent on the final underwriting and due diligence to be performed.

Middle Market Loans

Middle market loans are typically first lien senior secured cash flow loans to small to mid-size companies for working capital, refinancing, acquisition, and recapitalization. These loans are generally considered to be below investment grade. The carrying value for middle market loans included $99 million for a short term credit facility that is reflected in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, as of December 31, 2019. The carrying value for middle market loans did not include any amount for a short term credit facility as of March 31, 2020.
As of March 31, 2020, the Company had commitments of approximately $2.6 billion of which $2.2 billion was a result of a new agreement with an external manager during the first quarter of 2020 to fund future middle market loans. These commitments are contingent upon the availability of middle market loans that meet the Company's underwriting criteria.

Credit Losses

Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASC 326: Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. The newly adopted accounting standard requires the Company to estimate an expected lifetime credit loss on financial assets including short-term receivables, held-to-maturity fixed maturity securities, loan receivables, loan commitments and reinsurance recoverables. For the Company’s available-for-sale fixed maturity securities, the newly adopted guidance requires an entity to evaluate estimated credit losses only when the fair value of the available-for-sale fixed maturity security is below its amortized cost basis. Credit loss changes are recorded as a component of net investment gains and losses for the Company’s held-to-maturity and available-for-sale securities, loan receivables, loan commitments and reinsurance recoverables. The Company’s off-balance sheet credit exposure is primarily attributable to loan commitments that are not unconditionally cancelable. The Company considers the contractual period of exposure to credit risk, the likelihood that funding will occur, the risk of loss, and the current conditions and expectations of future economic conditions to develop the estimate of expected credit losses. The Company records the estimate of expected credit losses for certain loan commitments within other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet.

Write-offs and partial write-offs are recorded as a reduction to the amortized cost of the loan or fixed maturity security balance and a reduction to the credit allowance.

The Company’s held-to-maturity fixed maturity portfolio includes Japan Government and Agency securities of $22 billion amortized cost as of March 31, 2020 that meet the requirements for zero-credit-loss expectation and therefore these asset classes have been excluded from the current expected credit loss measurement.

The Company has elected not to measure an allowance on accrued interest income for all asset types, because the uncollectible accrued interest receivable is written off in a timely manner. The Company writes off accrued interest when it is more than ninety days past due. The Company has elected to write off accrued interest by reversing interest income, which is a component of net investment income, in the consolidated statement of earnings.
The Company designates nonaccrual status for a nonperforming debt security or a loan that is not generating its stated interest rate because of nonpayment of periodic interest by the borrower. The Company applies the cash basis method to record any payments received on non-accrual assets. The Company resumes the accrual of interest on fixed maturity securities and loans that are currently making contractual payments or for those that are not current where the borrower has paid timely (less than 30 days outstanding).

Credit Quality Indicators

For TREs, the Company’s key credit quality indicator is loan-to-value (LTV). Given that TRE loans involve properties undergoing renovation or construction, loan-to-value provides the most insight into the credit risk of the loan. The Company monitors the performance of the loans periodically, but not less frequently than quarterly.

For CMLs, the Company’s key credit quality indicators include LTV and debt service coverage ratios (DSCR). LTV is calculated by dividing the current outstanding loan balance by the most recent estimated property value. DSCR is the most recently available operating income of the underlying property compared to the required debt service of the loan.

For MMLs and held-to-maturity fixed maturity securities, the Company’s key credit quality indicator is credit ratings. The Company’s held-to-maturity portfolio is composed of investment grade securities that are senior unsecured instruments, while its MMLs generally have below-investment-grade ratings but are typically senior secured instruments. The Company monitors the credit ratings periodically, but not less frequently than quarterly.

For the Company’s reinsurance recoverable balance, the key credit quality indicator is the credit rating of the Company’s reinsurance counterparty. The Company uses external credit ratings focused on the reinsurer’s financial strength and credit worthiness. The Company's counterparties are rated A+. The Company monitors the credit ratings periodically, but not less frequently than quarterly.

The following tables present as of March 31, 2020 the amortized cost basis of TREs, CMLs and MMLs by year of origination and credit quality indicator.
Transitional Real Estate Loans
(In millions)
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
Prior
Total
Loan-to-Value Ratio:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
0%-59.99%
$
33

$
471

$
409

$
155

$
20

$
57

$
1,145

60%-69.99%
190

777

834

436

0

0

2,237

70%-79.99%
81

858

997

250

14

0

2,200

80% or greater
25

36

0

0

0

0

61

Total
$
329

$
2,142

$
2,240

$
841

$
34

$
57

$
5,643



Commercial Mortgage Loans
(In millions)
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
Prior
Total
Weighted-Average DSCR
Loan-to-Value Ratio:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
0%-59.99%
$
12

$
474

$
156

$
69

$
683

$
0

$
1,394

2.43
60%-69.99%
27

190

16

0

90

0

323

1.74

70%-79.99%
0

0

0

0

23

0

23

1.32

Total
39

664

172

69

796

0

1,740

2.29

Weighted Average DSCR
1.84
2.33
2.16
2.37
2.30
0
2.29
 


Middle Market Loans
(In millions)
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
Prior
Revolving Loans
Total
Credit Ratings:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
BBB
$
9

$
57

$
52

$
22

$
12

$
0

$
15

$
167

BB
86

277

187

140

56

20

84

850

B
210

827

466

309

98

58

338

2,306

CCC
0

58

10

34

25

4

15

146

CC
0

1

0

18

0

2

2

23

Total
$
305

$
1,220

$
715

$
523

$
191

$
84

$
454

$
3,492



Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company calculates its allowance for credit losses for held-to-maturity fixed maturity securities, loan receivables, loan commitments and reinsurance recoverable by grouping assets with similar risk characteristics when there is not a specific expectation of a loss for an individual asset. For held-to-maturity fixed maturity securities, MMLs, and MML commitments, the Company groups assets by credit ratings, industry, and country. The Company groups CMLs and TREs and respective loan commitments by property type, property location and the property’s loan-to-value and debt service coverage ratios. The credit allowance for the reinsurance recoverable balance is estimated using a probability-of-default (PD) / loss-given-default (LGD) method.

The Company’s methodology for estimating credit losses for available-for-sale fixed maturity securities utilizes the discounted cash flow model, based on past events, current market conditions and future economic conditions, as well as industry analysis and credit ratings of the fixed maturity securities. In addition, the Company evaluates the specific issuer’s probability of default and expected recovery of its position in the event of default based on the underlying financial condition and assets of the borrower as well as seniority and/or security of other debt holders in the issuer when developing management’s best estimate of expected cash flows.

The credit allowance for held-to-maturity fixed maturity securities and loan receivables is estimated using a PD / LGD method, discounted for the time value of money. For held-to-maturity fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale fixed maturity securities and loan receivables, the Company includes the change in present value due to the passage of time in the change in the allowance for credit losses. The Company’s methodology for estimating credit losses utilizes the contractual maturity date of the financial asset, adjusted when necessary to reflect the expected timing of repayment (such as prepayment options, renewal options, call options, or extension options). The Company applies reasonable and supportable forecasts of macroeconomic variables that impact the determination of PD/LGD over a two-year period for held-to-maturity fixed maturity securities and MMLs. The Company reverts to historical loss information over one year, following the two-year forecast period. For the CML and TRE portfolio, the Company applies reasonable and supportable forecasts of macroeconomic variables as well as national and local real-estate market factors to estimate future credit losses where the market factors revert back to historical levels over time with the period being dependent on current market conditions, projected market conditions and difference in the current and historical market levels for each factor. The Company continuously monitors the estimation methodology, due to changes in portfolio composition, changes in underwriting practices and significant events or conditions and makes adjustments as necessary.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

As of March 31, 2020, and December 31, 2019, the Company had no loans that were past due in regards to principal and/or interest payments. Additionally, the number of loans the Company held on nonaccrual status was immaterial as of March 31, 2020, and December 31, 2019. The Company had no troubled debt restructurings during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.

The following table presents the roll forward of the allowance for credit losses by portfolio segment during the three-month period ended March 31, 2020.
(in millions)
Transitional Real Estate Loans
Commercial Mortgage Loans
Middle Market Loans
Held to Maturity Securities
Available for Sale Securities
Reinsurance Recoverables
Balance at December 31, 2019 (1)
$
(22
)
$
(3
)
$
(20
)
$
0

$
0

$
0

Transition impact to retained earnings
(2
)
(8
)
(33
)
(10
)
0

(11
)
(Addition to) release of allowance for credit losses
(3
)
0

(34
)
1

(63
)
0

Balance at March 31, 2020
$
(27
)
$
(11
)
$
(87
)
$
(9
)
$
(63
)
$
(11
)
(1) U.S. GAAP guidance adopted as of January 1, 2020 has superseded these losses, included for comparative purposes only.

For assets that are subject to the credit loss measurement, the change in credit loss allowance will be significantly impacted by purchases and sales in those assets during the period as well as entering into new non-cancelable loan commitments. During the first quarter of 2020, the Company entered into a loan commitment with an external manager that met the requirements to recognize a credit loss on over $2.2 billion of loan commitments over the next few years. The estimate of credit losses for loan commitments as of March 31, 2020 was $60 million.
 
 
 
 
Other Investments

The table below reflects the composition of the carrying value for other investments as of the periods presented.
(In millions)
March 31, 2020
 
December 31, 2019
Other investments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Policy loans
 
$
253

 
 
 
$
250

 
Short-term investments (1)
 
892

 
 
 
628

 
Limited partnerships
 
669

 
 
 
569

 
Other
 
29

 
 
 
30

 
Total other investments
 
$
1,843

 
 
 
$
1,477

 
(1) Includes securities lending collateral

As of March 31, 2020, the Company had $1.4 billion in outstanding commitments to fund alternative investments in limited partnerships.

Variable Interest Entities (VIEs)

As a condition of its involvement or investment in a VIE, the Company enters into certain protective rights and covenants that preclude changes in the structure of the VIE that would alter the creditworthiness of the Company's investment or its beneficial interest in the VIE.

For those VIEs other than certain unit trust structures, the Company's involvement is passive in nature. The Company has not, nor has it been, required to purchase any securities issued in the future by these VIEs.

The Company's ownership interest in VIEs is limited to holding the obligations issued by them. The Company has no direct or contingent obligations to fund the limited activities of these VIEs, nor does it have any direct or indirect financial guarantees related to the limited activities of these VIEs. The Company has not provided any assistance or any other type of financing support to any of the VIEs it invests in, nor does it have any intention to do so in the future. For those VIEs in which the Company holds debt obligations, the weighted-average lives of the Company's notes are very similar to the underlying collateral held by these VIEs where applicable.

The Company's risk of loss related to its interests in any of its VIEs is limited to the carrying value of the related investments held in the VIE.

VIEs - Consolidated

The following table presents the cost or amortized cost, fair value and balance sheet caption in which the assets and liabilities of consolidated VIEs are reported.
Investments in Consolidated Variable Interest Entities
 
March 31, 2020
 
December 31, 2019
(In millions)
Amortized
Cost
(1)
 
Fair
Value
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Fair
Value
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturity securities, available for sale
 
$
3,208

 
 
 
$
3,786

 
 
 
$
3,308

 
 
 
$
4,312

 
Commercial mortgage and other loans
 
9,051

 
 
 
8,737

 
 
 
7,956

 
 
 
8,015

 
Other investments (2)
 
550

 
 
 
550

 
 
 
494

 
 
 
494

 
Other assets (3)
 
89

 
 
 
89

 
 
 
169

 
 
 
169

 
Total assets of consolidated VIEs
 
$
12,898

 
 
 
$
13,162

 
 
 
$
11,927

 
 
 
$
12,990

 
Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other liabilities (3)
 
$
235

 
 
 
$
235

 
 
 
$
126

 
 
 
$
126

 
Total liabilities of consolidated VIEs
 
$
235

 
 
 
$
235

 
 
 
$
126

 
 
 
$
126

 

(1) Net of allowance for credit losses
(2) Consists entirely of alternative investments in limited partnerships
(3) Consists entirely of derivatives

The Company is substantively the only investor in the consolidated VIEs listed in the table above. As the sole investor in these VIEs, the Company has the power to direct the activities of a variable interest entity that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance and is therefore considered to be the primary beneficiary of the VIEs that it consolidates. The Company also participates in substantially all of the variability created by these VIEs. The activities of these VIEs are limited to holding invested assets and foreign currency swaps, as appropriate, and utilizing the cash flows from these securities to service its investment. Neither the Company nor any of its creditors are able to obtain the underlying collateral of the VIEs unless there is an event of default or other specified event. For those VIEs that contain a swap, the Company is not a direct counterparty to the swap contracts and has no control over them. The Company's loss exposure to these VIEs is limited to its original investment. The Company's consolidated VIEs do not rely on outside or ongoing sources of funding to support their activities beyond the underlying collateral and swap contracts, if applicable. With the exception of its investment in unit trust structures, the underlying collateral assets and funding of the Company's consolidated VIEs are generally static in nature.

Investments in Unit Trust Structures

The Company also utilizes unit trust structures in its Aflac Japan segment to invest in various asset classes. As the sole investor of these VIEs, the Company is required to consolidate these trusts under U.S. GAAP.

VIEs - Not Consolidated
The table below reflects the amortized cost, fair value and balance sheet caption in which the Company's investment in VIEs not consolidated are reported.
Investments in Variable Interest Entities Not Consolidated
  
March 31, 2020
 
December 31, 2019
(In millions)
Amortized
Cost
 
Fair
Value
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Fair
Value
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturity securities, available for sale
 
$
5,999

 
 
 
$
6,397

 
 
 
$
4,129

 
 
 
$
4,884

 
Fixed maturity securities, held to maturity
 
0

 
 
 
0

 
 
 
1,848

 
 
 
2,236

 
Other investments (1)
 
119

 
 
 
119

 
 
 
75

 
 
 
74

 
Total investments in VIEs not consolidated
 
$
6,118

 
 
 
$
6,516

 
 
 
$
6,052

 
 
 
$
7,194

 

(1) Consists entirely of alternative investments in limited partnerships

The Company holds alternative investments in limited partnerships that have been determined to be VIEs. These partnerships invest in private equity and structured investments. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss on these investments is limited to the amount of its investment. The Company is not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs and is therefore not required to consolidate them. The Company classifies these investments as Other investments in the consolidated balance sheets.

Certain investments in VIEs that the Company is not required to consolidate are investments that are in the form of debt obligations from the VIEs that are irrevocably and unconditionally guaranteed by their corporate parents or sponsors. These VIEs are the primary financing vehicles used by their corporate sponsors to raise financing in the capital markets. The variable interests created by these VIEs are principally or solely a result of the debt instruments issued by them. The Company does not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance, nor does it have the obligation to absorb losses of the entity or the right to receive benefits from the entity. As such, the Company is not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs and is therefore not required to consolidate them.

Securities Lending and Pledged Securities

The Company lends fixed maturity and public equity securities to financial institutions in short-term security-lending transactions. These short-term security-lending arrangements increase investment income with minimal risk. The Company receives cash or other securities as collateral for such loans. The Company's security lending policy requires that the fair value of the securities received as collateral be 102% or more of the fair value of the loaned securities and that unrestricted cash received as collateral be 100% or more of the fair value of the loaned securities. The securities loaned continue to be carried as investment assets on the Company's balance sheet during the terms of the loans and are not reported as sales. For loans involving unrestricted cash or securities as collateral, the collateral is reported as an asset with a corresponding liability for the return of the collateral. For loans where the Company receives as collateral securities that the Company is not permitted to sell or repledge, the collateral is not reflected on the consolidated financial statements.

Details of collateral by loaned security type and remaining maturity of the agreements were as follows:
Securities Lending Transactions Accounted for as Secured Borrowings
Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
 
March 31, 2020
 
December 31, 2019
(In millions)
Overnight
and
Continuous
(1)
 
Up to 30
days
 
Total
 
Overnight
and
Continuous
(1)
 
Up to 30
days
 
Total
Securities lending transactions:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturity securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Japan government and agencies
$
0

 
$
2,318

 
$
2,318

 
$
0

 
$
1,013

 
$
1,013

Public utilities
35

 
0

 
35

 
35

 
0

 
35

Sovereign and supranational
1

 
0

 
1

 
2

 
0

 
2

Banks/financial institutions
68

 
0

 
68

 
48

 
0

 
48

Other corporate
547

 
0

 
547

 
778

 
0

 
778

          Total borrowings
$
651

 
$
2,318

 
$
2,969

 
$
863

 
$
1,013

 
$
1,876

Gross amount of recognized liabilities for securities lending
transactions
$
2,969

 
 
 
 
 
$
1,876

(1) The related loaned security, under the Company's U.S. securities lending program, can be returned to the Company at the transferee's discretion; therefore, they are classified as Overnight and Continuous.

In connection with securities lending, in addition to cash collateral received, the Company received from counterparties securities collateral of $5,188 million and $4,759 million at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, which may not be sold or re-pledged, unless the counterparty is in default. Such securities collateral is not reflected on the consolidated financial statements.
 
 


The Company did not have any repurchase agreements or repurchase-to-maturity transactions outstanding as of March 31, 2020, and December 31, 2019, respectively.

Certain fixed maturity securities can be pledged as collateral as part of derivative transactions, or pledged to support state deposit requirements or certain investment programs. For additional information regarding pledged securities related to derivative transactions, see Note 4.