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Stock-Based Compensation
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Stock-Based Compensation Stock-Based Compensation
During 2020, the Company's stockholders and Board of Directors approved Amendment No. 2 to the 2013 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan ("Amendment No. 2"). Amendment No. 2 increased the number of shares available for new awards and increased the number of shares that may be issued or transferred by the Company in connection with awards other than option rights or stock appreciation rights ("SAR's"). The 2013 Equity and Incentive Plan as amended (the "2013 Plan") authorizes the issuance of up to 9.9 million shares of the Company's common stock for use in paying incentive compensation awards in the form of stock options or other equity awards such as restricted stock, restricted stock units ("RSUs"), stock appreciation rights ("SARs") or performance share units ("PSUs"). Of the 9.9 million shares authorized, a maximum of 6.5 million shares may be issued for awards other than option rights or SARs, as defined in the 2013 Plan. The 2016 Non-Employee Directors' Long-Term Equity Compensation Plan (the "2016 Plan") authorizes the issuance of up to 400 thousand shares of the Company's common stock for equity awards. Both plans have been approved by the Company's stockholders. At December 31, 2020, there were 3.0 million shares available for granting equity awards under the 2013 Plan, of which 2.3 million shares were available for awards other than option rights or SARs. At December 31, 2020, there were 123 thousand shares available for granting equity awards under the 2016 Plan.

Restricted Stock Units
The Company's Board approves the granting of performance-based RSUs as the long-term equity component of director, officer and certain key employee compensation. The RSUs require no payment from the recipient and compensation cost is measured based on the market price of the Company's common stock on the grant date and is generally recorded over the vesting period. RSUs granted to officers and certain key employees in 2018, 2019 and 2020 either vest on a pro-rata basis over three years or upon obtainment of specified retirement or years of service criteria. The vesting period for RSUs granted to non-employee directors is one year and each RSU is exchanged for an equal number of shares of the Company's common stock upon vesting for awards issued under the 2016 Plan and following the termination of the participant's service as a director under prior plans. RSUs do not have an option for cash payment.
The following table summarizes RSUs issued and the compensation expense recorded for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018:
 RSUs (a)Weighted Average Fair ValueExpense
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit)202020192018
Directors:     
201756,203 $13.70 $— $— $179 
201843,821 20.54 — 280 511 
201914,211 25.33 — 240 — 
     2020
34,986 10.29 360 — — 
Employees:     
2015239,679 16.53 — — 193 
2016536,773 7.09 — 290 835 
2017286,251 13.70 95 832 910 
2018242,791 19.93 827 1,208 1,546 
2019270,864 22.25 1,381 1,620 — 
     2020522,087 8.221,337 — — 
Total  $4,000 $4,470 $4,174 
(a)     Represents number of awards originally issued.
RSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2020 was as follows:
Number of SharesWeighted Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value
Non-vested at December 31, 2019466,609 $20.26 
Granted557,073 8.35 
Vested(230,740)18.66 
Forfeited(106,655)15.67 
Non-vested at December 31, 2020686,287 11.84 
At December 31, 2020, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested RSUs was $4.6 million, which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.8 years.
The total fair value of RSU's vested in 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $4.3 million, $4.7 million and $6.0 million, respectively.
Stock Appreciation Rights
The Company's Board approves the granting of SARs to officers and certain key employees under the 2013 Plan.  The SARs generally vest on a pro-rata three-year basis from the grant date or upon specified retirement or years of service criteria and expire no later than ten years after the grant date.  The exercise price of the SARs is equal to the fair value of Harsco common stock on the grant date.  Upon exercise, shares of the Company's common stock are issued based on the increase in the fair value of the Company's common stock over the exercise price of the SAR.  SARs do not have an option for cash payment.

During 2018, the Company issued SARS covering 221,818 shares in March and 7,622 in July under the 2013 Plan. During 2019, the Company issued SARS covering 216,100 shares in March and 13,244 shares in July under the 2013 Plan. During 2020, the Company issued SARS covering 785,152 shares in March and 20,526 in October under the 2013 Plan.
The fair value of each SAR grant was estimated on the grant date using a Black-Scholes pricing model with the following assumptions:
Risk-free Interest rateDividend YieldExpected Life (Years)VolatilitySAR Grant PriceFair Value of SAR
March 2018 Grant2.69 %— %6.044.6 %$19.80 $9.16 
July 2018 Grant2.87 %— %6.044.7 %24.65 11.48 
March 2019 Grant2.52 %— %6.046.2 %22.51 10.62 
July 2019 Grant1.84 %— %6.047.1 %27.39 12.80 
March 2020 Grant0.76 %— %6.045.2 %10.29 3.03 
October 2020 Grant0.44 %— %6.060.3 %14.89 8.12 

The March 2020 Grant's fair value was estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation because the exercise price is greater than the fair value of Harsco common stock on the grant date.

SARs activity for the year ended December 31, 2020 was as follows:
Number of SharesWeighted Average Exercise PriceAggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions) (b)
Outstanding, December 31, 20191,908,220 $16.44 $13.0 
Granted805,678 10.41 
Exercised(60,532)9.17 
Forfeited/Expired(252,235)18.63 
Outstanding, December 31, 20202,401,131 14.37 11.7 
(b)     Intrinsic value is defined as the difference between the current market value and the exercise price, for those SARs where the market price exceeds the exercise price.
The total intrinsic value of SARs exercised in 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $0.5 million, $0.3 million, and $0.5 million, respectively.
The following table summarizes information concerning outstanding and exercisable SARs at December 31, 2020:
SARs OutstandingSARs Exercisable
Range of exercisable pricesVestedNon-vestedWeighted-Average Exercise Price per ShareWeighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life in YearsNumber ExercisableWeighted-Average Exercise Price per Share
$7.00 - $14.89
677,299 711,856 $9.95 7.54677,299 $9.45 
$16.53 - $22.70
646,894 163,550 19.33 5.52646,894 18.75 
$23.25 - $26.92
198,991 2,541 24.87 3.61198,991 24.87 
1,523,184 877,947 14.37 6.531,523,184 15.41 
Total compensation expense related to SARs was $1.8 million, $1.9 million and $1.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. At December 31, 2020, total unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested SARs was $2.5 million, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.8 years.
Weighted-average grant date fair value of non-vested SARs for the year ended December 31, 2020 was as follows:
Number of SharesWeighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested shares, December 31, 2019449,736 $9.32 
Granted805,678 3.16 
Vested(253,741)7.81 
Forfeited(123,726)6.54 
Non-vested shares, December 31, 2020877,947 8779474.50 
Performance Share Units
The Company's Board approves the granting of PSUs to officers and certain key employees that may be earned based on the Company's total shareholder return over the three-year performance period. PSUs are paid out at the end of each performance period based on the Company’s performance, which is measured by determining the percentile rank of the total shareholder return of the Company's common stock in relation to the total shareholder return of a specific peer group of companies. The peer group of companies utilized is the S&P 600 Industrial Index. The payment of PSUs following the performance period will be based in accordance with the scale set forth in the PSU agreements, and may range from 0% to 200% of the initial grant. PSUs do not have an option for cash payment.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company granted 233,266 shares in March and 6,742 shares in July under the 2013 Plan. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company granted 233,112 shares in March, 6,189 shares in July and 38,006 shares in August under the 2013 Plan. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company granted 513,995 shares in March and 11,194 shares in October under the 2013 Plan. The fair value of PSUs granted was estimated on the grant date using a Monte Carlo pricing model with the following assumptions:
Risk-free Interest rateDividend YieldExpected Life (Years)VolatilityFair Value of PSU
March 2018 Grant2.36 %— %2.8334.7 %$29.56 
July 2018 Grant2.69 %— %2.4233.1 %39.06 
March 2019 Grant2.48 %— %2.8233.8 %29.04 
July 2019 Grant1.75 %— %2.5034.3 %40.07 
August 2019 Grant1.57 %— %2.4134.9 %23.38 
March 2020 Grant0.56 %— %2.8136.0 %4.40 
October 2020 Grant0.17 %— %2.2053.7 %17.01 

Total compensation expense related to PSUs was $3.4 million, $5.1 million and $4.3 million for the years ended
December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. At December 31, 2020, total unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested PSUs was $3.4 million, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.4 years.

A summary of the Company's non-vested PSU activity during the year ending December 31, 2020 was as follows:
Number of SharesWeighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested shares, December 31, 2019465,584 $28.95 
Granted525,189 4.67 
Forfeited(124,523)21.08 
Vested, not issued (c)
(169,932)29.76 
Non-vested shares, December 31, 2020696,318 11.85 
(c) The measurement period for PSUs issued in 2018 ended on December 31, 2020 and these shares vested but will not be issued until the Board certifies the measurement period results in early 2021. A total of 124,050 shares are expected to be issued.