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Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill by Segment
The following table reflects the changes in carrying amounts of goodwill by segment for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:
(In thousands)Harsco Environmental
Segment		Harsco
Clean Earth
Segment		Consolidated
Totals
Balance at December 31, 2020$406,401 $482,647 $889,048 
Changes to goodwill— 1,232 1,232 
Foreign currency translation(7,171)— (7,171)
Balance at December 31, 2021399,230 483,879 883,109 
Goodwill impairment— (104,580)(104,580)
Foreign currency translation(19,276)— (19,276)
Balance at December 31, 2022$379,954 $379,299 $759,253 


The Company's methodology for determining reporting unit fair value is described in Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. The Company tests for goodwill impairment annually as of October 1, or more frequently if indicators of impairment exist, or a decision is made to dispose of a business.
As of June 30, 2022, the Company determined that an interim test of goodwill was required. The triggering event was principally due to lower earnings expectations due to the impacts of inflation. The Company used a discounted cash flow model (“DCF model”) to estimate the current fair value of the Clean Earth reporting unit (Level 3), which is defined as the Clean Earth Segment. A number of significant assumptions and estimates are involved in the preparation of DCF models including future revenues, operating margin growth, the weighted-average cost of capital (“WACC”), tax rates, capital spending, pension funding, the impact of business initiatives and working capital projections. The DCF model is based on approved forecasts for the early years and historical relationships and projections for later years. The WACC rate is derived from internal and external factors including, but not limited to, the average market price of the Company's stock, shares outstanding, book value of the Company's debt, the long-term risk-free interest rate, and both market and size-specific risk premiums. As a result of this testing, the Company recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $104.6 million for the Clean Earth reporting unit in the second quarter of 2022, which is included in Goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges on the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year-ended December 31, 2022. This charge had no impact on the Company's cash flows or compliance with debt covenants.    

The performance of the Company's 2022 annual impairment tests did not result in any impairment of the Company's goodwill.

Intangible Assets
Net intangible assets totaled $352.2 million at December 31, 2022 and $402.8 million at December 31, 2021. The following table reflects these intangible assets by major category:
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
(In thousands)Gross Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization		Gross Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization
Customer related$95,573 $54,482 $104,322 $54,057 
Permits309,177 50,703 309,069 34,822 
Technology related20,800 15,491 39,886 13,415 
Trade names30,212 9,198 30,738 6,842 
Air rights26,139 2,411 26,139 1,675 
Patents189 155 179 138 
Non-compete agreement2,500 1,718 2,500 1,094 
Other3,147 1,419 3,407 1,396 
Total$487,737 $135,577 $516,240 $113,439 

Based on the current economic conditions, to include inflation and higher energy prices, the Company lowered its long-range projections for the Altek Group of the Harsco Environmental Segment. Due to the lower revenue projections, the Company tested the recoverability of Altek's asset group in the fourth quarter of 2022. The asset group primarily consists of technology and customer-related intangible assets. Undiscounted estimated cash flows of the Altek asset group were lower than the carrying value, therefore, the Company used a DCF model to estimate the current fair value of the Altek asset group (Level 3). A number of significant assumptions and estimates are involved in the preparation of DCF models including future revenues and operating margin growth, the WACC, capital spending, and the impact of business initiatives and working capital projections. The DCF model is based on approved forecasts for the early years and historical relationships and projections for later years. The WACC rate is based on the Company's WACC, adjusted for market participant assumptions. As a result of this testing, an impairment charge of $15.0 million was recorded, which is included in Goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges on the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year-ended December 31, 2022. The carrying value of the intangible assets, after the impairment charge, is $15.3 million at December 31, 2022.

Amortization expense for intangible assets was $31.1 million, $32.2 million and $30.6 million for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The following table shows the estimated amortization expense for the next five fiscal years based on current intangible assets.
(In thousands)20232024202520262027
Estimated amortization expense (b)
$28,200 $27,700 $27,500 $25,700 $24,400 
(b)    These estimated amortization expense amounts do not reflect the potential effect of future foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations.