EX-13 2 k47458exv13.htm EX-13 EX-13
 


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SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA
 
                                         
    Year Ended December 31,  
    2008     2007     2006     2005     2004  
    (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)  
SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS
                                       
Interest income
  $ 203,736     $ 223,254     $ 216,895     $ 193,035     $ 154,226  
Interest expense
    73,587       102,663       93,698       63,099       42,990  
                                         
Net interest income
    130,149       120,591       123,197       129,936       111,236  
Provision for loan losses
    72,287       43,160       16,344       7,806       4,016  
Net gains (losses) on securities
    (14,961 )     (705 )     171       1,484       856  
Other non-interest income
    44,682       47,850       44,679       41,342       37,404  
Non-interest expenses
    176,184       115,724       106,216       101,785       90,455  
                                         
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax
    (88,601 )     8,852       45,487       63,171       55,025  
Income tax expense (benefit)
    3,063       (1,103 )     11,662       17,466       14,713  
                                         
Income (loss) from continuing operations
    (91,664 )     9,955       33,825       45,705       40,312  
Discontinued operations, net of tax
            402       (622 )     1,207       (1,754 )
                                         
Net income (loss)
  $ (91,664 )   $ 10,357     $ 33,203     $ 46,912     $ 38,558  
                                         
Preferred dividends
    215                                  
                                         
Net income (loss) applicable to common stock
  $ (91,879 )   $ 10,357     $ 33,203     $ 46,912     $ 38,558  
                                         
PER COMMON SHARE DATA (1)
                                       
Income (loss) per common share from continuing operations
                                       
Basic
  $ (4.04 )   $ 0.44     $ 1.48     $ 1.96     $ 1.79  
Diluted
    (4.04 )     0.44       1.45       1.92       1.75  
Net income (loss) per common share
                                       
Basic
  $ (4.04 )   $ 0.46     $ 1.45     $ 2.01     $ 1.71  
Diluted
    (4.04 )     0.45       1.43       1.97       1.67  
Cash dividends declared
    0.14       0.84       0.78       0.71       0.60  
Book value
    5.49       10.62       11.29       10.75       9.86  
SELECTED BALANCES
                                       
Assets
  $ 2,956,245     $ 3,247,516     $ 3,406,390     $ 3,348,707     $ 3,088,179  
Loans
    2,459,529       2,518,330       2,459,887       2,365,176       2,080,634  
Allowance for loan losses
    57,900       45,294       26,879       22,420       24,162  
Deposits
    2,066,479       2,505,127       2,602,791       2,474,239       2,063,707  
Shareholders’ equity
    194,877       240,502       258,167       248,259       230,292  
Long-term debt
    0       1,000       3,000       5,000       7,000  
SELECTED RATIOS
                                       
Tax equivalent net interest income to average interest earning assets
    4.63 %     4.26 %     4.41 %     4.85 %     4.89 %
Income (loss) from continuing operations to (2)
                                       
Average common equity
    (39.01 )     3.96       13.06       18.63       20.30  
Average assets
    (2.88 )     0.31       0.99       1.42       1.48  
Net income (loss) to (2)
                                       
Average common equity
    (39.01 )     4.12       12.82       19.12       19.42  
Average assets
    (2.88 )     0.32       0.97       1.45       1.42  
Average shareholders’ equity to average assets
    7.50       7.72       7.60       7.61       7.31  
Tier 1 capital to average assets
    8.61       7.44       7.62       7.40       7.36  
Non-performing loans to Portfolio Loans
    5.09       3.07       1.59       0.70       0.69  
 
(1) Per share data has been adjusted for 5% stock dividends in 2006 and 2005.
 
(2) These amounts are calculated using income (loss) from continuing operations applicable to common stock and net income (loss) applicable to common stock.


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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
 
Any statements in this document that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as “expect,” “believe,” “intend,” “estimate,” “project,” “may” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are predicated on management’s beliefs and assumptions based on information known to Independent Bank Corporation’s management as of the date of this document and do not purport to speak as of any other date. Forward-looking statements may include descriptions of plans and objectives of Independent Bank Corporation’s management for future or past operations, products or services, and forecasts of the Company’s revenue, earnings or other measures of economic performance, including statements of profitability, business segments and subsidiaries, and estimates of credit quality trends. Such statements reflect the view of Independent Bank Corporation’s management as of this date with respect to future events and are not guarantees of future performance; involve assumptions and are subject to substantial risks and uncertainties, such as the changes in Independent Bank Corporation’s plans, objectives, expectations and intentions. Should one or more of these risks materialize or should underlying beliefs or assumptions prove incorrect, the Company’s actual results could differ materially from those discussed. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences are changes in interest rates, changes in the accounting treatment of any particular item, the results of regulatory examinations, changes in industries where the Company has a concentration of loans, changes in the level of fee income, changes in general economic conditions and related credit and market conditions, and the impact of regulatory responses to any of the foregoing. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made. Independent Bank Corporation does not undertake to update forward-looking statements to reflect facts; circumstances, assumptions or events that occur after the date the forward-looking statements are made. For any forward-looking statements made in this document, Independent Bank Corporation claims the protection of the safe harbor for forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.
 
The following section presents additional information to assess the financial condition and results of operations of Independent Bank Corporation and its subsidiaries. This section should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the supplemental financial data contained elsewhere in this annual report. We also encourage you to read our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. That report includes a list of risk factors that you should consider in connection with any decision to buy or sell our securities.
 
2008 was an extraordinary year. Numerous events shook the financial services industry such as the conservatorship of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac as well as the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers, all of which contributed to a dislocation of credit markets. In addition, our economy fell into recession with unemployment rates moving higher and housing prices declining dramatically in many markets around the country. The combination of sharply lower home values and steep declines in the stock market in 2008 removed trillions of dollars of wealth from the U.S. economy. In particular, the Michigan economy (and the State in which we conduct the majority of our operations) fared even worse than the national economy. Our Federal government instituted several programs in response to these challenging economic conditions including a variety of measures by the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) designed to inject more liquidity into the banking system. Further, Congress passed the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (“EESA”) under which the Troubled Asset Relief Program (“TARP”) was created. It is against this backdrop that we discuss our results of operations and financial condition in 2008 as compared to earlier periods.
 
We reported our fourth quarter and full-year 2008 operating results in a press release issued January 26, 2009, a copy of which was filed on a Current Report on Form 8-K on January 26, 2009. Since reporting such results, we have completed our customary year-end review process, which resulted in an additional charge-off of $4.0 million of commercial loans in the fourth quarter of 2008. In addition, we increased the reserve for other real estate and repossessed assets by $0.5 million. These adjustments were due to new appraisals received after the date of our press release on the collateral securing the loans and on the owned real estate. On an after-tax basis, these two items resulted in an increase in our fourth quarter and full-year 2008 loss by $3.7 million.


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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
 
Summary.  We incurred a loss from continuing operations of $91.7 million in 2008 compared to income from continuing operations of $10.0 million in 2007 and $33.8 million in 2006. The net loss in 2008 also totaled $91.7 million compared to net income of $10.4 million in 2007 and $33.2 million in 2006. The net loss applicable to common stock was $91.9 million in 2008. The significant change in 2008 compared to 2007 is due primarily to an increase in the provision for loan losses, losses on securities, an impairment charge on capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights, an impairment charge on goodwill, increases in loan and collection costs and losses on other real estate and repossessed assets, and a charge to income tax expense to establish a valuation allowance on most of our net deferred tax assets. These adverse changes were partially offset by an increase in net interest income. The decline in income from continuing operations in 2007 compared to 2006 is primarily due to a decline in net interest income and an increase in the provision for loan losses and increases in several components of non-interest expense.
 
On December 12, 2008 we issued 72,000 shares of preferred stock and 3,461,538 warrants to purchase our common stock (at a strike price of $3.12 per share) to the U.S. Department of the Treasury in return for $72.0 million under the TARP Capital Purchase Program (“CPP”). (See “Liquidity and capital resources.”) As a result, during periods in which this preferred stock remains outstanding, we will also be reporting our net income (loss) applicable to common stock.
 
On January 15, 2007, Mepco Insurance Premium Financing, Inc., now known as Mepco Finance Corporation (“Mepco”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Independent Bank Corporation (“IBC”), sold substantially all of its assets related to the insurance premium finance business to Premium Financing Specialists, Inc. (“PFS”). Mepco continues to own and operate its warranty payment plan business. The assets, liabilities and operations of Mepco’s insurance premium finance business have been reclassified as discontinued operations and all periods presented have been restated for this reclassification.
 
We completed the acquisition of ten branches with total deposits of approximately $241.4 million from TCF National Bank on March 23, 2007 (the “branch acquisition”). These branches are located in or near Battle Creek, Bay City and Saginaw, Michigan. As a result of this transaction, we received $210.1 million of cash. We used the proceeds from this transaction primarily to pay-off higher costing short term borrowings and brokered certificates of deposit (“Brokered CD’s”). The acquisition of these branches resulted in an increase in non-interest income, particularly service charges on deposit accounts and VISA check card interchange income during the last nine months of 2007 and in 2008 when compared to earlier periods. However, non-interest expenses also increased due to compensation and benefits for the employees at these branches as well as occupancy, furniture and equipment, data processing, communications, supplies and advertising expenses. As is customary in branch acquisitions, the purchase price ($28.1 million) was based on acquired deposit balances. We also reimbursed the seller $0.2 million for certain transaction related costs. Approximately $10.8 million of the premium paid was recorded as deposit customer relationship value, including core deposit value and will be amortized over 15 years (the remainder of the premium paid was recorded as goodwill). We also incurred other transaction costs (primarily investment banking fees, legal fees, severance costs and data processing conversion fees) of approximately $0.8 million, of which $0.5 million was capitalized as part of the acquisition price and $0.3 million was expensed. In addition, the transaction included $3.7 million for the personal property and real estate associated with these branches. In the last quarter of 2008 we determined that all of the goodwill at our Independent Bank reporting unit, including the goodwill recorded as a part of this branch acquisition, was impaired, and we recorded a $50.0 million goodwill impairment charge. (See “Non-interest expenses.”)
 
In September 2007 we completed the consolidation of our four bank charters into one. The primary reasons for this bank consolidation were:
 
  •  To better streamline our operations and corporate governance structure;
 
  •  To enhance our risk management processes, particularly credit risk management through more centralized credit management functions;
 
  •  To allow for more rapid development and deployment of new products and services; and
 
  •  To improve productivity and resource utilization leading to lower non-interest expenses.


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During the last half of 2007 we incurred approximately $0.8 million of one-time expenses (primarily related to the data processing conversion and severance costs for employee positions that were eliminated) associated with this consolidation. To date, the benefit of reductions in non-interest expenses due to the bank consolidation have been more than offset by higher loan and collection costs and increased staffing associated with the management of significantly higher levels of watch credits, non-performing loans and other real estate owned. (See “Portfolio Loans and asset quality.”)
 
KEY PERFORMANCE RATIOS
 
                         
    Year Ended December 31,  
    2008     2007     2006  
 
Income (loss) from continuing operations
                       
Average common equity
    (39.01 )%     3.96 %     13.06 %
Average assets
    (2.88 )     0.31       0.99  
Net income (loss) to
                       
Average common equity
    (39.01 )%     4.12 %     12.82 %
Average assets
    (2.88 )     0.32       0.97  
Income (loss) per common share from continuing operations
                       
Basic
  $ (4.04 )   $ 0.44     $ 1.48  
Diluted
    (4.04 )     0.44       1.45  
Net income (loss) per share
                       
Basic
  $ (4.04 )   $ 0.46     $ 1.45  
Diluted
    (4.04 )     0.45       1.43  
 
Net interest income.  Net interest income is the most important source of our earnings and thus is critical in evaluating our results of operations. Changes in our tax equivalent net interest income are primarily influenced by our level of interest-earning assets and the income or yield that we earn on those assets and the manner and cost of funding our interest-earning assets. Certain macro-economic factors can also influence our net interest income such as the level and direction of interest rates, the difference between short-term and long-term interest rates (the steepness of the yield curve) and the general strength of the economies in which we are doing business. Finally, risk management plays an important role in our level of net interest income. The ineffective management of credit risk and interest-rate risk in particular can adversely impact our net interest income.
 
Tax equivalent net interest income totaled $134.7 million during 2008, compared to $126.7 million and $129.8 million during 2007 and 2006, respectively. We review yields on certain asset categories and our net interest margin on a fully taxable equivalent basis. This presentation is not in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) but is customary in the banking industry. In this non-GAAP presentation, net interest income is adjusted to reflect tax-exempt interest income on an equivalent before-tax basis. This measure ensures comparability of net interest income arising from both taxable and tax-exempt sources. The adjustments to determine tax equivalent net interest income were $4.6 million, $6.1 million and $6.6 million in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively, and were computed using a 35% tax rate. The increase in tax equivalent net interest income in 2008 compared to 2007 reflects a 37 basis point rise in our tax equivalent net interest income as a percent of average interest-earning assets (“net interest margin”) that was partially offset by a $65.7 million decrease in average interest-earning assets. The decrease in tax equivalent net interest income in 2007 compared to 2006 reflects a 15 basis point decline in our net interest margin that was partially offset by a $28.5 million increase in average interest-earning assets.
 
From mid-2004 through mid-2006 the FRB pushed the target federal funds rate up from 1% to 5.25%. The target federal funds rate then remained at 5.25% until September 2007. During this time period the yield curve also flattened and in some cases even inverted. This interest rate environment caused erosion in the net interest margin of many financial institutions during 2006 and 2007, including us, when compared to earlier periods. Since September 2007, the FRB has engaged in an aggressive easing process primarily in response to weakening economic conditions, particularly in the housing sector. From September 2007 to December 2008 the FRB reduced the target federal funds rate from 5.25% to 0.25%. In addition, the yield curve has steepened considerably. The current interest


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rate environment (lower short-term interest rates and a steeper yield curve) has had a favorable impact on our net interest margin during 2008. Our balance sheet was generally structured to benefit from lower short-term interest rates. For example, most of our Brokered CD’s were callable which allowed us to call (retire) them and replace them at much lower interest rates. However, some of the benefits of the current interest rate environment are being partially offset by our increased level of non-accrual loans that create a drag on our net interest margin and tax equivalent net interest income. Average non-accrual loans totaled $104.7 million, $53.1 million and $21.1 million in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively.
 
AVERAGE BALANCES AND TAX EQUIVALENT RATES
 
                                                                         
    2008     2007     2006  
    Average
                Average
                Average
             
    Balance     Interest     Rate     Balance     Interest     Rate     Balance     Interest     Rate  
    (Dollars in thousands)  
 
ASSETS (1)
                                                                       
Taxable loans
  $ 2,558,621     $ 186,259       7.28 %   $ 2,531,737     $ 201,924       7.98 %   $ 2,464,798     $ 193,606       7.85 %
Tax-exempt loans (2)
    10,747       751       6.99       9,568       672       7.02       7,293       509       6.98  
Taxable securities
    144,265       8,467       5.87       179,878       9,635       5.36       207,456       11,108       5.35  
Tax-exempt securities (2)
    162,144       11,534       7.11       225,676       15,773       6.99       248,495       17,484       7.04  
Other investments
    31,425       1,284       4.09       26,017       1,338       5.14       16,366       802       4.90  
                                                                         
Interest earning assets — continuing operations
    2,907,202       208,295       7.16       2,972,876       229,342       7.71       2,944,408       223,509       7.59  
                                                                         
Cash and due from banks
    53,873                       57,174                       53,844                  
Taxable loans — discontinued operations
                            8,542                       198,335                  
Other assets, net
    227,969                       218,553                       210,190                  
                                                                         
Total assets
  $ 3,189,044                     $ 3,257,145                     $ 3,406,777                  
                                                                         
 
LIABILITIES
Savings and NOW
  $ 968,180       10,262       1.06     $ 971,807       18,768       1.93     $ 864,528       13,604       1.57  
Time deposits
    917,403       36,435       3.97       1,439,177       70,292       4.88       1,405,850       60,686       4.32  
Long-term debt
    247       12       4.86       2,240       104       4.64       4,240       205       4.83  
Other borrowings
    682,884       26,878       3.94       205,811       13,499       6.56       329,175       19,203       5.83  
                                                                         
Interest bearing liabilities — continuing operations
    2,568,714       73,587       2.86       2,619,035       102,663       3.92       2,603,793       93,698       3.60  
                                                                         
Demand deposits
    301,117                       300,886                       279,279                  
Time deposits — discontinued operations
                            6,166                       172,317                  
Other liabilities
    79,929                       79,750                       92,451                  
Shareholders’ equity
    239,284                       251,308                       258,937                  
                                                                         
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity
  $ 3,189,044                     $ 3,257,145                     $ 3,406,777                  
                                                                         
Net interest income
          $ 134,708                     $ 126,679                     $ 129,811          
                                                                         
Net interest income as a percent of average interest earning assets
                    4.63 %                     4.26 %                     4.41 %
                                                                         
 
 
(1) All domestic.
 
(2) Interest on tax-exempt loans and securities is presented on a fully tax equivalent basis assuming a marginal tax rate of 35%.


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CHANGE IN TAX EQUIVALENT NET INTEREST INCOME
 
                                                 
    2008 Compared to 2007     2007 Compared to 2006  
    Volume     Rate     Net     Volume     Rate     Net  
    (In thousands)  
 
Increase (decrease) in interest income (1)
                                               
Taxable loans (2)
  $ 2,124     $ (17,789 )   $ (15,665 )   $ 5,310     $ 3,008     $ 8,318  
Tax-exempt loans (2,3)
    82       (3 )     79       160       3       163  
Taxable securities (2)
    (2,031 )     863       (1,168 )     (1,477 )     4       (1,473 )
Tax-exempt securities (2, 3)
    (4,515 )     276       (4,239 )     (1,596 )     (115 )     (1,711 )
Other investments (2)
    249       (303 )     (54 )     495       41       536  
                                                 
Total interest income
    (4,091 )     (16,956 )     (21,047 )     2,892       2,941       5,833  
                                                 
Increase (decrease) in interest expense (1)
                                               
Savings and NOW
    (70 )     (8,436 )     (8,506 )     1,824       3,340       5,164  
Time deposits
    (22,342 )     (11,515 )     (33,857 )     1,468       8,138       9,606  
Long-term debt
    (97 )     5       (92 )     (93 )     (8 )     (101 )
Other borrowings
    20,619       (7,240 )     13,379       (7,868 )     2,164       (5,704 )
                                                 
Total interest expense
    (1,890 )     (27,186 )     (29,076 )     (4,669 )     13,634       8,965  
                                                 
Net interest income
  $ (2,201 )   $ 10,230     $ 8,029     $ 7,561     $ (10,693 )   $ (3,132 )
                                                 
 
 
(1) The change in interest due to changes in both balance and rate has been allocated to change due to balance and change due to rate in proportion to the relationship of the absolute dollar amounts of change in each.
 
(2) All domestic.
 
(3) Interest on tax-exempt loans and securities is presented on a fully tax equivalent basis assuming a marginal tax rate of 35%.
 
COMPOSITION OF AVERAGE INTEREST EARNING ASSETS AND INTEREST BEARING LIABILITIES
 
                         
    Year Ended December 31,  
    2008     2007     2006  
 
As a percent of average interest earning assets
                       
Loans — all domestic
    88.4 %     85.5 %     84.0 %
Other interest earning assets
    11.6       14.5       16.0  
                         
Average interest earning assets
    100.0 %     100.0 %     100.0 %
                         
Savings and NOW
    33.3 %     32.7 %     29.4 %
Time deposits
    23.9       21.9       17.3  
Brokered CDs
    7.7       26.5       30.4  
Other borrowings and long-term debt
    23.5       7.0       11.3  
                         
Average interest bearing liabilities
    88.4 %     88.1 %     88.4 %
                         
Earning asset ratio
    91.2 %     91.3 %     86.4 %
Free-funds ratio
    11.6       11.9       11.6  
 
Provision for loan losses.  The provision for loan losses was $72.3 million during 2008 compared to $43.2 million and $16.3 million during 2007 and 2006, respectively. Changes in the provision for loan losses reflect our assessment of the allowance for loan losses. The significant increases in the provision for loan losses over the past three years principally reflect a rise in the level of net loan charge-offs and non-performing loans. While we use relevant information to recognize losses on loans, additional provisions for related losses may be necessary based on changes in economic conditions, customer circumstances and other credit risk factors. (See “Portfolio Loans and asset quality.”)


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Non-interest income.  Non-interest income is a significant element in assessing our results of operations. On a long-term basis we are attempting to grow non-interest income in order to diversify our revenues within the financial services industry. We regard net gains on mortgage loan sales as a core recurring source of revenue but they are quite cyclical and volatile. We regard net gains (losses) on securities as a “non-operating” component of non-interest income. As a result, we believe it is best to evaluate our success in growing non-interest income and diversifying our revenues by also comparing non-interest income when excluding net gains (losses) on assets (mortgage loans and securities). In addition, 2006 included non-recurring income of $2.8 million related to the settlement of litigation with the former owners of Mepco (See “Litigation Matters.”).
 
Non-interest income totaled $29.7 million during 2008 compared to $47.1 million and $44.9 million during 2007 and 2006, respectively. Excluding net gains and losses on mortgage loans and securities and the aforementioned income related to the settlement of litigation, non-interest income declined by 9.3% to $39.5 million during 2008 and grew by 16.8% to $43.5 million during 2007. The decline in 2008 is due primarily to a $4.3 million impairment charge on capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights.
 
NON-INTEREST INCOME
 
                         
    Year Ended December 31,  
    2008     2007     2006  
    (In thousands)  
 
Service charges on deposit accounts
  $ 24,223     $ 24,251     $ 19,936  
Net gains (losses) on assets
                       
Mortgage loans
    5,181       4,317       4,593  
Securities
    (14,961 )     (705 )     171  
VISA check card interchange income
    5,728       4,905       3,432  
Mortgage loan servicing
    (2,071 )     2,236       2,440  
Mutual fund and annuity commissions
    2,207       2,072       1,291  
Bank owned life insurance
    1,960       1,830       1,628  
Title insurance fees
    1,388       1,551       1,724  
Manufactured home loan origination fees and commissions
            239       884  
Mepco litigation settlement
                    2,800  
Other
    6,066       6,449       5,951  
                         
Total non-interest income
  $ 29,721     $ 47,145     $ 44,850  
                         
 
Service charges on deposit accounts totaled $24.2 million during 2008, compared to $24.3 million and $19.9 million during 2007 and 2006, respectively. In 2008 service charges on deposit accounts declined slightly as we experienced a decrease in overdraft occurrences and corresponding NSF fees. We believe this change reflects weaker economic conditions that are leading consumers to reduce overdrafts to avoid incurring NSF fees. The significant increase in 2007 compared to 2006 primarily reflects the aforementioned branch acquisition. In addition, increases in such service charges also reflect growth in checking accounts as a result of deposit account promotions, including direct mail solicitations. We opened over 27,000 new checking accounts in 2008 compared to approximately 28,000 in 2007 and 25,000 in 2006.
 
We realized net gains of $5.2 million on the sale of mortgage loans during 2008, compared to $4.3 million and $4.6 million during 2007 and 2006, respectively. Effective January 1, 2008, we elected fair value accounting pursuant to Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 159 — The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (“SFAS #159”) for mortgage loans held for sale. In addition, on January 1, 2008 we adopted Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 109, “Written Loan Commitments Recorded at Fair Value through Earnings,” (“SAB #109”) on commitments to originate mortgage loans.
 
The volume of loans sold is dependent upon our ability to originate mortgage loans as well as the demand for fixed-rate obligations and other loans that we cannot profitably fund within established interest-rate risk parameters. (See “Portfolio Loans and asset quality.”) Net gains on mortgage loans are also dependent upon economic and


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competitive factors as well as our ability to effectively manage exposure to changes in interest rates and thus can often be a volatile part of our overall revenues. In 2008 mortgage loan origination and sales volumes were down from 2007 and 2006 reflecting both weak economic conditions and lower home sales volumes in Michigan as well as more stringent underwriting criteria required by the secondary mortgage market, which reduced the number of applicants being approved for mortgage loans.
 
NET GAINS ON THE SALE OF REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE LOANS
 
                         
    Year Ended December 31,  
    2008     2007     2006  
    (Dollars in thousands)  
 
Mortgage loans originated
  $ 368,517     $ 507,211     $ 525,849  
Mortgage loans sold
    267,216       288,826       281,285  
Mortgage loans sold with servicing rights released
    51,875       47,783       41,494  
Net gains on the sale of mortgage loans
    5,181       4,317       4,593  
Net gains as a percent of mortgage loans sold
    1.94 %     1.49 %     1.63 %
SFAS #133/#159 and SAB #109 adjustments included in the Loan Sales Margin
    0.36       (0.06 )     0.05  
 
Net gains as a percentage of mortgage loans sold (our “Loan Sales Margin”) are impacted by several factors including competition and the manner in which the loan is sold (with servicing rights retained or released). Our decision to sell or retain mortgage loan servicing rights is primarily influenced by an evaluation of the price being paid for mortgage loan servicing by outside third parties compared to our calculation of the economic value of retaining such servicing. The sale of mortgage loan servicing rights may result in declines in mortgage loan servicing income in future periods. Gains on the sale of mortgage loans were also impacted by recording accounting adjustments pursuant to SFAS #159 and SAB #109 in 2008 (as described above) as well as pursuant to Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 133 — Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities, (“SFAS #133”). Excluding the aforementioned accounting adjustments, the Loan Sales Margin would have been 1.58% in 2008, 1.55% in 2007 and 1.58% in 2006.
 
We incurred securities net losses of $15.0 million in 2008. These net losses were comprised of $7.7 million of losses from the sale of securities, $2.8 million of unrealized losses related to declines in the fair value of trading securities that were still being held at year-end, $0.2 million of other than temporary impairment charges and a $6.2 million charge related to the dissolution of a security as described below. These losses were partially offset by $1.9 million of gains on sales of securities (primarily municipal securities sales to reduce total assets in order to improve our capital ratios). 2008 was an unusual year as we historically have not incurred any significant net losses on securities. Pursuant to SFAS #159, we elected, effective January 1, 2008, to measure the majority of our preferred stock investments at fair value. As a result of this election, we recorded an after tax cumulative reduction of $1.5 million to retained earnings associated with the initial adoption of SFAS #159 for these preferred stocks. This preferred stock portfolio included issues of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Merrill Lynch and Goldman Sachs. During 2008 we recorded unrealized net losses on securities of $2.8 million related to the decline in fair value of the preferred stocks that were still being held at year end. We also recorded realized net losses of $7.6 million on the sale of several of these preferred stocks. The 2008 securities net losses also include a write down of $6.2 million (from a par value of $10.0 million to a fair value of $3.8 million) related to the dissolution of a money-market auction rate security and the distribution of the underlying Bank of America preferred stock. The conservatorship of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in September 2008 resulted in the market values of the preferred stocks issued by these entities plummeting to low single digit prices per share. Prices on other preferred stocks that we owned also declined sharply as the market for these securities came under considerable stress. These were the primary factors leading to the large securities losses that we incurred during 2008.
 
The $0.7 million of securities net losses in 2007 include $1.0 million of other than temporary impairment charges. These charges related to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac preferred stocks. We also recorded securities gains of approximately $0.3 million in 2007 primarily related to the sale of municipal securities. The $0.2 million of securities net gains in 2006 is due to the sale of a preferred stock. We recorded no other than temporary impairment charges on investment securities in 2006.


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GAINS AND LOSSES ON SECURITIES
 
                                 
    Year Ended December 31,  
    Proceeds     Gains     Losses(1)     Net  
    (In thousands)  
 
2008
  $ 80,348     $ 1,903     $ 16,864     $ (14,961 )
2007
    61,520       327     $ 1,032       (705 )
2006
    1,283       171               171  
 
 
(1) Losses in 2008 include a $6.2 million write-down related to the dissolution of a money-market auction rate security and the distribution of the underlying preferred stock, $0.2 million of other than temporary impairment charges and $2.8 million of losses recognized on trading securities still held at December 31, 2008 while losses in 2007 include $1.0 million of other than temporary impairment charges.
 
VISA check card interchange income increased to $5.7 million in 2008 compared to $4.9 million in 2007 and $3.4 million in 2006. The significant increase in 2008 and 2007 compared to 2006 is primarily due to the aforementioned branch acquisition. In addition, these results are also due to increases in the size of our card base due to growth in checking accounts as well as increases in the frequency of use of our VISA check card product by our customer base. In 2007 we introduced a rewards program to attempt to further increase the frequency of use of our VISA check card product by our customers.
 
Mortgage loan servicing generated a loss of $2.1 million in 2008 compared to revenue of $2.2 million and $2.4 million in 2007 and 2006, respectively. These yearly comparative declines are primarily due to changes in the valuation allowance on capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights and the level of amortization of this asset. The period end valuation allowance is based on the valuation of our mortgage loan servicing portfolio and the amortization is primarily impacted by prepayment activity. In particular, mortgage loan interest rates declined significantly in December 2008 resulting in higher estimated future prepayment rates and a significant increase in the valuation allowance.
 
CAPITALIZED REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE LOAN SERVICING RIGHTS
 
                         
    2008     2007     2006  
    (In thousands)  
 
Balance at January 1,
  $ 15,780     $ 14,782     $ 13,439  
Originated servicing rights capitalized
    2,405       2,873       2,862  
Amortization
    (1,887 )     (1,624 )     (1,462 )
(Increase)/decrease in valuation allowance
    (4,332 )     (251 )     (57 )
                         
Balance at December 31,
  $ 11,966     $ 15,780     $ 14,782  
                         
Valuation allowance at December 31,
  $ 4,651     $ 319     $ 68  
                         
 
At December 31, 2008 we were servicing approximately $1.65 billion in mortgage loans for others on which servicing rights have been capitalized. This servicing portfolio had a weighted average coupon rate of 6.06% and a weighted average service fee of approximately 26 basis points. Remaining capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights at December 31, 2008 totaled $12.0 million, representing approximately 73 basis points on the related amount of mortgage loans serviced for others. The capitalized mortgage loan servicing had an estimated fair market value of $12.2 million at December 31, 2008.
 
Mutual fund and annuity commissions totaled $2.2 million, $2.1 million and $1.3 million in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. This increase is due to higher sales of these products as a result of growth in the number of our licensed sales representatives. In addition, in 2006 we were moving to more fee-based programs and away from traditional retail investment products that generate higher initial one-time commissions. This transition to fee-based programs had somewhat of an adverse impact on that year’s revenues. Because of current economic conditions and the sharp declines in equity markets during 2008, we believe that maintaining these revenues at 2008 levels in 2009 will be challenging.
 
In August 2002 we acquired $35.0 million in separate account bank owned life insurance on which we earned $2.0 million, $1.8 million and $1.6 million in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively, primarily as a result of increases in cash surrender value.


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Title insurance fees totaled $1.4 million in 2008, $1.6 million in 2007 and $1.7 million in 2006. The fluctuation in title insurance fees is primarily a function of the level of mortgage loans that we originated.
 
We ceased operations at First Home Financial (our former mobile home lending subsidiary) on June 15, 2007 and this entity was dissolved on June 30, 2007. As a result, manufactured home loan origination fees and commissions ended in the second half of 2007. (Also see the discussion below under “Non-interest expense” about goodwill impairment charges associated with First Home Financial.)
 
Other non-interest income totaled $6.1 million, $6.4 million and $6.0 million in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. 2007 included $0.3 million of income from interest rate swap or interest rate cap termination fees.
 
Non-interest expense.  Non-interest expense is an important component of our results of operations. Historically, we primarily focused on revenue growth, and while we strive to efficiently manage our cost structure, our non-interest expenses generally increased from year to year because we expanded our operations through acquisitions and by opening new branches and loan production offices. Because of the current challenging economic environment that we are confronting, our expansion through acquisitions or by opening new branches is unlikely in the near term. Further, management is focused on a number of initiatives to reduce and contain non-interest expenses.
 
Non-interest expense totaled $176.2 million during 2008, compared to $115.7 million and $106.2 million during 2007 and 2006, respectively. 2008 non-interest expense includes a $50.0 million goodwill impairment charge as well as elevated loan and collection costs and losses on other real estate and repossessed assets. 2007 non-interest expense includes $1.7 million of severance and other (primarily data processing and legal and professional fees) expenses associated with the aforementioned bank consolidation and staff reductions and $0.3 million of goodwill impairment charges. In addition, the aforementioned branch acquisition resulted in increases in several categories of non-interest expenses in 2008 and 2007 compared to 2006. 2006 non-interest expense includes $3.6 million of goodwill impairment charges and a $2.4 million loss on the write-off of a receivable from a counter party in Mepco’s warranty payment plan business.
 
NON-INTEREST EXPENSE
 
                         
    Year Ended December 31,  
    2008     2007     2006  
    (In thousands)  
 
Compensation
  $ 40,181     $ 40,373     $ 37,597  
Performance-based compensation and benefits
    4,861       4,979       3,200  
Other benefits
    10,137       10,459       10,004  
                         
Compensation and benefits
    55,179       55,811       50,801  
Occupancy, net
    11,852       10,624       9,626  
Furniture, fixtures and equipment
    7,074       7,633       7,057  
Data processing
    7,148       6,957       5,619  
Advertising
    5,534       5,514       3,997  
Loan and collection
    9,431       4,949       3,610  
Credit card and bank service fees
    4,818       3,913       3,839  
Communications
    4,018       3,809       3,556  
Loss on other real estate and repossessed assets
    4,349       276       146  
Amortization of intangible assets
    3,072       3,373       2,423  
Supplies
    2,030       2,411       2,113  
Legal and professional
    2,032       1,978       1,853  
Deposit Insurance
    1,988       628       341  
Goodwill impairment
    50,020       343       3,575  
Loss on receivable from warranty payment plan seller
                    2,400  
Other
    7,639       7,505       5,260  
                         
Total non-interest expense
  $ 176,184     $ 115,724     $ 106,216  
                         


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The increase in compensation and benefits expense in 2008 and 2007 compared to 2006 is primarily due to an increased number of employees resulting from the branch acquisition and from managing a higher level of watch credit and non-performing loans. Further, merit pay increases and higher costs for health care insurance contributed to this rise. Salaries in 2007 include $1.1 million of severance costs from staff reductions associated with the bank consolidation as well as other downsizing initiatives. No executive officer bonuses were paid for 2008 and all executive and senior officer salaries have been frozen at 2008 levels for 2009
 
We maintain performance-based compensation plans. In addition to commissions and cash incentive awards, such plans include an employee stock ownership plan and a long-term equity based incentive plan. The amount of expense recognized in 2008 and 2007 for share-based awards under our long-term equity based incentive plan was $0.6 million and $0.3 million, respectively. Since we did not issue any share based awards in 2006, there was no expense in that year.
 
Occupancy, data processing and communications expenses all generally increased over the periods presented as a result of the growth of the organization from the branch acquisition and the opening of some new branch offices.
 
Loan and collection expenses primarily reflect collection costs related to non-performing or delinquent loans. The sharp rise in these expenses in 2008 and 2007 reflects the significant increases in non-performing loans.
 
Loss on other real estate and repossessed assets primarily represents the loss on sale or additional write downs on these assets subsequent to the transfer of the asset from our loan portfolio. This transfer occurs at the time we acquire the collateral that secured the loan. At the time of acquisition the real estate or other repossessed asset is valued at fair value, less estimated costs to sell, which becomes the new basis for the asset. Any write-downs at the time of acquisition are charged to the allowance for loan losses. The significant increase in loss on other real estate and repossessed assets in 2008 compared to earlier years is primarily due to declines in the value of these assets subsequent to the acquisition date. These declines in value have been accentuated by the high inventory of foreclosed homes for sale in many of our markets as well as Michigan’s weak economic conditions.
 
Furniture, fixtures and equipment expense has declined in 2008 due in part to cost reduction initiatives. In addition certain fixed assets became fully depreciated in 2008 and were not replaced. The decline in supplies expense during 2008 was due in part to lower business volume relative to 2007 and the aforementioned cost reduction initiatives. The higher levels of these expenses in 2007 primarily reflect the impact of the branch acquisition.
 
Advertising expense was higher in 2008 and 2007 compared to 2006 due primarily to a rebranding initiative we began in late 2006, additional marketing and promotion we did in the communities that include the aforementioned acquired branches and a rewards program for our VISA check cards that we began in early 2007.
 
Credit card and bank service fees increased in each year presented primarily due to growth in the number of warranty payment plans being administered by Mepco.
 
Deposit insurance expense increased in 2008 compared to earlier periods reflecting higher rates and the full utilization of our assessment credits in 2007. We would expect deposit insurance expense to significantly increase again in 2009 due to the higher assessment rates that have been implemented by the FDIC.
 
The changes in the amortization of intangible assets are due primarily to the branch acquisition and the amortization of the deposit customer relationship value, including core deposit value, that was acquired in this transaction.
 
During 2008 we recorded a $50.0 million goodwill impairment charge. In the fourth quarter of 2008 we updated our goodwill impairment testing (interim tests had also been performed in the second and third quarters of 2008). Our common stock price dropped even further in the fourth quarter resulting in a wider difference between our market capitalization and book value. The results of the year end goodwill impairment testing showed that the estimated fair value of our bank reporting unit was less than the carrying value of equity. Under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 142 — Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (“SFAS #142”), this necessitated a step 2 analysis and valuation. Based on the step 2 analysis (which involved determining the fair value of our bank’s assets, liabilities and identifiable intangibles) we concluded that goodwill was now impaired, resulting in this $50.0 million charge. The remaining goodwill at year-end of $16.7 million is at our Mepco reporting unit and the testing performed indicated that this goodwill was not impaired. Mepco had net income from continuing operations


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of $10.7 million and $5.1 million in 2008 and 2007, respectively. Based primarily on Mepco’s estimated future earnings, the fair value of this reporting unit (utilizing a discounted cash flow method) was determined to be in excess of its carrying value. A portion of the $50.0 goodwill impairment charge was tax deductible and a $6.3 million tax benefit was recorded related to this charge.
 
During 2007 we recorded a $0.3 million goodwill impairment charge. This charge related to writing off the remaining goodwill associated with our mobile home lending subsidiary, First Home Financial (“FHF”), that was dissolved in June 2007. During 2006 we recorded $3.6 million of goodwill impairment charges. A $2.4 million goodwill impairment charge was recorded at Mepco as a result of a valuation performed to allocate intangibles between the business Mepco retained (administering payment plans for consumers to pay for the purchase of vehicle service contracts or extended warranties over time) and the business that was sold in January 2007 (insurance premium finance business). Approximately $4.4 million of intangibles was allocated to the insurance premium finance business and was included in assets of discontinued operations at December 31, 2006. After this allocation, $19.5 million of intangibles remained at Mepco that were valued at $17.1 million which resulted in the goodwill impairment charge of $2.4 million. In addition, we also recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $1.2 million related to FHF which was acquired in 1998. FHF was a loan origination company based in Grand Rapids, Michigan that specialized in the financing of manufactured homes located in mobile home parks or communities. Revenues and profits had declined at FHF over the last few years (See “Non-interest income.”). Based on the fair value of FHF the goodwill associated with this entity was reduced from $1.5 million to $0.3 million during 2006. The 2007 and 2006 goodwill impairment charges were not tax deductible, so no income tax benefit is associated with these charges.
 
In 2006 we recorded a $2.4 million loss which was comprised of a $1.6 million write-off of a portion of a receivable due from one of Mepco’s counterparties and $0.8 million in discount for imputed future interest. At that time, the loss reflected our evaluation of the portion of the receivable that would not be collected and the likelihood that the portion of the receivable that would be collected would not include any interest. Since the end of 2006, this counterparty had been making periodic payments on the balance owed to Mepco and an agreement for the repayment of all sums due was reached in March 2007. In December 2008 this counterparty ceased making payments and is now in default under the agreement. The original write-off in 2006 along with subsequent payments collected were adequate so that no additional loss had to be recorded upon the default that occurred in December 2008. Mepco is contemplating pursuing legal action against this counterparty.
 
Other non-interest expense increased to $7.6 million in 2008 compared to $7.5 million in 2007 and was $5.3 million in 2006. The increase in 2008 compared to 2007 was primarily due to costs associated with a deferred compensation plan as well as Michigan Business Tax (see discussion below). These increases were partially offset by a 20.4% decrease in directors fees and an 11.2% decrease in travel and entertainment expenses principally resulting from the bank consolidation and other cost savings initiatives. The increase in 2007 compared to 2006 was primarily due to branch and deposit account fraud and criminal related losses and costs related to our bank consolidation.
 
In July 2007 the State of Michigan replaced its Single Business Tax (“SBT”) with a new Michigan Business Tax (“MBT”) which became effective in 2008. Financial institutions are subject to an industry-specific tax which is based on net capital. Both the MBT and the SBT are recorded in other non-interest expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Our MBT expense was $0.2 million in 2008. Our SBT expense was zero in 2007 and a negative $0.1 million in 2006.
 
Income tax expense (benefit).  Income tax expense for 2008 totaled $3.1 million, an increase of $4.2 million over the same period of 2007. The increase was primarily the result of establishing a valuation allowance of $27.6 million on deferred tax assets, partially offset by the effect of lower pre-tax income.
 
Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 109 — Accounting for Income Taxes (“SFAS #109”), requires that companies assess whether a valuation allowance should be established against their deferred tax assets based on the consideration of all available evidence using a “more likely than not” standard. In accordance with SFAS #109, we reviewed our deferred tax asset and determined that based upon a number of factors including our declining operating performance since 2005 and our net operating loss in 2008, overall negative trends in the banking industry and our expectation that our operating results will continue to be negatively affected by the overall economic environment, we should establish a valuation allowance for the majority of our net deferred tax asset. In the last quarter of 2008, we recorded a $36.2 million valuation allowance, which consisted of $27.6 million


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recognized as income tax expense and $8.6 million recognized through the accumulated other comprehensive loss component of shareholders’ equity. After the aforementioned valuation allowance, the remaining net deferred tax asset at December 31, 2008 was $6.9 million. This valuation allowance represents our entire net deferred tax asset except for that amount which can be carried back to 2007 and recovered in cash as well as for certain deferred tax assets at Mepco that relate to state income taxes and that can be recovered based on Mepco’s individual earnings.
 
Despite the valuation allowance, these deferred tax assets remain available to offset future taxable income. Our deferred tax assets will be analyzed quarterly for changes affecting the valuation allowance, which may be adjusted in future periods accordingly. In making such judgments, significant weight will be given to evidence that can be objectively verified. We will analyze changes in near-term market conditions and consider both positive and negative evidence as well as other factors which may impact future operating results in making any decision to adjust this valuation allowance.
 
Our income tax expense (benefit) was $(1.1) million and $11.7 million in 2007 and 2006, respectively. The changes in the overall levels of income taxes in these two years are principally attributed to tax exempt income representing a much higher percentage of pre-tax income from continuing operations in 2007 compared to 2006. Our actual federal income tax expense (benefit) is different than the amount computed by applying our statutory federal income tax rate to our pre-tax income from continuing operations primarily due to tax-exempt interest income and tax-exempt income from the increase in the cash surrender value on life insurance.
 
Income tax expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations also includes income taxes in a variety of other states due primarily to Mepco’s operations. The amounts of such state income taxes were $1.0 million, $0.4 million and $0.1 million in 2008, 2007, and 2006, respectively.
 
Discontinued operations, net of tax.  On January 15, 2007 we sold substantially all of the assets of Mepco’s insurance premium finance business to PFS. We received $176.0 million of cash that was utilized to payoff Brokered CD’s and short-term borrowings at Mepco’s parent company, Independent Bank. Under the terms of the sale, PFS also assumed approximately $11.7 million in liabilities. In the fourth quarter of 2006, we recorded a loss of $0.2 million and accrued for approximately $1.1 million of expenses related to the disposal of this business which resulted in a total loss from discontinued operations of $0.6 million in 2006. We also allocated $4.1 million of goodwill and $0.3 million of other intangible assets to this business. Revenues and expenses associated with Mepco’s insurance premium finance business have been presented as discontinued operations in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Likewise, the assets and liabilities associated with this business have been reclassified to discontinued operations in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. In 2007 the $0.4 million of income from discontinued operations relates primarily to operations during the first 15 days of January 2007 and the recovery of certain previously charged-off insurance premium finance receivables in 2007.
 
We have elected to not make any reclassifications in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for discontinued operations. Prior to the December 2006 announced sale, our insurance premium finance business was included in the Mepco segment.
 
FINANCIAL CONDITION
 
Summary.  Our total assets declined to $2.96 billion at December 31, 2008, from $3.25 billion at December 31, 2007. The decline in total assets primarily reflects a $148.8 million decrease in securities available for sale and a $50.0 million decrease in goodwill. Loans, excluding loans held for sale (“Portfolio Loans”) decreased $58.8 million in 2008 as every category of loans declined except for finance receivables. Total deposits decreased by $438.6 million in 2008 principally as a result of a decrease in Brokered CD’s. Other borrowings increased by $239.4 million in 2008 as maturing or callable brokered CD’s were replaced with lower costing borrowings from the FRB or Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”).
 
Securities.  We maintain diversified securities portfolios, which include obligations of U.S. government-sponsored agencies, securities issued by states and political subdivisions, corporate securities, mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed securities. We also invest in capital securities, which include preferred stocks and trust preferred securities. We regularly evaluate asset/liability management needs and attempt to maintain a portfolio structure that provides sufficient liquidity and cash flow.


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Securities available for sale declined during 2008 because maturities and principal payments in the portfolio were not replaced with new purchases. We also sold municipal securities during 2008 primarily to reduce total assets in order to improve our capital ratios. In addition, on January 1, 2008 we transferred $15.0 million of preferred stock investments from available for sale securities to trading securities.
 
As discussed earlier, we elected effective January 1, 2008, to measure the majority of our preferred stock investments at fair value pursuant to SFAS #159. During 2008 we recorded unrealized net losses on securities of $2.8 million related to the decline in fair value of the preferred stocks that were still being held at year end. We also recorded realized net losses of $7.6 million on the sale of several of these preferred stocks. (See “Non-Interest Income”). At year end we had $1.9 million (fair value) of trading securities remaining.
 
We recorded other than temporary impairment charges on securities of $0.2 million and $1.0 million in 2008 and 2007, respectively. We did not record any such charges in 2006. The 2008 impairment charge relates to a trust preferred security we own that was issued by a small Michigan-based community bank. In 2007, we recorded $1.0 million of impairment charges on Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac preferred securities. In these instances we believe that the decline in value is directly due to matters other than changes in interest rates, are not expected to be recovered within a reasonable timeframe based upon available information and are therefore other than temporary in nature. (See “Non-interest income” and “Asset/liability management.”) In addition, in the fourth quarter of 2008 we recorded a write down of $6.2 million (from a par value of $10.0 million to a fair value of $3.8 million) related to the dissolution of a money-market auction rate security and the distribution of the underlying Bank of America preferred stock.
 
SECURITIES
 
                                 
    Amortized
    Unrealized     Fair
 
    Cost     Gains     Losses     Value  
    (In thousands)  
 
Securities available for sale
                               
December 31, 2008
  $ 231,746     $ 3,707     $ 20,041     $ 215,412  
December 31, 2007
    363,237       6,013       5,056       364,194  
December 31, 2006
    430,262       7,367       2,844       434,785  
 
We evaluate securities for other than temporary impairment at least quarterly and more frequently when economic or market concerns warrant such evaluation. Consideration is given to the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, the financial condition of the issuer, including review of recent credit ratings, and our ability and intent to retain the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery of fair value.
 
We have 45 mortgage-backed and other asset backed securities whose fair market value is less than amortized cost. These securities include both agency and private label mortgage-backed securities. The unrealized losses are largely attributed to credit spread widening on these securities. We have satisfactory relationships between non-performing assets and subordination levels in each security and continue to receive principal reductions. All of the issues are rated by a major rating agency as investment grade. As management has the ability and intent to hold these securities until their forecasted recovery, no declines are deemed to be other than temporary.
 
We have 118 municipal securities whose fair market value is less than amortized cost. The unrealized losses are largely attributed to a widening of market spreads and continued illiquidity for certain issues. The majority of the securities are rated by a major rating agency as investment grade. As management has the ability and intent to hold these securities until their forecasted recovery, no declines are deemed to be other than temporary.
 
We have eight trust preferred securities whose fair market value is less than amortized cost. There were no credit issues relating to these securities. Pricing of trust preferred securities has suffered from credit spread widening fueled by uncertainty regarding potential losses of financial companies, the absence of a liquid functioning secondary market and potential supply concerns from financial companies issuing new debt to recapitalize themselves. Six of the eight securities are rated by a major rating agency as investment grade while


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the other two are non-rated. As management has the ability and intent to hold these securities until their forecasted recovery, no declines are deemed to be other than temporary.
 
Portfolio Loans and asset quality.  In addition to the communities served by our bank branch network, our principal lending markets also include nearby communities and metropolitan areas. Subject to established underwriting criteria, we also participate in commercial lending transactions with certain non-affiliated banks and may also purchase mortgage loans from third-party originators.
 
The senior management and board of directors of our bank retain authority and responsibility for credit decisions and we have adopted uniform underwriting standards. Our loan committee structure and the loan review process attempt to provide requisite controls and promote compliance with such established underwriting standards. There can be no assurance that the aforementioned lending procedures and the use of uniform underwriting standards will prevent us from the possibility of incurring significant credit losses in our lending activities and, in fact, the provision for loan losses was elevated in 2008 and 2007 from prior historical levels.
 
One of the purposes of the aforementioned bank consolidation is to promote even stronger risk management practices, particularly in the area of credit risk management. We hired a new Chief Lending Officer (CLO) in April 2007. The CLO has implemented several changes in our credit processes, including:
 
  •  Functional alignment of lending and credit across all of our markets;
 
  •  The strategic direction of commercial lending has been focused on the need for more diversification in the commercial loan portfolio to reduce the weighting of commercial real estate in the portfolio; and
 
  •  Expansion of certain functions including implementation of a special assets group to provide stronger management of our most troubled loans.
 
LOAN PORTFOLIO COMPOSITION
 
                 
    December 31,  
    2008     2007  
    (In thousands)  
 
Real estate(1) 
               
Residential first mortgages
  $ 760,201     $ 758,500  
Residential home equity and other junior mortgages
    229,865       239,965  
Construction and land development
    127,092       229,638  
Other(2)
    666,876       691,505  
Finance receivables
    286,836       209,631  
Commercial
    207,516       199,659  
Consumer
    171,747       178,622  
Agricultural
    9,396       10,810  
                 
Total loans
  $ 2,459,529     $ 2,518,330  
                 
 
 
(1) Includes both residential and non-residential commercial loans secured by real estate.
 
(2) Includes loans secured by multi-family residential and non-farm, non-residential property.
 
Our 2003 acquisition of Mepco added financing of insurance premiums for businesses and the administration of payment plans to purchase vehicle service contracts for consumers (warranty finance) to our business activities. In January 2007 we sold Mepco’s insurance premium finance business. Mepco conducts its warranty finance activities across the United States. Mepco generally does not evaluate the creditworthiness of the individual customer but instead primarily relies on the payment plan collateral (the unearned vehicle service contract and unearned sales commission) in the event of default. As a result, we have established and monitor counterparty concentration limits in order to manage our collateral exposure. The counterparty concentration limits are primarily based on the AM Best rating and statutory surplus level for an insurance company and on other factors, including financial evaluation and distribution of concentrations, for warranty administrators and warranty sellers/dealers.


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The sudden failure of one of Mepco’s major counterparties (an insurance company, warranty administrator, or seller/dealer) could expose us to significant losses.
 
Mepco has established procedures for payment plan servicing/administration and collections, including the timely cancellation of the vehicle service contract, in order to protect our collateral position in the event of default. Mepco also has established procedures to attempt to prevent and detect fraud since the payment plan origination activities and initial customer contact is entirely done through unrelated third parties (automobile warranty administrators and sellers or automobile dealerships). There can be no assurance that the aforementioned risk management policies and procedures will prevent us from the possibility of incurring significant credit or fraud related losses in this business segment.
 
We generally retain loans that may be profitably funded within established risk parameters. (See “Asset/liability management.”) As a result, we may hold adjustable-rate and balloon mortgage loans as Portfolio Loans, while 15- and 30-year, fixed-rate obligations are generally sold to mitigate exposure to changes in interest rates. (See “Non-interest income.”)
 
Future growth of overall Portfolio Loans is dependent upon a number of competitive and economic factors. Overall loan growth has slowed during the past two years reflecting both weak economic conditions in Michigan as well as a generally competitive pricing climate. However, finance receivables (warranty payment plans) have been growing. This growth reflects both increased sales efforts as well as our ability to focus solely on this line of business at Mepco because of the sale of our insurance premium finance business in January 2007. Construction and land development loans have been declining because we are seeking to shrink this portion of our Portfolio Loans due to a very poor economic climate for real estate development, particularly residential real estate. Further declines in Portfolio Loans or competition that leads to lower relative pricing on new Portfolio Loans could adversely impact our future operating results. We continue to view loan growth consistent with established quality and profitability standards as a major short and long-term challenge.
 
NON-PERFORMING ASSETS
 
                         
    December 31,  
    2008     2007     2006  
    (Dollars in thousands)  
 
Non-accrual loans
  $ 122,639     $ 72,682     $ 35,683  
Loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing interest
    2,626       4,394       3,479  
Restructured loans
            173       60  
                         
Total non-performing loans
    125,265       77,249       39,222  
Other real estate and repossessed assets
    19,998       9,723       3,153  
                         
Total non-performing assets
  $ 145,263     $ 86,972     $ 42,375  
                         
As a percent of Portfolio Loans
                       
Non-performing loans
    5.09 %     3.07 %     1.59 %
Allowance for loan losses
    2.35       1.80       1.09  
Non-performing assets to total assets
    4.91       2.68       1.24  
Allowance for loan losses as a percent of non-performing loans
    46       59       69  
 
Non-performing loans totaled $125.3 million at December 31, 2008, a $48.0 million increase from December 31, 2007. The increase in non-performing loans since year-end 2007 is due principally to an increase in non-performing commercial real estate loans and residential mortgage loans. The rise in non-performing commercial real estate loans is primarily the result of several additional credits with real estate developers becoming past due in 2008. These delinquencies largely reflect cash flow difficulties encountered by real estate developers in Michigan as they confront a significant decline in sales of real estate. Since the beginning of 2007 the land, land development, and construction components of our commercial loan portfolio have declined by a total of 43%, and now represent less than 5% of total assets. The elevated level of non-performing residential mortgage


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loans is primarily due to a rise in delinquencies, bankruptcies, and foreclosures reflecting both weak economic conditions and soft residential real estate values in many parts of Michigan.
 
Other real estate and repossessed assets totaled $20.0 million at December 31, 2008 compared to $9.7 million at December 31, 2007. At these same dates, commercial real estate properties comprised $12.0 million and $2.6 million of these amounts, respectively while the balance was comprised primarily of residential real estate. This increase is the result of the migration of non-performing loans secured by real estate into ORE as the foreclosure process is completed and any redemption period expires. Higher foreclosure rates are evident nationwide, but Michigan has consistently had one of the higher foreclosure rates in the U.S. during the past year. We believe that this higher foreclosure rate is due to both weak economic conditions (Michigan has one of the highest unemployment rates in the U.S.) and declining residential real estate values (which has eroded or eliminated the equity that many mortgagors had in their home). Because the redemption period on foreclosures is relatively long in Michigan (six months to one year) and we have many non-performing loans that were in the process of foreclosure at December 31, 2008, we anticipate that our level of other real estate and repossessed assets will continue to rise during 2009 and will likely remain at elevated levels for some period of time. A high level of non-performing assets will also adversely impact our tax equivalent net interest income.
 
We will place a loan that is 90 days or more past due on non-accrual, unless we believe the loan is both well secured and in the process of collection. Accordingly, we have determined that the collection of the accrued and unpaid interest on any loans that are 90 days or more past due and still accruing interest is probable.
 
ALLOCATION OF THE ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES
 
                         
    December 31,  
    2008     2007     2006  
    (In thousands)  
 
Specific allocations
  $ 16,788     $ 10,713     $ 2,631  
Other adversely rated loans
    9,511       10,804       5,144  
Historical loss allocations
    20,270       14,668       11,641  
Additional allocations based on subjective factors
    11,331       9,109       7,463  
                         
Total
  $ 57,900     $ 45,294     $ 26,879  
                         
 
In determining the allowance and the related provision for credit losses, we consider four principal elements: (i) specific allocations based upon probable losses identified during the review of the loan portfolio, (ii) allocations established for other adversely rated loans, (iii) allocations based principally on historical loan loss experience, and (iv) additional allowances based on subjective factors, including local and general economic business factors and trends, portfolio concentrations and changes in the size, mix and/or the general terms of the loan portfolios.
 
The first element reflects our estimate of probable losses based upon our systematic review of specific loans. These estimates are based upon a number of objective factors, such as payment history, financial condition of the borrower, and discounted collateral exposure.
 
The second element reflects the application of our loan rating system. This rating system is similar to those employed by state and federal banking regulators. Loans that are rated below a certain predetermined classification are assigned a loss allocation factor for each loan classification category that is based upon a historical analysis of both the probability of default and the expected loss rate (“loss given default”). The lower the rating assigned to a loan or category, the greater the allocation percentage that is applied. For higher rated loans (“non-watch credit”) we again determine a probability of default and loss given default in order to apply an allocation percentage.
 
The third element is determined by assigning allocations to homogeneous loan groups based principally upon the five-year average of loss experience for each type of loan. Recent years are weighted more heavily in this average. Average losses may be further adjusted based on an analysis of delinquent loans. Loss analyses are conducted at least annually.
 
The fourth element is based on factors that cannot be associated with a specific credit or loan category and reflects our attempt to ensure that the overall allowance for loan losses appropriately reflects a margin for the


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imprecision necessarily inherent in the estimates of expected credit losses. We consider a number of subjective factors when determining the unallocated portion, including local and general economic business factors and trends, portfolio concentrations and changes in the size, mix and the general terms of the loan portfolios. (See “Provision for credit losses.”)
 
Mepco’s allowance for loan losses is determined in a similar manner as discussed above and primarily takes into account historical loss experience, unsecured exposure, and other subjective factors deemed relevant to their lending activities.
 
The allowance for loan losses increased to 2.35% of total Portfolio Loans at December 31, 2008 from 1.80% at December 31, 2007. This increase is primarily due to increases in three of the four components of the allowance for loan losses outlined above. The allowance for loan losses related to specific loans increased due to the rise in non-performing loans described earlier. The allowance for loan losses related to other adversely rated loans decreased primarily due to the migration of certain adversely rated loans into the specific allocations category. The allowance for loan losses related to historical losses increased due primarily to higher loss rates that were partially offset by a decline in loans outstanding. Finally, the allowance for loan losses related to subjective factors increased primarily due to weaker economic conditions in Michigan that have contributed to higher levels of non-performing loans and loan net charge-offs.
 
ALLOWANCE FOR LOSSES ON LOANS AND UNFUNDED COMMITMENTS
 
                                                 
    2008     2007     2006  
    Loan
    Unfunded
    Loan
    Unfunded
    Loan
    Unfunded
 
    Losses     Commitments     Losses     Commitments     Losses     Commitments  
    (Dollars in thousands)  
 
Balance at beginning of year
  $ 45,294     $ 1,936     $ 26,879     $ 1,881     $ 22,420     $ 1,820  
Provision charged to operating expense
    72,079       208       43,105       55       16,283       61  
Recoveries credited to allowance
    3,489               2,346               2,237          
Loans charged against the allowance
    (62,962 )             (27,036 )             (14,061 )        
                                                 
Balance at end of year
  $ 57,900     $ 2,144     $ 45,294     $ 1,936     $ 26,879     $ 1,881  
                                                 
Net loans charged against the allowance to average Portfolio Loans
    2.34 %             0.98 %             0.48 %        
 
Net loan charge-offs increased to $59.5 million (2.34% of average Portfolio Loans) in 2007 from $24.7 million (0.98% of average Portfolio Loans) in 2007. This increase is primarily due to a $27.9 million rise in commercial loan and $5.4 million rise in mortgage loan net charge-offs in 2008 compared to 2007. The majority of these loans were secured by real estate and the increased levels of net charge-offs primarily reflect much weaker real estate values in Michigan in 2008.
 
We took a variety of steps during 2007 (and which continued throughout 2008) to address the credit issues identified above (higher levels of watch credits, non-performing loans and other real estate and repossessed assets), including the following:
 
  •  An enhanced quarterly watch credit review process to proactively manage higher risk loans.
 
  •  Loan risk ratings are independently assigned and structure recommendations made upfront by our credit officers.
 
  •  A Special Assets Group has been established to provide more effective management of our most troubled loans. A select group of law firms supports this team, providing professional advice and systemic feedback.
 
  •  An independent loan review function provides portfolio/individual loan feedback to evaluate the effectiveness of processes by market.


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  •  Management (incentive) objectives for each commercial lender and senior commercial lender emphasize credit quality in addition to profitability.
 
  •  Portfolio concentrations are monitored with select loan types encouraged and other loan types (such as residential real estate development) requiring significantly higher approval authorities.
 
Deposits and borrowings.  Our competitive position within many of the markets served by our branch network limits our ability to materially increase deposits without adversely impacting the weighted-average cost of core deposits. Accordingly, we principally compete on the basis of convenience and personal service, while employing pricing tactics that are intended to enhance the value of core deposits.
 
To attract new core deposits, we have implemented a high-performance checking program that utilizes a combination of direct mail solicitations, in-branch merchandising, gifts for customers opening new checking accounts or referring business to our bank and branch staff sales training. This program has historically generated increases in customer relationships as well as deposit service charges. Over the past two to three years we have also expanded our treasury management products and services for commercial businesses and municipalities or other governmental units and have also increased our sales calling efforts in order to attract additional deposit relationships from these sectors. Despite these efforts our historic core deposit growth has not kept pace with the historic growth of our Portfolio Loans. We view long-term core deposit growth as a significant challenge. Core deposits generally provide a more stable and lower cost source of funds than alternative sources such as short-term borrowings. As a result, the continued funding of Portfolio Loan growth with alternative sources of funds (as opposed to core deposits) may erode certain of our profitability measures, such as return on assets, and may also adversely impact our liquidity. (See “Liquidity and capital resources.”) In March 2007 we completed the aforementioned branch acquisition, principally to increase our core deposits and market share in certain Michigan markets where we already had a presence.
 
We have also implemented strategies that incorporate federal funds purchased, other borrowings and Brokered CDs to fund a portion of any increases in interest earning assets. The use of such alternate sources of funds supplements our core deposits and is also an integral part of our asset/liability management efforts. Changes between the various categories of our alternative sources of funds will generally reflect pricing conditions.
 
ALTERNATE SOURCES OF FUNDS
 
                                                 
    December 31,  
    2008     2007  
          Average
                Average
       
    Amount     Maturity     Rate     Amount     Maturity     Rate  
    (Dollars in thousands)  
 
Brokered CDs(1)
  $ 182,283       1.1 years       3.63 %   $ 516,077       1.9 years       4.72 %
Fixed-rate FHLB advances(1)
    314,214       2.3 years       3.49       240,509       1.3 years       4.81  
Variable-rate FHLB advances(1)
                            20,000       0.3 years       4.35  
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase(1)
    35,000       1.9 years       4.42       35,000       2.9 years       4.42  
FRB borrowings
    189,500       .1 years       0.54                          
Federal funds purchased
    750       1 day       0.25       54,452       1 day       4.00  
                                                 
Total
  $ 721,747       1.4 years       2.80 %   $ 866,038       1.6 years       4.68 %
                                                 
 
 
(1) Certain of these items have had their average maturity and rate altered through the use of derivative instruments, including pay-fixed and pay-variable interest-rate swaps.
 
Other borrowed funds, principally advances from the FHLB, borrowings from the FRB and securities sold under agreements to repurchase (“Repurchase Agreements”), totaled $542.0 million at December 31, 2008, compared to $302.5 million at December 31, 2007. The $239.5 million increase in other borrowed funds principally reflects higher borrowings from the FRB and FHLB to payoff Brokered CDs that matured or were called. Interest rates on Brokered CDs remained elevated compared to other funding sources throughout most of 2008. At


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December 31, 2008 we had unused borrowing capacity at the FRB and FHLB of approximately $610.5 million. In determining our borrowing sources, we primarily evaluate the interest cost, payment terms, facility structure and collateral requirements (also see “Liquidity and capital resources.”).
 
Prior to April 2008, we had an unsecured revolving credit facility and a term loan (that had a remaining balance of $2.5 million). The lender elected to not renew the $10.0 million unsecured revolving credit facility (which matured in April 2008) and required repayment of the term loan because we were out of compliance with certain financial covenants contained within the loan documents. The $2.5 million term loan was repaid in full in April 2008 (it would have otherwise been repaid in full in accordance with the original terms in May 2009).
 
We employ derivative financial instruments to manage our exposure to changes in interest rates. At December 31, 2008, we employed interest-rate swaps with an aggregate notional amount of $168.0 million and interest rate caps with an aggregate notional amount of $278.5 million.
 
Liquidity and capital resources.  Liquidity risk is the risk of being unable to timely meet obligations as they come due at a reasonable funding cost or without incurring unacceptable losses. Our liquidity management involves the measurement and monitoring of a variety of sources and uses of funds. Our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows categorize these sources and uses into operating, investing and financing activities. We primarily focus our liquidity management on developing access to a variety of borrowing sources to supplement our deposit gathering activities and provide funds for growing our investment and loan portfolios as well as to be able to respond to unforeseen liquidity needs.
 
Our sources of funds include our deposit base, secured advances from the FHLB, secured borrowings from the FRB, a federal funds purchased borrowing facility with another commercial bank, and access to the capital markets (for Brokered CDs).
 
At December 31, 2008 we had $624.7 million of time deposits that mature in the next twelve months. Historically, a majority of these maturing time deposits are renewed by our customers or are Brokered CDs that we could replace. Additionally $1.215 billion of our deposits at December 31, 2008 were in account types from which the customer could withdraw the funds on demand. Changes in the balances of deposits that can be withdrawn upon demand are usually predictable and the total balances of these accounts have generally grown or have been reasonably stable over time as a result of our marketing and promotional activities. There can be no assurance that historical patterns of renewing time deposits or growth in deposits will continue in the future.
 
In particular, recent media reports about bank failures have created concerns among depositors at banks throughout the country, including certain of our customers, particularly those with deposit balances in excess of deposit insurance limits. In response, the FDIC has announced several programs during 2008 including increasing the deposit insurance limit from $100,000 to $250,000 at least until December 31, 2009 and providing unlimited deposit insurance for balances in non-interest bearing demand deposit and certain low-interest (an interest rate of 0.50% or less) transaction accounts. We have proactively sought to provide appropriate information to our deposit customers about our organization in order to retain our business and deposit relationships. Despite these moves by the FDIC and our proactive communications efforts, we are still experiencing some outflow of deposits. The outflow of significant amounts of deposits could have an adverse impact on our liquidity and results of operations.
 
We have developed contingency funding plans that stress tests our liquidity needs that may arise from certain events such as an adverse credit event, rapid loan growth or a disaster recovery situation. Our liquidity management also includes periodic monitoring that segregates assets between liquid and illiquid and classifies liabilities as core and non-core. This analysis compares our total level of illiquid assets to our core funding. It is our goal to have core funding sufficient to finance illiquid assets.
 
In the normal course of business, we enter into certain contractual obligations. Such obligations include requirements to make future payments on debt and lease arrangements, contractual commitments for capital expenditures, and service contracts. The table below summarizes our significant contractual obligations at December 31, 2008.


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CONTRACTUAL COMMITMENTS(1)
 
                                         
                      After
       
    1 Year or Less     1-3 Years     3-5 Years     5 Years     Total  
    (In thousands)  
 
Time deposit maturities
  $ 624,674     $ 189,154     $ 33,461     $ 3,962     $ 851,251  
Federal funds purchased and other borrowings
    261,522       261,750       384       19,080       542,736  
Subordinated debentures
                            92,888       92,888  
Operating lease obligations
    1,015       1,723       1,576       5,177       9,491  
Purchase obligations(2)
    1,294       2,588       431               4,313  
                                         
Total
  $ 888,505     $ 455,215     $ 35,852     $ 121,107     $ 1,500,679  
                                         
 
 
(1) Excludes approximately $0.7 million of accrued tax and interest relative to uncertain tax benefits due to the high degree of uncertainty as to when, or if, those amounts would be paid.
 
(2) Includes contracts with a minimum annual payment of $1.0 million and are not cancellable within one year.
 
Effective management of capital resources is critical to our mission to create value for our shareholders. The cost of capital is an important factor in creating shareholder value and, accordingly, our capital structure includes cumulative trust preferred securities and cumulative preferred stock.
 
CAPITALIZATION
 
                 
    December 31,  
    2008     2007  
    (In thousands)  
 
Unsecured debt
          $ 3,000  
                 
Subordinated debentures
  $ 92,888       92,888  
Amount not qualifying as regulatory capital
    (2,788 )     (2,788 )
                 
Amount qualifying as regulatory capital
    90,100       90,100  
                 
Shareholders’ equity
               
Preferred stock
    68,456          
Common stock
    22,791       22,601  
Capital surplus
    200,687       195,302  
Retained earnings (accumulated deficit)
    (73,849 )     22,770  
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
    (23,208 )     (171 )
                 
Total shareholders’ equity
    194,877       240,502  
                 
Total capitalization
  $ 284,977     $ 333,602  
                 
 
We have four special purpose entities that have outstanding $90.1 million of cumulative trust preferred securities outside of Independent Bank Corporation. Currently $72.8 million of these securities qualify as Tier 1 capital and the balance qualify as Tier 2 capital. These entities have also issued common securities and capital to Independent Bank Corporation. Independent Bank Corporation, in turn, issued subordinated debentures to these special purpose entities equal to the trust preferred securities, common securities and capital issued. The subordinated debentures represent the sole asset of the special purpose entities. The common securities, capital and subordinated debentures are included in our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at December 31, 2008 and 2007.
 
We redeemed (at par) $5.0 million of existing trust preferred securities (including $0.75 million owned by our bank) on May 31, 2007. On May 31, 2007 we issued $12.0 million in new trust preferred securities in a pooled offering through a newly formed entity — IBC Capital Finance III. The interest rate on these trust preferred securities is equal to 3-month LIBOR plus 160 basis points (adjusted quarterly).


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On September 6, 2007 we issued an additional $20.0 million in new trust preferred securities in a pooled offering through another newly formed entity — IBC Capital Finance IV. The interest rate on these trust preferred securities is equal to 3-month LIBOR plus 285 basis points (adjusted quarterly). However, we also executed a five-year $20 million interest rate swap (on which we receive 3 month LIBOR and pay an effective, taking into account the 285 basis point spread, fixed interest rate of 7.555%) to hedge the variability of the future cash flows on these trust preferred securities.
 
Both of these above described trust preferred securities are redeemable (at par) in whole or in part at our option beginning approximately five years from the date of issuance.
 
We have $7.5 million of trust preferred securities (that were issued in a pooled offering) that are redeemable (at par) in whole or in part at our option on any February 7, May 7, August 7 or November 7, beginning on November 7, 2007. We also have $50.6 million of trust preferred securities that were issued to the public in March 2003 and that are redeemable in whole or in part, from time to time, at our option beginning March 31, 2008. Given the existing costs of these trust preferred securities compared to current market rates that we would likely incur in a refinancing, it is unlikely that we will redeem these securities under current market conditions.
 
In March 2006, the Federal Reserve Board issued a final rule that retains trust preferred securities in the Tier 1 capital of bank holding companies. After a transition period ending March 31, 2009, the aggregate amount of trust preferred securities and certain other capital elements will be limited to 25 percent of Tier 1 capital elements, net of goodwill (net of any associated deferred tax liability). The amount of trust preferred securities and certain other elements in excess of the limit could be included in Tier 2 capital, subject to restrictions. Based upon our existing levels of Tier 1 capital, trust preferred securities and goodwill, this final Federal Reserve Board rule would have reduced our Tier 1 capital to average assets ratio by approximately 29 basis points at December 31, 2008, (this calculation assumes no transition period).
 
In December 2008, we issued 72,000 shares of Series A, no par value, $1,000 liquidation preference, fixed rate cumulative perpetual preferred stock (“Preferred Stock”) and a warrant to purchase 3,461,538 warrants to purchase shares of our common stock (“Warrants”) to the U.S. Department of Treasury (“UST”) in return for $72.0 million under the CPP. Of the total proceeds, $68.4 million was allocated to the Preferred Stock and $3.6 million was allocated to the Warrants (included in capital surplus) based on the relative fair value of each. The $3.6 million discount on the Preferred Stock is being accreted using an effective yield method over five years. The accretion is being recorded as part of the Preferred Stock dividend.
 
The Preferred Stock will pay a quarterly, a cumulative cash dividend at a rate of 5% per annum on the $1,000 liquidation preference to, but excluding February 15, 2014 and at a rate of 9% per annum thereafter. We are subject to various regulatory policies and requirements relating to the payment of dividends, including requirements to maintain adequate capital above regulatory minimums. So long as any shares of Preferred Stock remain outstanding, unless all accrued and unpaid dividends for all prior dividend periods have been paid or are contemporaneously declared and paid in full, (a) no dividend whatsoever may be paid or declared on our common stock or other junior stock, other than a dividend payable solely in common stock and other than certain dividends or distributions of rights in connection with a shareholders’ rights plan; and (b) neither we nor our subsidiaries may purchase, redeem or otherwise acquire for consideration any shares of our common stock or other junior stock unless we have paid in full all accrued dividends on the Preferred Stock for all prior dividend periods, other than purchases, redemptions or other acquisitions of our common stock or other junior stock in connection with the administration of our employee benefit plans in the ordinary course of business and consistent with past practice; pursuant to a publicly announced repurchase plan up to the increase in diluted shares outstanding resulting from the grant, vesting or exercise of equity-based compensation; any dividends or distributions of rights or junior stock in connection with any shareholders’ rights plan redemptions or repurchases of rights pursuant to any shareholders’ rights plan; acquisition of record ownership of common stock or other junior stock or parity stock for the beneficial ownership of any other person who is not us or one of our subsidiaries, including as trustee or custodian; and the exchange or conversion of common stock or other junior stock for or into other junior stock or of parity stock for or into other parity stock or junior stock but only to the extent that such acquisition is required pursuant to binding contractual agreements entered into before December 12, 2008 or any subsequent agreement for the accelerated exercise, settlement or exchange thereof for common stock. Additionally, prior to December 12, 2011, even if we are current on the payment of dividends on the Preferred Stock, we may not do


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either of the following without the prior written consent of the UST: (y) pay cash dividends on our common stock to shareholders of more than $0.01 per share per quarter, as adjusted for any stock split, stock dividend, reverse stock split, reclassification or similar transaction; or (z) repurchase any of our common stock or redeem any of our trust preferred securities, other than certain excepted redemptions of common stock in connection with the administration of employee benefit plans in the ordinary course of business and consistent with past practices similar to those described in clause (b) above. These restrictions described in the preceding sentence expire, however, in the event that if we redeem all shares of Preferred Stock or in the event that if the UST transfers all of its shares of Preferred Stock to an unaffiliated transferee. Holders of shares of the Preferred Stock have no right to exchange or convert such shares into any other securities of IBC.
 
The Preferred Stock may be redeemed at any time, in whole or in part, subject to the UST’s prior consultation with the Federal Reserve Board. Prior to the recent enactment of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, there were certain restrictions on our ability to redeem the Preferred Stock. In any redemption, the redemption price is an amount equal to the per share liquidation amount plus accrued and unpaid dividends to but excluding the date of redemption. The Preferred Stock will not be subject to any mandatory redemption, sinking fund or similar provisions. Holders of shares of Preferred Stock have no right to require the redemption or repurchase of the Preferred Stock. Our Board of Directors, or a duly authorized committee of the Board of Directors, has full power and authority to prescribe the terms and conditions upon which the Preferred Stock will be redeemed from time to time, subject to the provisions of the Certificate of Designation (including the limitations described in this paragraph). If fewer than all of the outstanding shares of Preferred Stock are to be redeemed, the shares to be redeemed will be selected either pro rata from the holders of record of shares of Preferred Stock in proportion to the number of shares held by those holders or in such other manner as our Board of Directors or a committee thereof may determine to be fair and equitable.
 
The Warrant is initially exercisable for 3,461,538 shares of our common stock. If we complete one or more qualified equity offerings on or prior to December 31, 2009 that result in our receipt of aggregate gross proceeds of not less than $72 million, which is equal to 100% of the aggregate liquidation preference of the Preferred Stock on the date of issuance, the number of shares of common stock underlying the portion of the Warrant then held by the UST will be reduced by 50% to 1,730,769 shares (50% of the number of shares underlying the Warrant on the date of issuance). The initial exercise price applicable to the Warrant is $3.12 per share of common stock for which the Warrant may be exercised. The number of shares of common stock underlying the Warrant and the exercise price applicable to the Warrant are both subject to adjustment for certain dilutive actions we may take, including stock dividends, stock splits, and similar transactions. The Warrant may be exercised at any time on or before December 12, 2018 by surrender of the Warrant and a completed notice of exercise attached as an annex to the Warrant and the payment of the exercise price for the shares of common stock for which the Warrant is being exercised.
 
The annual 5% dividend on the Preferred Stock together with the amortization of the discount will reduce net income (or increase the net loss) applicable to common stock by approximately $4.3 million annually. In addition, the exercise price on the Warrant of $3.12 per share is presently below our market, book and tangible book values per share. If our market value per share exceeds the warrant price, our diluted earnings per share will be reduced. Further, the exercise of the warrant would be dilutive to our book and tangible book values per share.
 
Shareholders’ equity applicable to common stock declined to $126.4 million at December 31, 2008 from $240.5 million at December 31, 2007. Our tangible common equity (“TCE”) totaled $97.5 million and $158.5 million, respectively, at those same dates. Our ratio of TCE to tangible assets was 3.33% at December 31, 2008 compared to 5.01% at December 31, 2007. Although we would like to have a higher ratio of TCE to tangible assets, we believe that in the current environment, it would be extremely difficult to raise additional common equity, at least at an acceptable price. Further, our regulatory capital ratios remain at levels above “well capitalized” standards. Therefore, our capital strategy in the near term is focused on limiting growth in total assets, maintaining our quarterly common stock cash dividend at only a nominal level and returning to profitability as soon as possible in order to increase our ratio of TCE to tangible assets in the future.
 
We did not repurchase any shares of our common stock on the open market during 2008 or in the last nine months of 2007. However, during the first quarter of 2007 we repurchased 295,000 shares on the open market at a weighted average price of $20.30 per share. We also reduced our quarterly common stock cash dividend to $0.01 per


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share in the second quarter of 2008. These actions were taken in order to preserve cash at our bank holding company as we do not expect our bank subsidiary to be able to pay any cash dividends in the near term. Although there are no specific regulations restricting dividend payments by bank holding companies (other than State corporate laws) the Federal Reserve Bank (our primary federal regulator) has issued a policy statement on cash dividend payments. The Federal Reserve’s view is that: “an organization experiencing earnings weaknesses or other financial pressures should not maintain a level of cash dividends that exceeds its net income, that is inconsistent with the organization’s capital position, or that can only be funded in ways that may weaken the organization’s financial health.” Although the Federal Reserve has not sought to restrict or limit the cash dividends that we have been paying, our Board of Directors believed that it was in the best long-term interests of our shareholders to reduce our quarterly common stock cash dividend to a nominal level ($0.01 per share). Our bank holding company had cash on hand of approximately $27.5 million at December 31, 2008. This level of cash provides approximately three years of coverage for expected dividends on trust preferred securities, the Preferred Stock and our common stock.
 
Our bank holding company and our bank subsidiary both remain “well capitalized” (as defined by banking regulations) at December 31, 2008.
 
CAPITAL RATIOS
 
                 
    December 31,  
    2008     2007  
 
Equity capital
    6.59 %     7.41 %
Average shareholders’ equity to average assets
    7.50       7.72  
Tier 1 capital to average assets
    8.61       7.44  
Tier 1 risk-based capital
    11.04       9.35  
Total risk-based capital
    13.05       10.99  
 
Shareholders’ equity totaled $194.9 million at December 31, 2008. The decrease from $240.5 million at December 31, 2007 primarily reflects the loss that we incurred in 2008 and a larger accumulated other comprehensive loss that were partially offset by the aforementioned Preferred Stock issuance. Shareholders’ equity was equal to 6.59% of total assets at December 31, 2008, compared to 7.41% a year earlier.
 
Asset/liability management.  Interest-rate risk is created by differences in the cash flow characteristics of our assets and liabilities. Options embedded in certain financial instruments, including caps on adjustable-rate loans as well as borrowers’ rights to prepay fixed-rate loans also create interest-rate risk.
 
Our asset/liability management efforts identify and evaluate opportunities to structure the balance sheet in a manner that is consistent with our mission to maintain profitable financial leverage within established risk parameters. We evaluate various opportunities and alternative balance-sheet strategies carefully and consider the likely impact on our risk profile as well as the anticipated contribution to earnings. The marginal cost of funds is a principal consideration in the implementation of our balance-sheet management strategies, but such evaluations further consider interest-rate and liquidity risk as well as other pertinent factors. We have established parameters for interest-rate risk. We regularly monitor our interest-rate risk and report at least quarterly to our board of directors.
 
We employ simulation analyses to monitor our interest-rate risk profile and evaluate potential changes in our net interest income and market value of portfolio equity that result from changes in interest rates. The purpose of these simulations is to identify sources of interest-rate risk inherent in our balance sheet. The simulations do not anticipate any actions that we might initiate in response to changes in interest rates and, accordingly, the simulations do not provide a reliable forecast of anticipated results. The simulations are predicated on immediate, permanent and parallel shifts in interest rates and generally assume that current loan and deposit pricing relationships remain constant. The simulations further incorporate assumptions relating to changes in customer behavior, including changes in prepayment rates on certain assets and liabilities.


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CHANGES IN MARKET VALUE OF PORTFOLIO EQUITY AND TAX EQUIVALENT NET INTEREST INCOME
 
                                 
    Market Value of
    Percent
    Tax Equivalent
    Percent
 
Change in Interest Rates
  Portfolio Equity(1)     Change     Net Interest Income(2)     Change  
    (Dollars in thousands)  
 
December 31, 2008
                               
200 basis point rise
  $ 202,900       (2.50 )%   $ 129,700       (4.56 )%
100 basis point rise
    206,500       (0.77 )     132,500       (2.50 )
Base-rate scenario
    208,100               135,900          
100 basis point decline
    204,600       (1.68 )     137,900       1.47  
200 basis point decline
    192,400       (7.54 )     134,400       (1.10 )
December 31, 2007
                               
200 basis point rise
  $ 229,000       (6.87 )%   $ 121,600       (4.25 )%
100 basis point rise
    241,100       (1.95 )     124,100       (2.28 )
Base-rate scenario
    245,900               127,000          
100 basis point decline
    234,100       (4.80 )     128,900       1.50  
200 basis point decline
    222,200       (9.64 )     130,200       2.52  
 
 
(1) Simulation analyses calculate the change in the net present value of our assets and liabilities, including debt and related financial derivative instruments, under parallel shifts in interest rates by discounting the estimated future cash flows using a market-based discount rate. Cash flow estimates incorporate anticipated changes in prepayment speeds and other embedded options.
 
(2) Simulation analyses calculate the change in net interest income under immediate parallel shifts in interest rates over the next twelve months, based upon a static balance sheet, which includes debt and related financial derivative instruments, and do not consider loan fees.
 
FAIR VALUATION OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
 
On January 1, 2008, we adopted Statement of Financial Account Standard No. 157 — Fair Value Measurements (“SFAS #157”), which defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell the financial asset or paid to transfer the financial liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.
 
We utilize fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain financial instruments and to determine fair value disclosures. SFAS #157 differentiates between those assets and liabilities required to be carried at fair value at every reporting period (“recurring”) and those assets and liabilities that are only required to be adjusted to fair value under certain circumstances (“nonrecurring”). Trading securities, securities available-for-sale, loans held for sale, Brokered CD’s and derivatives are financial instruments recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Additionally, from time to time, we may be required to record at fair value other financial assets on a nonrecurring basis, such as loans held for investment, capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights and certain other assets. These nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve application of lower of cost or market accounting or write-downs of individual assets. Further, the notes to the consolidated financial statements include information about the extent to which fair value is used to measure assets and liabilities and the valuation methodologies used.
 
SFAS #157 established a three-level hierarchy for disclosure of assets and liabilities recorded at fair value. The classification of assets and liabilities within the hierarchy is based on whether the inputs to the valuation methodology used for measurement are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market-derived or market-based information obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect management’s estimates about market data.
 
Level 1   Valuation is based upon quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets. Level 1 instruments include securities traded on active exchange markets, such as the New York Stock Exchange, as well as U.S. Treasury securities that are traded by dealers or brokers in active over-the-counter markets.


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Level 2   Valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market. Level 2 instruments include securities traded in less active dealer or broker markets.
 
Level 3   Valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use at least one significant assumption not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Valuation techniques include use of option pricing models, discounted cash flow models and similar techniques.
 
For assets and liabilities recorded at fair value, it is our policy to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when developing fair value measurements, in accordance with the fair value hierarchy in SFAS #157. When available, we utilize quoted market prices to measure fair value. If market prices are not available, fair value measurement is based upon models that use primarily market-based or independently sourced market parameters, including interest rate yield curves, prepayment speeds, and option volatilities. Substantially all of our financial instruments use either of the foregoing methodologies, collectively Level 1 and Level 2 measurements, to determine fair value adjustments recorded in our financial statements. However, in certain cases, when market observable inputs for model-based valuation techniques may not be readily available, we are required to make judgments about assumptions market participants would use in estimating the fair value of the financial instrument. The models we use to determine fair value adjustments are periodically evaluated by management for relevance under current facts and circumstances.
 
The degree of management judgment involved in determining the fair value of a financial instrument is dependent upon the availability of quoted market prices or observable market parameters. For financial instruments that trade actively and have quoted market prices or observable market parameters, there is minimal subjectivity involved in measuring fair value. When observable market prices and parameters are not fully available, management judgment is necessary to estimate fair value. In addition, changes in market conditions may reduce the availability of quoted prices or observable data. For example, reduced liquidity in the capital markets or changes in secondary market activities could result in observable market inputs becoming unavailable. Therefore, when market data is not available, we would use valuation techniques requiring more management judgment to estimate the appropriate fair value measurement.
 
At December 31, 2008, $246.0 million, or 8.3% of total assets, consisted of financial instruments recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. All of these financial instruments used valuation methodologies involving market-based or market-derived information, collectively Level 1 and 2 measurements, to measure fair value. At December 31, 2008, 0.2% of total liabilities, or $6.5 million, consisted of financial instruments (all derivative financial instruments) recorded at fair value on a recurring basis.
 
At December 31, 2008, $69.8 million, or 2.4% of total assets, consisted of financial instruments recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. All of these financial instruments (comprised of impaired loans and capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights) used Level 2 and Level 3 measurement valuation methodologies involving market-based or market-derived information to measure fair value. At December 31, 2008, no liabilities were measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis.
 
In addition to SFAS #157, on January 1, 2008 we also adopted SFAS #159 (fair value accounting) for certain financial assets as described earlier. We adopted SFAS #159 for loans held for sale (that prior to January 1, 2008 were recorded at the lower of cost or market) to correspond to the accounting for the related commitments to sell these loans. We also adopted SFAS #159 for certain preferred stock investments and utilize a quoted market price (Level 1) or significant other observable inputs (Level 2).
 
See Note 23 to the consolidated financial statements for a complete discussion on our use of fair valuation of financial instruments and the related measurement techniques.


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LITIGATION MATTERS
 
On March 16, 2006, we entered into a settlement agreement with the former shareholders of Mepco, (the “Former Shareholders”) and Edward, Paul, and Howard Walder (collectively referred to as the “Walders”) for purposes of resolving and dismissing all pending litigation between the parties. Under the terms of the settlement, on April 3, 2006, the Former Shareholders paid us a sum of $2.8 million, half of which was paid in the form of cash and half of which was paid in shares of our common stock. In return, we released 90,766 shares of Independent Bank Corporation common stock held pursuant to an escrow agreement among the parties that was previously entered into for the purpose of funding certain contingent liabilities that were, in part, the subject of the pending litigation. As a result of settlement of the litigation, we recorded other income of $2.8 million and an additional claims expense of approximately $1.7 million (related to the release of the shares held in escrow) in the first quarter of 2006.
 
The settlement covers both the claim filed by the Walders against Independent Bank Corporation and Mepco in the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois, as well as the litigation filed by Independent Bank Corporation and Mepco against the Walders in the Ionia County Circuit Court of Michigan.
 
As permitted under the terms of the merger agreement under which we acquired Mepco, on April 3, 2006, we paid the accelerated earn-out payments for the last three years of the performance period ending April 30, 2008. Those payments totaled approximately $8.9 million. Also, under the terms of the merger agreement, the second year of the earn out for the year ended April 30, 2005, in the amount of $2.7 million was paid on March 21, 2006. As a result of the settlement and these payments, no future payments are due under the terms of the merger agreement under which we acquired Mepco.
 
We are also involved in various other litigation matters in the ordinary course of business and at the present time, we do not believe that any of these matters will have a significant impact on our financial condition or results of operation.
 
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
 
Our accounting and reporting policies are in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and conform to general practices within the banking industry. Accounting and reporting policies for other than temporary impairment of investment securities, the allowance for loan losses, originated mortgage loan servicing rights, derivative financial instruments, income taxes and goodwill are deemed critical since they involve the use of estimates and require significant management judgments. Application of assumptions different than those that we have used could result in material changes in our financial position or results of operations.
 
We are required to assess our investment securities for “other than temporary impairment” on a periodic basis. The determination of other than temporary impairment for an investment security requires judgment as to the cause of the impairment, the likelihood of recovery and the projected timing of the recovery. The topic of other than temporary impairment has been at the forefront of discussions within the accounting profession during 2008 because of the dislocation of the credit markets that has occurred. On January 12, 2009 the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Staff Position No. EITF 99-20-1 — “Amendments to the Impairment Guidance of EITF Issue No. 99-20.” This new FASB Staff Position (“FSP”) is applicable to our December 31, 2008 financial statements. In particular, this FSP strikes the language that required the use of market participant assumptions about future cash flows from EITF 99-20. This change now permits the use of reasonable management judgment about whether it is probable that all previously projected cash flows will not be collected in determining other than temporary impairment. Our assessment process resulted in recording other than temporary impairment charges of $0.2 million and $1.0 million in 2008 and 2007, respectively (we had no such charges in 2006). Further, as described above, we did elect (effective January 1, 2008) fair value accounting pursuant to SFAS #159 for certain of our preferred stock investments. We believe that our assumptions and judgments in assessing other than temporary impairment for our investment securities are reasonable and conform to general industry practices. At December 31, 2008 the cost basis of our investment securities classified as available for sale exceeded their estimated fair value at that same date by $16.3 million. This amount is included in the accumulated other comprehensive loss section of shareholders’ equity.


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Our methodology for determining the allowance and related provision for loan losses is described above in “Portfolio Loans and asset quality.” In particular, this area of accounting requires a significant amount of judgment because a multitude of factors can influence the ultimate collection of a loan or other type of credit. It is extremely difficult to precisely measure the amount of losses that are probable in our loan portfolio. We use a rigorous process to attempt to accurately quantify the necessary allowance and related provision for loan losses, but there can be no assurance that our modeling process will successfully identify all of the losses that are probable in our loan portfolio. As a result, we could record future provisions for loan losses that may be significantly different than the levels that we recorded in 2008.
 
At December 31, 2008 we had approximately $12.0 million of mortgage loan servicing rights capitalized on our balance sheet. There are several critical assumptions involved in establishing the value of this asset including estimated future prepayment speeds on the underlying mortgage loans, the interest rate used to discount the net cash flows from the mortgage loan servicing, the estimated amount of ancillary income that will be received in the future (such as late fees) and the estimated cost to service the mortgage loans. We believe the assumptions that we utilize in our valuation are reasonable based upon accepted industry practices for valuing mortgage loan servicing rights and represent neither the most conservative or aggressive assumptions. We recorded an increase in the valuation allowance on capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights of $4.3 million in 2008 as mortgage loan interest rates declined significantly at the end of the year resulting in utilizing much higher estimated future prepayment rates in our determination of the value of this asset.
 
We use a variety of derivative instruments to manage our interest rate risk. These derivative instruments may include interest rate swaps, collars, floors and caps and mandatory forward commitments to sell mortgage loans. Under SFAS #133 the accounting for increases or decreases in the value of derivatives depends upon the use of the derivatives and whether the derivatives qualify for hedge accounting. At December 31, 2008 we had approximately $310.5 million in notional amount of derivative financial instruments that qualified for hedge accounting under SFAS #133. As a result, generally, changes in the fair market value of those derivative financial instruments qualifying as cash flow hedges are recorded in other comprehensive income. The changes in the fair value of those derivative financial instruments qualifying as fair value hedges are recorded in earnings and, generally, are offset by the change in the fair value of the hedged item which is also recorded in earnings. The fair value of derivative financial instruments qualifying for hedge accounting was a negative $5.6 million at December 31, 2008.
 
Our accounting for income taxes involves the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities primarily associated with differences in the timing of the recognition of revenues and expenses for financial reporting and tax purposes. At December 31, 2008 we had gross deferred tax assets of $48.3 million, gross deferred tax liabilities of $5.3 million and a valuation allowance of $36.2 million that was established in 2008, resulting in a net deferred tax asset of $6.9 million. SFAS #109 requires that companies assess whether a valuation allowance should be established against their deferred tax assets based on the consideration of all available evidence using a “more likely than not” standard. In accordance with SFAS #109, we reviewed our deferred tax assets and determined that based upon a number of factors including our declining operating performance since 2005 and our net operating loss in 2008, overall negative trends in the bank industry and our expectation that our operating results will continue to be negatively affected by the overall economic environment, we should establish a valuation allowance for the majority of our deferred tax assets. In the last quarter of 2008, we recorded a $36.2 million valuation allowance, which consisted of $27.6 million recognized as income tax expense and $8.6 million recognized through the accumulated other comprehensive loss component of shareholders’ equity. We had recorded no valuation allowance on our net deferred tax asset in prior years because we believed that the tax benefits associated with this asset would more likely than not, be realized. Changes in tax laws, changes in tax rates and our future level of earnings can impact the ultimate realization of our net deferred tax asset as well as the valuation allowance that we established in 2008.
 
At December 31, 2008 we had $16.7 million of goodwill. Under SFAS #142, amortization of goodwill ceased, and instead this asset must be periodically tested for impairment. We test our goodwill for impairment utilizing the methodology and guidelines established in SFAS #142. This methodology involves assumptions regarding the valuation of the business segments that contain the acquired entities. We believe that the assumptions we utilize are reasonable. During 2008 we recorded a $50.0 million goodwill impairment charge. In the fourth quarter of 2008 we updated our goodwill impairment testing (interim tests had also been performed in the second and third quarters of


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2008). Our common stock price dropped even further in the fourth quarter resulting in a wider difference between our market capitalization and book value. The results of the year end goodwill impairment testing showed that the estimated fair value of our bank reporting unit was less than the carrying value of equity. Under SFAS #142 this necessitated a step 2 analysis and valuation. Based on the step 2 analysis (which involved determining the fair value of our bank’s assets, liabilities and identifiable intangibles) we concluded that goodwill was now impaired, resulting in this $50.0 million charge. The remaining goodwill at year-end of $16.7 million is at our Mepco reporting unit and the testing performed indicated that this goodwill was not impaired. Mepco had net income from continuing operations of $10.7 million and $5.1 million in 2008 and 2007, respectively. Based primarily on Mepco’s estimated future earnings, the fair value of this reporting unit (utilizing a discounted cash flow method) was determined to be in excess of its carrying value. We also recorded smaller goodwill impairment charges in 2007 and 2006 (See “Results of Operations — Non-interest expense.”). We may incur additional impairment charges related to our remaining goodwill in the future due to changes in business prospects or other matters at Mepco that could affect our valuation assumptions.


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MANAGEMENT’S ANNUAL REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL
OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
 
The management of Independent Bank Corporation is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to us and the board of directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements.
 
All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.
 
We assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008. In making this assessment, we used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control — Integrated Framework. Based on our assessment, management has concluded that as of December 31, 2008, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
 
Our independent auditors have issued an audit report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Their report immediately follows our report.
 
     
-s- Michael M. Magee, Jr.   -s- Robert N. Shuster
Michael M. Magee, Jr.
President and Chief
Executive Officer
  Robert N. Shuster
Executive Vice President
and Chief Financial Officer
 
Independent Bank Corporation
March 9, 2009


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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
 
Board of Directors and Shareholders
Independent Bank Corporation
Ionia, Michigan
 
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition of Independent Bank Corporation as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, and the related consolidated statements of operations, shareholders’ equity, comprehensive income, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2008. We also have audited Independent Bank Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Independent Bank Corporation’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and an opinion on the company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits.
 
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
 
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
 
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Independent Bank Corporation as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2008 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, Independent Bank Corporation maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
 
-s- Crowe Horwath LLP
 
Grand Rapids, Michigan
March 9, 2009


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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
 
                 
    December 31,  
    2008     2007  
    (In thousands, except share amounts)  
 
ASSETS
Cash and due from banks
  $ 57,705     $ 79,289  
Trading securities
    1,929          
Securities available for sale
    215,412       364,194  
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank stock, at cost
    28,063       21,839  
Loans held for sale, carried at fair value at December 31, 2008
    27,603       33,960  
Loans
               
Commercial
    976,391       1,066,276  
Mortgage
    839,496       873,945  
Installment
    356,806       368,478  
Finance receivables
    286,836       209,631  
                 
Total Loans
    2,459,529       2,518,330  
Allowance for loan losses
    (57,900 )     (45,294 )
                 
Net Loans
    2,401,629       2,473,036  
Other real estate and repossessed assets
    19,998       9,723  
Property and equipment, net
    73,318       73,558  
Bank owned life insurance
    44,896       42,934  
Goodwill
    16,734       66,754  
Other intangibles
    12,190       15,262  
Capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights
    11,966       15,780  
Accrued income and other assets
    44,802       51,187  
                 
Total Assets
  $ 2,956,245     $ 3,247,516  
                 
 
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Deposits
               
Non-interest bearing
  $ 308,041     $ 294,332  
Savings and NOW
    907,187       987,299  
Retail time
    668,968       707,419  
Brokered time
    182,283       516,077  
                 
Total Deposits
    2,066,479       2,505,127  
Federal funds purchased
    750       54,452  
Other borrowings
    541,986       302,539  
Subordinated debentures
    92,888       92,888  
Financed premiums payable
    26,636       16,345  
Accrued expenses and other liabilities
    32,629       35,663  
                 
Total Liabilities
    2,761,368       3,007,014  
                 
Commitments and contingent liabilities
               
Shareholders’ Equity
               
Preferred stock, Series A, no par value, $1,000 liquidation preference per share — 200,000 shares authorized; 72,000 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2008
    68,456          
Common stock, $1.00 par value — 40,000,000 shares authorized; issued and outstanding; 23,013,980 shares at December 31, 2008 and 22,647,511 shares at December 31, 2007
    22,791       22,601  
Capital surplus
    200,687       195,302  
Retained earnings (accumulated deficit)
    (73,849 )     22,770  
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
    (23,208 )     (171 )
                 
Total Shareholders’ Equity
    194,877       240,502  
                 
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
  $ 2,956,245     $ 3,247,516  
                 
 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements


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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
 
                         
    Year Ended December 31,  
    2008     2007     2006  
    (In thousands, except per share amounts)  
 
INTEREST INCOME
                       
Interest and fees on loans
  $ 186,747     $ 202,361     $ 193,937  
Securities available for sale
                       
Taxable
    8,467       9,635       11,108  
Tax-exempt
    7,238       9,920       11,048  
Other investments
    1,284       1,338       802  
                         
Total Interest Income
    203,736       223,254       216,895  
                         
INTEREST EXPENSE
                       
Deposits
    46,697       89,060       74,290  
Other borrowings
    26,890       13,603       19,408  
                         
Total Interest Expense
    73,587       102,663       93,698  
                         
Net Interest Income
    130,149       120,591       123,197  
Provision for loan losses
    72,287       43,160       16,344  
                         
Net Interest Income After Provision for Loan Losses
    57,862       77,431       106,853  
                         
NON-INTEREST INCOME
                       
Service charges on deposit accounts
    24,223       24,251       19,936  
Net gains (losses) on assets
                       
Mortgage loans
    5,181       4,317       4,593  
Securities
    (14,961 )     (705 )     171  
VISA check card interchange income
    5,728       4,905       3,432  
Mortgage loan servicing
    (2,071 )     2,236       2,440  
Title insurance fees
    1,388       1,551       1,724  
Mepco litigation settlement
                    2,800  
Other income
    10,233       10,590       9,754  
                         
Total Non-interest Income
    29,721       47,145       44,850  
                         
NON-INTEREST EXPENSE
                       
Compensation and employee benefits
    55,179       55,811       50,801  
Occupancy, net
    11,852       10,624       9,626  
Loan and collection
    9,431       4,949       3,610  
Data processing
    7,148       6,957       5,619  
Furniture, fixtures and equipment
    7,074       7,633       7,057  
Advertising
    5,534       5,514       3,997  
Loss on other real estate and repossessed assets
    4,349       276       203  
Goodwill impairment
    50,020       343       3,575  
Other expenses
    25,597       23,617       21,728  
                         
Total Non-interest Expense
    176,184       115,724       106,216  
                         
Income (Loss) From Continuing Operations Before Income Tax
    (88,601 )     8,852       45,487  
Income tax expense (benefit)
    3,063       (1,103 )     11,662  
                         
Income (Loss) From Continuing Operations
    (91,664 )     9,955       33,825  
Discontinued operations, net of tax
            402       (622 )
                         
Net Income (Loss)
  $ (91,664 )   $ 10,357     $ 33,203  
                         
Preferred dividends
    215                  
                         
Net Income (Loss) Applicable to Common Stock
  $ (91,879 )   $ 10,357     $ 33,203  
                         
Income (loss) per common share from continuing operations
                       
Basic
  $ (4.04 )   $ 0.44     $ 1.48  
                         
Diluted
  $ (4.04 )   $ 0.44     $ 1.45  
                         
Net income (loss) per common share
                       
Basic
  $ (4.04 )   $ 0.46     $ 1.45  
                         
Diluted
  $ (4.04 )   $ 0.45     $ 1.43  
                         
Cash dividends declared per common share
  $ 0.14     $ 0.84     $ 0.78  
                         
 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements


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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
 
                                                 
                      Retained
    Accumulated
       
                      Earnings
    Other
    Total
 
    Preferred
    Common
    Capital
    (Accumulated
    Comprehensive
    Shareholders’
 
    Stock     Stock     Surplus     Deficit)     Income (Loss)     Equity  
    (In thousands)  
 
Balances at December 31, 2005
  $     $ 21,991     $ 179,913     $ 41,486     $ 4,869     $ 248,259  
Adjustment to beginning retained earnings pursuant to SAB 108
                            2,071               2,071  
                                                 
Adjusted balances, January 1, 2006
          21,991       179,913       43,557       4,869       250,330  
Net income for 2006
                            33,203               33,203  
Cash dividends declared, $.78 per share
                            (17,884 )             (17,884 )
5% stock dividend (1,087,048 shares)
            1,087       26,351       (27,456 )             (18 )
Issuance of 245,627 shares of common stock
            246       5,507                       5,753  
Repurchase and retirement of 459,089 shares of common stock
            (459 )     (11,530 )                     (11,989 )
Net change in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of $.7 million of related tax effect
                                    (1,228 )     (1,228 )
                                                 
Balances at December 31, 2006
          22,865       200,241       31,420       3,641       258,167  
Net income for 2007
                            10,357               10,357  
Cash dividends declared, $.84 per share
                            (19,007 )             (19,007 )
Issuance of 46,056 shares of common stock
            46       433                       479  
Share based compensation
            4       303                       307  
Repurchase and retirement of 313,728 shares of common stock
            (314 )     (5,675 )                     (5,989 )
Net change in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of $2.1 million related tax effect
                                    (3,812 )     (3,812 )
                                                 
Balances at December 31, 2007
          22,601       195,302       22,770       (171 )     240,502  
Net loss for 2008
                            (91,664 )             (91,664 )
Cash dividends
                                               
Common, declared — $.14 per share
                            (3,222 )             (3,222 )
Preferred, 5%
                            (180 )             (180 )
Issuance of preferred stock
    68,421                                       68,421  
Issuance of common stock warrants
                    3,579                       3,579  
Issuance of 171,977 shares of common stock
            172       1,236                       1,408  
Share based compensation
            35       553                       588  
Repurchase and retirement of 17,287 shares of common stock
            (17 )     17                       0  
Accretion of preferred stock discount
    35                       (35 )             0  
Reclassification adjustment upon adoption of SFAS #159
                            (1,518 )     1,518       0  
Net change in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of no related tax effect
                                    (24,555 )     (24,555 )
                                                 
Balances at December 31, 2008
  $ 68,456     $ 22,791     $ 200,687     $ (73,849 )   $ (23,208 )   $ 194,877  
                                                 
 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements


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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
 
                         
    2008     2007     2006  
    (In thousands)  
 
Net income (loss)
  $ (91,664 )   $ 10,357     $ 33,203  
Other comprehensive income (loss)
                       
Net change in unrealized gain (loss) on securities available for sale, including reclassification adjustments
    (19,626 )     (2,318 )     513  
Net change in unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments
    (4,929 )     (1,332 )     (1,409 )
Reclassification adjustment for accretion on settled derivative instruments
            (162 )     (332 )
                         
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
  $ (116,219 )   $ 6,545     $ 31,975  
                         
 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements


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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
 
                         
    Year Ended December 31,  
    2008     2007     2006  
    (In thousands)  
 
Net Income (Loss)
  $ (91,664 )   $ 10,357     $ 33,203  
                         
ADJUSTMENTS TO RECONCILE NET INCOME (LOSS) TO NET CASH FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
                       
Proceeds from the sale of trading securities
    2,688                  
Proceeds from sales of loans held for sale
    271,715       293,143       285,815  
Disbursements for loans held for sale
    (260,177 )     (290,940 )     (284,499 )
Provision for loan losses
    72,287       43,168       17,412  
Deferred federal income tax expense (benefit)
    10,936       (6,347 )     (2,328 )
Deferred loan fees
    (649 )     (1,068 )     309  
Depreciation, amortization of intangible assets and premiums and accretion of discounts on securities and loans
    (22,778 )     (12,555 )     (9,839 )
Net gains on sales of mortgage loans
    (5,181 )     (4,317 )     (4,593 )
Net (gains) losses on securities
    14,961       705       (171 )
Goodwill impairment
    50,020       343       3,575  
Share based compensation
    588       307          
Increase in accrued income and other assets
    (11,870 )     (7,859 )     (9,125 )
Decrease in accrued expenses and other liabilities
    (3,162 )     (7,290 )     (2,982 )
                         
Total Adjustments
    119,378       7,290       (6,426 )
                         
Net Cash From Operating Activities
    27,714       17,647       26,777  
                         
CASH FLOW FROM (USED IN) INVESTING ACTIVITIES
                       
Proceeds from the sale of securities available for sale
    80,348       61,520       1,283  
Proceeds from the maturity of securities available for sale
    29,979       38,509       20,007  
Principal payments received on securities available for sale
    21,775       30,752       35,813  
Purchases of securities available for sale
    (22,826 )     (65,366 )     (5,267 )
Purchase of Federal Home Loan Bank Stock
    (6,224 )                
Purchase of Federal Reserve Bank Stock
            (7,514 )        
Proceeds from sale of non-performing and other loans of concern
            4,315          
Portfolio loans originated, net of principal payments
    34,286       (62,107 )     (104,454 )
Acquisition of business offices, less cash paid
            210,053          
Proceeds from sale of insurance premium finance business
            175,901          
Settlement on business acquisition
                    (4,442 )
Capital expenditures
    (8,128 )     (10,342 )     (13,316 )
                         
Net Cash From (Used in) Investing Activities
    129,210       375,721       (70,376 )
                         
CASH FLOW FROM (USED IN) FINANCING ACTIVITIES
                       
Net increase (decrease) in total deposits
    (438,826 )     (508,797 )     124,352  
Net increase (decrease) in other borrowings and federal funds purchased
    135,039       (89,008 )     (41,331 )
Proceeds from Federal Home Loan Bank advances
    824,101       331,500       223,200  
Payments of Federal Home Loan Bank advances
    (770,395 )     (131,263 )     (239,453 )
Repayment of long-term debt
    (3,000 )     (2,000 )     (2,000 )
Net increase in financed premiums payable
    10,291       8,196       13,044  
Dividends paid
    (7,769 )     (18,874 )     (17,547 )
Repurchase of common stock
            (5,989 )     (11,989 )
Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock
    68,421                  
Proceeds from issuance of common stock warrants
    3,579                  
Proceeds from issuance of subordinated debt
            32,991          
Redemption of subordinated debt
            (4,300 )        
Proceeds from issuance of common stock
    51       156       1,046  
                         
Net Cash From (Used in) Financing Activities
    (178,508 )     (387,388 )     49,322  
                         
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents
    (21,584 )     5,980       5,723  
Change in cash and cash equivalents of discontinued operations
            167       (103 )
Cash and Cash Equivalents at Beginning of Year
    79,289       73,142       67,522  
                         
Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Year
  $ 57,705     $ 79,289     $ 73,142  
                         
Cash paid during the year for
                       
Interest
  $ 79,714     $ 107,797     $ 98,177  
Income taxes
    877       7,409       13,415  
Transfer of loans to other real estate
    20,609       11,244       4,381  
Common stock issued for acquisition of business
                    4,442  
 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 
NOTE 1 — ACCOUNTING POLICIES
 
The accounting and reporting policies and practices of Independent Bank Corporation and subsidiaries conform with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and prevailing practices within the banking industry. Our critical accounting policies include the assessment for other than temporary impairment on investment securities, the determination of the allowance for loan losses, the valuation of derivative financial instruments, the valuation of originated mortgage servicing rights, the valuation of deferred tax assets and the valuation of goodwill. We are required to make material estimates and assumptions that are particularly susceptible to changes in the near term as we prepare the consolidated financial statements and report amounts for each of these items. Actual results may vary from these estimates.
 
Our bank subsidiary transacts business in the single industry of commercial banking. Our bank’s activities cover traditional phases of commercial banking, including checking and savings accounts, commercial lending, direct and indirect consumer financing and mortgage lending. Our principal markets are the rural and suburban communities across lower Michigan that are served by our bank’s branches and loan production offices. The economies of these communities are relatively stable and reasonably diversified. We also provide payment plans to consumers to purchase extended automobile warranties through our wholly owned subsidiary, Mepco Finance Corporation (“Mepco”). Subject to established underwriting criteria, our bank subsidiary also participates in commercial lending transactions with certain non-affiliated banks and purchases mortgage loans from third-party originators. At December 31, 2008, 73% of our bank’s loan portfolio was secured by real estate.
 
On January 15, 2007 we sold substantially all of the assets of Mepco’s insurance premium finance business to Premium Financing Specialists, Inc. See note #27.
 
PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION — The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Independent Bank Corporation and its subsidiaries. The income, expenses, assets and liabilities of the subsidiaries are included in the respective accounts of the consolidated financial statements, after elimination of all material intercompany accounts and transactions.
 
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS — For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks, and federal funds sold. Generally, federal funds are sold for one-day periods. We report net cash flows for customer loan and deposit transactions, for short-term borrowings and for financed premiums payable.
 
LOANS HELD FOR SALE — Loans held for sale are carried at fair value at December 31, 2008 and at the lower of aggregate amortized cost or market value at December 31, 2007. Fair value adjustments, lower of cost or market value adjustments, as well as realized gains and losses, are recorded in current earnings. We recognize as separate assets the rights to service mortgage loans for others. The fair value of originated mortgage servicing rights has been determined based upon fair value indications for similar servicing. These mortgage servicing rights are amortized in proportion to and over the period of estimated net loan servicing income. We assess mortgage servicing rights for impairment based on the fair value of those rights. For purposes of measuring impairment, the primary characteristics used include interest rate, term and type. Amortization of and changes in the impairment reserve on servicing rights are included in mortgage loan servicing in the consolidated statements of operations.
 
TRANSFERS OF FINANCIAL ASSETS — Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales, when control over the assets has been relinquished. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when the assets have been isolated from us, the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and we do not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.
 
SECURITIES — We classify our securities as trading, held to maturity or available for sale. Trading securities are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term and are reported at fair value with realized and unrealized gains and losses included in earnings. Securities held to maturity represent those securities for which we have the positive intent and ability to hold until maturity and are reported at cost, adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts computed on the level-yield method. We did not have any


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
securities held to maturity at December 31, 2008 and 2007. Securities available for sale represent those securities not classified as trading or held to maturity and are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses, net of applicable income taxes reported in comprehensive income. We determine whether a decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis is other than temporary. If the decline in value is judged to be other than temporary, the cost basis of the security is written down to fair value as a new cost basis and the amount of the write-down is recognized as a charge to non-interest income. Gains and losses realized on the sale of securities available for sale are determined using the specific identification method and are recognized on a trade-date basis. Premiums and discounts are recognized in interest income computed on the level-yield method.
 
LOAN REVENUE RECOGNITION — Interest on loans is accrued based on the principal amounts outstanding. The accrual of interest income is discontinued when a loan becomes 90 days past due and the borrower’s capacity to repay the loan and collateral values appear insufficient. All interest accrued but not received for loans placed on non-accrual is reversed from interest income. Payments on such loans are generally applied to the principal balance until qualifying to be returned to accrual status. A non-accrual loan may be restored to accrual status when interest and principal payments are current and the loan appears otherwise collectible. Delinquency status is based on contractual terms of the loan agreement.
 
Certain loan fees and direct loan origination costs are deferred and recognized as an adjustment of yield generally over the contractual life of the related loan. Fees received in connection with loan commitments are deferred until the loan is advanced and are then recognized generally over the contractual life of the loan as an adjustment of yield. Fees on commitments that expire unused are recognized at expiration. Fees received for letters of credit are recognized as revenue over the life of the commitment.
 
ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES — Some loans will not be repaid in full. Therefore, an allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level which represents our best estimate of losses incurred. In determining the allowance and the related provision for loan losses, we consider four principal elements: (i) specific allocations based upon probable losses identified during the review of the loan portfolio, (ii) allocations established for other adversely rated loans, (iii) allocations based principally on historical loan loss experience, and (iv) additional allowances based on subjective factors, including local and general economic business factors and trends, portfolio concentrations and changes in the size and/or the general terms of the loan portfolios. Increases in the allowance are recorded by a provision for loan losses charged to expense. Although we periodically allocate portions of the allowance to specific loans and loan portfolios, the entire allowance is available for incurred losses. We generally charge-off homogenous residential mortgage, installment and finance receivable loans when they are deemed uncollectible or reach a predetermined number of days past due based on loan product, industry practice and other factors. Collection efforts may continue and recoveries may occur after a loan is charged against the allowance.
 
While we use relevant information to recognize losses on loans, additional provisions for related losses may be necessary based on changes in economic conditions, customer circumstances and other credit risk factors.
 
A loan is impaired when full payment under the loan terms is not expected. Generally, those commercial loans that are rated substandard, classified as non-performing or were classified as non-performing in the preceding quarter are evaluated for impairment. We measure our investment in an impaired loan based on one of three methods: the loan’s observable market price, the fair value of the collateral or the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate. Large groups of smaller balance homogeneous loans, such as installment, mortgage, and finance receivable loans are collectively evaluated for impairment, and accordingly, they are not separately identified for impairment disclosures.
 
The allowance for loan losses on unfunded commitments is determined in a similar manner to the allowance for loan losses and is recorded in accrued expenses and other liabilities.
 
PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT — Property and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization is computed using both straight-line and accelerated methods over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Buildings are generally depreciated over a period not exceeding 39 years


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
and equipment is generally depreciated over periods not exceeding 7 years. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of their estimated useful life or lease period.
 
BANK OWNED LIFE INSURANCE — We have purchased a group flexible premium non-participating variable life insurance contract on approximately 270 salaried employees in order to recover the cost of providing certain employee benefits. Bank owned life insurance is recorded at its cash surrender value or the amount that can be currently realized.
 
OTHER REAL ESTATE AND REPOSSESSED ASSETS — Other real estate at the time of acquisition is recorded at fair value, less estimated costs to sell, which becomes the property’s new basis. Fair value is typically determined by a third party appraisal of the property. Any write-downs at date of acquisition are charged to the allowance for loan losses. Expense incurred in maintaining assets, subsequent write-downs to reflect declines in value and gains or losses on the sale of other real estate are recorded in other expense in the consolidated statements of operations. Non-real estate repossessed assets are treated in a similar manner.
 
GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS — Goodwill results from business acquisitions and represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of acquired tangible assets and liabilities and identifiable intangible assets. Goodwill is assessed at least annually for impairment and any such impairment will be recognized in the period identified.
 
Other intangible assets consist of core deposit, customer relationship intangible assets and covenants not to compete. They are initially measured at fair value and then are amortized on both straight-line and accelerated methods over their estimated useful lives, which range from 5 to 15 years.
 
INCOME TAXES — We employ the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. This method establishes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of our assets and liabilities at tax rates expected to be in effect when such amounts are realized or settled. Under this method, the effect of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date. The deferred tax asset is subject to a valuation allowance for that portion of the asset for which it is more likely than not that it will not be realized.
 
Effective January 1, 2007 we adopted Interpretation No. 48, “Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes — an Interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109,” (“FIN #48”), which clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in a company’s financial statements in accordance with SFAS #109, “Accounting for Income Taxes.” FIN #48 prescribes a recognition and measurement threshold for a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. A tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded. The adoption of FIN #48 at January 1, 2007 did not have an impact on our financial statements.
 
We recognize interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense.
 
We file a consolidated federal income tax return. Intercompany tax liabilities are settled as if each subsidiary filed a separate return.
 
SECURITIES SOLD UNDER AGREEMENTS TO REPURCHASE — Securities sold under agreements to repurchase are treated as debt and are reflected as a liability in the consolidated statements of financial condition. The book value of securities pledged to secure the repurchase agreements remains in the securities portfolio.
 
FINANCED PREMIUMS PAYABLE — Financed premiums payable represent amounts owed to insurance companies or other counterparties for warranty payment plans provided by us for our customers.
 
DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS — Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 133, “Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities,” (“SFAS #133”) which was subsequently amended by Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 138 “Accounting for Certain Derivative Instruments and


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
Certain Hedging Activities,” requires companies to record derivatives on the balance sheet as assets and liabilities measured at their fair value. The accounting for increases and decreases in the value of derivatives depends upon the use of derivatives and whether the derivatives qualify for hedge accounting.
 
We record the fair value of cash-flow hedging instruments (“Cash Flow Hedges”) in accrued income and other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we adjust the balance sheet to reflect the then current fair value of the Cash Flow Hedges. The related gains or losses are reported in other comprehensive income and are subsequently reclassified into earnings, as a yield adjustment in the same period in which the related interest on the hedged items (primarily variable-rate debt obligations) affect earnings. To the extent that the Cash Flow Hedges are not effective, the ineffective portion of the Cash Flow Hedges are immediately recognized as interest expense.
 
We also record fair-value hedging instruments (“Fair Value Hedges”) at fair value in accrued income and other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities. The hedged items (primarily fixed-rate debt obligations) are also recorded at fair value through the statement of operations, which offsets the adjustment to the Fair Value Hedges. On an ongoing basis, we adjust the balance sheet to reflect the then current fair value of both the Fair Value Hedges and the respective hedged items. To the extent that the change in value of the Fair Value Hedges do not offset the change in the value of the hedged items, the ineffective portion is immediately recognized as interest expense.
 
Certain derivative financial instruments are not designated as hedges. The fair value of these derivative financial instruments have been recorded on our balance sheet and are adjusted on an ongoing basis to reflect their then current fair value. The changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments not designated as hedges, are recognized currently in earnings.
 
When hedge accounting is discontinued because it is determined that a derivative financial instrument no longer qualifies as a fair-value hedge, we continue to carry the derivative financial instrument on the balance sheet at its fair value, and no longer adjust the hedged item for changes in fair value. The adjustment of the carrying amount of the previously hedged item is accounted for in the same manner as other components of similar instruments. When hedge accounting is discontinued because it is probable that a forecasted transaction will not occur, we continue to carry the derivative financial instrument on the balance sheet at its fair value, and gains and losses that were included in accumulated other comprehensive income are recognized immediately in earnings. In all other situations in which hedge accounting is discontinued, we continue to carry the derivative financial instrument at its fair value on the balance sheet and recognize any changes in its fair value in earnings.
 
When a derivative financial instrument that qualified for hedge accounting is settled and the hedged item remains, the gain or loss on the derivative financial instrument is accreted or amortized over the life that remained on the settled derivative financial instrument.
 
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME — Statement of Financial Accounting Standards, No. 130, “Reporting Comprehensive Income,” established standards for reporting comprehensive income, which consists of unrealized gains and losses on securities available for sale and derivative instruments classified as cash flow hedges. The net change in unrealized gain on securities available for sale reflects net losses reclassified into earnings of $4.6 million in 2008 and reflects net gains reclassified into earnings of $0.7 million and $.2 million in 2007 and 2006, respectively. The reclassification of these amounts from comprehensive income resulted in an income tax benefit of $1.6 million in 2008 and income tax expense of $0.2 million and $0.1 million in 2007 and 2006, respectively.
 
EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE — Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income applicable to common stock divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. For diluted earnings per common share net income applicable to common stock is divided by the weighted average number common shares outstanding during the period plus amounts representing the dilutive effect of stock options outstanding, unvested restricted shares and stock units for deferred compensation plan for non-employee directors. For any period in which a loss is recorded, the assumed exercise of stock options, unvested restricted stock and stock units for deferred compensation plan for non-employee directors would have an anti-dilutive impact on the loss per share and thus are ignored in the diluted per share calculation.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
STOCK BASED COMPENSATION — Compensation cost is recognized for stock options and non-vested share awards issued to employees, based on the fair value of these awards at the date of grant. A Black-Scholes model is utilized to estimate the fair value of stock options, while the market price of our common stock at the date of grant is used for non-vested share awards. Compensation cost is recognized over the required service period, generally defined as the vesting period.
 
COMMON STOCK — At December 31, 2008, 0.5 million shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under the dividend reinvestment plan and 1.7 million shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under our long-term incentive plans.
 
RECLASSIFICATION — Certain amounts in the 2007 and 2006 consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform with the 2008 presentation.
 
ADOPTION OF NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS — On January 12, 2009 the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Staff Position No. EITF 99-20-1 “Amendments to the Impairment Guidance of EITF Issue No. 99-20.” In particular, this new FASB Staff Position (“FSP”) strikes the language that required the use of market participant assumptions about future cash flows from EITF 99-20. This change now permits the use of reasonable management judgment about whether it is probable that all previously projected cash flows will not be collected in determining other than temporary impairment. This FSP is effective for interim and annual reporting periods ending after December 15, 2008. The adoption of this FSP did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
 
In December 2007, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 141 (revised 2007), “Business Combinations”. This standard establishes principles and requirements for how an acquirer recognizes and measures in its financial statements the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any noncontrolling interest in an acquiree, including the recognition and measurement of goodwill acquired in a business combination. This standard is effective for fiscal years beginning on or after December 15, 2008. Earlier adoption is prohibited. We will apply the new disclosure requirements in 2009. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
 
In March 2008, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 161, “Disclosures about Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities, an amendment of SFAS No. 133”. This standard amends and expands the disclosure requirements of SFAS #133 and requires qualitative disclosure about objectives and strategies for using derivative and hedging instruments, quantitative disclosures about fair value amounts of the instruments and gains and losses on such instruments, as well as disclosures about credit-risk features in derivative agreements. This standard is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after November 15, 2008, with early application encouraged. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
 
In September 2006, the FASB issued of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 157, “Fair Value Measurements” (“SFAS #157”). This Statement defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. This Statement establishes a fair value hierarchy about the assumptions used to measure fair value and clarifies assumptions about risk and the effect of a restriction on the sale or use of an asset. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007. In February 2008, the FASB issued Staff Position 157-2, “Effective Date of FASB Statement No. 157”. This FSP delays the effective date of SFAS #157 for all non-financial assets and non-financial liabilities, except those that are recognized or disclosed at fair value on a recurring basis (at least annually) to fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2008, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption of this statement on January 1, 2008 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In October 2008, the FASB issued FSP 157-3, “Determining the Fair Value of a Financial Asset when the Market for that Asset is Not Active”. This FSP clarifies the application of SFAS #157 in a market that is not active. The adoption of this FSP did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
In February 2007, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 159, “The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities,” (“SFAS #159”). The statement provides companies with an option to report selected financial assets and liabilities at fair value and establishes presentation and disclosure requirements designed to facilitate comparisons between companies that choose different measurement attributes for similar types of assets and liabilities. This standard was effective for us on January 1, 2008. We elected the fair value option for certain securities available for sale that existed at January 1, 2008 and for loans held for sale originated on or after January 1, 2008. The cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings resulting from the adoption of SFAS #159 was an after tax decrease of $1.5 million. This amount was reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income.
 
In November 2007, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) released Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 109, “Written Loan Commitments Recorded at Fair Value through Earnings” (“SAB 109”). Previously, Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 105, “Application of Accounting Principles to Loan Commitments” (“SAB 105”) stated that in measuring the fair value of a derivative loan commitment, a company should not incorporate the expected net future cash flows related to the associated servicing of the loan. SAB 109 supersedes SAB 105 and indicates that the expected net future cash flows related to the associated servicing of the loan should be included in measuring fair value for all written loan commitments that are accounted for at fair value through earnings. SAB 105 also indicated that internally-developed intangible assets should not be recorded as part of the fair value of a derivative loan commitment, and SAB 109 retains that view. SAB 109 was effective for derivative loan commitments issued or modified in fiscal quarters beginning after December 15, 2007. The adoption of SAB 109, did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
 
Effective January 1, 2007 we adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 156, “Accounting for Servicing of Financial Assets, an amendment of FASB Statement No. 140,” (“SFAS #156”). This statement amended SFAS #140, “Accounting for Transfers and Servicing of Financial Assets and Extinguishment of Liabilities”, to permit entities to choose to either subsequently measure servicing rights at fair value and report changes in fair value in earnings, or amortize servicing rights in proportion to and over the estimated net servicing income or loss and assess the rights for impairment or the need for an increased obligation. In addition, this statement (1) clarified when a servicer should separately recognize servicing assets and liabilities, (2) required all separately recognized servicing assets and liabilities to be initially measured at fair value, (3) permitted at the date of adoption, a one-time reclassification of available for sale (“AFS”) securities to trading securities without calling into question the treatment of other AFS securities under SFAS #115, “Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities” and (4) required additional disclosures for all separately recognized servicing assets and liabilities. This statement did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. We chose to amortize servicing rights in proportion to and over the estimated net servicing income or loss and assess the rights for impairment or the need for an increased obligation.
 
NOTE 2 — ACQUISITIONS
 
On March 23, 2007, we completed the acquisition of ten branches with total deposits of $241.4 million from TCF National Bank. In accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 141 “Business Combinations” and related interpretations, this acquisition was considered a business acquisition, as the acquired assets and assumed liabilities enable us to sustain a revenue stream and provide products and services to these customers without significant disruption or difficulty. We paid a premium of approximately $29.2 million, including capitalizable costs of acquisition, for this business. Approximately $10.8 million of this premium is attributable to the value of deposit customer relationships acquired, including core deposit value. This will be amortized over its expected life of 15 years. The remaining $18.4 million was recorded as goodwill and represents the intangible value of the work force in place and other attributes. This acquisition provides us with funds to payoff higher cost short term borrowings and brokered certificates of deposit and provides additional branch facilities from which to serve our customers and expand our services. Proforma information with respect to the estimated impact of this acquisition on our results of operations is not presented as it is not material.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
NOTE 3 — RESTRICTIONS ON CASH AND DUE FROM BANKS
 
Our bank is required to maintain reserve balances in the form of vault cash and non-interest earning balances with the Federal Reserve Bank. The average reserve balances to be maintained during 2008 and 2007 were $16.9 and $10.1 million, respectively. We do not maintain compensating balances with correspondent banks.
 
Note 4 — SECURITIES
 
Securities available for sale consist of the following at December 31:
 
                                 
    Amortized
    Unrealized        
    Cost     Gains     Losses     Fair Value  
    (In thousands)  
 
2008
                               
Mortgage-backed
  $ 96,297     $ 715     $ 12,096     $ 84,916  
Other asset-backed
    8,276       338       1,193       7,421  
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
    105,499       1,638       1,584       105,553  
Trust preferred
    17,874               5,168       12,706  
Preferred stock
    3,800       1,016               4,816  
                                 
Total
  $ 231,746     $ 3,707     $ 20,041     $ 215,412  
                                 
2007
                               
Mortgage-backed
  $ 109,967     $ 818     $ 1,306     $ 109,479  
Other asset-backed
    10,136       264               10,400  
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
    204,093       4,591       552       208,132  
Trust preferred
    9,687       340       42       9,985  
Preferred stock
    27,354               3,156       24,198  
Other
    2,000                       2,000  
                                 
Total
  $ 363,237     $ 6,013     $ 5,056     $ 364,194  
                                 


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
Our investments’ gross unrealized losses and fair values aggregated by investment type and length of time that individual securities have been at a continuous unrealized loss position, at December 31 follows:
 
                                                 
    Less Than Twelve Months     Twelve Months or More     Total  
          Unrealized
          Unrealized
          Unrealized
 
    Fair Value     Losses     Fair Value     Losses     Fair Value     Losses  
    (In thousands)  
 
2008
                                               
Mortgage-backed
  $ 28,124     $ 5,286     $ 13,590     $ 6,810     $ 41,714     $ 12,096  
Other asset backed
    5,838       1,193                       5,838       1,193  
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
    31,273       1,507       1,258       77       32,531       1,584  
Trust preferred
    9,490       2,409       3,132       2,759       12,622       5,168  
                                                 
Total
  $ 74,725     $ 10,395     $ 17,980     $ 9,646     $ 92,705     $ 20,041  
                                                 
2007
                                               
Mortgage-backed
  $ 11,067     $ 340     $ 64,838     $ 966     $ 75,905     $ 1,306  
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
    3,153       410       7,638       142       10,791       552  
Trust preferred
    1,820       42                       1,820       42  
Preferred stock
    14,198       3,156                       14,198       3,156  
                                                 
Total
  $ 30,238     $ 3,948     $ 72,476     $ 1,108     $ 102,714     $ 5,056  
                                                 
 
We evaluate securities for other-than-temporary impairment at least quarterly and more frequently when economic or market concerns warrant such evaluation. Consideration is given to the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, the financial condition of the issuer, including review of recent credit ratings, and our ability and intent to retain the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery of fair value.
 
Mortgage-backed and other asset backed securities — at December 31, 2008 we had 45 securities whose fair market value is less than amortized cost. These securities include both agency and private label mortgage-backed securities. The unrealized losses are largely attributed to credit spread widening on these securities. We have satisfactory relationships between non-performing assets and subordination levels in each security and continue to receive principal reductions. All of the issues are rated by a major rating agency as investment grade. As management has the ability and intent to hold these securities until their forecasted recovery, no declines are deemed to be other than temporary.
 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions — at December 31, 2008 we had 118 municipal securities whose fair market value is less than amortized cost. The unrealized losses are largely attributed to a widening of market spreads and continued illiquidity for certain issues. The majority of the securities are rated by a major rating agency as investment grade. As management has the ability and intent to hold these securities until their forecasted recovery, no declines are deemed to be other than temporary.
 
Trust preferred securities — at December 31, 2008 we had eight securities whose fair market value is less than amortized cost. There were no credit issues relating to these securities. Pricing of trust preferred securities has suffered from credit spread widening fueled by uncertainty regarding potential losses of financial companies, the absence of a liquid functioning secondary market and potential supply concerns from financial companies issuing new debt to recapitalize themselves. Six of the eight securities are rated by a major rating agency as investment grade while the other two are non-rated. As management has the ability and intent to hold these securities until their forecasted recovery no declines are deemed to be other than temporary.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
During 2008 we recorded an other than temporary impairment charge on a certain trust preferred security in the amount of $0.2 million and in 2007 we recorded other than temporary impairment charges on certain Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac preferred stocks in the amount of $1.0 million. In these instances we believed that the decline in value is directly due to matters other than changes in interest rates (such as underlying collateral deficiencies or financial difficulties or other challenges encountered by the issuer), are not expected to be recovered within a reasonable timeframe based upon available information and were therefore other than temporary in nature.
 
The amortized cost and fair value of securities available for sale at December 31, 2008, by contractual maturity, follow. The actual maturity will differ from the contractual maturity because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
 
                 
    Amortized
    Fair
 
    Cost     Value  
    (In thousands)  
 
Maturing within one year
  $ 3,740     $ 3,775  
Maturing after one year but within five years
    20,177       20,617  
Maturing after five years but within ten years
    30,730       31,349  
Maturing after ten years
    68,726       62,518  
                 
      123,373       118,259  
Mortgage-backed
    96,297       84,916  
Other asset-backed
    8,276       7,421  
Preferred stock
    3,800       4,816  
                 
Total
  $ 231,746     $ 215,412  
                 
 
A summary of proceeds from the sale of securities and gains and losses follows:
 
                         
    Realized  
    Proceeds     Gains     Losses(1)  
    (In thousands)  
 
2008
  $ 80,348     $ 1,903     $ 112  
2007
    61,520       327       32  
2006
    1,283       171          
 
 
(1) Losses in 2008 exclude a $6.2 million write-down related to the dissolution of a money-market auction rate security and the distribution of the underlying preferred stock and $0.2 million of other than temporary impairment and losses in 2007 exclude $1.0 million of other than temporary impairment charges on preferred stock
 
During 2008 our trading securities consisted of various preferred stocks. Net losses on trading securities was $10.4 million during 2008 and is included in net gains (losses) on securities in the consolidated statements of operations. Of this amount, $2.8 million relates to losses recognized on trading securities still held at December 31, 2008.
 
Securities with a book value of $94.2 million and $46.2 million at December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively, were pledged to secure borrowings, public deposits and for other purposes as required by law. There were no investment obligations of state and political subdivisions that were payable from or secured by the same source of revenue or taxing authority that exceeded 10% of consolidated shareholders’ equity at December 31, 2008 or 2007.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
NOTE 5 — LOANS
 
Our loan portfolios at December 31 follow:
 
                 
    2008     2007  
    (In thousands)  
 
Real estate(1)
               
Residential first mortgages
  $ 760,201     $ 758,500  
Residential home equity and other junior mortgages
    229,865       239,965  
Construction and land development
    127,092       229,638  
Other(2)
    666,876       691,505  
Finance receivables
    286,836       209,631  
Commercial
    207,516       199,659  
Consumer
    171,747       178,622  
Agricultural
    9,396       10,810  
                 
Total loans
  $ 2,459,529     $ 2,518,330  
                 
 
 
(1) Includes both residential and non-residential commercial loans secured by real estate.
 
(2) Includes loans secured by multi-family residential and non-farm, non-residential property.
 
Loans are presented net of deferred loan fees of $.6 million at December 31, 2008 and $1.3 million at December 31, 2007. Finance receivables totaling $307.4 million and $223.5 million at December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively, are presented net of unamortized discount of $21.2 million and $14.7 million at December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively. These finance receivables had effective interest rates at December 31, 2008 and 2007 of 14.0% and 12.6%, respectively. These receivables have various due dates through 2010.
 
An analysis of the allowance for loan losses for the years ended December 31 follows:
 
                                                 
    2008     2007     2006  
    Loan
    Unfunded
    Loan
    Unfunded
    Loan
    Unfunded
 
    Losses     Commitments     Losses     Commitments     Losses     Commitments  
    (In thousands)  
 
Balance at beginning of year
  $ 45,294     $ 1,936     $ 26,879     $ 1,881     $ 22,420     $ 1,820  
Provision charged to operating expense
    72,079       208       43,105       55       16,283       61  
Recoveries credited to allowance
    3,489               2,346               2,237          
Loans charged against the allowance
    (62,962 )             (27,036 )             (14,061 )        
                                                 
Balance at end of year
  $ 57,900     $ 2,144     $ 45,294     $ 1,936     $ 26,879     $ 1,881  
                                                 
 
Non-performing loans at December 31 follows:
 
                         
    2008     2007     2006  
    (In thousands)  
 
Non-accrual loans
  $ 122,639     $ 72,682     $ 35,683  
Loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing interest
    2,626       4,394       3,479  
Restructured loans
            173       60  
                         
Total non-performing loans
  $ 125,265     $ 77,249     $ 39,222  
                         
 
Non performing loans includes both smaller balance homogeneous loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment and individually classified impaired loans. If these loans had continued to accrue interest in accordance


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
with their original terms, approximately $7.2 million, $4.7 million, and $1.9 million of interest income would have been recognized in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. Interest income recorded on these loans was approximately $0.4 million, $0.6 million and $0.4 million in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively.
 
Impaired loans at December 31, follow:
 
                 
    2008     2007  
    (In thousands)  
 
Impaired loans with no allocated allowance
  $ 14,228     $ 7,851  
Impaired loans with an allocated allowance
    76,960       53,406  
                 
Total impaired loans
  $ 91,188     $ 61,257  
                 
Amount of allowance for loan losses allocated
  $ 16,788     $ 10,713  
                 
 
Our average investment in impaired loans was approximately $84.2 million, $40.3 million and $13.1 million in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. Cash receipts on impaired loans on non-accrual status are generally applied to the principal balance. Interest income recognized on impaired loans was approximately $0.6 million, $0.5 million and $0.2 million in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively of which the majority of these amounts were received in cash.
 
Mortgage loans serviced for others are not reported as assets. The principal balances of these loans at year end are as follows:
 
                         
    2008     2007     2006  
    (In thousands)  
 
Mortage loans serviced for:
                       
Fannie Mae
  $ 931,904     $ 933,353     $ 919,373  
Freddie Mac
    721,777       699,297       651,809  
Other
    433       598       620  
                         
Total
  $ 1,654,114     $ 1,633,248     $ 1,571,802  
                         
 
An analysis of capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights for the years ended December 31 follows:
 
                         
    2008     2007     2006  
    (In thousands)  
 
Balance at beginning of year
  $ 15,780     $ 14,782     $ 13,439  
Originated servicing rights capitalized
    2,405       2,873       2,862  
Amortization
    (1,887 )     (1,624 )     (1,462 )
Change in valuation allowance
    (4,332 )     (251 )     (57 )
                         
Balance at end of year
  $ 11,966     $ 15,780     $ 14,782  
                         
Valuation allowance
  $ 4,651     $ 319     $ 68  
                         
Loans sold and serviced that have had servicing rights capitalized
  $ 1,647,664     $ 1,623,797     $ 1,562,107  
                         
 
The fair value of capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights was $12.2 million and $19.2 million at December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively. Fair value was determined using an average coupon rate of 6.06%, average servicing fee of 0.258%, average discount rate of 9.82% and an average PSA rate of 360 for December 31, 2008; and an average coupon rate of 6.08%, average servicing fee of 0.257%, average discount rate of 9.54% and an average PSA rate of 225 for December 31, 2007.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
NOTE 6 — OTHER REAL ESTATE OWNED
 
During 2008 and 2007 we foreclosed on certain loans secured by real estate and transferred approximately $20.6 and $11.2 million to other real estate in each of those years, respectively. At the time of acquisition amounts were charged-off against the allowance for loan losses to bring the carrying amount of these properties to their estimated fair values, less estimated costs to sell. During 2008 and 2007 we sold other real estate with book balances of approximately $7.2 million and $4.7 million, respectively. Gains or losses on the sale of other real estate are included in non-interest expense on the income statement.
 
We periodically review our real estate owned properties and establish valuation allowances on these properties if values have declined since the date of acquisition. An analysis of our valuation allowance for other real estate owned follows:
 
         
    2008  
    (In thousands)  
 
Balance at beginning of year
  $  
Additions charged to expense
    3,130  
Direct write-downs
    767  
         
Balance at end of year
  $ 2,363  
         
 
We had no valuation allowance at December 31, 2007 and 2006.
 
Other real estate and repossessed assets totaling $20.0 million and $9.7 million at December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively are presented net of valuation allowance.
 
NOTE 7 — PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT
 
A summary of property and equipment at December 31 follows:
 
                 
    2008     2007  
    (In thousands)  
 
Land
  $ 19,298     $ 18,473  
Buildings
    68,433       64,250  
Equipment
    66,171       63,336  
                 
      153,902       146,059  
Accumulated depreciation and amortization
    (80,584 )     (72,501 )
                 
Property and equipment, net
  $ 73,318     $ 73,558  
                 
 
Depreciation expense was $8.3 million, $8.5 million and $8.1 million in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
NOTE 8 — INTANGIBLE ASSETS
 
Intangible assets, net of amortization, at December 31 follows:
 
                                 
    2008     2007  
    Gross
          Gross
       
    Carrying
    Accumulated
    Carrying
    Accumulated
 
    Amount     Amortization     Amount     Amortization  
          (In thousands)        
 
Amortized intangible assets
                               
Core deposit
  $ 31,326     $ 19,381     $ 31,326     $ 16,648  
Customer relationship
    1,302       1,165       1,302       1,099  
Covenants not to compete
    1,520       1,412       1,520       1,139  
                                 
Total
  $ 34,148     $ 21,958     $ 34,148     $ 18,886  
                                 
Unamortized intangible assets — Goodwill
  $ 16,734             $ 66,754          
                                 
 
Intangible amortization expense was $3.1 million, $3.4 million and $2.4 million in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively.
 
A summary of estimated intangible amortization, primarily amortization of core deposit, customer relationship and covenant not to compete intangibles, at December 31, 2008, follows:
 
         
    (In thousands)  
 
2009
  $ 1,838  
2010
    1,310  
2011
    1,398  
2012
    1,115  
2013
    1,086  
2014 and thereafter
    5,443  
         
Total
  $ 12,190  
         
 
Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by reporting segment for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, follows:
 
                                 
    IB     Mepco     Other(1)     Total  
    (In thousands)  
 
Goodwill
                               
Balance at January 1, 2007
  $ 31,632     $ 16,734     $ 343     $ 48,709  
Acquired during the year
    18,388 (2)                     18,388  
Impairment
    (343 )                     (343 )
                                 
Balance at December 31, 2007
    49,677       16,734       343       66,754  
Acquired during the year
                            0  
Impairment
    (49,677 )             (343 )     (50,020 )
                                 
Balance at December 31, 2008
  $ 0     $ 16,734     $ 0     $ 16,734  
                                 
 
 
(1) Includes items relating to our parent company.
 
(2) Goodwill associated with the acquisition of 10 branches from TCF Bank (see note #2).
 
During 2008 we recorded a $50.0 million goodwill impairment charge. In the fourth quarter of 2008 we updated our goodwill impairment testing (interim tests had also been performed in the second and third quarters of


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
2008). Our common stock price dropped even further in the fourth quarter resulting in a wider difference between our market capitalization and book value. The results of the year end goodwill impairment testing showed that the estimated fair value of our bank reporting unit was less than the carrying value of equity. Under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 142 — Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (“SFAS #142”), this necessitated a step 2 analysis and valuation. Based on the step 2 analysis (which involved determining the fair value of our bank’s assets, liabilities and identifiable intangibles) we concluded that goodwill was now impaired, resulting in this $50.0 million charge. The remaining goodwill at year-end of $16.7 million is at our Mepco reporting unit and the testing performed indicated that this goodwill was not impaired. Mepco had net income from continuing operations of $10.7 million and $5.1 million in 2008 and 2007, respectively. Based primarily on Mepco’s estimated future earnings, the fair value of this reporting unit (utilizing a discounted cash flow method) was determined to be in excess of its carrying value. A portion of the $50.0 goodwill impairment charge was tax deductible and a $6.3 million tax benefit was recorded related to this charge.
 
During 2007 and 2006 we recorded goodwill impairment charges of $0.3 million and $1.2 million at First Home Financial (FHF) which was acquired in 1998. Based on the fair value of FHF the goodwill associated with FHF was reduced from $1.5 million to $0.3 million at December 31, 2006. Due to a continued decline in business in 2007, goodwill was written down to zero. These amounts are included in goodwill impairment in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. FHF was a loan origination company based in Grand Rapids, Michigan that specialized in the financing of manufactured homes located in mobile home parks or communities and was a subsidiary of our IB segment above. Revenues and profits had declined at FHF over the last few years and had continued to decline through the second quarter of 2007. As a result of these declines, the operations of FHF ceased effective June 15, 2007 and this entity was dissolved on June 30, 2007.
 
Also during 2006 we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $2.4 million at Mepco which was acquired during 2003. Mepco provides payment plans to consumers to finance the purchase of vehicle service contracts (warranty business). During 2006 we executed a definitive agreement to sell the insurance premium financing line of business at Mepco (see note #27). Goodwill was then allocated between the warranty business and the insurance premium finance business based on the respective fair values of each line of business. The fair value of the insurance premium finance business was based on the price at which this business was sold on January 15, 2007. As a result of this analysis, it was determined that the goodwill allocated to the warranty business at Mepco was impaired. This amount is included in goodwill impairment in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 
NOTE 9 — DEPOSITS
 
A summary of interest expense on deposits for the years ended December 31 follows:
 
                         
    2008     2007     2006  
    (In thousands)  
 
Savings and NOW
  $ 10,262     $ 18,768     $ 13,604  
Time deposits under $100,000
    28,572       61,664       54,241  
Time deposits of $100,000 or more
    7,863       8,628       6,445  
                         
Total
  $ 46,697     $ 89,060     $ 74,290  
                         
 
Aggregate time deposits in denominations of $100,000 or more amounted to $191.2 million and $218.6 million at December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
A summary of the maturity of time deposits at December 31, 2008, follows:
 
         
    (In thousands)  
 
2009
  $ 624,674  
2010
    134,512  
2011
    54,642  
2012
    15,234  
2013
    18,227  
2014 and thereafter
    3,962  
         
Total
  $ 851,251  
         
 
Time deposits acquired through broker relationships totaled $182.3 million and $516.1 million at December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively.
 
NOTE 10 — OTHER BORROWINGS
 
A summary of other borrowings at December 31 follows:
 
                 
    2008     2007  
    (In thousands)  
 
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank
  $ 314,214     $ 260,509  
Federal Reserve Bank borrowings
    189,500          
Repurchase agreements
    35,000       35,000  
U.S. Treasury demand notes
    3,270       4,025  
Notes payable
    0       3,000  
Other
    2       5  
                 
Total
  $ 541,986     $ 302,539  
                 
 
Advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) are secured by unencumbered qualifying mortgage and home equity loans equal to at least 130% and 250%, respectively of outstanding advances. Advances are also secured by FHLB stock that we own. As of December 31, 2008, we had unused borrowing capacity with the FHLB (subject to the FHLB’s credit requirements and policies) of $84.8 million. Interest expense on advances amounted to $12.6 million, $4.6 million and $4.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. $0.5 million of FHLB advances were terminated during 2008 with no realized gain or loss. No FHLB advances were prepaid during 2007 or 2006.
 
As a member of the FHLB, we must own FHLB stock equal to the greater of 1.0% of the unpaid principal balance of residential mortgage loans or 5.0% of our outstanding advances. At December 31, 2008, we were in compliance with the FHLB stock ownership requirements.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
The maturity and weighted average interest rates of FHLB advances at December 31 follow:
 
                                 
    2008     2007  
    Amount     Rate     Amount     Rate  
    (Dollars in thousands)  
 
Fixed-rate advances
                               
2008
                  $ 185,997       4.66 %
2009
  $ 68,000       2.44 %     26,491       4.03  
2010
    6,000       7.46       6,000       7.46  
2011
    220,750       3.45       2,250       5.89  
2012
    384       6.90       392       6.90  
2013
    0                          
2014 and thereafter
    19,080       6.53       19,379       6.40  
                                 
Total fixed-rate advances
    314,214       3.50       240,509       4.81  
                                 
Variable-rate advances
                               
2007
                               
2008
                    20,000       4.35  
                                 
Total variable-rate advances
    0               20,000       4.35  
                                 
Total advances
  $ 314,214       3.50 %   $ 260,509       4.77 %
                                 
 
Borrowings from the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) are secured by qualifying commercial and consumer loans as well as certain securities available for sale. As of December 31, 2008, we had unused borrowing capacity with the FRB (subject to the FRB’s credit requirements and policies) of $525.7 million. All FRB borrowings mature in 2009 and had a weighted average interest rate of 0.54% at December 31, 2008. Interest expense on these borrowings amounted to $3.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2008. No interest expense was incurred on FRB borrowings during 2007 and 2006. FRB borrowings averaged $182.9 million during 2008. The maximum amount outstanding at any month end during 2008 was $331.0 million. We had no FRB borrowings outstanding during 2007 and 2006.
 
Repurchase agreements are secured by mortgage-backed securities with a carrying value of approximately $39.0 million and $38.1 million at December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively. These securities are being held by the counterparty to the repurchase agreement. The cost of funds on repurchase agreements at December 31, 2008 and 2007 approximated 4.42%.
 
Repurchase agreements averaged $35.0 million, $11.5 million and $91.9 million during 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. The maximum amounts outstanding at any month end during 2008, 2007 and 2006 were $35.0 million, $35.0 million and $122.7 million, respectively. Interest expense on repurchase agreements totaled $1.6 million, $0.6 million and $4.6 million, for the years ended 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. The $35.0 million of repurchase agreements at December 31, 2008 all mature in 2010. During 2006 we prepaid $26.8 million of repurchase agreements and incurred a loss of $0.03 million. These losses were recorded in other expenses. No repurchase agreements were prepaid during 2008 or 2006.
 
Interest expense on Federal funds purchased totaled $0.3 million, $1.4 million and $4.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively.
 
We had established an unsecured credit facility at the parent company (see note #26) comprised of a term loan and a revolving credit agreement. During 2008 the term loan was paid off and the revolving credit agreement was not renewed. Interest expense on the term loan totaled $0.1 million, $0.3 million and $0.4 million during 2008, 2007 and 2006 respectively. Interest expense on the revolving credit agreement totaled $0.3 million and $0.5 million during 2007 and 2006, respectively. No interest expense was incurred on the revolving credit agreement during 2008.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
Assets, including securities available for sale and loans, pledged to secure other borrowings totaled $1.617 billion at December 31, 2008.
 
NOTE 11 — SUBORDINATED DEBENTURES
 
We have formed various special purpose entities (the “trusts”) for the purpose of issuing trust preferred securities in either public or pooled offerings or in private placements. Independent Bank Corporation owns all of the common stock of each trust and has issued subordinated debentures to each trust in exchange for all of the proceeds from the issuance of the common stock and the trust preferred securities. Trust preferred securities totaling $72.8 million and $80.3 million at December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively, qualified as Tier 1 regulatory capital and the remaining amount qualified as Tier 2 regulatory capital.
 
In accordance with FASB Interpretation No. 46, as revised in December 2003 (“FIN 46R”), these trusts are not consolidated with Independent Bank Corporation. Accordingly, we report the common securities of the trusts held by us in other assets and the subordinated debentures that we have issued to the trusts in the liability section of our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
 
Summary information regarding subordinated debentures as of December 31 follows:
 
                             
        2008 and 2007  
              Trust
       
              Preferred
    Common
 
    Issue
  Subordinated
    Securities
    Stock
 
Entity Name
 
Date
  Debentures     Issued     Issued  
        (In thousands)  
 
IBC Capital Finance II
  March 2003   $ 52,165     $ 50,600     $ 1,565  
IBC Capital Finance III
  May 2007     12,372       12,000       372  
IBC Capital Finance IV
  September 2007     20,619       20,000       619  
Midwest Guaranty Trust I
  November 2002     7,732       7,500       232  
                             
        $ 92,888     $ 90,100     $ 2,788  
                             
 
Other key terms for the subordinated debentures and trust preferred securties that were outstanding at December 31, 2008 follow:
 
             
    Maturity
      First Permitted
Entity Name
 
Date
 
Interest Rate
 
Redemption Date
 
IBC Capital Finance II
  March 31, 2033   8.25% fixed   March 31, 2008
IBC Capital Finance III
  July 30, 2037   3 month LIBOR
plus 1.60%
  July 30, 2012
IBC Capital Finance IV
  September 15, 2037   3 month LIBOR
plus 2.85%
  September 15, 2012
Midwest Guaranty Trust I
  November 7, 2032   3 month LIBOR
plus 3.45%
  November 7, 2007
 
Each of the subordinated debentures and trust preferred securities are cumulative but have a feature that permits us to defer distributions (payment of interest) from time to time for a period not to exceed 20 consecutive quarters. Interest is payable quarterly on each of the subordinated debentures and trust preferred securities. We have the right to redeem the subordinated debentures and trust preferred securities (at par) in whole or in part from time to time on or after the first permitted redemption date specified above or upon the occurrence of specific events defined within the trust indenture agreements. Issuance costs have been capitalized and are being amortized on a straight- line basis over a period not exceeding 30 years and are included in interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Distributions (payment of interest) on the trust preferred securities are also included in interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
NOTE 12 — COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
 
In the normal course of business, we enter into financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk to meet the financing needs of customers or to reduce exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. These financial instruments may include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. Financial instruments involve varying degrees of credit and interest-rate risk in excess of amounts reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Exposure to credit risk in the event of non-performance by the counterparties to the financial instruments for loan commitments to extend credit and letters of credit is represented by the contractual amounts of those instruments. We do not, however, anticipate material losses as a result of these financial instruments.
 
A summary of financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk at December 31 follows:
 
                 
    2008     2007  
    (In thousands)  
 
Financial instruments whose risk is represented by contract amounts
               
Commitments to extend credit
  $ 159,883     $ 200,226  
Standby letters of credit
    15,900       28,195  
 
Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and generally require payment of a fee. Since commitments may expire without being drawn upon, the commitment amounts do not represent future cash requirements. Commitments are issued subject to similar underwriting standards, including collateral requirements, as are generally involved in the extension of credit facilities.
 
Standby letters of credit are written conditional commitments issued to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. The credit risk involved in such transactions is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities and, accordingly, standby letters of credit are issued subject to similar underwriting standards, including collateral requirements, as are generally involved in the extension of credit facilities. The majority of the letters of credit are to corporations and mature during 2009.
 
The terms of the agreement under which we acquired Mepco obligated the former shareholders of Mepco to indemnify us for existing and resulting damages and liabilities from pre-acquisition activities at Mepco. On March 16, 2006, we entered into a settlement agreement with the former shareholders of Mepco, (the “Former Shareholders”) and Edward, Paul, and Howard Walder (collectively referred to as the “Walders”) for purposes of resolving and dismissing all pending litigation between the parties. Under the terms of the settlement, on April 3, 2006, the Former Shareholders paid us a sum of $2.8 million, half of which was paid in the form of cash and half of which was paid in shares of our common stock. In return, we released 90,766 shares of Independent Bank Corporation common stock held pursuant to an escrow agreement. As a result of settlement of the litigation, we recorded other income of $2.8 million and an additional claims expense of approximately $1.7 million (related to the release of the shares held in escrow) in the first quarter of 2006. The settlement covers both the claim filed by the Walders against Independent Bank Corporation and Mepco in the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois, as well as the litigation filed by Independent Bank Corporation and Mepco against the Walders in the Ionia County Circuit Court of Michigan.
 
As permitted under the terms of the merger agreement under which we acquired Mepco, on April 3, 2006 we paid the accelerated earn-out payments for the last three years of the performance period ending April 30, 2008. Those payments totaled approximately $8.9 million. Also, under the terms of the merger agreement, the second year of the earn out for the year ended April 30, 2005, in the amount of $2.7 million was paid on March 21, 2006. As a result of the settlement and these payments, no future payments are due under the terms of the merger agreement under which we acquired Mepco.
 
We are also involved in various other litigation matters in the ordinary course of business and at the present time, we do not believe that any of these matters will have a significant impact on our financial condition or results of operation.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
NOTE 13 — SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE
 
In December 2008, we issued 72,000 shares of Series A, no par value, $1,000 liquidation preference, fixed rate cumulative perpetual preferred stock (“Preferred Stock”) and a warrant to purchase 3,461,538 shares of our common stock (“Warrants”) to the U.S. Department of Treasury (“UST”) in return for $72.0 million under the CPP. Of the total proceeds, $68.4 million was allocated to the Preferred Stock and $3.6 million was allocated to the Warrants (included in capital surplus) based on the relative fair value of each. The $3.6 million discount on the Preferred Stock is being accreted using an effective yield method over five years. The accretion is being recorded as part of the Preferred Stock dividend.
 
The Preferred Stock will pay quarterly, a cumulative cash dividend at a rate of 5% per annum on the $1,000 liquidation preference to, but excluding February 15, 2014 and at a rate of 9% per annum thereafter. We accrue dividends based on this rate, liquidation preference and time since last quarterly dividend payment was made. We are subject to various regulatory policies and requirements relating to the payment of dividends, including requirements to maintain adequate capital above regulatory minimums. So long as any shares of Preferred Stock remain outstanding, unless all accrued and unpaid dividends for all prior dividend periods have been paid or are contemporaneously declared and paid in full, (a) no dividend whatsoever may be paid or declared on our common stock or other junior stock, other than a dividend payable solely in common stock and other than certain dividends or distributions of rights in connection with a shareholders’ rights plan; and (b) neither we nor our subsidiaries may purchase, redeem or otherwise acquire for consideration any shares of our common stock or other junior stock unless we have paid in full all accrued dividends on the Preferred Stock for all prior dividend periods, other than purchases, redemptions or other acquisitions of our common stock or other junior stock in connection with the administration of our employee benefit plans in the ordinary course of business and consistent with past practice; pursuant to a publicly announced repurchase plan up to the increase in diluted shares outstanding resulting from the grant, vesting or exercise of equity-based compensation; any dividends or distributions of rights or junior stock in connection with any shareholders’ rights plan, redemptions or repurchases of rights pursuant to any shareholders’ rights plan; acquisition of record ownership of common stock or other junior stock or parity stock for the beneficial ownership of any other person who is not us or one of our subsidiaries, including as trustee or custodian; and the exchange or conversion of common stock or other junior stock for or into other junior stock or of parity stock for or into other parity stock or junior stock but only to the extent that such acquisition is required pursuant to binding contractual agreements entered into before December 12, 2008 or any subsequent agreement for the accelerated exercise, settlement or exchange thereof for common stock. Additionally, prior to December 12, 2011, even if we are current on the payment of dividends on the Preferred Stock, we may not do either of the following without the prior written consent of the UST: (y) pay cash dividends on our common stock to shareholders of more than $0.01 per share per quarter, as adjusted for any stock split, stock dividend, reverse stock split, reclassification or similar transaction; or (z) repurchase any of our common stock or redeem any of our trust preferred securities, other than certain excepted redemptions of common stock in connection with the administration of employee benefit plans in the ordinary course of business and consistent with past practice similar to those described in clause (b) above. These restrictions described in the preceding sentence expire, however, in the event that if we redeem all shares of Preferred Stock or in the event that if the UST transfers all of its shares of Preferred Stock to an unaffiliated transferee. Holders of shares of the Preferred Stock have no right to exchange or convert such shares into any other securities of IBC.
 
The Preferred Stock may be redeemed at any time, in whole or in part, subject to the UST’s prior consultation with the Federal Reserve Board. Prior to the recent enactment of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, there were certain restrictions on our ability to redeem the Preferred Stock. In any redemption, the redemption price is an amount equal to the per share liquidation amount plus accrued and unpaid dividends to but excluding the date of redemption. The Preferred Stock will not be subject to any mandatory redemption, sinking fund or similar provisions. Holders of shares of Preferred Stock have no right to require the redemption or repurchase of the Preferred Stock. Our Board of Directors, or a duly authorized committee of the Board of Directors, has full power and authority to prescribe the terms and conditions upon which the Preferred Stock will be redeemed from time to time, subject to the provisions of the Certificate of Designation (including the limitations described in this


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
paragraph). If fewer than all of the outstanding shares of Preferred Stock are to be redeemed, the shares to be redeemed will be selected either pro rata from the holders of record of shares of Preferred Stock in proportion to the number of shares held by those holders or in such other manner as our Board of Directors or a committee thereof may determine to be fair and equitable.
 
The Warrant is initially exercisable for 3,461,538 shares of our common stock. If we complete one or more qualified equity offerings on or prior to December 31, 2009 that result in our receipt of aggregate gross proceeds of not less than $72 million, which is equal to 100% of the aggregate liquidation preference of the Preferred Stock on the date of issuance, the number of shares of common stock underlying the portion of the Warrant then held by the UST will be reduced by 50% to 1,730,769 shares (50% of the number of shares underlying the Warrant on the date of issuance). The initial exercise price applicable to the Warrant is $3.12 per share of common stock for which the Warrant may be exercised. The number of shares of common stock underlying the Warrant and the exercise price applicable to the Warrant are both subject to adjustment for certain dilutive actions we may take, including stock dividends, stock splits, and similar transactions. The Warrant may be exercised at any time on or before December 12, 2018 by surrender of the Warrant and a completed notice of exercise attached as an annex to the Warrant and the payment of the exercise price for the shares of common stock for which the Warrant is being exercised.
 
A reconciliation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31 follows:
 
                         
    2008     2007     2006  
    (In thousands, except per share amounts)  
 
Income (loss) from continuing operations
  $ (91,664 )   $ 9,955     $ 33,825  
Preferred dividends
    215                  
                         
Income (loss) applicable to common shareholders
  $ (91,879 )   $ 9,955     $ 33,825  
                         
Net income (loss)
  $ (91,664 )   $ 10,357     $ 33,203  
Preferred dividends
    215                  
                         
Net income (loss) applicable to common stock
  $ (91,879 )   $ 10,357     $ 33,203  
                         
Shares outstanding(1)
    22,743       22,649       22,906  
Stock units for deferred compensation plan for non-employee directors
    61       62       53  
Effect of stock options
    3       118       313  
Share awards
    1       1          
                         
Shares outstanding for calculation of diluted earnings per share(1)
    22,808       22,830       23,272  
                         
Income (loss) per common share from continuing operations
                       
Basic
  $ (4.04 )   $ 0.44     $ 1.48  
                         
Diluted
  $ (4.04 )   $ 0.44     $ 1.45  
                         
Net income (loss) per common share
                       
Basic
  $ (4.04 )   $ 0.46     $ 1.45  
                         
Diluted
  $ (4.04 )   $ 0.45     $ 1.43  
                         
 
 
(1) Shares outstanding have been adjusted for a 5% stock dividend in 2006. For any period in which a loss is recorded, the assumed exercise of stock options, stock units for deferred compensation plan for non-employee directors and the dilutive effect of share awards would have an anti-dilutive impact on the loss per share and thus are ignored in the diluted per share calculation.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
 
Diluted income/loss per share attributed to discontinued operations was income of $0.02 in 2007 and a loss of $0.03 in 2006.
 
Weighted average stock options outstanding that were not considered in computing diluted earnings (loss) per share because they were anti-dilutive totaled 1.5 million, 1.1 million and 0.6 million for 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. The Warrant to purchase 3,461,538 shares of our common stock was also not considered in computing the loss per share in 2008 as it was anti-dilutive.
 
NOTE 14 — INCOME TAX
 
The composition of income tax expense from continuing operations for the years ended December 31 follows:
 
                         
    2008     2007     2006  
    (In thousands)  
 
Current
  $ (7,873 )   $ 5,160     $ 13,736  
Deferred
    (16,629 )     (6,263 )     (2,074 )
Change in valuation allowance
    27,565                  
                         
Income tax expense (benefit)
  $ 3,063     $ (1,103 )   $ 11,662  
                         
 
The deferred income tax benefit of $16.6 million, $6.3 million and $2.1 million in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively can be attributed to tax effects of temporary differences. The tax benefit related to the exercise of stock options recorded in shareholders’ equity was $0.02 million, $0.03 million and $0.3 million during 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively.
 
A reconciliation of income tax expense to the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate of 35% in each year presented to income from continuing operations before income tax for the years ended December 31 follows:
 
                         
    2008     2007     2006  
          (In thousands)        
 
Statutory rate applied to income from continuing operations before income tax
  $ (31,010 )   $ 3,098     $ 15,920  
Change in valuation allowance
    27,565                  
Goodwill impairment
    11,172       120       1,251  
Tax-exempt income
    (3,047 )     (4,031 )     (4,028 )
Bank owned life insurance
    (682 )     (674 )     (598 )
Dividends paid to Employee Stock Ownership Plan
    (145 )     (366 )     (336 )
Non-deductible meals, entertainment and memberships
    133       157       202  
Mepco lawsuit settlement
                    (980 )
Other, net
    (923 )     593       231  
                         
Income tax expense
  $ 3,063     $ (1,103 )   $ 11,662  
                         
 
We assess the need for a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets periodically. The realization of deferred tax assets (net of the recorded valuation allowance) is largely dependent upon future taxable income, future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences and ability to carry-back losses to available tax years. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we consider all positive and negative evidence, including anticipated operating results, taxable income in carry-back years, scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities and tax planning strategies. In 2008, our conclusion that we needed a valuation allowance was based on a number of factors, including our declining operating performance since 2005 and our net operating loss in 2008, overall negative trends in the banking industry and our expectation that our operating results will continue to be negatively affected by the overall economic environment. As a result, we recorded a valuation allowance in 2008 of $36.2 million on


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
our deferred tax assets which consisted of $27.6 million recognized as income tax expense and $8.6 million recognized through the accumulated other comprehensive loss component of shareholder’s equity. The valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets of $36.2 million at December 31, 2008 may be reversed to income in future periods to the extent that the related deferred income tax assets are realized or the valuation allowance is otherwise no longer required. This valuation allowance represents our entire net deferred tax asset except for that amount which can be carried back to 2007 and recovered in cash as well as for certain deferred tax assets at Mepco that relate to state income taxes and that can be recovered based on Mepco’s individual earnings.
 
The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities at December 31 follow:
 
                 
    2008     2007  
    (In thousands)  
 
Deferred tax assets
               
Allowance for loan losses
  $ 21,054     $ 16,569  
Unrealized loss on securities available for sale
    5,714          
Purchase premiums, net
    5,563          
Net operating loss carryforward
    2,760       3,355  
Unrealized loss on derivative financial instruments
    2,220       554  
Unrealized loss on available for sale security upon dissolution of money market auction rate security
    2,170          
Unrealized loss on trading securities
    1,668          
Fixed assets
    1,379       956  
Alternative minimum tax credit carry forward
    1,678          
Deferred compensation
    790       1,022  
Loss on receivable from warranty payment plan seller
    768       1,015  
Valuation allowance on other real estate owned
    827          
Mepco claims expense
    608       608  
Non accrual loan interest income
    457       505  
Share based payments
    303       99  
Other than temporary impairment charge on securities available for sale
    209       932  
Other
    177       343  
                 
Gross deferred tax assets
    48,345       25,958  
Valuation allowance
    (36,159 )        
                 
Total net deferred tax assets
    12,186       25,958  
Deferred tax liabilities
               
Mortgage servicing rights
    4,188       5,523  
Federal Home Loan Bank stock
    480       480  
Deferred loan fees
    387       315  
Loans held for sale
    239          
Purchase premiums, net
            729  
Unrealized gain on securities available for sale
            339  
                 
Gross deferred tax liabilities
    5,294       7,386  
                 
Net deferred tax assets
  $ 6,892     $ 18,572  
                 


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
At December 31, 2008, we had a net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforward of approximately $9.6 million which, if not used against taxable income, will expire as follows:
 
         
    (In thousands)  
 
2009
  $ 4,068  
2010
    929  
2011
    411  
2012
    3,437  
2013
    189  
2019
    194  
2020
    359  
         
Total
  $ 9,587  
         
 
The use of the $9.6 million NOL carryforward, which was acquired through the acquisitions of two financial institutions is limited to $3.3 million per year as the result of a change in control as defined in the Internal Revenue Code.
 
Changes in unrecognized tax benefits for the year ended December 31, follows:
 
                 
    2008     2007  
    (In thousands)  
 
Balance at beginning of year
  $ 2,821     $ 2,303  
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year
    483       633  
Reductions based on tax position related to prior years
    (1,513 )        
Reductions due to the statute of limitations
            (39 )
Settlements
    (55 )     (76 )
                 
Balance at end of year
  $ 1,736     $ 2,821  
                 
 
If recognized, the entire amount of unrecognized tax benefits, net of $0.4 million federal tax on state benefits, would affect our effective tax rate. We do not expect the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits to significantly increase or decrease in the next twelve months. During 2008 we recognized a benefit in the consolidated statement of operations of $0.2 million resulting from the reversal of an interest accrual relating to a prior year tax position. No amounts were expensed for interest and penalties for the year ended December 31, 2008 while $0.03 million was expensed for the year ended December 31, 2007. No amounts were accrued for interest and penalties at December 31, 2008 while $0.2 million was accrued for at December 31, 2007. At December 31, 2008, U.S. Federal tax years 2005 through the present date remain open.
 
NOTE 15 — SHARE BASED COMPENSATION
 
We maintain performance-based compensation plans that include a long-term incentive plan that permits the issuance of share based compensation, including stock options and non-vested share awards. This plan, which is shareholder-approved, permits the grant of share based awards for up to 0.2 million shares of common stock. We believe that such awards better align the interests of our officers and directors with those of our shareholders. Share based compensation awards are measured at fair value at the date of grant and are expensed over the requisite service period. No share based payments were made during 2006. Prior to January 1, 2006 we granted stock options under the plan which were generally granted with vesting periods of up to one year, at a price equal to the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant, and expire not more than ten years after the date of grant. Common shares issued upon exercise of stock options come from currently authorized but unissued shares.
 
Pursuant to our performance-based compensation plans we granted 0.2 million and 0.1 million shares of non-vested common stock to our officers in 2008 and 2007. We also granted 0.2 million stock options to these same individuals in 2007. The non-vested common stock cliff vests in five years. The stock options have an exercise price


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
equal to the market value of the common stock on the date of grant, vest ratably over a three year period and expire 10 years from date of grant. We use the market value of the common stock on date of grant to measure compensation cost for non-vested share awards and use the Black-Scholes option pricing model to measure compensation cost for stock options. We also estimate expected forfeitures over the vesting period.
 
During 2008 and 2007 we modified 0.1 million stock options originally issued in prior years for two former officers. These modified options vested immediately and the expense associated with these modifications totaled $0.01 million and $0.1 million, in 2008 and 2007, respectively and was included in compensation and benefits expense. The modifications consisted of extending the date of exercise subsequent to resignation of the officers from 3 months to 18 months.
 
Total compensation expense recognized for stock option and non-vested common stock grants was $0.6 million and $0.3 million, in 2008 and 2007, respectively. The corresponding tax benefit relating to this expense was $0.2 million and $0.1 million, during 2008 and 2007, respectively. There was no compensation expense in 2006 relating to share based compensation awards.
 
A summary of outstanding stock option grants and transactions follows:
 
                                 
                Weighted-
       
                Average
       
          Average
    Remaining
    Aggregated
 
    Number of
    Exercise
    Contractual
    Intrinsic
 
    Shares     Price     Term (Years)     Value  
 
Outstanding at January 1, 2008
    1,658,861     $ 19.55                  
Granted
                               
Exercised
    (8,228 )     6.17                  
Forfeited
    (148,595 )     18.45                  
                                 
Outstanding at December 31, 2008
    1,502,038     $ 19.73       4.74        
                                 
Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2008
    1,491,817     $ 19.75       4.72        
                                 
Exercisable at December 31, 2008
    1,361,048     $ 20.05       4.37        
                                 
 
A summary of non-vested stock and transactions follows:
 
                 
          Weighted-
 
          Average
 
    Number of
    Grant Date
 
    Shares     Fair Value  
 
Outstanding at January 1, 2008
    50,596     $ 16.69  
Granted
    220,023       7.63  
Vested
               
Forfeited
    (8,238 )     11.07  
                 
Outstanding at December 31, 2008
    262,381     $ 9.27  
                 
 
A summary of the weighted-average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model for grants of stock options during 2007 follows:
 
         
Expected dividend yield
    3.76 %
Risk-free interest rate
    4.55  
Expected life (in years)
    5.99  
Expected volatility
    27.64 %
Per share weighted-average fair value
  $ 3.74  


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
The risk-free interest rate for the expected term of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of the grant. The expected life was obtained using a simplified method that, in general, averaged the vesting term and original contractual term of the stock option. This method was used as relevant historical data of actual exercise activity was not available. The expected volatility was based on historical volatility of our common stock.
 
At December 31, 2008, the total expected compensation cost related to non vested stock option and restricted stock awards not yet recognized was $1.7 million. The weighted-average period over which this amount will be recognized is 3.0 years.
 
Certain information regarding options exercised during the periods ending December 31 follows:
 
                         
    2008     2007     2006  
    (In thousands)  
 
Intrinsic value
  $ 61     $ 144     $ 972  
                         
Cash proceeds received
  $ 51     $ 156     $ 738  
                         
Tax benefit realized
  $ 21     $ 33     $ 308  
                         
 
NOTE 16 — BENEFIT PLANS
 
We maintain 401(k) and employee stock ownership plans covering substantially all of our full-time employees. We match employee contributions to the 401(k) plan up to a maximum of 3% of participating employees’ eligible wages. Contributions to the employee stock ownership plan are determined annually and require approval of our Board of Directors. The maximum contribution is 6% of employees’ eligible wages. $2.1 million was expensed for these retirement plans in each year ending December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006.
 
Our officers participate in various performance-based compensation plans. Amounts expensed for all incentive plans totaled $2.2 million, $2.4 million, and $0.3 million, in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively.
 
We also provide certain health care and life insurance programs to substantially all full-time employees. Amounts expensed for these programs totaled $4.6 million, $4.6 million and $4.4 million, in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. These insurance programs are also available to retired employees at their expense.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
Note 17 — DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
 
Our derivative financial instruments according to the type of hedge in which they are designated at December 31 follow:
 
                         
    2008  
          Average
       
    Notional
    Maturity
    Fair
 
    Amount     (Years)     Value  
    (Dollars in thousands)  
 
Cash Flow Hedge
                       
Pay-fixed interest-rate swap agreements
  $ 142,000       2.3     $ (5,622 )
Interest-rate cap agreements
    168,500       0.7       (8 )
                         
    $ 310,500       1.4     $ (5,630 )
                         
No hedge designation
                       
Pay-fixed interest-rate swap agreements
  $ 26,000       1.8     $ (241 )
Interest-rate cap agreements
    110,000       1.5       202  
Rate-lock mortgage loan commitments
    43,090       0.1       839  
Mandatory commitments to sell mortgage loans
    67,406       0.1       (663 )
                         
Total
  $ 246,496       0.9     $ 137  
                         
 
                         
    2007  
          Average
       
    Notional
    Maturity
    Fair
 
    Amount     (Years)     Value  
    (Dollars in thousands)  
 
Fair Value Hedge — pay variable interest-rate swap agreements
  $ 318,159       2.3     $ (184 )
                         
Cash Flow Hedge
                       
Pay-fixed interest-rate swap agreements
  $ 65,000       2.5     $ (245 )
Interest-rate cap agreements
    178,500       1.5       173  
                         
    $ 243,500       1.8     $ (72 )
                         
No hedge designation
                       
Pay-fixed interest-rate swap agreements
  $ 5,000       0.3     $ 13  
Pay-variable interest-rate swap agreements
    5,000       0.3       (13 )
Interest-rate cap agreements
    122,000       1.6       116  
Rate-lock mortgage loan commitments
    48,313       0.1       (48 )
Mandatory commitments to sell mortgage loans
    47,451       0.1       (63 )
                         
Total
  $ 227,764       0.9     $ 5  
                         
 
We have established management objectives and strategies that include interest-rate risk parameters for maximum fluctuations in net interest income and market value of portfolio equity. We monitor our interest rate risk position via simulation modeling reports. The goal of our asset/liability management efforts is to maintain profitable financial leverage within established risk parameters.
 
We use variable-rate and short-term fixed-rate (less than 12 months) debt obligations to fund a portion of our balance sheet, which exposes us to variability in interest rates. To meet our objectives, we may periodically enter into derivative financial instruments to mitigate exposure to fluctuations in cash flows resulting from changes in


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
interest rates. Cash Flow Hedges currently include certain pay-fixed interest-rate swaps and interest-rate cap agreements.
 
Through certain special purposes entities (see note #11) we issue trust preferred securities as part of our capital management strategy. Certain of these trust preferred securities are variable rate which exposes us to variability in cash flows . To mitigate our exposure to fluctuations in cash flows resulting from changes in interest rates, on approximately $20.0 million of variable rate trust preferred securities, we entered into a pay-fixed interest-rate swap agreement in September, 2007.
 
Pay-fixed interest-rate swaps convert the variable-rate cash flows on debt obligations to fixed-rates. Under interest-rate cap agreements, we will receive cash if interest rates rise above a predetermined level. As a result, we effectively have variable-rate debt with an established maximum rate. We pay an upfront premium on interest rate caps which is recognized in earnings in the same period in which the hedged item affects earnings. Unrecognized premiums from interest rate caps aggregated to $0.5 million and $1.2 million at December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively.
 
It is anticipated that $1.7 million, net of tax, of unrealized losses on Cash Flow Hedges at December 31, 2008, will be reclassified into earnings over the next twelve months. The maximum term of any Cash Flow Hedge at December 31, 2008 is 6.0 years.
 
We also use long-term, fixed-rate brokered certificates of deposit (“Brokered CDs”) to fund a portion of our balance sheet. These instruments expose us to variability in fair value due to changes in interest rates. To meet our objectives, we may enter into derivative financial instruments to mitigate exposure to fluctuations in fair values of such fixed-rate debt instruments. We did not have any fair value hedges at December 31, 2008. Fair Value Hedges at December 31, 2007 included pay-variable interest-rate swaps.
 
Certain financial derivative instruments have not been designated as hedges. The fair value of these derivative financial instruments have been recorded on our balance sheet and are adjusted on an ongoing basis to reflect their then current fair value. The changes in fair value of derivative financial instruments not designated as hedges, are recognized in earnings.
 
In the ordinary course of business, we enter into rate-lock mortgage loan commitments with customers (“Rate Lock Commitments”). These commitments expose us to interest rate risk. We also enter into mandatory commitments to sell mortgage loans (“Mandatory Commitments”) to reduce the impact of price fluctuations of mortgage loans held for sale and Rate Lock Commitments. Mandatory Commitments help protect our loan sale profit margin from fluctuations in interest rates. The changes in the fair value of Rate Lock Commitments and Mandatory Commitments are recognized currently as part of gains on the sale of mortgage loans. We obtain market prices on Mandatory Commitments and Rate Lock Commitments. Net gains on the sale of mortgage loans, as well as net income may be more volatile as a result of these derivative instruments, which are not designated as hedges.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
The impact of SFAS #133 on net income and other comprehensive income is as follows:
 
                         
          Other
       
          Comprehensive
       
    Net Income     Income     Total  
    (In thousands)  
 
Change in fair value during the year ended December 31, 2008
                       
Interest rate swap agreements not designated as hedges
  $ (241 )           $ (241 )
Interest rate cap agreements not designated as hedges
    (457 )             (457 )
Rate-lock mortgage loan commitments
    887               887  
Mandatory commitments to sell mortgage loans
    (600 )             (600 )
Ineffectiveness of fair value hedges
    6               6  
Ineffectiveness of cash flow hedges
    (9 )             (9 )
Cash flow hedges
          $ (3,677 )     (3,677 )
Reclassification adjustment
            (1,252 )     (1,252 )
                         
Total
    (414 )     (4,929 )     (5,343 )
Federal income tax
    229               229  
                         
Total, net of federal income tax
  $ (643 )   $ (4,929 )   $ (5,572 )
                         
Change in fair value during the year ended December 31, 2007
                       
Interest rate swap agreements not designated as hedges
  $ 34             $ 34  
Interest rate cap agreements not designated as hedges
    223               223  
Rate-lock mortgage loan commitments
    (17 )             (17 )
Mandatory commitments to sell mortgage loans
    (162 )             (162 )
Ineffectiveness of fair value hedges
    45               45  
Cash flow hedges
          $ (3,272 )     (3,272 )
Reclassification adjustment
            974       974  
                         
Total
    123       (2,298 )     (2,175 )
Federal income tax
    43       (804 )     (761 )
                         
Total, net of federal income tax
  $ 80     $ (1,494 )   $ (1,414 )
                         
Change in fair value during the year ended December 31, 2006
                       
Interest rate swap agreements not designated as hedges
  $ 2             $ 2  
Interest rate cap agreements not designated as hedges
    34               34  
Rate-lock mortgage loan commitments
    (64 )             (64 )
Mandatory commitments to sell mortgage loans
    197               197  
Ineffectiveness of fair value hedges
    4               4  
Ineffectiveness of cash flow hedges
    2               2  
Cash flow hedges
          $ (5,955 )     (5,955 )
Reclassification adjustment
            3,276       3,276  
                         
Total
    175       (2,679 )     (2,504 )
Federal income tax
    61       (938 )     (877 )
                         
Total, net of federal income tax
  $ 114     $ (1,741 )   $ (1,627 )
                         


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
Accumulated other comprehensive income included derivative losses of $6.2 million at December 31, 2008, derivative losses, net of tax of $0.8 million at December 31, 2007 and derivative gains, net of tax, of $0.5 million at December 31, 2006.
 
NOTE 18 — RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
 
Certain of our directors and executive officers, including companies in which they are officers or have significant ownership, were loan and deposit customers during 2008 and 2007.
 
A summary of loans to directors and executive officers whose borrowing relationship exceeds $60,000, and to entities in which they own a 10% or more voting interest for the years ended December 31 follows:
 
                 
    2008     2007  
    (In thousands)  
 
Balance at beginning of year
  $ 902     $ 13,883  
New loans and advances
    817       98  
Repayments
    (943 )     (662 )
Reduction due to change in related parties
            (12,417 )
                 
Balance at end of year
  $ 776     $ 902  
                 
 
Deposits held by us for directors and executive officers totaled $0.6 million and $0.4 million at December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively.
 
NOTE 19 — OTHER NON-INTEREST EXPENSES
 
Other non-interest expenses for the years ended December 31 follow:
 
                         
    2008     2007     2006  
    (In thousands)  
 
Credit card and bank service fees
  $ 4,818     $ 3,913     $ 3,839  
Communications
    4,018       3,809       3,556  
Amortization of intangible assets
    3,072       3,373       2,423  
Supplies
    2,030       2,411       2,113  
Legal and professional
    2,032       1,978       1,853  
Deposit insurance
    1,988       628       341  
Loss on receivable from warranty payment plan seller
                    2,400  
Other
    7,639       7,505       5,203  
                         
Total other non-interest expense
  $ 25,597     $ 23,617     $ 21,728  
                         
 
NOTE 20 — LEASES
 
We have non-cancelable operating leases for certain office facilities, some of which include renewal options and escalation clauses.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
A summary of future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases at December 31, 2008, follows:
 
         
    (In thousands)  
 
2009
  $ 1,015  
2010
    898  
2011
    825  
2012
    814  
2013
    762  
2014 and thereafter
    5,177  
         
Total
  $ 9,491  
         
 
Rental expense on operating leases totaled $1.5 million, $1.4 million and $1.2 million in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively.
 
NOTE 21 — CONCENTRATIONS OF CREDIT RISK
 
Credit risk is the risk to earnings and capital arising from an obligor’s failure to meet the terms of any contract with our organization, or otherwise fail to perform as agreed. Credit risk can occur outside of our traditional lending activities and can exist in any activity where success depends on counterparty, issuer or borrower performance. Concentrations of credit risk (whether on- or off-balance sheet) arising from financial instruments can exist in relation to individual borrowers or groups of borrowers, certain types of collateral, certain types of industries or certain geographic regions. Credit risk associated with these concentrations could arise when a significant amount of loans or other financial instruments, related by similar characteristics, are simultaneously impacted by changes in economic or other conditions that cause their probability of repayment or other type of settlement to be adversely affected. Our major concentrations of credit risk arise by collateral type in relation to loans and commitments. The significant concentrations by collateral type at December 31, 2008 include loans secured by residential real estate which totaled $990.1 million, finance receivables secured by vehicle service contracts which totaled $286.8 million and construction and development loans which totaled $127.1 million.
 
Additionally, within our commercial real estate and commercial loan portfolio we had significant standard industry classification concentrations in the following categories as of December 31, 2008: Lessors of Nonresidential Real Estate ($227.9 million); Lessors of Residential Real Estate ($101.4 million); Construction and General Contractors ($87.3 million) and Land Developers ($80.9 million). A geographic concentration arises because we primarily conduct our lending activities in the State of Michigan.
 
Mepco has established and monitors counterparty concentration limits in order to manage our collateral exposure on finance receivables. The counterparty concentration limits are primarily based on the AM Best rating and statutory surplus level for an insurance company and on other factors including financial evaluation, collateral or escrow holdbacks and distribution of concentrations for warranty administrators and warranty sellers/dealers. The sudden failure of one of Mepco’s major counterparties (an insurance company, risk retention group or warranty administrator) could expose us to significant losses.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
The following represents Mepco’s largest concentrations for its warranty payment plan administration business as of December 31, 2008:
 
         
Company Name
  Net Counterparty Exposure(1)  
    (In thousands)  
 
Lyndon Property Insurance Company(3)
  $ 59,858  
Wesco Insurance Company/Warrantech(2)
    59,045  
Warranty America, LLC
    34,117  
Consumer Direct Warranty Services
    28,592  
Assurant Inc.(4)
    22,444  
U.S. Fidelis
    21,040  
 
 
(1) Receivables are net of unfunded payment plans (financed premiums payable).
 
(2) Wesco Insurance Company (that has an AM Best rating of A-) is a subsidiary of AmTrust Financial Services, Inc.
 
(3) Lyndon Property Insurance Company (that has an AM Best rating of A-) is a subsidiary of Protective Life Corporation
 
(4) Assurant, Inc. has an AM Best rating of A
 
NOTE 22 — REGULATORY MATTERS
 
Capital guidelines adopted by Federal and State regulatory agencies and restrictions imposed by law limit the amount of cash dividends our bank can pay to us. Under these guidelines, the amount of dividends that may be paid in any calendar year is limited to the bank’s current year’s net profits, combined with the retained net profits of the preceding two years. It is not our intent to have dividends paid in amounts which would reduce the capital of our bank to levels below those which we consider prudent and in accordance with guidelines of regulatory authorities.
 
We are also subject to various regulatory capital requirements. The prompt corrective action regulations establish quantitative measures to ensure capital adequacy and require minimum amounts and ratios of total and Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets and Tier 1 capital to average assets. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory, and possibly discretionary, actions by regulators that could have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines, we must meet specific capital requirements that involve quantitative measures as well as qualitative judgments by the regulators. The most recent notifications from the FDIC as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, categorized our bank as well capitalized. Management is not aware of any conditions or events that would have changed the most recent FDIC categorization.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
Our actual capital amounts and ratios at December 31, follow:
 
                                         
            Minimum Ratio for
  Minimum Ratio for
   
    Actual   Adequately Capitalized
  Well-Capitalized
   
    Amount   Ratio   Institutions   Institutions    
    (Dollars in thousands)
 
2008
                                       
Total capital to risk-weighted assets Consolidated
  $ 308,649       13.05 %     8.00 %     NA          
Independent Bank
    280,971       11.91       8.00       10.00 %        
                                         
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets Consolidated
  $ 261,063       11.04 %     4.00 %     NA          
Independent Bank
    250,639       10.62       4.00       6.00 %        
                                         
Tier 1 capital to average assets
                                       
Consolidated
  $ 261,063       8.61 %     4.00 %     NA          
Independent Bank
    250,639       8.25       4.00       5.00 %        
                                         
2007
                                       
Total capital to risk-weighted assets
                                       
Consolidated
  $ 277,619       10.99 %     8.00 %     NA          
Independent Bank
    264,305       10.50       8.00       10.00 %        
                                         
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets
                                       
Consolidated
  $ 236,065       9.35 %     4.00 %     NA          
Independent Bank
    232,656       9.25       4.00       6.00 %        
                                         
Tier 1 capital to average assets
                                       
Consolidated
  $ 236,065       7.44 %     4.00 %     NA          
Independent Bank
    232,656       7.35       4.00       5.00 %        
 
 
NA — Not applicable
 
NOTE 23 — FAIR VALUE DISCLOSURES
 
As discussed in Note 1, we adopted SFAS #157 and #159 on January 1, 2008. We elected to adopt the fair value option for certain securities available for sale that existed at January 1, 2008 (these securities are now classified as trading securities). We also elected the fair value option for loans held for sale that were originated on or after January 1, 2008. These elections were made for the following reasons: (1) trading securities — these securities are preferred stocks with no stated maturity. As such, other than temporary impairment analysis is subjective. By electing the fair value option, this subjectivity is eliminated. (2) Loans held for sale — recording these loans at fair value will better match the fair value accounting we have historically used on the mandatory commitments to sell these loans that we enter into to reduce the impact of price fluctuations of the loans held for sale.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
The following table summarizes the impact of adopting the fair value option for the available for sale securities on January 1, 2008. The adoption of SFAS #159 for loans held for sale had no impact on equity as this election was made for loans that were originated on or after January 1, 2008. Amounts shown represent the cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings resulting from the adoption of SFAS #159. These amounts were reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income.
 
         
    January 1,
 
    2008  
    (In thousands)  
 
Securities available for sale — fair value
  $ 15,018  
Securities available for sale — amortized cost
    17,353  
         
Retained earnings cummulative effect adjustment, before tax
    (2,335 )
Tax impact
    817  
         
Retained earnings cummulative effect, adjustment, after tax
  $ (1,518 )
         
 
SFAS #157 defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. SFAS #157 also establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The standard describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:
 
Level 1:   Valuation is based upon quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets. Level 1 instruments include securities traded on active exchange markets, such as the New York Stock Exchange, as well as U.S. Treasury securities that are traded by dealers or brokers in active over-the-counter markets.
 
Level 2:   Valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market. Level 2 instruments include securities traded in less active dealer or broker markets.
 
Level 3:   Valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use at least one significant assumption not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Valuation techniques include use of option pricing models, discounted cash flow models and similar techniques.
 
We used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate fair value:
 
Securities:  Where quoted market prices are available in an active market, securities (trading or available for sale) are classified as level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 1 securities include certain preferred stocks, trust preferred securities and mutual funds for which there are quoted prices in active markets. If quoted market prices are not available for the specific security, then fair values are estimated by (1) using quoted market prices of securities with similar characteristics, (2) matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique used widely in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for specific securities but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted prices, or (3) a discounted cash flow analysis whose significant fair value inputs can generally be verified and do not typically involve judgment by management. These securities are classified as level 2 of the valuation hierarchy and include mortgage and other asset backed securities, municipal securities, certain trust preferred securities and one preferred stock security. We do not have any securities classified as level 3 at December 31, 2008.
 
Loans held for sale:  The fair value of loans held for sale is based on mortgage backed security pricing for comparable assets.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
Impaired loans:  From time to time, certain loans are considered impaired and an allowance for loan losses is established. Loans for which it is probable that payment of interest and principal will not be made in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement are considered impaired. Once a loan is identified as individually impaired, management measures impairment in accordance with SFAS No. 114, “Accounting by Creditors for Impairment of a Loan,” (“SFAS #114”). We measure our investment in an impaired loan based on one of three methods: the loan’s observable market price, the fair value of the collateral or the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate. Those impaired loans not requiring an allowance represent loans for which the fair value of the expected repayments or collateral exceed the recorded investments in such loans. At December 31, 2008, substantially all of the total impaired loans were evaluated based on the fair value of the collateral. When the fair value of the collateral is based on an observable market price we record the impaired loan as nonrecurring Level 2. When the fair value of the collateral is based on an appraised value or when an appraised value is not available we record the impaired loan as nonrecurring Level 3.
 
Capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights:  The fair value of capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights is based on a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated net servicing income. The valuation model incorporates assumptions that market participants would use in estimating future net servicing income. The valuation model inputs and results can be compared to widely available published industry data for reasonableness.
 
Derivatives — The fair value of derivatives, in general, is determined using a discounted cash flow model whose significant fair value inputs can generally be verified and do not typically involve judgment by management.
 
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value, including financial liabilities for which we have elected the fair value option, are summarized below:
 
                                                         
            Changes in Fair Values for the
                    Year Ended December 31, 2008
                    for Items Measured at
        Fair Value Measurements at
  Fair Value Pursuant to Election
        December 31, 2008 Using   of the Fair Value Option
        Quoted
                  Total
        Prices in
                  Change in
        Active
  Significant
              Fair Values
    Fair Value
  Markets for
  Other
  Significant
          Included in
    Measurements
  Identical
  Observable
  Un-observable
  Net Gains (Losses)
  Current
    December 31,
  Assets
  Inputs
  Inputs
  on Assets   Period
    2008   (Level 1)   (Level 2)   (Level 3)   Securities   Loans   Earnings
    (In thousands)
 
Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring basis:
Assets
                                                       
Trading securities
  $ 1,929     $ 1,929                     $ (10,386 )           $ (10,386 )
Securities available for sale
    215,412       5,275     $ 210,137                                  
Loans held for sale
    27,603               27,603                     $ 682       682  
Derivatives(1)
    1,043               1,043                                  
Liabilities
                                                       
Derivatives(2)
    6,536               6,536                                  
Measured at Fair Value on a Non-recurring basis:
Assets
                                                       
Capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights
    9,636               9,636                                  
Impaired loans
    60,172                       60,172                          
 
 
(1) Included in accrued income and other assets
 
(2) Included in accrued expenses and other liabilities


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
 
For those items measured at fair value pursuant to election of the fair value option interest income is recorded within the Consolidated Statements of Operations based on the contractual amount of interest income earned on these financial assets and dividend income is recorded based on cash dividends.
 
The following represent impairment charges recognized during the year ended December 31, 2008 relating to assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis:
 
  •  Capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights, whose individual strata are measured at the lower of cost or fair value had a carrying amount of $12.0 million with a valuation allowance of $4.7 million at December 31, 2008. A charge of $4.3 million was included in earnings during 2008.
 
  •  Loans which are measured for impairment using the fair value of collateral for collateral dependent loans, had a carrying amount of $77.0 million, with a valuation allowance of $16.8 million at December 31, 2008. An additional provision for loan losses of $47.9 million was included in earnings during 2008 relating to impaired loans.
 
The table below presents a reconciliation for all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the year ended December 31, 2008:
 
         
    Securities
 
    Available
 
    for Sale  
    (In thousands)  
 
Beginning balance, January 1, 2008
  $ 21,497  
Total gains (losses) realized and unrealized:
       
Included in earnings
       
Included in other comprehensive income
       
Purchases, issuances, settlements, maturities and calls
    (11,469 )
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3
    (10,028 )
         
Ending balance, December 31, 2008
  $  
         
Amount of total gains (losses) for the period included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains (losses) relating to assets still held at December 31, 2008
  $  
         
 
The following table reflects the difference between the aggregate fair value and the aggregate remaining contractual principal balance outstanding as of December 31, 2008, for loans held for sale for which the fair value option has been elected.
 
                         
    Aggregate
      Contractual
    Fair Value   Difference   Principal
    (In thousands)
 
Loans held for sale
  $ 27,603     $ 682     $ 26,921  
 
NOTE 24 — FAIR VALUES OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
 
Most of our assets and liabilities are considered financial instruments. Many of these financial instruments lack an available trading market and it is our general practice and intent to hold the majority of our financial instruments to maturity. Significant estimates and assumptions were used to determine the fair value of financial instruments. These estimates are subjective in nature, involving uncertainties and matters of judgment, and therefore, fair values cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.
 
Estimated fair values have been determined using available data and methodologies that are considered suitable for each category of financial instrument. For instruments with adjustable-interest rates which reprice frequently and without significant credit risk, it is presumed that estimated fair values approximate the recorded book balances.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
Financial instrument assets actively traded in a secondary market, such as securities, have been valued using quoted market prices while recorded book balances have been used for cash and due from banks and accrued interest.
 
It is not practicable to determine the fair value of Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank Stock due to restrictions placed on transferability.
 
The fair value of loans is calculated by discounting estimated future cash flows using estimated market discount rates that reflect credit and interest-rate risk inherent in the loans.
 
We have purchased a “stable value wrap” for our bank owned life insurance that permits a surrender of this investment at the greater of its fair market or book value.
 
Financial instrument liabilities with a stated maturity, such as certificates of deposit, have been valued based on the discounted value of contractual cash flows using a discount rate approximating current market rates for liabilities with a similar maturity.
 
Derivative financial instruments have principally been valued based on discounted value of contractual cash flows using a discount rate approximating current market rates.
 
Financial instrument liabilities without a stated maturity, such as demand deposits, savings, NOW and money market accounts, have a fair value equal to the amount payable on demand.
 
The estimated fair values and recorded book balances at December 31 follow:
 
                                 
    2008   2007
        Recorded
      Recorded
    Estimated
  Book
  Estimated
  Book
    Fair Value   Balance   Fair Value   Balance
    (In thousands)
 
Assets
                               
Cash and due from banks
  $ 57,700     $ 57,700     $ 79,300     $ 79,300  
Trading securities
    1,900       1,900                  
Securities available for sale
    215,400       215,400       364,200       364,200  
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank Stock
    NA       28,100       NA       21,800  
Net loans and loans held for sale
    2,280,000       2,429,000       2,515,800       2,507,000  
Bank owned life insurance
    44,900       44,900       42,900       42,900  
Accrued interest receivable
    11,300       11,300       15,400       15,400  
Derivative financial instruments
    1,000       1,000       500       500  
Liabilities
                               
Deposits with no stated maturity
  $ 1,215,200     $ 1,215,200     $ 1,281,600     $ 1,281,600  
Deposits with stated maturity
    865,000       851,300       1,225,000       1,223,500  
Other borrowings
    614,800       635,600       446,300       449,900  
Accrued interest payable
    4,425       4,425       10,400       10,400  
Derivative financial instruments
    6,500       6,500       800       800  
 
The fair values for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit are estimated to approximate their aggregate book balance, which is nominal.
 
Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale the entire holdings of a particular financial instrument.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
Fair value estimates are based on existing on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business, the value of future earnings attributable to off-balance sheet activities and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments.
 
Fair value estimates for deposit accounts do not include the value of the substantial core deposit intangible asset resulting from the low-cost funding provided by the deposit liabilities compared to the cost of borrowing funds in the market.
 
NOTE 25 — OPERATING SEGMENTS
 
Our reportable segments are based upon legal entities. We have two reportable segments: Independent Bank (“IB”) and Mepco Finance Corporation (“Mepco”). The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. We evaluate performance based principally on net income of the respective reportable segments. During 2007, we consolidated our four former bank charters into one. Prior to this consolidation we reported each of the four banks as separate segments. Prior year information for the four banks has been consolidated under our current IB segment.
 
A summary of selected financial information for our reportable segments follows:
 
                                         
    IB     Mepco     Other(l)     Elimination     Total  
    (In thousands)  
 
2008
                                       
Total assets
  $ 2,638,092     $ 312,710     $ 290,993     $ (285,550 )   $ 2,956,245  
Interest income
    170,588       33,148                       203,736  
Net interest income
    110,788       26,503       (7,142 )             130,149  
Provision for loan losses
    71,285       1,002                       72,287  
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax
    (96,824 )     17,274       (8,956 )     (95 )     (88,601 )
Net income (loss)
    (92,551 )     10,729       (9,780 )     (62 )     (91,664 )
                                         
2007
                                       
Total assets
  $ 3,002,899     $ 235,813     $ 342,664     $ (333,860 )   $ 3,247,516  
Interest income
    199,386       23,868                       223,254  
Net interest income
    111,884       15,603       (6,896 )             120,591  
Provision for loan losses
    42,765       395                       43,160  
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax
    8,469       8,118       (8,650 )     915       8,852  
Discontinued operations, net of tax
            402                       402  
Net income (loss)
    9,729       5,472       (5,439 )     595       10,357  
                                         
2006
                                       
Total assets
  $ 3,018,883     $ 377,759     $ 344,533     $ (334,785 )   $ 3,406,390  
Interest income
    197,419       20,115       20       (659 )     216,895  
Net interest income
    118,642       11,023       (6,301 )     (167 )     123,197  
Provision for loan losses
    16,070       274                       16,344  
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax
    50,476       (361 )     (5,362 )     734       45,487  
Discontinued operations, net of tax
            (622 )                     (622 )
Net income (loss)
    37,712       (1,972 )     (2,883 )     346       33,203  
 
 
(1) Includes amounts relating to our parent company and certain insignificant operations.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
NOTE 26 — INDEPENDENT BANK CORPORATION (PARENT COMPANY ONLY) FINANCIAL INFORMATION
 
Presented below are condensed financial statements for our parent company.
 
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
 
                 
    December 31,  
    2008     2007  
    (In thousands)  
 
ASSETS
Cash and due from banks
  $ 27,534     $ 18,615  
Investment in subsidiaries
    261,930       319,300  
Other assets
    1,529       4,749  
                 
Total Assets
  $ 290,993     $ 342,664  
                 
 
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Notes payable
          $ 3,000  
Subordinated debentures
  $ 92,888       92,888  
Other liabilities
    3,762       6,869  
Shareholders’ equity
    194,343       239,907  
                 
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
  $ 290,993     $ 342.664  
                 


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
 
                         
    Year Ended December 31,  
    2008     2007     2006  
    (In thousands)  
 
OPERATING INCOME
                       
Dividends from subsidiaries
  $ 6,000     $ 20,750     $ 42,650  
Management fees from subsidiaries and other income
    199       17,730       23,570  
                         
Total Operating Income
    6,199       38,480       66,220  
                         
OPERATING EXPENSES
                       
Interest expense
    7,142       6,896       6,321  
Administrative and other expenses
    2,013       19,484       22,611  
                         
Total Operating Expenses
    9,155       26,380       28,932  
                         
Income (Loss) Before Income Tax and Equity in Undistributed Net Income (Loss) of Subsidiaries Continuing Operations
    (2,956 )     12,100       37,288  
Income tax (expense) benefit
    (824 )     3,211       2,479  
                         
Income (Loss) Before Equity in Undistributed Net Income (Loss) of Subsidiaries Continuing Operations
    (3,780 )     15,311       39,767  
Equity in undistributed net income (loss) of subsidiaries continuing operations
    (87,884 )     (5,356 )     (5,942 )
                         
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations
    (91,664 )     9,955       33,825  
Discontinued operations
            402       (622 )
                         
Net Income (Loss)
  $ (91,664 )   $ 10,357     $ 33,203  
                         


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
 
                         
    Year Ended December 31,  
    2008     2007     2006  
    (In thousands)  
 
Net Income (Loss)
  $ (91,664 )   $ 10,357     $ 33,203  
                         
ADJUSTMENTS TO RECONCILE NET INCOME (LOSS) TO NET
                       
CASH FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
                       
Depreciation, amortization of intangible assets and premiums, and accretion of discounts on securities and loans
    4       1,347       1,897  
Goodwill impairment
    343                  
Loss on sale of property and equipment
            947          
(Increase) decrease in other assets
    3,220       883       (1,059 )
Increase (decrease) in other liabilities
    1,450       (1,691 )     (9,094 )
Excess dividends of subsidiaries continuing operations
    87,884       5,356       5,942  
Excess dividends (Equity in undistributed net income) of subsidiaries discontinued operations
            (402 )     622  
                         
Total Adjustments
    92,901       6,440       (1,692 )
                         
Net Cash From Operating Activities
    1,237       16,797       31,511  
                         
CASH FLOW USED IN INVESTING ACTIVITIES
                       
Investment in subsidiaries
    (53,600 )     (9,500 )     (1,500 )
Proceeds from the sale of property and equipment
            5,276          
Capital expenditures
            (1,823 )     (1,772 )
                         
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities
    (53,600 )     (6,047 )     (3,272 )
                         
CASH FLOW FROM (USED IN) FINANCING ACTIVITIES
                       
Repayment of long-term debt
    (3,000 )     (2,000 )     (2,000 )
Repayment of other borrowings
            (11,500 )     (8,000 )
Dividends paid
    (7,769 )     (18,874 )     (17,547 )
Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock
    68,421                  
Proceeds from issuance of common stock warrants
    3,579                  
Proceeds from issuance of common stock
    51       156       1,046  
Proceeds from short-term borrowings
            4,000       13,500  
Proceeds from issuance of subordinated debt
            32,991          
Redemption of subordinated debt
            (5,050 )        
Repurchase of common stock
            (5,989 )     (11,989 )
                         
Net Cash From (Used in) Financing Activities
    61,282       (6,266 )     (24,990 )
                         
Net Increase in Cash and Cash Equivalents
    8,919       4,484       3,249  
Cash and Cash Equivalents at Beginning of Year
    18,615       14,131       10,882  
                         
Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Year
  $ 27,534     $ 18,615     $ 14,131  
                         
 
NOTE 27 — DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS
 
On January 15, 2007 we sold substantially all of the assets of Mepco’s insurance premium finance business to Premium Financing Specialists, Inc. (“PFS”). We received $176.0 million of cash that was utilized to payoff


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
Brokered CDs and short-term borrowings at Mepco’s parent company, Independent Bank. Under the terms of the sale, PFS also assumed approximately $11.7 million in liabilities. In the fourth quarter of 2006, we recorded a loss of $0.2 million and accrued for approximately $1.1 million of expenses related to the disposal of this business. We also allocated $4.1 million of goodwill and $0.3 million of other intangible assets to this business. Revenues and expenses associated with Mepco’s insurance premium finance business have been presented as discontinued operations in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Likewise, in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 144, “Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets,” the assets and liabilities associated with this business have been reclassified to discontinued operations in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. We have elected to not make any reclassifications in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Prior to the December 2006 announced sale, our insurance premium finance business was included in the Mepco segment.
 
Funding for Mepco’s insurance premium and warranty businesses is accomplished by loans from its parent company, Independent Bank. Those loans are primarily funded with Brokered CDs. Mepco is charged interest by its parent company based upon the amount borrowed at an interest rate that approximates the parent company’s borrowing rate. Interest expense recorded by Mepco was allocated to discontinued operations based primarily upon the ratio of insurance premium finance receivables to Mepco’s total finance receivables.
 
The major classes of assets and liabilities of discontinued operations were as follows:
 
         
    December 31, 2007  
    (In thousands)  
 
ASSETS OF DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS
Loans — gross insurance premium finance receivables
  $ 12  
Allowance for Loan Losses
    (12 )
         
Net loans
     
         
Total Assets of Discontinued Operations
  $  
         
 
LIABILITIES OF DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS
Accrued expenses and other liabilities
  $ 34  
         
Total Liabilities of Discontinued Operations(1)
  $ 34  
         
 
 
(1) Included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in consolidated statement of financial condition.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
 
The results of discontinued operations are as follows:
 
                 
    Year Ended December 31,  
    2007     2006  
    (In thousands)  
 
Interest income — interest and fees on loans
  $ 976     $ 16,317  
Interest expense
    328       9,231  
                 
Net Interest Income
    648       7,086  
Provision for loan losses
    8       1,068  
                 
Net Interest Income After Provision for Loan Losses
    640       6,018  
                 
                 
NON-INTEREST EXPENSE
               
Compensation and employee benefits
    229       1,459  
Occupancy, net
            356  
Furniture, fixtures and equipment
            188  
Other expenses
    (124 )     5,127  
                 
Total Non-interest Expense
    105       7,130  
                 
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes
    535       (1,112 )
Income tax expense (benefit)
    133       (490 )
                 
Income (loss) from discontinued operations
  $ 402     $ (622 )
                 


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QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (UNAUDITED)
 
A summary of selected quarterly results of operations for the years ended December 31 follows:
 
                                 
    Three Months Ended  
    March 31,     June 30,     September 30,     December 31,  
    (In thousands, except per share amounts)  
 
2008
                               
Interest income
  $ 53,034     $ 51,387     $ 50,623     $ 48,692  
Net interest income
    30,385       33,221       33,947       32,596  
Provision for loan losses
    11,316       12,352       19,788       28,831  
Income (loss) before income tax expense
    (1,690 )     3,815       (11,049 )     (79,677 )
Net income (loss)
    341       3,346       (5,326 )     (90,025 )
Net income (loss) applicable to common stock
    341       3,346       (5,326 )     (90,240 )
Income (loss) per common share
                               
Basic
  $ 0.02     $ 0.15     $ (0.23 )   $ (3.96 )
Diluted
    0.01       0.15       (0.23 )     (3.96 )
                                 
2007
                               
Interest income
  $ 55,344     $ 56,167     $ 55,969     $ 55,774  
Net interest income
    29,632       30,476       30,415       30,068  
Provision for loan losses
    8,139       14,893       10,735       9,393  
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense
    4,197       (1,445 )     3,837       2,263  
Discontinued operations
    351       (151 )     48       154  
Net income (loss)
    4,243       (43 )     3,725       2,432  
Income per share from continuing operations
                               
Basic
  $ 0.17     $ 0.00     $ 0.16     $ 0.10  
Diluted
    0.17       0.00       0.16       0.10  
Income per common share
                               
Basic
  $ 0.19     $ 0.00     $ 0.16     $ 0.11  
Diluted
    0.18       0.00       0.16       0.11  
 
During the fourth quarter of 2008 we recognized $50.0 million of goodwill impairment (see note #8), a deferred tax valuation allowance that increased income tax expense by $27.6 million (see note #14), securities losses of $6.9 million, impairment of our capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights of $4.3 million (see note #5) and losses on other real estate of $2.3 million. During the fourth quarter of 2007 we recognized $1.0 million of other than temporary impairment on certain preferred stocks (see note #4).
 
QUARTERLY SUMMARY
 
                                                                 
    Reported Sale Prices of Common Shares     Cash Dividends
 
    2008     2007     Declared  
    High     Low     Close     High     Low     Close     2008     2007  
 
First quarter
  $ 14.12     $ 7.50     $ 10.38     $ 25.43     $ 19.94     $ 20.37     $ 0.11     $ 0.21  
Second quarter
    10.98       3.66       4.00       20.40       16.12       17.21       0.01       0.21  
Third quarter
    8.40       2.52       6.19       17.19       10.00       11.05       0.01       0.21  
Fourth quarter
    6.95       1.48       2.16       11.96       8.41       9.50       0.01       0.21  
 
We have approximately 2,200 holders of record of our common stock. Our common stock trades on the Nasdaq National Market System under the symbol “IBCP.” The prices shown above are supplied by Nasdaq and reflect the inter-dealer prices and may not include retail markups, markdowns or commissions. There may have been transactions or quotations at higher or lower prices of which the Company is not aware.
 
In addition to the provisions of the Michigan Business Corporation Act, our ability to pay dividends is limited by our ability to obtain funds from our bank and by regulatory capital guidelines applicable to us.


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SENIOR OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS
INDEPENDENT BANK CORPORATION
 
SENIOR OFFICERS
 
Michael M. Magee, Jr. • Robert N. Shuster • James J. Twarozynski
 
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
 
Robert L. Hetzler, Chairman • Donna J. Banks • Jeffrey A. Bratsburg • Stephen L. Gulis, Jr. • Terry L. Haske • Michael M. Magee, Jr. • Clarke B. Maxson • James E. McCarty • Charles A. Palmer • Charles C. Van Loan
 
INDEPENDENT BANK
 
SENIOR OFFICERS
 
Michael M. Magee, Jr. • Robert N. Shuster • William B. Kessel • Stefanie M. Kimball • David C. Reglin • Cheryl A. Bartholic • Richard E. Butler • Mark L. Collins • Larry R. Daniel • Gary C. Dawley Michael J. Furst • Peter R. Graves • Jose A. Infante • Beth J. Jungel • Keith J. Lightbody • Ann M. Lingle Dean M. Morse • Laurinda M. Neve • Shelby L. Reno • R. Darren Rhoads • Henry B. Risley • Charles F. Schadler • Raymond P. Stecko • Michael J. Stodolak - Brian R. Talbot • James J. Twarozynski • Denise E. Wheaton
 
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
 
Robert L. Hetzler, Chairman • Donna J. Banks • Jeffrey A. Bratsburg • Stephen L. Gulis, Jr. • Terry L. Haske • Michael M. Magee, Jr. • Clarke B. Maxson • James E. McCarty • Charles A. Palmer • Charles C. Van Loan
 
MEPCO FINANCE CORPORATION
 
SENIOR OFFICERS
 
Robert N. Shuster • Theresa F. Kendziorski • Scott A. McMillan


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