The Company makes equity investments in various limited partnerships or limited liability companies that sponsor affordable housing projects utilizing the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (“LIHTC”) pursuant to Section 42 of the Internal Revenue Code. The purpose of these investments is to achieve a satisfactory return on capital, to facilitate the sale of affordable housing product offerings, and to assist in achieving goals associated with the Community Reinvestment Act. The primary activities of these entities include the identification, development, and operation of multi-family housing that is leased to qualifying residential tenants. Generally, these types of investments are funded through a combination of debt and equity.

The Company is a limited partner or non-managing member in each LIHTC limited partnership or limited liability company, respectively. Each of these entities is managed by an unrelated third-party general partner or managing member who exercises significant control over the affairs of the entity. The general partner or managing member has all the rights, powers and authority granted or permitted to be granted to a general partner of a limited partnership or managing member of a limited liability company. Duties entrusted to the general partner or managing member include, but are not limited to: investment in operating companies, company expenditures, investment of excess funds, borrowing funds, employment of agents, disposition of fund property, prepayment and refinancing of liabilities, votes and consents, contract authority, disbursement of funds, accounting methods, tax elections, bank accounts, insurance, litigation, cash reserve, and use of working capital reserve funds. Except for limited rights granted to the limited partner(s) or non-managing member(s) relating to the approval of certain transactions, the limited partner(s) and non-managing member(s) may not participate in the operation, management, or control of the entity’s business, transact any business in the entity’s name or have any power to sign documents for or otherwise bind the entity. In addition, the general partner or managing member may only be removed by the limited partner(s) or managing member(s) in the event of a failure to comply with the terms of the agreement or negligence in performing its duties.

The general partner or managing member of each entity has both the power to direct the activities which most significantly affect the performance of each entity and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could be significant to the entities. Therefore, the Company has determined that it is not the primary beneficiary of any LIHTC entity. The Company uses the effective yield method to account for its pre-2015 investments in these entities. Beginning January 1, 2015, any new investments that meet the requirements of the proportional amortization method are recognized using the proportional amortization method. The Company’s net affordable housing tax credit investments including the related unfunded commitments were $221.3 million and $208.9 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and are included in Other Assets in the unaudited consolidated statements of condition.

As of September 30, 2024, the expected payments for unfunded affordable housing commitments were as follows:


(dollars in thousands)	Amount
2024	$	4,932
2025		57,205
2026		17,214
2027		765
2028		230
Thereafter		25,019
Total Unfunded Commitments	$	105,365

The following table presents tax credits and other tax benefits recognized and amortization expense related to affordable housing for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Effective Yield Method
Tax Credits and Other Tax Benefits Recognized	$	1,137	$	1,457	$	3,411	$	4,372
Amortization Expense in Provision for Income Taxes		1,119		1,333		3,358		3,998
Proportional Amortization Method
Tax Credits and Other Tax Benefits Recognized	$	6,210	$	3,696	$	18,631	$	14,572
Amortization Expense in Provision for Income Taxes		5,348		3,203		16,044		12,630

There were no impairment losses related to LIHTC investments during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.