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Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill by Segment
The following table reflects the changes in carrying amounts of goodwill by segment for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:
(In thousands)Harsco Environmental
Segment		Harsco
Clean Earth
Segment		Harsco
Rail
Segment		Consolidated
Totals
Balance at December 31, 2018$391,687 $— $13,026 $404,713 
Changes to goodwill (a)
— 330,230 — 330,230 
Foreign currency translation3,426 — — 3,426 
Balance at December 31, 2019395,113 330,230 13,026 738,369 
Changes to goodwill (b)
1,480 152,417 — 153,897 
Foreign currency translation9,808 — — 9,808 
Balance at December 31, 2020$406,401 $482,647 $13,026 $902,074 
(a)     The changes to goodwill related to the acquisition of Clean Earth. See Note 3, Acquisitions and Dispositions.
(b)    The changes to goodwill related to the acquisition of ESOL, and immaterial acquisitions in the Harsco Environmental segment. See Note 3, Acquisitions and Dispositions.

The Company's methodology for determining reporting unit fair value is described in Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. Performance of the Company's 2020 annual impairment test did not result in impairment of any of the Company's reporting units.

Intangible Assets
Intangible assets totaled $438.6 million, net of accumulated amortization of $84.5 million at December 31, 2020 and
$299.1 million, net of accumulated amortization of $113.6 million at December 31, 2019. The following table reflects these intangible assets by major category:
 December 31, 2020December 31, 2019
(In thousands)Gross Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization		Gross Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization
Customer related$109,378 $48,057 $143,996 $99,327 
Permits308,705 18,955 170,322 4,694 
Technology related40,274 9,654 36,467 5,635 
Trade names31,949 4,834 31,719 2,182 
Air rights26,139 1,044 26,139 411 
Patents192 139 249 168 
Non-compete agreement2,500 469 — — 
Other3,911 1,331 3,765 1,158 
Total$523,048 $84,483 $412,657 $113,575 
Amortization expense for intangible assets was $31.0 million, $15.5 million and $5.9 million for 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The following table shows the estimated amortization expense for the next five fiscal years based on current intangible assets.
(In thousands)20212022202320242025
Estimated amortization expense (c)
$32,900 $32,400 $32,300 $31,800 $31,600 
(c)    These estimated amortization expense amounts do not reflect the potential effect of future foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations.