Stockholders’ Equity

a. Preference Stock

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, 15.0 million shares of preferred stock were authorized and none were issued or outstanding.

b. Common Stock

As of December 31, 2017, the Company had 150.0 million authorized shares of common stock, par value $0.10 per share, of which 73.6 million shares were issued and outstanding, and 20.2 million shares were reserved for future issuance for the exercise of stock options (seven and ten year contractual life) and restricted stock (no maximum contractual life), payment of awards under stock-based compensation plans, and conversion of the Company’s convertible debt.

c. Treasury Stock

The Company has repurchased 3.5 million of its common shares at a cost of $64.5 million. The Company reflects stock repurchases in its financial statements on a “settlement” basis.

d. Stock-based Compensation

Total stock-based compensation expense (benefit) by type of award was as follows:



	Year Ended						One month ended
	December 31,		December 31,		November 30,		December 31,
	2017		2016		2015		2015
	(In millions)
SARs	$	9.3	$	2.2	$	1.8	$	(1.4	)
Restricted stock, service based	4.1		3.6		5.6		0.3
Restricted stock, performance based	6.8		5.7		0.1		0.6
Employee stock purchase plan ("ESPP")	0.6		0.5		0.3		—
Stock options	1.2		0.9		0.8		0.1
Total stock-based compensation expense (benefit)	$	22.0	$	12.9	$	8.6	$	(0.4	)

Stock Appreciation Rights: As of December 31, 2017, a total of 1.0 million SARs were outstanding under the 1999 Equity and Performance Incentive Plan (“1999 Plan”) and 2009 Equity and Performance Incentive Plan (“2009 Plan”). SARs granted to employees generally vest in one-third increments at one year, two years, and three years from the date of grant and have a ten year contractual life under the 1999 Plan and a seven year contractual life under the 2009 Plan. SARs granted to directors of the Company typically vest over a one year service period (half after six months and half after one year) and have a ten year contractual life under the 1999 Plan and a seven year contractual life under the 2009 Plan. These awards are similar to the Company’s employee stock options, but are settled in cash rather than in shares of common stock, and are classified as liability awards. Compensation cost for these awards is determined using a fair-value method and remeasured at each reporting date until the date of settlement.

A summary of the status of the Company’s SARs as of December 31, 2017 and changes during fiscal 2017:



	SARs (In millions)		Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (In millions)
Outstanding at December 31, 2016	1.0		$	11.52
Granted	0.4		22.35
Exercised	(0.3	)	6.97
Canceled	(0.1	)	17.21
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	1.0		$	16.62	4.7	$	14.6
Exercisable at December 31, 2017	0.2		$	8.17	1.2	$	5.4

The weighted average grant date fair value for SARs granted in fiscal 2017 and 2016 was $15.41 and $7.66, respectively. No SARs were granted in fiscal 2015 and the one month ended December 31, 2015. The total intrinsic value for SARs liabilities paid in fiscal 2017, 2016, and 2015 was $4.9 million, $2.3 million, and $3.3 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2017, there was $7.5 million of total stock-based compensation related to nonvested SARs. That cost is expected to be recognized over an estimated weighted-average amortization period of 23 months.

Restricted Stock, service-based: As of December 31, 2017, a total of 0.4 million shares of service-based restricted stock were outstanding which vest based on years of service under the 2009 Plan. Restricted shares are granted to key employees and directors of the Company. The fair value of the restricted stock awards was based on the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of award and is being amortized on a straight line basis over the service period.

A summary of the status of the Company’s service-based restricted stock as of December 31, 2017 and changes during fiscal 2017:



	Service Based Restricted Stock (In millions)		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2016	0.6		$	18.06
Granted	0.1		24.98
Exercised	(0.3	)	18.12
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	0.4		$	20.14
Expected to vest at December 31, 2017	0.4		$	20.14

As of December 31, 2017, there was $5.0 million of total stock-based compensation related to nonvested service-based restricted stock. That cost is expected to be recognized over an estimated weighted-average amortization period of six months. At December 31, 2017, the intrinsic value of the service-based restricted stock outstanding and expected to vest was $11.7 million. The weighted average grant date fair values for service-based restricted stock granted in fiscal 2016 and 2015 was $17.65 and $20.70, respectively.

Restricted Stock, performance-based Company metrics: As of December 31, 2017, a total of 1.0 million shares of performance-based restricted shares were outstanding under the 2009 Plan. The performance-based restricted stock vests if the Company meets various operations and earnings targets set by the Organization & Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. The fair value of the performance-based restricted stock awards was based on the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of award and is being amortized over the estimated service period to achieve the operations and earnings targets.

A summary of the status of the Company’s performance-based restricted stock as of December 31, 2017 and changes during fiscal 2017:



	Performance Based Restricted Stock (In millions)		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2016	1.1		$	17.85
Granted	0.5		22.35
Exercised	(0.3	)	15.80
Canceled	(0.3	)	18.48
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	1.0		$	19.73
Expected to vest at December 31, 2017	0.6		$	19.74

As of December 31, 2017, there was $4.9 million of total stock-based compensation related to nonvested performance-based restricted stock. That cost is expected to be recognized over an estimated weighted-average amortization period of 17 months. At December 31, 2017, the intrinsic value of the performance-based restricted stock outstanding was $32.7 million and the intrinsic value of the performance-based restricted stock expected to vest was $17.8 million. The weighted average grant date fair values for performance-based restricted stock granted in fiscal 2016 and 2015 was $15.97 and $21.33, respectively.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan: The ESPP enables eligible employees the opportunity to purchase the Company’s common stock at a price not less than 85% of the fair market value of the common stock on the last day of the respective offering period. A maximum of 1.5 million shares are authorized for issuance under the ESPP under the 2009 Plan. During fiscal 2017, 0.1 million shares were issued under the ESPP at an average price of $25.43 per share. During fiscal 2016, 0.2 million shares were issued under the ESPP at an average price of $18.11 per share. During the one month ended December 31, 2015, 0.1 million shares were issued under the ESPP at an average price of $15.66 per share. During fiscal 2015, 0.1 million shares were issued under the ESPP at an average price of $20.61 per share.

Stock Options: As of December 31, 2017, a total of 0.4 million stock options were outstanding under the 1999 Plan and 2009 Plan. The stock options granted in fiscal 2016 related to an award granted to the Executive Chairman, see the discussion below.

A summary of the status of the Company’s stock options as of December 31, 2017 and changes during fiscal 2017:



	Stock Options (In millions)		Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (years)	Intrinsic Value (In millions)
Outstanding at December 31, 2016	0.6		$	15.48
Exercised	(0.2	)	6.54
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	0.4		$	18.86	4.6	$	5.1
Exercisable at December 31, 2017	0.3		$	17.09	4.8	$	4.1
Expected to vest at December 31, 2017	0.1		$	23.06	4.2	$	1.0

The total intrinsic value for options exercised in fiscal 2017, 2016, and 2015 was $2.9 million, $2.1 million, and $3.9 million, respectively. No options were exercised in the one month ended December 31, 2015. The weighted average grant date fair value for stock options granted in fiscal 2016 and 2015 was $18.01 and $23.04.

The following table summarizes the range of exercise prices and weighted-average exercise prices for options outstanding as of December 31, 2017 under the Company’s stock option plans:



		Outstanding
Period Granted	Range of Exercise Prices	Stock Options Outstanding (In millions)	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (years)
Fiscal 2015	$20.48 - $23.06	0.2	$	23.03	4.2
Fiscal 2016	$18.01	0.2	$	18.01	5.6
		0.4

Common Shares and Stock Options, performance-based: In August 2016, the Company granted the Executive Chairman 0.2 million performance-based common shares and 0.2 million performance-based stock options that vest according to the attainment of share prices ranging from $22.00 per share to $27.00 per share of the Company's stock. The performance-based common shares were valued at a weighted average price of $12.99 using a Monte Carlo model. The performance-based stock options were valued at a weighted average price of $5.81 using a Monte Carlo model. The Company recognized the grant-date fair value of these awards as stock-based compensation expense ratably over the estimated vesting period based on the number of awards expected to vest at each reporting date or earlier if the market condition was satisfied. All of the performance based awards vested during fiscal 2017 as a result of the attainment of share prices. The Company used the following weighted average assumptions to value the awards for the year ended December 31, 2016:



	Performance- based common shares		Performance-based stock options
Expected life (in years)	1.04		0.99
Volatility	32.97	%	39.58	%
Risk-free interest rate	1.17	%	1.43	%

The Monte Carlo Model requires a single expected dividend yield as an input. The Senior Credit Facility restricts the payment of dividends and the Company does not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Accordingly, the Company did not apply an expected dividend yield to the Monte Carlo Model.

Valuation Assumptions: The fair value of stock options was estimated using a Black-Scholes Model (except for the performance-based stock options discussed in the section above) with the following weighted average assumptions:



	Year ended
	November 30,
	2015
Expected life (in years)	7.0
Volatility	58.06	%
Risk-free interest rate	1.94	%

The Company did not grant any stock options during fiscal 2017.

The fair value of SARs was estimated using a Black-Scholes Model with the following weighted average assumptions:



	Year Ended						One month ended
	December 31,		December 31,		November 30,		December 31,
	2017		2016		2015		2015
Expected life (in years)	4.8		4.0		2.1		2.0
Volatility	34.00	%	36.00	%	34.00	%	34.00	%
Risk-free interest rate	2.23	%	1.65	%	0.94	%	0.79	%

Expected Term: The Company’s expected term represents the period that the Company’s stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding and was determined based on historical experience of similar awards, giving consideration to the contractual terms of the stock-based awards and vesting schedules.

Expected Volatility: The fair value of stock-based payments was determined using the Black-Scholes Model with a volatility factor based on the Company’s historical stock prices. The range of expected volatility used in the Black-Scholes Model was 32.2% to 42.7% as of December 31, 2017.

Expected Dividend: The Black-Scholes Model requires a single expected dividend yield as an input. The Senior Credit Facility restricts the payment of dividends and the Company does not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Accordingly, the Company did not apply an expected dividend yield to the Black-Scholes Model for all periods presented.

Risk-Free Interest Rate: The Company bases the risk-free interest rate used in the Black-Scholes Model on the implied yield currently available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with an equivalent remaining term. The range of risk-free interest rates used in the Black-Scholes Model was 1.66% to 2.40% as of December 31, 2017.