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INCOME TAXES
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2017
INCOME TAXES  
INCOME TAXES

 

7.INCOME TAXES

 

The income tax provision for interim periods is determined using an estimate of the annual effective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items, if any, that are taken into account in the relevant period.  Each quarter, the estimate of the annual effective tax rate is updated, and if the estimated effective tax rate changes, a cumulative adjustment is made.  There is a potential for volatility of the effective tax rate due to several factors, including changes in the mix of the pre-tax income and the jurisdictions to which it relates, changes in tax laws and foreign tax holidays, settlements with taxing authorities and foreign currency fluctuations.

 

The Company has net operating loss carryforwards in an international jurisdiction expiring in 2017.  The Company evaluates the future realizability of the tax loss and credit carryforwards considering the anticipated future earnings and tax planning strategies in the international jurisdictions.

 

The effective income tax rate as a percentage of income before income taxes was 33.1% and 27.6% in the third quarter 2017 and 2016, respectively and 32.1% and 29.5% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.  The 2016 effective tax rates are revised from 29.9% to 27.6% for the third quarter 2016 and from 31.5% to 29.5% for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 to reflect the revised income resulting from the error correction described in Note 1.  The effective tax rates include a discrete tax (benefit) provision related to the recognition of the tax effect of share-based payment awards as follows:  for the third quarter of 2017 a net discrete tax benefit of (0.2%) and for the third quarter of 2016 a net discrete tax provision 0.2%.   For the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, a net discrete tax benefit of (1.2%) in each period.

 

The effective rate before discrete items varies from the statutory rate due to permanent differences in state taxes and the difference in US and foreign tax rates and the mix of foreign and domestic income.