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Financial Instruments
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2012
Financial Instruments [Abstract]  
Financial Instruments

11. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

The following table provides information about the assets and liabilities not carried at fair value in our Condensed Statement of Financial Position. Consistent with ASC 825, Financial Instruments, the table excludes finance leases and non-financial assets and liabilities. Substantially all of the assets discussed below are considered to be Level 3 in accordance with ASC 820. The vast majority of our liabilities' fair value can be determined based on significant observable inputs and thus considered Level 2 in accordance with ASC 820. Few of the instruments are actively traded and their fair values must often be determined using financial models. Realization of the fair value of these instruments depends upon market forces beyond our control, including marketplace liquidity. For a description on how we estimate fair value, see Note 15 in our 2011 consolidated financial statements

                  
 September 30, 2012 December 31, 2011
    Assets (liabilities)    Assets (liabilities)
 Notional Carrying Estimated Notional Carrying Estimated
(In millions)amount amount (net) fair value amount amount (net) fair value
Assets                  
    Loans (a) $237,565 $239,198  (a) $250,999 $251,433
    Other commercial mortgages (a)  1,616  1,692  (a)  1,494  1,537
    Loans held for sale (a)  494  501  (a)  496  497
  Other financial instruments(c) (a)  2,001  2,450  (a)  2,071  2,534
Liabilities                  
   Borrowings and bank                 
       deposits(b)(d) (a)  (420,356)  (436,189)  (a)  (443,097)  (449,403)
   Investment contract benefits (a)  (3,356)  (4,208)  (a)  (3,493)  (4,240)
    Guaranteed investment contracts (a)  (1,695)  (1,730)  (a)  (4,226)  (4,266)
    Insurance - credit life(e)$2,178  (114)  (97) $1,944  (106)  (88)
                  
                  

  • These financial instruments do not have notional amounts.
  • See Note 6.
  • Principally cost method investments.
  • Fair values exclude interest rate and currency derivatives designated as hedges of borrowings. Had they been included, the fair value of borrowings at September 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011 would have been reduced by $8,357 million and $9,051 million, respectively.
  • Net of reinsurance of $2,000 million at both September 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011.

Loan Commitment

       Notional amount at
       September 30, December 31,
(In millions)      2012 2011
            
Ordinary course of business lending commitments(a)      $3,205 $3,756
Unused revolving credit lines(b)           
Commercial(c)       16,912  18,757
Consumer - principally credit cards       268,759  257,646
            
            

  • Excluded investment commitments of $2,007 million and $2,064 million as of September 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011, respectively.
  • Excluded inventory financing arrangements, which may be withdrawn at our option, of $13,540 million and $12,354 million as of September 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011, respectively.
  • Included commitments of $12,283 million and $14,057 million as of September 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011, respectively, associated with secured financing arrangements that could have increased to a maximum of $14,378 million and $17,344 million at September 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011, respectively, based on asset volume under the arrangement.

 

Derivatives and hedging

As a matter of policy, we use derivatives for risk management purposes and we do not use derivatives for speculative purposes. A key risk management objective for our financial services businesses is to mitigate interest rate and currency risk by seeking to ensure that the characteristics of the debt match the assets they are funding. If the form (fixed versus floating) and currency denomination of the debt we issue do not match the related assets, we typically execute derivatives to adjust the nature and tenor of funding to meet this objective. The determination of whether we enter into a derivative transaction or issue debt directly to achieve this objective depends on a number of factors, including market related factors that affect the type of debt we can issue.

 

The notional amounts of derivative contracts represent the basis upon which interest and other payments are calculated and are reported gross, except for offsetting foreign currency forward contracts that are executed in order to manage our currency risk of net investment in foreign subsidiaries. Of the outstanding notional amount of $293,000 million, approximately 98% or $287,000 million, is associated with reducing or eliminating the interest rate, currency or market risk between financial assets and liabilities in our financial services businesses. The instruments used in these activities are designated as hedges when practicable. When we are not able to apply hedge accounting, or when the derivative and the hedged item are both recorded in earnings concurrently, the derivatives are deemed economic hedges and hedge accounting is not applied. This most frequently occurs when we hedge a recognized foreign currency transaction (e.g., a receivable or payable) with a derivative. Since the effects of changes in exchange rates are reflected concurrently in earnings for both the derivative and the transaction, the economic hedge does not require hedge accounting.

 

The following table provides information about the fair value of our derivatives, by contract type, separating those accounted for as hedges and those that are not

  September 30, 2012  December 31, 2011
 Fair value Fair value
(In millions)Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
            
Derivatives accounted for as hedges           
    Interest rate contracts$8,967 $768 $9,445 $1,049
    Currency exchange contracts 805  3,069  3,720  2,239
    Other contracts 0  0  0  0
  9,772  3,837  13,165  3,288
            
Derivatives not accounted for as hedges           
    Interest rate contracts 364  195  314  241
    Currency exchange contracts 1,830  454  1,440  972
    Other contracts 65  19  71  22
  2,259  668  1,825  1,235
            
Netting adjustments(a) (3,194)  (3,173)  (3,009)  (2,998)
            
Cash collateral(b)(c) (3,939)  (710)  (2,310)  (1,027)
            
Total$4,898 $622 $9,671 $498
            
            

Derivatives are classified in the captions “Other assets” and “Other liabilities” in our financial statements.

 

  • The netting of derivative receivables and payables is permitted when a legally enforceable master netting agreement exists. Amounts included fair value adjustments related to our own and counterparty non-performance risk. At September 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011, the cumulative adjustment for non-performance risk was a loss of $(21) million and $(11) million, respectively.
  • Excludes excess cash collateral received of $69 million and $579 million at September 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011, respectively. Excludes excess cash collateral posted of $13 million at September 30, 2012.
  • Excludes securities pledged to us as collateral of $5,953 million and $10,346 million at September 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011, respectively, which includes excess securities collateral of $327 million at September 30, 2012.

 

Fair value hedges

We use interest rate and currency exchange derivatives to hedge the fair value effects of interest rate and currency exchange rate changes on local and non-functional currency denominated fixed-rate debt. For relationships designated as fair value hedges, changes in fair value of the derivatives are recorded in earnings within interest along with offsetting adjustments to the carrying amount of the hedged debt. The following tables provide information about the earnings effects of our fair value hedging relationships for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

 Three months ended September 30,
  2012  2011
(In millions) Gain (loss)  Gain (loss)  Gain (loss)  Gain (loss)
  on hedging  on hedged  on hedging  on hedged
  derivatives  items  derivatives  items
            
Interest rate contracts$441 $(552) $5,708 $(5,829)
Currency exchange contracts 8  (10)  64  (74)
            
            

Fair value hedges resulted in $(113) million and $(131) million of ineffectiveness in the three months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, respectively. In both the three months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, there were insignificant amounts excluded from the assessment of effectiveness.

 Nine months ended September 30,
  2012  2011
(In millions) Gain (loss)  Gain (loss)  Gain (loss)  Gain (loss)
  on hedging  on hedged  on hedging  on hedged
  derivatives  items  derivatives  items
            
Interest rate contracts$1,226 $(1,514) $5,318 $(5,634)
Currency exchange contracts (204)  192  103  (121)
            
            

Fair value hedges resulted in $(300) million and $(334) million of ineffectiveness in the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, respectively. In both the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, there were insignificant amounts excluded from the assessment of effectiveness.

Cash flow hedges

We use interest rate, currency exchange and commodity derivatives to reduce the variability of expected future cash flows associated with variable rate borrowings and commercial purchase and sale transactions, including commodities. For derivatives that are designated in a cash flow hedging relationship, the effective portion of the change in fair value of the derivative is reported as a component of AOCI and reclassified into earnings contemporaneously and in the same caption with the earnings effects of the hedged transaction.

 

The following tables provide information about the amounts recorded in AOCI, as well as the gain (loss) recorded in earnings, primarily in interest, when reclassified out of AOCI, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

       Gain (loss) reclassified
 Gain (loss) recognized in AOCI from AOCI into earnings
 for the three months ended September 30, for the three months ended September 30,
 2012 2011 2012 2011
(In millions)           
            
Cash flow hedges           
Interest rate contracts$(68) $(170) $(116) $(180)
Currency exchange contracts 322  (583)  253  (569)
Commodity contracts 0  0  0  0
Total$254 $(753) $137 $(749)
            

       Gain (loss) reclassified
 Gain (loss) recognized in AOCI from AOCI into earnings
 for the nine months ended September 30, for the nine months ended September 30,
 2012 2011 2012 2011
(In millions)           
            
Cash flow hedges           
Interest rate contracts$(147) $(287) $(380) $(656)
Currency exchange contracts (25)  79  (83)  295
Commodity contracts 0  0  0  0
Total$(172) $(208) $(463) $(361)
            
            

The total pre-tax amount in AOCI related to cash flow hedges of forecasted transactions was a $1,062 million loss at September 30, 2012. We expect to transfer $459 million to earnings as an expense in the next 12 months contemporaneously with the earnings effects of the related forecasted transactions. In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, we recognized insignificant gains and losses related to hedged forecasted transactions and firm commitments that did not occur by the end of the originally specified period. At September 30, 2012 and 2011, the maximum term of derivative instruments that hedge forecasted transactions was 20 years and 21 years, respectively.

For cash flow hedges, the amount of ineffectiveness in the hedging relationship and amount of the changes in fair value of the derivatives that are not included in the measurement of ineffectiveness are both reflected in earnings each reporting period. These amounts are primarily reported in revenues from services and totaled $1 million and $56 million in the three months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, respectively, and $4 million and $68 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

 

Net investment hedges in foreign operations

We use currency exchange derivatives to protect our net investments in global operations conducted in non-U.S. dollar currencies. For derivatives that are designated as hedges of net investment in a foreign operation, we assess effectiveness based on changes in spot currency exchange rates. Changes in spot rates on the derivative are recorded as a component of AOCI until such time as the foreign entity is substantially liquidated or sold. The change in fair value of the forward points, which reflects the interest rate differential between the two countries on the derivative, is excluded from the effectiveness assessment.

 

The following tables provide information about the amounts recorded in AOCI for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, respectively, as well as the gain (loss) recorded in revenues from services when reclassified out of AOCI.

 Gain (loss) recognized Gain (loss) reclassified
 in CTA for the from CTA for the
 three months ended September 30, three months ended September 30,
(In millions)2012 2011 2012 2011
            
Net investment hedges           
Currency exchange contracts$(2,939) $1,948 $39 $(15)
            

 Gain (loss) recognized Gain (loss) reclassified
 in CTA for the from CTA for the
 nine months ended September 30, nine months ended September 30,
(In millions)2012 2011 2012 2011
            
Net investment hedges           
Currency exchange contracts$(2,588) $(1,458) $27 $(713)
            

The amounts related to the change in the fair value of the forward points that are excluded from the measure of effectiveness were $(183) million and $(386) million in the three months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, respectively, and $(663) million and $(1,041) million in the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, respectively, and are recorded in interest.

 

Free-standing derivatives

Changes in the fair value of derivatives that are not designated as hedges are recorded in earnings each period. As discussed above, these derivatives are typically entered into as economic hedges of changes in interest rates, currency exchange rates, commodity prices and other risks. Gains or losses related to the derivative are typically recorded in revenues from services, based on our accounting policy. In general, the earnings effects of the item that represent the economic risk exposure are recorded in the same caption as the derivative. Losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2012 on derivatives not designated as hedges were $(644) million composed of amounts related to interest rate contracts of $(211) million, currency exchange contracts of $(428) million, and other derivatives of $(5) million. These losses were more than offset by the earnings effects from the underlying items that were economically hedged. Gains for the nine months ended September 30, 2011 on derivatives not designated as hedges were $66 million composed of amounts related to interest rate contracts of $32 million, currency exchange contracts of $9 million, and other derivatives of $25 million. These gains more than offset the earnings effects from the underlying items that were economically hedged.

 

Counterparty credit risk

Fair values of our derivatives can change significantly from period to period based on, among other factors, market movements and changes in our positions. We manage counterparty credit risk (the risk that counterparties will default and not make payments to us according to the terms of our agreements) on an individual counterparty basis. Where we have agreed to netting of derivative exposures with a counterparty, we net our exposures with that counterparty and apply the value of collateral posted to us to determine the exposure. We actively monitor these net exposures against defined limits and take appropriate actions in response, including requiring additional collateral.

 

As discussed above, we have provisions in certain of our master agreements that require counterparties to post collateral (typically, cash or U.S. Treasury securities) when our receivable due from the counterparty, measured at current market value, exceeds a specified limit. At September 30, 2012, our exposure to counterparties, including interest due, and net of collateral we hold, was $298 million. The fair value of such collateral was $9,565 million, of which $3,939 million was cash and $5,626 million was in the form of securities held by a custodian for our benefit. Under certain of these same agreements, we post collateral to our counterparties for our derivative obligations, the fair value of which was $710 million at September 30, 2012.

 

Additionally, our master agreements typically contain mutual downgrade provisions that provide the ability of each party to require termination if the long-term credit rating of the counterparty were to fall below A-/A3. In certain of these master agreements, each party also has the ability to require termination if the short-term rating of the counterparty were to fall below A-1/P-1. The net amount relating to our derivative liability subject to these provisions, after consideration of collateral posted by us and outstanding interest payments, was $538 million at September 30, 2012.